Hacienda tokens of Mexico / by O.P. Eklund and Sydney P. Noe

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NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS

Number 115



4/100

NUMISMATIC NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS

is

devoted

o

essays

nd treatises n

subjects

elat-

ing

to

coins,

aper money,

medalsand

decorations.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

Herbert E.

Ives,

Chairman

Alfred

R. Bellinger

Agnes

Baldwin

Brett

Thomas

O.

Mabbott

Sawyer McA.

Mosser,

Editor



5/100


6/100

COPYRIGHT,

949,

Y

THEAMERICANUMISMATICOCIETY

RUDISILL

COMPANY,NC.,

ANCASTER,A.,

.S.A.



7/100

Hacienda Tokens

of

Mexico

BY

O. P.

EKLUND

AND

SYDNEY

P.

NOE

THE

AMERICAN NUMISMATIC

SOCIETY

BROADWAYT

15ÓTH

TREET

NEW

YORK

1949



8/100


9/100

HACIENDA TOKENS

OF MEXICO

This

monograph

s

chiefly

due

to

the

initiativeof Mr.

O.

P.

Eklund,

whose

specializing

n

Minor

Coinages

is well

known,

nd

who

early

realized the

importance

of the tokens

issued

by

the

haciendas of

Mexico. The careful

catalogue

which

comprises

he

major

part

of this

publication

s his

work,

ave for

ome

slight

ddi-

tions

ormodifications. volumeofrubbings f all thepieceswhich

had

come to his

notice,

ncluding

he

collection

ormed

y

him and

later

acquired

by

Mr.

Howard

D.

Gibbs,

supplemented

is manu-

script.

his was later

amplified

y

the

pieces acquired

by

The

Ameri-

can

Numismatic

Society.

The

pieces

illustrated n the

plates

are

part

of the cabinet

of The

American Numismatic

Society.

Reference

o the

catalogue

is

made

by

number.

Pieces

bearing

monograms

re

designated

by

letters n

the

plates,

as

they

are not included

in the

alphabetical

catalogue.

Those described n themonograph, os Tlacos Coloniales (Mexico,

1935),

by

Señor

Manuel Romero

de Terreros are so

designated,

and the ones he

illustrates

re asterisked.

The

complicated

coinage

of Mexico

has

intrigued

many

numis-

matists nd collectors.

The

War

of

Independence

(1811-21),

the

era

of

Maximilian,

and

the Revolution of

1913-16,

have all left

indelible

marks

upon

the

country's oinage,

and

previous

mono-

graphs published

by

The American Numismatic

Society

have con-

sidered some of

the

problems

connected

with this

coinage.

Our

present oncern s with hegroupof Mexico's coins,generally nown

as

Hacienda

Tokens,

which,

because of

the extended

chronologi-

cal

period

over

which

their ssues

extend,

hares

n

the

complexity.

It

provides

n admirable

illustration f the

importance

f a

minor

coinage

in

reflecting

he

life of a

people.

Inasmuch as definition

s

the best

corrective

or

complexity,

t will be

well for us

to

digress

long

enough

to obtain

a

comprehension

f

what the

word ha-

cienda

involves.

An

excursus

nto the

geography

and

agrarian

economy

of Mexico

may

be found

not

without value for other

phases of that country'smonetaryhistory.

In

1923,

The

American

Geographical

Society

published

n

its

Research

Series

(No.

12)

a

volume

entitled

The Land

Systems

f



10/100

2 Hacienda Tokens of Mexico

Mexico

by

George

McCutchen

McBride,

in which the

important

part

played

by

these

units of

the

agricultural

ife of

the

country

s

given

the

prominence

t

deserves.

We are under

obligation

o

Dr.

McBride for

illuminating

uotations

which will afford

he reader

a better

understanding

f the situation

han

may

be

had

by

other

than direct

recourse

to his

book,

which is

now

out

of

print.

We

make

grateful

cknowledgment

or

permission

o

quote.

One

important

tatement

must be made as a

preliminary.

he

hacienda

system

which Dr. McBride has described o

helpfully

s

gone.

It

has

passed just

as the

cowboy

and the

life of the

range

which

figured

o

controllingly

n

the

development

f the

West

n

our

own

country

no

longer

exist. The

political

changes

which

have

brought

his

about are not

part

of our

study,

ut it

is

interesting

o

note that

the

transitions still

going

on and its course s

providing

profitable

ield f observation

o economists.

In

reading

what Dr. McBride has

written,

e

must

keep

in

mind

that

where he uses

the

present

we

must

supply

the

past

tense

even

though

his book was written

nly

twenty-fiveears

go.

The

haciendas of Mexico are the most

conspicuous

feature f

the land

system

f the

country.They give

to

agricultural

Mexico

its

distinctive

ast,

and,

by

their

great

size,

create the

impression

that the entire and is divided

nto vast rural

estates.These

prop-

erties,

ndeed,

are

the

only

type

of

agricultural

olding mmediately

visible o thetraveler n

many

parts

f

Mexico,

ust

as the

haciendado

is the

only

type

of

agriculturist

hose

interests each

beyond

the

immediate

neighborhood

f

his

home.

Many

of

the haciendas are

of

very

great

extent;

t

is

estimated

that

300 of

them

contain at least

25,000

acres

each;

116

have not

less than

62,500 acres;

51 have

approximately

5,000

acres;

while

11

are believed to

have

250,000

acres

apiece.*

The

Mexican ha-

cienda

seldom

contains

ess than

25,000

acres

whether

ituated

n

the

arid

plans

of

the

north,

where and is worth ittle

r

nothing,

r

in

the

densely

ettled reas

of

the

Mesa

Central,

where

the

price

of

land is

high

even

in

comparison

with

that of

agricultural

ands

in

other

countries.

