Halgin6e Ppt Ch04-Theoretical Perspectives
Transcript of Halgin6e Ppt Ch04-Theoretical Perspectives
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Richard P. Halgin
Susan Krauss Whitbourne
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
slides by Travis Langley
Henderson State University
Abnormal
PsychologyClinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 5e
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TheoreticalPerspectives
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an orientation to understanding the
causes of human behavior and the
treatment of abnormality.
The Purpose of Theoretical Perspectives in
Abnormal Psychology
Theoretical perspectives influence the ways inwhich clinicians and researchers interpret and
organize their observations about behavior.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
FreudianPsychoanalytic
Theory
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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Personality Structure
Id
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In Freudian theory, the ID is the instinctive,
inborn part of personality.
Personality Structure
Id Ego
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In Freudian theory, The EGO is the center of
conscious awareness.
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Superego
Personality Structure
Id Ego
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In Freudian theory, the SUPEREGO controls
the egos pursuit of the ids desires.
Freud
Defense Mechanisms
Various tactics people use to keepunacceptable thoughts, instincts, and
feelings out of conscious awareness.
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Defense Mechanisms
High Adaptive Defenses:
Healthy responses to stressful
situations.
Humor
Self-assertion
Suppression
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Defense Mechanisms
Tactics people use to protect themselves
from anxiety by keeping unacceptable
thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of
conscious awareness. Examples:
High defense mechanisms (e.g., humor)
Mental inhibitions (e.g., displacement)
Disavowal (e.g., denial)
Image distortions (e.g., splitting)
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Psychosexual Stages
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Post-Freudians and Criticism
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
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Post-Freudians and Criticism
Secure
Ambivalent (preoccupied)
Avoidant (includes fearful and dismissive)
Infant Attachment Style
(Ainsworth)
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Humanistic Perspective
Person-Centered Theory
(Rogers)
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Humanistic Perspective
Person-Centered Theory
(Rogers)
Self-Actualization Theory
(Maslow)
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Humanistic Perspective
Person-Centered Theory
(Rogers)
Self-Actualization Theory
(Maslow) Client-Centered Therapy
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Sociocultural Perspective
Theorists within the sociocultural
perspective emphasize the ways that
individuals are influenced by people,
social institutions, and social forces.
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Family Perspective
Intergenerational approach
Structural approach
Strategic approach
Experiential approach
4 major
approaches:
Proponents of the family perspective see
abnormality as caused by disturbances in
family interactions and relationships.
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Social discrimination
Social influences & historical events
Treatment:
Family therapy
Group therapy
Multicultural approach
Milieu therapy
Sociocultural Perspective
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Behavioral Perspective
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
Stimulus
Generalization
Stimulus
Discrimination Aversive
Conditioning
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Behavioral Perspective
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Primary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
Positive vs. negative reinforcement
Punishment
Extinction (occurs with classical or operant)
Shaping
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Behavioral Perspective
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning (Skinner) Social Learning
and Cognition
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Behavioral Perspective
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Social Learning & Cognition
Treatment
Counterconditioning
Systematic Desensitization
Contingency Management
Token Economy
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Cognitively Based
Theory
Treatment focuses on
Automatic thoughts Dysfunctional attitudes
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Biological Perspective
Within the biological perspective,
disturbances in emotions, behavior, and
cognitive processes are viewed as being
caused by abnormalities in the functioning
of the body.
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Neurotransmitter
Examples:
acetylcholine
GABA serotonin
dopamine
norepinephrine
enkephalins
a chemical substance released from atransmitting neuron (nerve cell) across asynapse to be absorbed by a receivingneuron
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Genetic Influences
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA):
23 sets of paired strands
spiral into double helix
contain information cells need to
manufacture protein
organized into chromosomes
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Treatment:
Somatic Therapies
Psychosurgery
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Medication
Biofeedback
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Biopsychosocial Perspectives:
An Integrative Approach
Ways in which clinicians integrate various
models include
technical eclecticism
theoretical integration
common factors approach
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