Hairstyle

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"Haircut" redirects here. For other uses, seeHaircut (disambiguation).

"Hairdo" redirects here. For the Little Birdy song, seeHairdo (song).

Traditional hairstyle of aJapanese bride.

TheVenus of Willendorfwith braided hair (or wearing a woven basket)

Ahairstyle,hairdo, orhaircutrefers to thestylingofhair, usually on the human scalp. The fashioning of hair can be considered an aspect ofpersonal grooming,fashion, andcosmetics, although practical, cultural, and popular considerations also influence some hairstyles.[1]The oldest known depiction of hairbraidingdates back about 30,000 years. In ancient civilizations, women's hair was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways. InImperial Rome, women wore their hair in complicated styles. From the time of the Roman Empire[citation needed]until the Middle Ages, most women grew their hair aslongas it would naturally grow. During the Roman Empire as well as in the 16th century in the western world, women began to wear their hair in extremely ornate styles. In the later half of the 15th century and on into the 16th century a very high hairline on the forehead was considered attractive. During the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length. In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable.

The male wig was pioneered by KingLouis XIII of France(16011643) in 1624. Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles in 1660. Late 17th-century wigs were very long and wavy, but became shorter in the mid-18th century, by which time they were normally white. Short hair for fashionable men was a product of theNeoclassical movement. In the early 19th century the male beard, and alsomoustachesandsideburns, made a strong reappearance. From the 16th to the 19th century, European women's hair became more visible while their hair coverings grew smaller. In the middle of the 18th century thepoufstyle developed. During the First World War, women around the world started to shift to shorter hairstyles that were easier to manage. In the early 1950s women's hair was generally curled and worn in a variety of styles and lengths. In the 1960s, many women began to wear their hair in short modern cuts such as thepixie cut, while in the 1970s, hair tended to be longer and looser. In both the 1960s and 1970s many men and women wore their hair verylongand straight.[2]In the 1980s, women pulled back their hair withscrunchies. During the 1980s, punk hairstyles were adopted by some people.

Contents

[hide] 1Prehistory and history 1.1Paleolithic 1.2Bronze Age 1.3Ancient history 1.4Roman Empire and Middle Ages 1.5Early modern history 1.5.1Male styles 1.5.2Female styles 1.5.3Japan 1.6Inter-war years 1.7Post-war years 1.8Contemporary hairstyles 2Defining factors 3Hairstyle process 3.1Length and trimming 3.2Brushing and combing 3.3Drying 3.4Braiding and updos 3.5Curling and Straightening 4Industry 4.1Tools 4.2Products 4.3Wigs 4.4Functional and decorative ornaments 5Social and cultural implications 5.1Gender 5.2Religion 5.3Marital status 5.4Life transitions 5.5Social class 6Haircut in space 7See also 8ReferencesPrehistory and history[edit]Throughout times, people have worn their hair in a wide variety of styles, largely determined by the fashions of the culture they live in. Hairstyles are markers and signifiers of social class, age, marital status, racial identification, political beliefs, and attitudes about gender.

In many cultures, often for religious reasons, women's hair is covered while in public, and in some, such asHaredi Judaismor European Orthodox communities, women's hair is shaved or cut very short, and covered with wigs.[3]Only since the end of World War I have women begun to wear their hair short and in fairly natural styles.[4]

TheVenus of BrassempouyPaleolithic[edit]The oldest known reproduction of hairbraidinglies back about 30,000 years: theVenus of Willendorf, now known in academia as the Woman of Willendorf, of a femalefigurinefrom thePaleolithic, estimated to have been made between about 28,000 and 25,000BCE.[5]TheVenus of Brassempouycounts about 25,000 years old and undisputably shows hairstyling.