*

J.

R.

SouthworthEl directorioficial e

las

minas haciendas e

Mexico

(

title

lso n

English:

he

Official

irectory

fMines nd

Haciendas)Mexico,

1910.



11/100

Hacienda Tokens of Mexico 3

The

great

size

of these

holdings

s

due,

in

part,

to

the fact that

the

typical

hacienda

aspires

o

be

self-sustaining,

nd

the

variety

f

a

countryside

s

taxed to

render t

independent.

Hence,

for the

many

different

roducts

required,

different

inds of land must

be in-

cluded within

ts

limits.

n the first

lace,

a

large

acreage

of

valley

land is

needed for the

production

of

grain.

These hundreds

of

thousands of

acres

of

arable land formthe nucleus

of the estate.

An haciendado would

not, however,

e satisfied o hold

valley

ands

alone; for,

n his

economy,

the

products

of the hills are

only

ess

important

han those of the lowlands.

Thus,

the

farm

requires

supply

of

water,

for

rrigation

s

well

as for the live

stock;

the ha-

cienda

must,therefore,

nclude some

stream,

which

should be con-

trolled

up

to

its

headwaters n order to

insure

he

undisputed

use

of

the

supply.

Again, grazing

land

is

needed

for the herds of

cattle,

horses,

heep,

and

goats;

this s

found

upon

the

parklike

mountain

sides

and the

alpine

meadows.

Timber, also,

is

a

prime

necessity

and is

derived

either

from

he deciduous treesthat

grow along

the

lower mountain

slopes

or from he

pine

forests

hat

clothe

the

tops

of the

higherridges.

The

products

ven of the waste and are

like-

wise

essential,

ince from his are obtained stoneand lime for

build-

ing

purposes,

clay

for adobe

huts,

coarse

grass

for thatched

roofs,

salt,

and the

wild

fruits nd

herbs

which are

gathered

orhousehold

use. The administration

f such

extensive

properties

necessarily

presents

reat

difficulties.

The haciendas are

settlements

omplete

n

themselves.

ndeed,

few of theseestateshave less than a hundred,whilemanyofthem

have as

many

as a

thousand,

nhabitants. n Michoacán there are

two

haciendas,

Huaracha

and

Buenavista,

ach

of

which maintains

over two thousand

persons;

while

in

Morelos, Mexico,

Puebla,

Durango,

Veracruz,

Queretaro,

and

Chihuahua

there

re others

n

which the number

s not much smaller.

Furthermore,

he

haciendas

are all

named;

they

appear

on

the

maps,

and

they

are

important

units of

public

administration,

ften

being

incorporated

s

munici-

pios. They

include

all the

customary

ccessories f an

independent

community,uchas a church, store, postoffice, burying round

and sometimes

school

or

a

hospital. Workshops

re

maintained,

not

only

for

the

repair

but even for

the

manufacture f

machinery



12/100


and

of the

numerous

mplements equiredupon

the estate.

Over

this

aggregation

he owner

presides

n a

more

or

less

patriarchal

manner,

the

degree

of

paternal

care

or

of

tyranny arying

with

he

character

of

the

ndividual

and withthat of his

superior

mployees.

In

an earlier

chapter

of

his

book,

Dr. McBride

explains

that the

tillable

oil

is

chiefly

o

be

found n the tableland

section

of

Mexico,

known as the

Mesa

Centrale and

that,

with

relatively nimportant

exceptions,

the

exigencies

of rainfall

and

soil

impose

conditions

which make

haciendas

impossible

lsewhere.

n

more

modern imes

irrigation

as

somewhat

ffected

hese

onditions.

he

Mesa

Centrale

is the most

thickly

populated

section

of Mexico.

It surrounds

he

capital city,

and

we

are told that its climatic conditions

re

ad-

mirable,

ince

altitude counteracts atitude

with such

nicety

that

the mean

temperature

ver the entire

plateau

is

nearly

uniform.

Most of

the haciendas

are to

be

found

in this

section,

and

they

provide

the

agricultural

upplies

not

only

forthemselves

ut for

the

remainder

of the country,whereclimatic conditions

re less favor-

able.

From

the

quotations

already

cited,

something

of

the

inde-

pendent

nature

of

these

huge

land

holdings

will have

been

shown,

and it

will

be

apparent

that

conditions avorable

o the

untroubled

operation

of such

large

units

encouraged

conservatism

n

the

part

of

the owners.The

employment

f native aborers nd the

faultsof

the

peonage

system

ed to

occasional

insurrectionsnd

explain

some

of the

happenings

n

Mexico's

history.

It

is

not

surprising

o

find,

nder uch

conditions,

hat the

owners

ofthehaciendas found tnecessary o have a circulatingmediumof

low

denomination,

nd that this medium should

vary

widely

in

form

and

reflect ome of the

independence

that marks the life of

the

hacienda.

It is this

very diversity

which has

attracted he at-

tentionof

numismatists o these tokens.

There

are,

and

always

have

been,

wide differencesn the

ha-

ciendas

a

condition

nevitable because of their

varying adapta-

bility

o

the

raising

f

agricultural

roducts

f a

wide

range,

as

well

as

to

problems

of labor

and

water

supply.

The

employment

f

Indians and thegrowth f thepeonagesystem layeda considerable

part

in

their

development.

ome

of the

haciendas

found their

and

suitablefor

attle-raising,

nd thoseforwhich this

became

the

prin-



13/100


cipal objective

are called rancheros

We

shall see that

there

s

much

plausibility

or

he dentificationlaimed for ome of

the

monograms

which

appear

on the

tokens s marksused for

branding

cattle.

