Halgin6e ppt ch04
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Richard P. Halgin Susan Krauss Whitbourne University of Massachusetts at Amherst slides by Travis Langley Henderson State University Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 5e yright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or displ
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Transcript of Halgin6e ppt ch04
Richard P. Halgin
Susan Krauss Whitbourne
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
slides by Travis Langley
Henderson State University
Abnormal Psychology
Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 5e
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Theoretical Perspectives
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an orientation to understanding the causes of human behavior and the treatment of abnormality.
The Purpose of Theoretical Perspectives in Abnormal Psychology
Theoretical perspectives influence the ways in which clinicians and researchers interpret and organize their observations about behavior.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Freudian Psychoanalytic
Theory
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Personality Structure
Id
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In Freudian theory, the ID is the instinctive, inborn part of personality.
Personality Structure
Id Ego
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In Freudian theory, The EGO is the center of conscious awareness.
Superego
Personality Structure
Id Ego
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In Freudian theory, the SUPEREGO controls the ego’s pursuit of the id’s desires.
Freud
Defense Mechanisms Various tactics people use to keep
unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness.
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Defense Mechanisms
High Adaptive Defenses:
Healthy responses to stressful situations.
Humor Self-assertion Suppression
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Defense Mechanisms
Tactics people use to protect themselves from anxiety by keeping unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness. Examples:
High defense mechanisms (e.g., humor) Mental inhibitions (e.g., displacement) Disavowal (e.g., denial) Image distortions (e.g., splitting)
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
Psychosexual Stages
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Post-Freudians and Criticism
Carl Jung (1875-1961) Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Karen Horney (1885-1952) Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
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Post-Freudians and Criticism
Secure Ambivalent (preoccupied) Avoidant (includes fearful and dismissive)
Infant Attachment Style(Ainsworth)
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Humanistic Perspective
Person-Centered Theory (Rogers)
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Humanistic Perspective
Person-Centered Theory (Rogers)
Self-Actualization Theory (Maslow)
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Humanistic Perspective
Person-Centered Theory (Rogers)
Self-Actualization Theory (Maslow)
Client-Centered Therapy
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Sociocultural Perspective
Theorists within the sociocultural perspective emphasize the ways that individuals are influenced by people, social institutions, and social forces.
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Family Perspective
Intergenerational approach Structural approach Strategic approach Experiential approach
4 major approaches:
Proponents of the family perspective see abnormality as caused by disturbances in family interactions and relationships.
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Social discrimination Social influences & historical events Treatment:
Family therapy Group therapy Multicultural approach Milieu therapy
Sociocultural Perspective
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Behavioral Perspective
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Stimulus
Generalization Stimulus
Discrimination Aversive
Conditioning
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Behavioral Perspective
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)– Primary reinforcers– Secondary reinforcers– Positive vs. negative reinforcement– Punishment– Extinction (occurs with classical or operant)– Shaping
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Behavioral Perspective
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Social Learning and Cognition
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Behavioral Perspective
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning (Skinner) Social Learning & Cognition Treatment
– Counterconditioning– Systematic Desensitization– Contingency Management– Token Economy
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Cognitively Based Theory
Treatment focuses on Automatic thoughts Dysfunctional attitudes
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Biological Perspective
Within the biological perspective, disturbances in emotions, behavior, and cognitive processes are viewed as being caused by abnormalities in the functioning of the body.
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Neurotransmitter
Examples: acetylcholine GABA serotonin dopamine norepinephrine enkephalins
a chemical substance released from a transmitting neuron (nerve cell) across a synapse to be absorbed by a receiving neuron
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Genetic Influences
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA): 23 sets of paired strands spiral into double helix contain information cells need to
manufacture protein organized into chromosomes
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Treatment: Somatic Therapies
Psychosurgery Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Medication Biofeedback
Biopsychosocial Perspectives:An Integrative Approach Ways in which clinicians integrate various
models include technical eclecticism theoretical integration common factors approach
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