Bronze Age[edit]InBronze Agerazors were known and in use by some men, but not on a daily basis since the procedure was rather unpleasant and required resharpening of the tool which reduced its endurance.[6]Ancient history[edit]In ancient civilizations, women's hair was often elaborately and carefully dressed in special ways. Women coloured their hair, curled it, and pinned it up(ponytail) in a variety of ways. They set their hair in waves and curls using wet clay, which they dried in the sun and then combed out, or else by using a jelly made ofquinceseeds soaked in water, orcurling tongsandcurling ironsof various kinds.[7]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle" \l "cite_note-8" [8]Roman Empire and Middle Ages[edit]

Romano-British hair piece withjetpins found in a lead coffin inRoman York

Late 1st Century BC portrait of a Roman woman with an elaborate hairstyle found on theVia LatinainRome

130 AD bust ofVibia Sabinawith a hairband and centre parting

Between 27 BC and 102 AD, inImperial Rome, women wore their hair in complicated styles: a mass ofcurlson top, or in rows of waves, drawn back intoringletsorbraids. Eventually noblewomen's hairstyles grew so complex that they required daily attention from several slaves and a stylist in order to be maintained. The hair was often lightened usingwood ash,unslaked limeandsodium bicarbonate, or darkened with copper filings,oak-applesorleechesmarinated in wine and vinegar.[9]It was augmented by wigs, hairpieces and pads, and held in place by nets, pins, combs and pomade. Under theByzantine Empire, noblewomen covered most of their hair with silk caps and pearl nets.[10]From the time of the Roman Empire[citation needed]until the Middle Ages, most women grew their hair as long as it would naturally grow. It was normally little styled by cutting, as women's hair was tied up on the head and covered on most occasions when outside the home with asnood,kerchieforveil; for an adult woman to wear uncovered and loose hair in the street was often restricted to prostitutes. Braiding and tying the hair was common. In the 16th century, women began to wear their hair in extremely ornate styles, often decorated with pearls, precious stones, ribbons and veils. Women used a technique called "lacing" or "taping," in which cords or ribbons were used to bind the hair around their heads.[11]During this period, most of the hair was braided and hidden underwimples, veils orcouvrechefs. In the later half of the 15th century and on into the 16th century a very high hairline on the forehead was considered attractive, and wealthy women frequently plucked out hair at their temples and the napes of their necks, or useddepilatory creamto remove it, if it would otherwise be visible at the edges of their hair coverings.[12]Working-class women in this period wore their hair in simple styles.[11]Early modern history[edit]Male styles[edit]During the 15th and 16th centuries, European men wore their hair cropped no longer than shoulder-length, with very fashionable men wearing bangs or fringes. In Italy it was common for men to dye their hair.[13]In the early 17th century male hairstyles grew longer, with waves or curls being considered desirable.

The male wig was supposedly pioneered by KingLouis XIII of France(16011643) in 1624 when he had prematurely begun to bald.[14]This fashion was largely promoted by his son and successorLouis XIV of France(16381715) that contributed to its spread inEuropeanand European-influenced countries. Thebeardhad been in a long decline and now disappeared among the upper classes.

Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles whenCharles IIwasrestored to the thronein 1660, following a lengthy exile in France. These wigs were shoulder-length or longer, imitating the long hair that had become fashionable among men since the 1620s. Their use soon became popular in the English court. The London diaristSamuel Pepysrecorded the day in 1665 that abarberhad shaved his head and that he tried on his new periwig for the first time, but in a year ofplaguehe was uneasy about wearing it:

"3rd September 1665: Up, and put on my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while since, but darst not wear it because the plague was inWestminsterwhen I bought it. And it is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is done as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any haire for fear of the infection? That it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the plague."

Late 17th-century wigs were very long and wavy (see George I below), but became shorter in the mid-18th century, by which time they were normally white (George II). A very common style had a single stiff curl running round the head at the end of the hair. By the late 18th-century the natural hair was often powdered to achieve the impression of a short wig, tied into a small tail or "queue" behind (George III).

George I of Great Britain(1660-1727) wore long, naturally coloured wigs, little different from those ofCharles IIin the 1660s

George II(1683-1760) wore fairly long white wigs

George III(1738-1820) wore short white wigs (until he went mad, when his hair and beard were often left untended)

George IV(1762-1830) wore powdered hair as a young man, then switched to a neoclassical "Titus cut"