An-

other

modification,

ue

to the

employment

f

native

workers,

inds

its

cause

dating

back before the

Spanish

conquest,

when

tribal

holdings

of

property

were vested

n

the chief. Some

of the

Indian

pueblos

resisted

ncroachment,

nd survived

n

the

formof collec-

tive

holdings.

Some

of

the

tokens,

s

we

shall

see,

are

issues

of

such

municipalidades although not all such are to be consideredof

Indian

origin.

In

view of all these

conditions,

nd

of

others

not

considered,

we

shall look in vain for

uniformity

n

the

tokens.

n

fact,

part

of

their

attractiveness

s

their resistance o classification.

here were some

hacienda tokens

n the

famous FonrobertCollection

sold

in Berlin

in

1878,

and that

catalogue

was for a

long

period practically

he

only

source

for numismatists

eeking

nformation

egarding

hem.

Under date of

1932,

a short

article,

Mexikanische Hacienda-

Marken, 1

by

FriedrichFreiherr on Schrötter, ecorded

pecimens

in the Berlin

Museum

with

a

fairly

representative

election l-

lustrated

n

a

single,

xcellent

plate.

The

difficulties

n the

way

of

identifying

hese

pieces

are illus-

trated

by

the author's

describing

s different

his

Nos.

28

and

31)

two

pieces

with the same

monogram

compare

withour illustration

Plate

IX).

Although

not from

the identical

die,

and

differing

n

their flan outlines

(one

is

heart-shaped

nd the other

oval),

the

monogram

s

unquestionably

he

same,

and

the differencen

shape

probably

ndicates ssues

eparated

by

a short ntervaln

output.

Had

the author

been in

possession

f a

largerbody

of

material

on

which

to base

his

conclusions,

he would

probably

have modified ome of

them.

In

1935,

a

privately

rinted

Ensayo

Numismatico

by

Manuel

Romero

de

Terreros,

ntitled os

Tlacos

Coloniales,

appeared

the

first

ndication,

so

far as

we

know,

that the

importance

of these

tokens

had

been

appreciated

by

Mexican scholars.This

is

limited o

pieces believedto have been struckbefore1821. The authorgives

a valuable

summary

f

the

legislation egarding

oinage

in

copper

1

Zeitschriftür

umismatik,

LII

(1935),pp. 128-135, l.

I.



14/100


and

a

description

f over two hundred

varieties f

these

tokens,

s

well as

illustrations f

fifty-eight.nfortunately,

ome of

his selec-

tions for

llustration o not lend themselves

o

half-tone

eproduc-

tion.

This

study,

however,

s

the first erious effort o treat

the

hacienda

tokens. The information t

supplies

concerning

hem

is

truly

mpressive

nd of

great

value,

and

certainly

eserves

wider

distribution nd

appreciation

than it has

received.

With

the

kind

permission

f the

author,

many

of the

pieces

have

been included

here.

A

second

publication

by

the same

author

s entitled Las Mone-

das

de Necesidad del Estado de

Michoacán. 2

The concern

here

is

not with

hacienda tokens as

such,

but with the

issues of

a

single

state

of

Mexico,

most of which are octavos and

quartos

put

out

by

municipalities

nd

haciendas between

1825

that

is,

shortly

fter

the close of the

War

of

Independence

and

1871,

just

beforethe

death of

Juarez.

The effort eems to

have

been to

provide

for

the

need

of small

change

which

was

being nsufficientlyuppliedby

the

governmental

trikings.

his

study

gives helpful

nformation e-

garding

the

issuing

authorities,

careful

description

f more than

one hundred

and

fifty

arieties,

nd

four

plates

illustrating

orty

pieces.

In

addition,

there

s

an

illuminating

map

showing

he oca-

tion of

many

of the

places

named.

It is

to

be

hoped

that

a

similar

treatment

f the

ssues

f other tates

will

follow.

The

collectionof hacienda tokens

t the Museum of The

Ameri-

can

Numismatic

Society

owes a

great

deal to the initiative nd

interest f the late Howland Wood, the far-seeing uratorof its

collections rom

1913 to

1938,

who did

much to

stimulate nterest

in this

series. He

transmitted

is

appreciation

of

their

mportance

to his

successor,

nd to others. After

his death

in

1938,

an

op-

portunity

ame to the Museum

to

acquire

the considerable ollection

of hacienda

pieces

formed ver a

long

period

of

yearsby

Mr. H. L.

Hill of

San

Francisco,

under

especially

favorable circumstances.

These

represented,

n

most

cases,

pieces

in

fine

condition,

and

comprised

sizable

proportion

f

dated issues. The

acquisition

was

made possible throughsubscriptions rom Messrs. E. T. Newell,

2

Anales

del Instituto e

Investigaciones

stéticas,

niversidad

acional

Autónoma

e

México, (1940),pp.

17-39, pls.,map.



15/100


F.

C. C.

Boyd,

H. E.

Gillingham,

Elliot Smith

and Moritz

Worm-

ser,

which

supplemented

balance

in the

Avery

Fund.

The acces-

sion

raised

the

Society's

holdings

o a

much

higher

evel;

and

since

that

time a fewfurther

dditionshave

increased

ts

mportance.

he

giftby

Mr.

Alexander Orlowski of tokens

acquired

during

a

visit

to

Mexico was one

outstanding

ddition,

and

a

small

lot

acquired

in the

market dded

severaldesirable

varieties.

he

Society

has

now

a

thoroughly epresentativeollection, lthough

t can never

hopeto secureone thatcan claim

anything

ike

completeness.

