Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota
description
Transcript of Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota
![Page 1: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hamline University Graduate School
St. Paul, Minnesota
Frogs as Bio-indicators
Joan Chadde, MI Technological UniversityTony P. Murphy, Hamline University
Kristin Schuster, Houghton Middle School
![Page 2: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Hamline University Graduate School
St. Paul, Minnesota
What are we being told by:Amphibian (frog and toad) malformitiesAmphibian populations locally and globallyBut first……
![Page 3: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
cold blood cold bloodsmooth or slimy skin warty and dry skin strong, long legs and stubby bodies with
short webbed hind feet hind legs
two bulging eyes parotid glands behind eyes
lay eggs in clusters lay eggs in long chains a group of frogs is called a group of toads is called an ARMY of frogs a KNOT of toads
Vs.
Frogs have: Toads have:
![Page 4: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Anuran Diversity
![Page 5: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
14 species in MN,
13 species in MI
Frogs and Toads
92 species in USA
3,300 species in the world
![Page 6: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
MN Frogs and Toads
![Page 9: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why We Care1. Anurans are a part of the
planet’s bio-diversity.
2. Anurans interact in interesting ways with each other and the environment, i.e. both prey and predators
![Page 10: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Why We Care3. Anurans provide benefits to
humans i.e. Gastric Brooding Frog of Australia might have provided answers for people suffering from gastric ulcers
(Case of the Vanishing Frogs, T. Halliday and W. R. Heyer).
![Page 11: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
4. Frogs As Bio-indicators
1) double life--amphibious2) permeable skin 3) absorb and concentrate toxins--
biomagnification
![Page 12: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4. Frogs As Bio-indicators
Biomagnification: a process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food chain
![Page 13: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Malformed Amphibians
![Page 14: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
External Malformations• extra or missing limbs• branching limbs• spikes or protuberances• missing eyes• abnormal webbing
![Page 15: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Internal Malformations
• reproductive• digestive• urinary
![Page 16: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Malformed Frog Pictures
![Page 17: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dr. David Hoppe, University of Minnesota-Morris
![Page 18: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Dr. David Hoppe, University of Minnesota-Morris
![Page 19: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dr. David Hoppe, University of Minnesota-Morris
![Page 20: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dr. David Hoppe, University of Minnesota-Morris
![Page 21: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Causes of Malformations
• genetic origins• parasite disruption of limb formation• chemical contamination• viruses• ultraviolet radiation• physical trauma (predation, people)
![Page 22: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Trematode (flatworm) cysts have been demonstrated to cause problems in limb bud development in tadpoles
Dr. Stanley K. Sessions, Hartwick College
![Page 23: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dr. Stanley K. Sessions, Hartwick College
![Page 24: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Possible Chemical Contaminants
• agrochemicals• heavy metals• acid rain• chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
![Page 25: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Types of Agrochemicals
• herbicidesManeb-
fungicide
• pesticides propylthiourea
• fertilizers Dr. Stanley K. Sessions, Hartwick College
![Page 26: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Types of Agrochemicals
applications of the herbicide atrazine have led to egg mortality and tadpole deformities (Hazelwood 1970)
Dr. Stanley K. Sessions, Hartwick College
![Page 27: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Where have all the frogs gone?
Global Anuran Decline• a concern during the past decade• frog declines widespread and well-
documented• possible causes include habitat
destruction, increased UV radiation, and chemical contamination
![Page 28: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Global Population Declines
• Loss of habitat from filling in wetlands to
create more farmland for crops, and to build more houses and roads
(Case of the Vanishing Frogs, T. Halliday and W. R. Heyer).
![Page 29: Hamline University Graduate School St. Paul, Minnesota](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062323/568163ab550346895dd4bd32/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Global Population Declines
• Increasing ultraviolet radiation• Pollution by chemicals• Acid rain• Pathogens• Parasites• Introduction of non-native species