Short hair for fashionable men was a product of theNeoclassical movement. Classically inspired male hair styles included theBedford Crop, arguably the precursor of most plain modern male styles, which was invented by the radical politicianFrancis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedfordas a protest against a tax on hair powder; he encouraged his frends to adopt it by betting them they would not. Another influential style (or group of styles) was named by the French after the Roman EmperorTitus, from his busts, with hair short and layered but somewhat piled up on the crown, often with restrained quiffs or locks hanging down; variants are familiar from the hair of bothNapoleonandGeorge IV of England. The style was supposed to have been introduced by the actorFranois-Joseph Talma, who upstaged his wigged co-actors when appearing in productions of works such asVoltaire'sBrutus. In 1799 a Parisian fashion magazine reported that even bald men were adopting Titus wigs,[15]and the style was also worn by women, theJournal de Parisreporting in 1802 that "more than half of elegant women were wearing their hair or wig la Titus."[16]In the early 19th century the male beard, and alsomoustachesandsideburns, made a strong reappearance, associated with theRomantic movement, and all remained very common until the 1890s, after which younger men ceased to wear them, withWorld War I, when the majority of men in many countries saw military service, finally despatching the full beard except for older men retaining the styles of their youth, and those affecting abohemianlook. The short military-style moustache remained popular.

Female styles[edit]

Marie-Antoinette with pouf hairstyle

From the 16th to the 19th century, European women's hair became more visible while their hair coverings grew smaller, with both becoming more elaborate, and with hairstyles beginning to include ornamentation such as flowers, ostrich plumes, ropes of pearls, jewels, ribbons and small crafted objects such as replicas of ships and windmills.[11]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle" \l "cite_note-17" [17]Bound hair was felt to be symbolic of propriety: loosening one's hair was considered immodest and sexual, and sometimes was felt to have supernatural connotations.[18]Red hair was popular, particularly in England during the reign of the red-hairedElizabeth I, and women and aristocratic men usedborax,saltpeter,saffronandsulfurpowder to dye their hair red, making themselves nauseated and giving themselves headaches and nosebleeds.[9]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle" \l "cite_note-19" [19]During this period in Spain and Latin cultures, women wore lacemantillas, often worn over a high comb,[11]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle" \l "cite_note-20" [20]and inBuenos Aires, there developed a fashion for extremely large tortoise-shell hair combs calledpeinetn, which could measure up to three feet in height and width, and which are said by historians to have reflected the growing influence of France, rather than Spain, upon Argentinians.[21]In the middle of the 18th century thepoufstyle developed, with women creating volume in the hair at the front of the head, usually with a pad underneath to lift it higher, and ornamented the back with seashells, pearls or gemstones. In 1750, women began dressing their hair with perfumed pomade and powdering it white. Just before World War I, some women began wearing silk turbans over their hair.[11]Japan[edit]In the early 1870s, in a shift that historians attribute to the influence of the West,[22]Japanese men began cutting their hair into styles known as jangiri or zangiri (which roughly means "random cropping").[23]During this period, Asian women were still wearing traditional hairstyles held up with combs, pins and sticks crafted from tortoise, metal, wood and other materials,[11]but in the middle 1880s, upper-class Japanese women began pushing back their hair in the Western style (known as sokuhatsu), or adopting Westernized versions of traditional Japanese hairstyles (these were called yakaimaki, or literally, soire chignon).[23]

Movie starRudolph Valentino.

Inter-war years[edit]During the First World War, women around the world started to shift to shorter hairstyles that were easier to manage. In the 1920s women started for the first time tobob,shingleandcroptheir hair, often covering it with small head-huggingclochehats. In Korea, the bob was calledtanbal.[24]Women beganmarcellingtheir hair, creating deep waves in it using heatedscissor irons. Durablepermanent wavingbecame popular also in this period:[25]it was an expensive, uncomfortable and time-consuming process, in which the hair was put incurlersand inserted into a steam or dry heat machine. During the 1930s women began to wear their hair slightly longer, inpageboys, bobs or waves and curls.[10]During this period, Western men began to wear their hair in ways popularized by movie stars such asDouglas Fairbanks, Jr.andRudolph Valentino. Men wore their hair short, and either parted on the side or in the middle, or combed straight back, and usedpomade, creams andtonicsto keep their hair in place. At the beginning of the Second World War and for some time afterwards, men's haircuts grew shorter, mimicking the militarycrewcut.[26]During the 1920s and 1930s, Japanese women began wearing their hair in a style calledmimi-kakushi(literally, "ear hiding"), in which hair was pulled back to cover the ears and tied into a bun at the nape of the neck. Waved or curled hair became increasingly popular for Japanese women throughout this period, and permanent waves, though controversial, were extremely popular. Bobbed hair also became more popular for Japanese women, mainly among actresses andmoga, or "cut-hair girls," young Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s.[23]Post-war years[edit]After the war, women started to wear their hair in softer, more natural styles. In the early 1950s women's hair was generally curled and worn in a variety of styles and lengths. In the later 1950s, highbouffantandbeehivestyles, sometimes nicknamedB-52sfor their similarity to the bulbous noses of theB-52 Stratofortress bomber, became popular.[27]During this period many women washed and set their hair only once a week, and kept it in place by wearingcurlersevery night and reteasing and respraying it every morning.[28]In the 1960s, many women began to wear their hair in short modern cuts such as thepixie cut, while in the 1970s, hair tended to be longer and looser. In both the 1960s and 1970s many men and women wore their hair very long and straight.[2]Women straightened their hair through chemical straightening processes, by ironing their hair at home with aclothes iron, or by rolling it up with large empty cans while wet.[29]African-American men and women began wearing their hair naturally (unprocessed) in largeAfros, sometimes ornamented withAfro picksmade from wood or plastic.[11]By the end of the 1970s the Afro had fallen out of favour among African-Americans, and was being replaced by other natural hairstyles such as corn rows and dreadlocks.[30]