A

glance

at the

plates

will show that hacienda

tokenshave

great

variety

s to

form;

that

they

provide

an

impressive

mass of

mate-

rial for

study

of their

historical

bearing

should

also

be

obvious.

Wear,

probably

due to

circulation,

mperfect

triking,

ountermark-

ing

and

other

vicissitudes

educe their ttractiveness

o a

minimum,

but the

strong

ndividuality

which marks

many

of these

pieces

is

ample compensation

ortheir ack of aesthetic

ppeal.

Circulation

of the tokenswas forbidden

n

1917,

and a

provision

that

all

salary

payments

must be made

in

legal

tender

was written

into the Constitution

f

1924.3

We

are told that

these

tokens are

rarely

o

be

found

n Mexico

now,

and there

seems

strong

proba-

bility

that

most of

them

have

been melted down or have

disap-

peared

for other

reasons.

The

many

and

great

changes

n

Mexico

during

the

period

in which

they

circulated

are reflected n these

substitutes or coin.

After

1871,

the

growth

n

commercial

pros-

perity

brought

about

the introduction f

modern business

tokens,

which it is difficulto separate fromthe pieces issuedby the ha-

ciendas. While

their

egends

are more

explicit,

he later ssues

have

none of

the attractiveness

f the

pre-revolutionaryieces.

It

is

to

the

period

between

1821

and 1847

that most

of the

selection of

municipal

issues

on

Plates

XXI and XXII

belong,

a selection

which

upplements

ather

han

repeats

he one

made

by

M.

Romero

de

Terrerosfor

Michoacán.

One circumstance

f

prime

mportance

emphasized

by

Romero de Terreros

will bear

repetition

ere.

The

Spanish

colonial

government

did

not

begin

the

coinage

of

low

denominationsn copper until 1814. There seemsto have been an

aversion o the

use

of

copper

on

the

part

of

the

natives,

nd earlier

3

Zeitschrift

ür

Numismatik

XLII

(

1935),

p.

130.



16/100


efforts o

introduce a minor

coinage

in this metal had resulted n

failure.

These issues are

found

sometimes

uring

the

reign

of

Fer-

dinand

VII,

used

a

second time

through

the

application

of

a

counterstamped

monogram

or incised

nitials,

nd

serve

to

date

the

second use

as

later

than

we

might

therwisehave

thought.

The

foregoing

will

enable

the reader to

realize

that

the most

n-

teresting

eriod

for thesehacienda tokens

s the

colonial,

that

s,

up

to

1821.

Any

classification ased on

the names

that

appear

on

the

tokensmeets

complications

because of the

large

number of

pieces

bearing monograms,

ome of

which are

so

involved

hat

unanimity

in

reading

them,

nd

therefore ase

in

their

dentification,

s

out of

the

question.

Furthermore,

he

monogram

f the

same hacienda

will

change

in

form on successive

ssues to an

extent

which

makes

a

conclusion

that

they

represent

he same

holding

an

assumption

rather han a

conviction.

Then, too,

some

family

names are

fairly

common

in

Mexico,

as

elsewhere,

nd

the

given

names

of the

haciendas are likely o

be

repeated (e.g.,

Buena

Vista). Distinguish-

ing

between what

is

municipalidad

and

what

is

hacienda

is all

but

impossible

or one

who

does not have a

thorough

nowledge

f

Mexican

geography

and

history.

ortunately

or our

purposes,

a

number

of the tokens

re

dated or

are

datable,

and

it has been

de-

cided

to

arrange

the

plates

so

thatthe

chronological

onsideration

s

the one

emphasized.

This

permits

grouping

which

essens r seems

to

lessen the

confusion

nd enables a

break-down nto

sub-groups,

and

makes

further

tudy

easier.

It

must be

made

clear

through

repetitionhatthis isting s notcompleteor comprehensive.t will

have to

be

modified

s

further vidence

is

brought

forwardand

closer

dating

becomes

possible.

For

that

reason,

he

steps

eading

to

the

conclusions

expressed

are

frankly

aid before

the

reader,

and

any rigidity

f

statement

r

of contention

s

avoided

where doubt

exists.

Bringing

rder

out of

the

complexities

f this seriescan be

effected

nly by

the

further

ooperation

f

nterested ollectors.

Because

of

the variations

n the

practices

f the haciendados

and

other

ssuersof

these

tokens,

t

is

almost

mpossible

o be consistent

in makingan arrangementfthem. Since some ofthe tokens how

an earlier

design

which

has not

been

entirely

bliterated,

ndicating

a second

using

of

the

piece,

and

because

countermarking

ccurs,

o



17/100


that a

name

may

be

superimposed

n a

monogram

or

a

monogram

over the

name,

the wide variance

n

the

unregulated

rocedure

must

be

taken into

consideration

n

using

the

plates.

These

have

been

arranged

to

show what

homogeneity

here

s

so

far as

the dates are

concerned,

o

far as the

shapes

are

concerned,

nd so

far as

the

monograms

re concerned.

There are also

plates

showing

he tokens

put

forth fter

1821

by

the

municipalidades

nd

pueblos

as

well as

ones

bearing

he

word

puente bridge)

When

a

given

piece permits

he

reading

of

a

name,

ts ocation

n

the

alphabetical

list

and thence the reference o

its

place

on

the

plates

of

this

monograph

s

simple.

The

pieces

bearing

monograms

only

are less

susceptible

o

arrangement

nd

consequently

re not

included in the

alphabetical

ist.

With a few

exceptions,

he earlier

ones have

been

segregated

n Plates II to

IV. Some

which

seem

to be later ssues will

be found on

Plate

XIX.