Woman wearing a looseAfro.

Contemporary hairstyles[edit]Since the 1970s, women have worn their hair in a wide variety of fairly natural styles. In the 1980s, women pulled back their hair withscrunchies, stretchy ponytail holders made from cloth over fabric bands. Women also often wear glittery ornaments today, as well as claw-stylebarrettesused to secureponytailsand other upswept or partially upswept hairstyles.[11]Today, women and men can choose from a broad range of hairstyles, but they are still expected to wear their hair in ways that conform to gender norms: in much of the world, men with long hair and women whose hair doesn't appear carefully groomed may face various forms of discrimination, including harassment, social shaming or workplace discrimination.[31]This is somewhat less true of African-American men, who wear their hair in a variety of styles that overlap with those of African-American women, including braids and cornrows fastened with rubber bands and dreadlocks.[32]Defining factors[edit]A hairstyle's aesthetic considerations may be determined by many factors, such as the subject's physical attributes and desired self-image or the stylist's artistic instincts.

Physical factors include natural hair type and growth patterns, face and head shape from various angles, and overall body proportions; medical considerations may also apply. Self-image may be directed toward conforming to mainstream values (military-stylecrew cutsor current "fad" hairstyles such as theDido flip), identifying with distinctively groomed subgroups (e.g.,punk hair), or obeying religious dictates (e.g., Orthodox Jewish have payot, Rastafari haveDreadlocks, North India jatas, or the Sikh practice of Kesh), though this is highly contextual and a "mainstream" look in one setting may be limited to a "subgroup" in another.

A hairstyle is achieved by arranging hair in a certain way, occasionally using combs, a blow-dryer, gel, or other products. The practice of styling hair is often calledhairdressing, especially when done as an occupation.

Hairstyling may also include adding accessories (such as headbands or barrettes) to the hair to hold it in place, enhance its ornamental appearance, or partially or fully conceal it with coverings such as akippa,hijab, tam orturban.

Hairstyle process[edit]

Most cosmetology programs in the United States require students to purchase practice heads that are made with real human hair. Students can cut, color and add permanents as they are trained in the procedures.

Hair dressing may include cuts,weaves,coloring,extensions,perms, permanent relaxers, curling, and any other form of styling or texturing.

Length and trimming[edit]Hair cutting or hair trimming is intended to create or maintain a specific shape and form. Its extent may range from merely trimming the uneven ends of the hair to a uniform length to completely shaving the head.

The overall shape of the hairstyle is usually maintained by trimming it at regular intervals. There are ways to trim one's own hair but usually another person is enlisted to perform the process, as it is difficult to maintain symmetry while cutting hair at the back of one's head. Although trimming enhances the hair's appearance by removing damaged or split ends, it does not promote faster growth or remove all damage along the length of the hair.

Stylists often wash a subject's hair first, so that the hair is cut while still slightly damp. Compared to dry hair, wet hair can be easier to manage in a cut/style situation because the added weight andsurface tensionof the water cause the strands to stretch downward and cling together along the hair's length, holding a line and making it easier for the stylist to create a form.

Brushing and combing[edit]

Hair styling inHimba tribeBrushes and combs are used to organize and untangle the hair, encouraging all of the strands to lie in the same direction and removing debris such aslint,dandruff, or hairs that have already shed from their follicles but continue to cling to the other hairs.

There are all manner of detangling tools available in a wide variety of price ranges.Combscome in all shapes and sizes and all manner of materials including plastics, wood, and horn. Similarly, brushes also come in all sizes and shapes, including various paddle shapes. Most benefit from using some form of a wide tooth comb for detangling. Most physicians advise against sharing hair care instruments like combs and clips, to prevent spreading hair conditions likedandruffandhead lice.

The historical dictum to brush hair with one hundred strokes every day is somewhat archaic, dating from a time when hair was washed less frequently; the brushstrokes would spread the scalp's natural oils down through the hair, creating a protective effect. Now, however, this does not apply when the natural oils have been washed off by frequent shampoos. Also, hairbrushes are now usually made with rigid plastic bristles instead of the natural boar's bristles that were once standard; the plastic bristles increase the likelihood of actually injuring the scalp and hair with excessively vigorous brushing.

Drying[edit]Hair dryersspeed the drying process of hair by blowing air, which is usually heated, over the wet hair shaft to accelerate the rate of water evaporation.

Excessive heat may increase the rate of shaft-splitting or other damage to the hair. Hair dryer diffusers can be used to widen the stream of air flow so it is weaker but covers a larger area of the hair.

Hair dryers can also be used as a tool to sculpt the hair to a very slight degree. Proper technique involves aiming the dryer such that the air does not blow onto the face or scalp, which can cause burns.

Braiding and updos[edit]Tight or frequentbraidingmay pull at the hair roots and causetraction alopecia.Rubber bandswithmetalclaspsor tight clips, which bend the hair shaft at extreme angles, can have the same effect.

If hair is pinned too tightly, or the whole updo slips causing pulling on the hair in the follicle at the hair root are other scenarios that can cause aggravation to the hair follicle and result in headaches. Although many African- Americans use braiding extensions as a form of convenience, it is important not to keep the braids up longer than needed to avoid hair breakage or hair loss.

Curling and Straightening[edit]Curling and straightening hair requires the stylist to use a curling rod or a flat iron to get a desired look. These irons use heat to manipulate the hair into a variety of waves, curls and reversing natural curls and temporarily straightening the hair. Straightening or even curling hair can damage it due to direct heat from the iron and applying chemicals afterwards to keep its shape. There are irons that have a function to straighten or curl hair even when its damp (from showering or wetting the hair), but this requires more heat than the average iron(temperatures can range from 300-400 degrees). Heat protection sprays, and hair repairing shampoos and conditioners can protect the hair from damage caused by the direct heat from the irons.

Industry[edit]Hair styling is a major world industry, from the salon itself to products, advertising, and even magazines on the subject. In the United States, most hairstylists are licensed after obtaining training at a cosmetology or beauty school.[33]In recent years, competitive events for professional stylists have grown in popularity. Stylists compete on deadline to create the most elaborate hairstyle using props, lights and other accessories.

Tools[edit]

Hair being straightened with a flat iron.

Styling toolsmay includehair irons(including flat, curling, and crimping irons),hair dryers, andhair rollers. Hair dressing might also include the use of hair product to add texture, shine, curl, volume or hold to a particular style.Hairpinsare also used when creating particular hairstyles. Their uses and designs vary over different cultural backgrounds.

Products[edit]Styling productsaside fromshampooandconditionerare many and varied.Leave-in conditioner,conditioning treatments,mousse,gels, lotions,waxes, creams,clays,serums, oils, andspraysare used to change the texture or shape of the hair, or to hold it in place in a certain style. Applied properly, most styling products will not damage the hair apart from drying it out; most styling products contain alcohols, which can dissolve oils. Many hair products contain chemicals which can cause build-up, resulting in dull hair or a change in perceived texture.

Wigs[edit]Care of human or other natural hairwigsis similar to care of a normal head of hair in that the wig can be brushed, styled, and kept clean using haircare products.

Syntheticwigs are usually made from a fine fiber that mimics human hair. This fiber can be made in almost any color and hairstyle, and is often glossier than human hair. However, this fiber is sensitive to heat and cannot be styled with flat irons or curling irons. There is a newer synthetic fiber that can take heat up to a certain temperature.

Human hairwigs can be styled with heat, and they must be brushed only when dry.Syntheticand human hair wigs should be brushed dry before shampooing to remove tangles. To clean the wig, the wig should be dipped into a container with water and mild shampoo, then dipped in clear water and moved up and down to remove excess water. The wig must then be air dried naturally into its own hairstyle.Proper maintenance can make a human hair wig last for many years.