Many

of them

will

be

easily

decipherable

to our Mexican confrères ven

though they

maybe puzzling ous. In some casesconjectural dentificationsave

been

given

which

may

require

ater

correction.

his

may

also be true

of

statements

egarding

ocations

of the

ssuing gencies.

It is

comparatively

asy

to

identify

nd

separate

the

store cards

and

business okensmade

after1870 on the basis of

workmanship

r

material. Hard

rubber, elluloid,

wood and thin brass with

a

con-

sistent

tyle

of

lettering

re

used

for

pieces

which are

usually

dis-

tinguishable

rom

pre-revolutionary

ssues

by

anyone

who has

even

a

nodding

acquaintance

with hacienda tokens.The

great

number

of thesepiecesis sufficienteasonforour not including hemhere,

even

though

here

re

some

which

bear the

name

hacienda. Some

of the

wooden

pieces

may

be

older than

we consider

them

here.

The

likelihood

of their

having

been

preserved

s

even

slighter

han

that of theirmetal

counterparts,

ut

those that are

dated indicate

the

general period

of theircirculation s between

1870-1880.

Because

of

the

many

uncertaintieswhich invest the

earlier

ha-

cienda

tokens,

t

has

been

deemed desirable to

begin

our

com-

mentary

n the

pieces

with

those of

comparatively

ate dates

(il-

lustrated n Plate XX) and itmightbe well tostatewhythis s so.

In

1814,

Calleja,

the

Spanish

Viceroy,

ordered

he

coining

of

two,

one

and

one-half

uartos

of

copper

(i.e.,

one-half, ne-quarter

nd



18/100


one-eighth eales),

and in the

following

ecember

their

cceptance

was

assured

by

the

passage

of a law

regulating

heir irculation

nd

limiting

he

amount

acceptable

as

legal

tender.

Quartillos

of

silver

had

been

struckfrom

1794 to

1816;

these for some

reason

seem

not

to

have met the needs

supplied

by

the

copper

pieces.

With

the

outbreakof the

War of

Independence,

we find hat

the

difficulty

f

moving

bullion from he mines

to the

mint

of Mexico

City

became

too

great

a

risk,

nd

branchmintswereestablished

n six ocalities

Chihuahua,

Durango,

Guadalajara,

Guanajunto,

Sombrerete nd

Zacatecas.

Provisional

oinages

were

also struck

t Nueva

Viscaya,

Oaxaca,

Real

del

Catorce and Valladolid. For

the

insurgent

orces,

almost the entire

coinage

of Morelos

in

Oaxaca

was in

copper,

although

t

involved a

promise

of

Morelos

of

redemption

n

gold

and

silver

upon

the

resumption

f

the mines.

Although

there

are

octavos

dating

within he

period

of the

War

of

Independence,

hey

appear

to

have

been destined o meet ocal

needs,

and

their

carcity

seems

a

dependable

indicationthat their

quantity

was small.

The

inability

f Morelos to

redeemhis

promises

may

have contributedo

the

disfavor n which

copper

seems

o

have been

held.

It is not

easy

to

gauge

the extent o which the

coinage

of

hacienda

tokens

was

affected

y

the

changed

condition.

Certainly

here

are

few

pieces

dated

between 1814 and

1821,

whereas the

municipal

issues eem to have

been

widely

truck.

As an

outcome

of the War

of

Independence,

municipal

tokens

developed

a considerable

degree

of

uniformity. any

bear

numer-

als indicatingtheirvalue as one-eighth eal,

and

occasionally

we

find

he

word tlaco

appearing

on

them.

Their

workmanship

r

die-

cutting

will

not

serve

as a

dependable

dating

criterion,

or ome

of

the

earlierones are

much

better han

those

dating years

ater. t

is

instructive

o

study

groups

such as

that for

Colima,

called

a

Villa

on one

issue

(Plate

XX)

or that

of

Ameca,

a

pueblo

(Plate

XX).

For each of

these

groups,

he

progression

f

dates

and

the attendant

changes give

a

clear

indicationof

the troubled

tate of

the

country,

even after

peace

had returned.

t is

because

of

this

that Romero

de

Terreroshas justly alled certainpieces truckn the tateof Michoa-

cán coins

of

necessity,

lthough

he

is

careful

o

explain

that

this

does not

imply

anything

n the nature

of a

siege

piece

such

as



19/100


frequently

as the

case

with

this classification

n

Europe.

The

first

iece

of the

group

bearing

the

name of Colima

(Plate

XX,

No.

106)

is

dated

1813,

is

uniface,

and otherwise

iffers

ut

slightly

rom he hacienda

tokens

which

preceded

t.

It was

during

this

year

that

Morelos was

active;

on December

22,

he

suffered

seriousreverse

t Valladolid. Haste

may

therefore

xplain

the

form

of the

square

piece

dated 1814

(Plate

XX,

No.

107). By

1816,

there

was a

return o the earlier

form, xcept

that

it is no

longer

uniface,

but bears on the reverse

monogram

to be read as Co-

lima,

and

this form eems to have

persisted

ntil

1824,

for

which

year

we

have

three

differing

ssues.

The

other

series illustratedon

Plate XX consists

of

uniface

coins

of

Ameca,

a

pueblo

that

is,

an

Indian controlled

holding,

situated n the district f

Jalisco,

with a

population

given

as

1500.

Here,

there

is a

sharp

contrast

between

the

workmanship

f

the

earliest

piece,

dated

1814,

(No.

25)

and those

which follow.

The

inscriptions noteworthy P.D. AMECA QUITILLA

D 1814.

In

the

field,

here

s

a

façade

of a

building

urmounted

y

a cross

and

flanked

by

two conventionalized

rees

?),

with 3 on

the left nd

8

on

the

right.

The

piece

is uniface.

The coin dated 1833

(No.

31)

has

coarse

lettering,

while one dated

1853

(No. 30)

is

even

cruder

nd

the

inscription

eads

from he

rim.

There are two

issues

dated 1855

with

ettering

hat

s

stillcrude.

An undated

ssue

(No.

26),

whose

workmanship

would

seem

to

place

it

as

later,

bears the

designation

TLACO

DE AMECA.

The historicalvalue of some of these tokens is illustratedby

No.

197

(Plate

XXII),

a coin of

Hermosillo n

the Province

of

Sonora at the

north.4

A

concession

to

coin silver

quartillos

n this

town

was

obtained

n

1828.

The earliest

dated

specimens

of

this silver

coinage

are

from

1832,

and

pieces

are

known for

the

following

ix

years.

The

L.

S.

on the obverse

s read

as

an abbreviation

for

Leonardo San-

toyo,

the

concessionaire,

who

was

connected

with the

mining

interests f the

district. t

is

noteworthy

hat

the

coinage

in

copper

did not startuntil 1851. It is not improbablethat equally impor-

4

Cf.A.

F. Pradeau.

he MexicanMints

f

Alamos

nd

Hermosillo,

.Y.,

1934

(Num.

Notes

Monographs

o.

63).



20/100


tant

historical

data

may

be

recorded

by

othersof

these

tlacos,

but

without

detailed

knowledge

of their local

significance,

we

must

await

their

onsideration

y

Mexican

numismatists.

Two of the

Ameca

pieces

(Plate

XX,

Nos.

30 and

31)

bear

initials

which

are read as for

personal

names.

The

implication

s

that these

re in the

nature

of

store

ards.

Breaking

up

the

tokens

which come

before

1821

into

smaller

groups

would be

extremely

ifficult

without the

help

which

we

get

from he dated

pieces,

although

groupings

ccording

to charac-

teristics f flan

or of execution of their

lettering

become

fairly

obvious

and,

within

imits,

reasonably

dependable

once

we have

the

dated

pieces

for

a

key.

In the

arrangement

f the

plates

we

have tried

to

bring

this

out.

It

would

greatly

implify

ur

study

f

we could

say

that the

pieces

having

naturalistic r

irregular hapes,

such as

leaves,

flowers,

hearts,

and other

simple

but

distinctive

forms,

many

of which are

undated,

are

preceded

by

those

bear-

ing monograms only,

and

that,

in

general,

the

monogramspre-

cede those

bearing

the names

in

full,

but

there are

too

many

ex-

ceptions

to make such a

generalization.

Fortunately,

we have a

few dated

pieces

which tend to confirm

his,

but there

seems to

have been too much

overlapping

to

make

any

such classification

certain.

Many

of

these

exceptions

are

probably

due to

scanty

mechanical facilities or

making

the tokens

n the

widely

eparated

centers

n which

they

originated.

For

example,

in

the

period

be-

tween

1800

and

1806,

there s

a certain

homogeneity

n

the

pieces

whichare shown on Plate X and, although

we

are without lear

indication of their

ocale,

these haciendas

probably

will be found

to have lain

within an area which was served

by

a

single

die-

cutter. Such

a one

may

have received

his

training

from some

jeweller,

or even

through

n

apprenticeship

n the

mint of

Mexico

City.

A second

group

within his

period

(Plate XII)

is of a

much

clumsier fabric and heavier

workmanship,

nd

here we have

an

indication

that two of the

pieces

came

from

Celaya (No.

470)

and

Queretaro

(No.

362),

respectively,

wo cities not

widely

sep-

arated. It would not be surprisingo find that the twohaciendas

whose

tokens

follow

(Nos.

72

and

297)

were located

in the same

neighborhood.

t will be seen

that

trying

o date

pieces

on the



21/100


basis of

workmanship

s

far from

certain

except

within broad

limits.

Inasmuch as the

tokens of a

typical

hacienda

must

have

been in

use

over a

considerable

number

of

years,

we

can

expect

definitenesss

to time

of

issue from

the

dated

pieces

only.

With this

in

mind,

let us

look

at

the

plates

in some

detail,

be-

ginning

with the

one

(Plate

I)

which bears

the earliest

dated

pieces

which we have been able to

find.

Before

tarting,

owever,

one

peculiarity

f

dating

should be noted. One

piece

illustrated

n

this

plate

(No. 381)

is

doubly

unusual.

First,

both obverse and

reverse ear

inscriptions,

lthough

the

reverse oes

not enable

us to

localize the

token's

place

of

origin.

The obverse

reads,

n addition

to the name

of

the

issuing

owner,

ANO

84.

Comparison

with

other

pieces

will

remove

any

necessity

f

laboring

the

point

that

this

must be

1784 and that

it cannot be 1884. We

are enabled

likewise

to read the date which

appears

on

the

first oken on

Plate

III

(A)

as

1750.

A

contrast

o this

contraction

f the

date

is

to

be

found on

Plate I

(B)

where the date

is

given

n Roman

numerals mdcclxxui. The

monogram

t the centerhas not been

identified.The

irregularity

n

the

shape

of the flan

supports

he

traditional

ssignment

f

the

shaped pieces

as

early.

Turning

to

the first

iece

on

Plate III

(A),

dated

1750,

we

find

ourselves

n

possession

of another

very

valuable

piece

of

in-

formation

or on the reverse f this

piece

we

read

8 R. We also

note

that there

re

two smaller

pieces

bearing

this ame

monogram

(one

without

date),

and

that instead of

that

date,

they

bear on

their

obverses

4

(B)

and

2

(C), respectively,

nd

that,

in

addition,

they

are

graduated

in

size,

making

a series.