Functional and decorative ornaments[edit]There are many options to adorn and arrange the hair. Hairpins, clasps, barrettes, headbands, ribbons, rubber bands,scrunchies, and combs can be used to achieve a variety of styles. There are also many decorative ornaments that, while they may have clasps to affix them to the hair, are used solely for appearance and do not aid in keeping the hair in place. InIndiafor example, theGajra(flower garland) is common there are heaps on hairstyles.

Social and cultural implications[edit]

A one-year-old inSan Antonio, getting his first haircut

Gender[edit]At most times in most cultures, men have worn their hair in styles that are different from women's. AmericansociologistRose Weitz once wrote that the most widespread cultural rule about hair is that women's hair must differ from men's hair.[34]An exception is the men and women living in theOrinoco-Amazon Basin, where traditionally both genders have worn their hair cut into a bowl shape. In Western countries in the 1960s, both young men and young women wore their hair long and natural, and since then it has become more common for men to grow their hair.[35]During most periods in human history when men and women wore similar hairstyles, as in the 1920s and 1960s, it has generated significant social concern and approbation.[36]Religion[edit]Cutting off one's hair is often associated with religious faith:Catholicnuns often cut their hair very short, and men who joined Catholic monastic orders in the eighth century adopted what was known as thetonsure, which involved shaving the tops of their heads and leaving a ring of hair around the bald crown.[35]ManyBuddhists,Hajjpilgrims andVaisnavas, especially members of theHare Krishnamovement who arebrahmacharisorsannyasis, shave their heads. SomeHinduand most Buddhist monks and nuns shave their heads upon entering their order, and Korean Buddhist monks and nuns have their heads shaved every 15 days.[37]Adherents ofSikhismare required to wear their hair unshorn. Women usually wear it in a braid or a bun and men cover it with a turban.[citation needed]Marital status[edit]In the 1800s, American women started wearing their hair up when they became ready to get married. Among theFulanipeople of west Africa, unmarried women wear their hair ornamented with small amber beads and coins, while married women wear large amber ornaments. Marriage is signified among theToposawomen ofSouth Sudanby wearing the hair in many smallpigtails. UnmarriedHopiwomen have traditionally worn a "butterfly" hairstyle characterized by a twist or whorl of hair at each side of the face.[38]Life transitions[edit]In many cultures, includingHinduculture and among theWayana peopleof theGuiana highlands, young people have historically shaved off their hair to denote coming-of-age. Women inIndiahistorically have signified adulthood by switching from wearing two braids to one. Among theRendilleof north-easternKenyaand theTchikrinpeople of theBrazilian rainforest, both men and women shave their heads after the death of a close family member. When a man died in ancientGreece, his wife cut off her hair and buried it with him,[35]and in Hindu families, the chief mourner is expected to shave his or her head 10 days after a death.[39]Social class[edit]Throughout history, hair has been a signifier of social class.

Upper-class people have always used their hairstyles to signal wealth and status. Wealthy Roman women wore complex hairstyles that needed the labours of several people to maintain them,[40]and rich people have also often chosen hairstyles that restricted or burdened their movement, making it obvious that they did not need to work.[41]Wealthy people's hairstyles used to be at the cutting edge of fashion, setting the styles for the less wealthy. But today, the wealthy are generally observed to wear their hair in conservative styles that date back decades prior.[42]Middle-class hairstyles tend to be understated and professional. Middle-class people aspire to have their hair look healthy and natural, implying that they have the resources to live a healthy lifestyle and take good care of themselves.

Historically, working-class people's haircuts have tended to be practical and simple. Working-class men have often shaved their heads or worn their hair close-cropped, and working-class women have typically pulled their hair up and off their faces in simple styles. However, today, working-class people often have more elaborate and fashion-conscious hairstyles than other social classes. Many working-classMexicanmen in American cities wear their hair in styles like the Mongolian (shaved except for a tuft of hair at the nape of the neck) or the rat tail (crewcut on top, tuft at the nape), andAfrican-Americansoften wear their hair in complex patterns of braids and cornrows, fastened with barrettes and beads, and sometimes including shaved sections or bright colour. Sociologists say these styles are an attempt to express individuality and presence in the face of social denigration and invisibility.[43]Haircut in space[edit]