These

numerals

cannot

be

fractions

f

the real as were

the

municipal

tokens

previously

mentioned

(page

10),

for

the

8 R

piece

is

much

larger

than that of

2

R.

If the intentionwere to

indi-

cate a

fractional

one-eighth

of a

real,

the most valuable

piece

would

have been the half-real

which should

have been the

larger.

Not

only

do we

have

a

parallel

to

Nos.

391-395

described

by

Romero

de

Terreros

Cf.

Note

to

No.

391),

but we have a date

whichgoes far towardestablishingheperiod n whichthepractice

common to the

two

series was in use. In

other

words,

we

have a

clear

indicationthat

these

tokenshad a valuation

n

reals,

and

this



22/100


permits

the

identification f

similar numerals

on

other

pieces,

many

of

which are

also

identical

n fabric.

The PERES

piece

(No.

376)

to

which we have

had occasion to

referbecause of

its date

802,

has

a

4

above

the

name,

and

gives

us indication

that

this

valuation in

reals continued

to that

date.

We

may

even

go

further,

or the

piece

shown

(Plate

XII,

A)

is

one

which

has a

format

closely

similar

to

the

group

on Plate X

and has

the

figure

8

counterstamped

within he

large

O

above the

mono-

gram.

This confirms he evidence of the PERES

token,

forthis

piece,

too,

should

be dated between 1800

and

1806,

or

not much

before

or

after

hose

years.

Similarly,

he

inscription

n the

token

LARA

on Plate III

(No.

218)

becomes

significant,

or

we can

point

to

analogies

which

enable us to read

the

letter

after

the

figure

4

as a lower-case

r rather

han

x which t more

nearly

resembles.

his, then,

ndicates four

reals,

and

we

have

the

proba-

bility

that there

were

larger

and

smaller

denominations

or

this

hacienda.

Likewise,

the oval token

with a trefoil

with

a

2

be-

neath

it

(Plate

III,

E)

falls nto

this

group.

Of

the other

tokens,

one

with

2

Rs

(D)

bears no other

ndicationof

its

origin,

while

the

last,

with a cursive

r

(G)

within

chain border

has an

8

on

its

reverse,

lthough

smaller than

any

of

the

2

R tokens

on this

plate.

The date

following

he earliest ne

we have

found

s

1767

(Plate

I,

A).

This is

engraved

or

incised on

the

reverse,

while the

obverse

bears four letters

whose

significance

we are

unable to

recognize.

Can the four pelletson the obversebe an indicationthat it

was

valued at four

reals?

In addition to

the

date,

the reverse

ears the

name or

syllable

Sol

as

well as

the

letter

N

preceding

the

date.

The tilde

over

the N dictates

ts

reading

as an abbreviation

for

Anno,

or Año.

The

Sol

is

to

be

taken as an abbrevia-

tion for a

name

such as

Solis

(Plate

IV,

431)

or some

other

name

whose

first

yllable

is identical.

Although

this is

not the

best

representative

f

the

cast tokens

(others

are

illustrated n

Plate

II),

there

s

a

considerable

number

of tokens

which show

the same large and crude letters nd which afford ther evidence

of their

having

been cast.

Almost

without

exception,

they

are

uniface.



23/100


The

next coin

dii Plate

I,

(No. 133)

bears the date 1770.

Compared

with

the token

we have

just

been

considering,

ts

workmanship

s refined

nd

finished.

t, too,

is

representative

f

a

fairly arge

class;

it is

surprising

o find

workmanship

f this

order at such an

early

date,

as

well

as

the

use of

punch

dies. Pieces

of

this class

frequently

ave

small units of

a decorative nature

which are

repeated

to form a

pattern

or

border,

and

examina-

tion discloses that

some of their

inscriptions

re made

by usingindividual letter

punches

(some

of the

repeated

letters

display

identical flaws or other

peculiarities

which are

unmistakable).

No evidence has

been

observed of

a

graduated

series

or

of two or

more denominations

n this class. The reverse

nscription

n

Plate

I,

381

{Para

la

Plaza)

is

probably

ndicative hat it circulated

n

the market

place

of some

city

or

town,

as the

catalogue

notes.

Filling

out

Plate I

are

contrasting

okens

dated

1791,

the first

with

a

monogram (C),

the second

with CATALANES

and what

looks ike a cask

(No. 90)

-

both

struck romdies. The

piece

with

VAQUEDANO (No.

467)

bears a

target-like

enterand

the

date

1796.

The last

(D)

dated

1799,

has a

monogram

n an

octagonal

impression.

All

three

are die-struck.

With

possible exceptions

n the

top

row,

Plate II consists f

tokenswhich have

been

cast,

bearing monograms

or

single

etters

as the sole indication of

their

origin.

The resistance o wear

on

the

monogram

is

a

consequence

of the boldness of the

lettering.

f

the first ive

pieces

do not

belong

to the same

hacienda,

their

close

similarity emonstrates he difficultyf distinguishinghem.

It would be rash to venture

dating

forthese cast

pieces.

Their

boldness or occasional

cruditymay

be

nothing

more than a result

of

having

been made

in rural

districts emoved from

the

conven-

ience

of cities.

Casting

thesetokens

would

be

a

simple process,

nce

the

technique

had been

mastered,

whereasthe

preparation

f a

die

such as

is

obvious

on most

of the

pieces

on Plates

III

and

IV

is

far more

complicated

an

operation.

One

would

think

that

the

tokensfor which

dies were used

(Plates

III

and

IV)

were later

than these cast pieces on Plate II. If thisbe so, some of the cast

tokens

may

be earlier than

1750,

the

date for the first

iece

on

Plate

III.