NASA astronautCatherine (Cady) Colemantrims the hair of European Space Agency astronautPaolo Nespoliin theKibo laboratoryon theInternational Space StationduringExpedition 26. Ahair clipperattached to avacuum cleanerwas used to remove the free-floating hair clippings.[44]Haircuts also occur in space at theInternational Space Station. During the various Expeditions astronauts use hair clippers attached to vacuum devices for grooming their colleagues so that the cut hair will not drift inside the weightless environment of the space station and become a nuisance to the astronauts or a hazard to the sensitive equipment installations inside the station.[44]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle" \l "cite_note-Sunita-45" [45]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle" \l "cite_note-Edward_T._Lu-46" [46]Haircutting in space was also used for charitable purposes in the case of astronautSunita Williamswho obtained such a haircut by fellow astronautJoan Higginbothaminside the International Space Station. Sunita's ponytail was brought back to earth with theSTS-116crew and was donated toLocks of Love.[47]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle" \l "cite_note-Pearlman-48" [48]See also[edit]Look uphairstyle,haircut, orhairdoin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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Eponymous hairstyle Hair care Historical Christian hairstyles List of hairstylesReferences[edit]1. Jump up^The Cultural Spotlight of 1940's Hairstyles2. ^Jump up to:abYarwood, Doreen (1978).The Encyclopedia of World Costume. New York: Scribner. p.220.ISBN0-517-61943-1.3. Jump up^Simonton, Deborah (2006).The Routledge history of women in Europe since 1700. New York: Routledge. p.206.ISBN0-415-30103-3.4. Jump up^Yarwood, Doreen (1978).The Encyclopedia of World Costume. New York: Scribner. p.215.ISBN0-517-61943-1.5. Jump up^Nude Woman (Venus of Willendorf),Smarthistory6. Jump up^Anthony Harding:Razors and male identity in the Bronze age.In:Albrecht Jockenhvel:Durch die Zeiten...(PDF).7. Jump up^Yarwood, Doreen (1978).The Encyclopedia of World Costume. New York: Scribner. pp.216220.ISBN0-517-61943-1.8. Jump up^Sherrow, Victoria (2001).For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. Greenwood. p.142.ISBN978-1-57356-204-1.9. ^Jump up to:abAdams, David and Jacki Wadeson (1998).The Art of Hair Colouring. Cengage Publishing. p.1.ISBN978-1-86152-894-0.10. ^Jump up to:abYarwood, Doreen (1978).The Encyclopedia of World Costume. New York: Scribner. p.216.ISBN0-517-61943-1.11. ^Jump up to:abcdefghSherrow, Victoria (2006).Encyclopedia of hair: a cultural history. Greenwood. p.2.ISBN0-313-33145-6.12. Jump up^Davis, Natalie Zemon and Arlette Farge (1993).A history of women in the west volume III: Renaissance and enlightenment paradoxes. Belknap Press. p.62.ISBN978-0674403727.13. Jump up^Condra, Jill (2007).The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing through World History: Volume 2, 1501-1800. Greenwood. pp.45 and 72.ISBN978-0-313-33664-5.14. Jump up^marcelgomessweden."Louis XIII The Beautiful Times". Thebeautifultimes.wordpress.com. Retrieved2013-01-16.15. Jump up^Hunt, Lynn, "Freedom of Dress in Revolutionary France", p. 243, inFrom the Royal to the Republican Body: Incorporating the Political in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century France, Editors: Sara E. Melzer, Kathryn Norberg, 1998, University of California Press, 1998,ISBN 0520208072,978052020807016. Jump up^Rifelj, Carol De Dobay,Coiffures: Hair in Nineteenth-Century French Literature and Culture, p. 35, 2010, University of Delaware Press,ISBN 0874130999, 9780874130997,google books17. Jump up^Sherrow, Victoria (2001).For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. Greenwood. p.143.ISBN978-1-57356-204-1.18. Jump up^Condra, Jill (2007).The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1501-1800. Greenwood. p.149.ISBN978-0-313-33664-5.19. Jump up^Sherrow, Victoria (2001).For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. Greenwood.ISBN978-1-57356-204-1.20. Jump up^Keyes, Jean (1967).A history of women's hairstyles,1500-1965. Methuen.ASINB0000CNN46.21. Jump up^Root, Regina A. (2005).The Latin American fashion reader (Dress, Body, Culture). Berg Publishers. p.33.ISBN978-1-85973-893-1.22. Jump up^O'Brien, Suzanne G. (10 November 2008)."Splitting Hairs: History and the Politics of Daily Life in Nineteenth-Century Japan".The Journal of Asian Studies67: 13091339.doi:10.1017/S0021911808001794. Retrieved19 September2011.23. ^Jump up to:abcSlade, Toby (2010).Japanese Fashion: a Cultural History. Berg Publishers.ISBN978-1-84788-252-3.24. Jump up^Jun Yoo, Theodore (2008).The politics of gender in colonial Korea: education, labor, and health, 1910-1945. University of California Press. p.76.ISBN978-0-520-25288-2.25. Jump up^"Women Getting their Hair Done at the Chez Marie Beauty Shop".World Digital Library. Retrieved8 February2013.26. Jump up^Peterson, Amy T. and Ann T. Kellogg (2008).The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through American history. Greenwood. p.278.ISBN978-0-313-35855-5.27. Jump up^Patrick, Bethanne Kelly, and John Thompson, Henry Petroski (2009).An Uncommon History of Common Things. National Geographic. p.206.ISBN978-1-4262-0420-3.28. Jump up^Craats, Rennay (2001).History of the 1960s. Weigl Publishers. p.15.ISBN978-1-930954-29-8.29. Jump up^Sherrow, Victoria (2001).For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. Greenwood. p.144.ISBN978-1-57356-204-1.30. Jump up^Biddle-Perry, Geraldine, and Sarah Cheang (2008).Hair: styling, culture and fashion. London: Berg Publishers. p.125.ISBN978-1-84520-792-2.31. Jump up^Weitz, Rose (2004).Rapunzel's Daughters: What Women's Hair Tells Us About Women's Lives. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.ISBN978-0-374-24082-0.32. Jump up^Banks, Ingrid (2008).Hair matters: beauty, power, and Black women's consciousness. New York: NYU Press.ISBN978-0-8147-1337-2.33. Jump up^The American Association of Cosmetology Schools34. Jump up^Ofek, Galia (2009).Representations of hair in Victorian literature and culture. Ashgate.ISBN978-0-7546-6161-0.35. ^Jump up to:abcSherrow, Victoria (2001).For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. Greenwood. p.141.ISBN978-1-57356-204-1.36. Jump up^DeMello, Margo (2007).Encyclopedia of body adornment. Greenwood. p.141.ISBN978-0-313-33695-9.37. Jump up^Geraldine A. Larkin,First You Shave Your Head,Celestial Arts(2001),ISBN 1-58761-009-438. Jump up^Sherrow, Victoria (2001).For Appearance' Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty, and Grooming. Greenwood. pp.141143.ISBN978-1-57356-204-1.39. Jump up^ul Hassan, Syed Siraj (1920).The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions, Volume 1. Bombay: The Times Press. p.46.40. Jump up^Winter, Bruce W. (2003).Roman wives, Roman widows: the appearance of new women and the Pauline communities. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p.104.ISBN978-0-8028-4971-7.41. Jump up^Ofek, Galia (2009).Representations of hair in Victorian literature and culture. Ashgate. p.2.ISBN978-0-7546-6161-0.42. Jump up^Fussell, Paul.Class: A Guide Through the American Status System. Touchstone. p.54.ISBN978-0-671-79225-1.43. Jump up^Snchez-Jankowski, Martin.Cracks in the Pavement: Social Change and Resilience in Poor Neighborhoods. University of California Press. pp.202203.ISBN978-0-520-25675-0.44. ^Jump up to:ab"Spaceflight gallery".45. Jump up^Williams, Sunita."Journal of Sunita Williams". Retrieved20 November2012.So, you may be wondering how we do this and not get hair all over the placeCan you figure out how we do this by the picture?46. Jump up^Edward T. Lu."Greetings Earthlings".47. Jump up^CollectSpace.com (2006-12-20)."Astronaut cuts her hair in space for charity". Collect space.com. Retrieved2007-06-08.48. Jump up^Pearlman, Robert Z. (19 December 2006 Time: 05:18 PM ET)."Astronaut Cuts Her Hair in Space for Charity". Space.com. Retrieved20 November2012.Check date values in:|date=(help)[show] v t eHuman hair

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