Nor

may

we

lose

sight

of

the tokens

n Plate

V

which



24/100


bear neither

name

nor

monogram merely

the

type.

Some

of

these

may

have

used the

punning

principle

common

to

other

coinages,

so

that No. C

may

have

indicated the same

hacienda

as

did

No.

227

(Plate XVI).

There

seems to be no convention

r

rule

which

may

be

applied

to

the

reading

of

the

monograms,

ut

this

is

a condition that

might

have been

expected

in marks

for

branding

cattle,

which is what some of these are

believed

to have

been.

Similar combinations r variations

n the letters

ccur

on

the

much later

branding

ronsofthewestern anchesofour

country.

Plate

V

is

given

to tokens

bearingtypes

but without

he owners'

names

they

re

indicatedon the

plate

by

letters.No.

A

clearly

de-

picts

a

hunter

holding

a

jack-rabbit.

t seems that the

intention

f

obliterating

he

monogram

on

the

reversewas

unsuccessful.

n

the

reverse f No.

F

there

s a

counterstamp

which seems

to

consist f

the letters P and

Q

with

a tilde

over

them.

The

object

on

No.

E is a formalized

branding-iron.Why

the

mere

date

1802

should

have been

used

for No.

H is

something

or which we should

ike to

have an

explanation.

Romero

de

Terreros lso illustrates o.

D.

He

describes

he

design

as

two Indians

dancing.

There are two

figures

facing

medial

axis,

a

plant

with two

long

branches

continuing

n

an

arch over each

of the

figures

nd

extending

nearly

to

the base

line.

The die

outline

s

notchedwhile

the flan

s

irregularly

ctag-

onal. The

tiny

piece

(No.

G)

with

an

eagle

on

the

nopal plant

may

not be a hacienda

token.

On

Plate

VI seven

tokens re

grouped

which bear

some

form

of the wordpuente,which means a bridge.We cannottell whether

these were

used

for

tolls or

whether

hey

were ssued

by

haciendas

situated

near

bridges

from

which

they

took

their

names.

Some

bear

rude

representations

f

bridges.

n

the

catalogue,

these have been

placed

under the letter

P. This

procedure

s

followed

also

for

the

tokens

put

out

under the

designation

f

Esquina

-

or

Esquila.

On Plates

VII to

IX,

tokens

with

variously

haped

flans are

grouped;

most of these are other than circular.The

group,

which

is

arranged

lphabetically

or

convenience,

s

representative,

ut

not

exhaustive.Heart-shapedtokensseem the most favored (one on

Plate V

may

be

added to the

seven

here).

Leaves and

fruits

re

distinguishable,

ven

a ram

or

goat (

Chiuato .

The

flans

of most



25/100


of

these,

whether

riginally

ast

or

punched

out

of sheetsof

metal,

have in

a second

operation

had

a die

applied

to them.The

lettering

is

usually

bold

rather han

crude,

and

some

ingenuity

s shown n

its

spacing.

A

dated

piece

is

helpful

occasionally,

uch as the cres-

cent-formed

dken

No.

300

(Plate

VIII)

which reads

1804,

while

on

Plate

I

we

have noted the

date

1773

in Roman

numerals.Two

pieces

at the

bottom

of

Plate

VII have

incised

etters

Nos.

117

and

120).

Some

of

the dies

have

scalloped edges,

while

the flans

t

the

top

of Plate VII have

pie-crust

ims

which

must have been

acquired

by

casting.

One

exception

o the

statement

hat

these

odd-

shaped

tokens

re

usually

uniface s

to be found n

No. 413

(Plate

IX),

where

the

design

admirably

its ts

oval and both

obverseand

reversedies

are

well

executed. The

reverse f

No.

53

(Plate VII)

bears an

incised

letterT.

No. 63

(Plate

VII) may

be a

bridge

token,

or

perhaps

the

structure s

intended

to

represent

church.

The

given

name of

an

individual

occasionally

accompanies

the

more

usual

familyname, and thiswill be found trueon succeeding

plates.

Odd

shapes

were

selected for

these

tokensbecause

of their

distinctiveness

they

ccomplished

heir

urpose.

The

tokens

n

Plate X

to XII

form

fairly

omogeneous

roup.

With one

or

two

exceptions,

hey

re

similar

n

size,

tyle

nd

fabric,

although

as to

fabric there

s

a

light

and

heavy

form. The

dated

pieces range

between

1801 and

1806.

Many

are

uniface. The thin-

flanned

ones

are

marked

by

a

daintiness

of

lettering

nd

design,

while

the

heavier

pieces

have

a

boldness

quite

in

keeping

with

their

greaterthickness.On the thinner-flannedokens,branches with

flowers

r berries

ie with

animal

figures Plate

XI,

198

and

275

.

On

the

Olbera

issue

(Plate

X,

286)

we

note a

pennon

or

spear

used

with

a

cannon.

On

the

Molina

piece

(Plate

X,

264)

there

is

a

monogram

s well

as this

name

and the

date

1801.

On

Plates XI

and

XII

we

find

a

contrast.The

Aguilar

token

(Plate

XI,

10)

is

broad,

thick

and

heavy,

and

the

lettering

s

bold.

This

piece

and

several

others

have

inscriptions

n

both

sides.

The

given

name

is on

the

obverse

and

the

family

name

on

the

reverse n more than one instance,withthe name of the place of

issue

added

on

two

coins,

Queretaro

(No.

362)

and

Celaya

(No.

470).

The

Butron

oken

No.

71

on

Plate

XI

seems

to

have

had



26/100


this

name

applied

to some other

token of

the fabric

we have

been

considering.

Unfortunately,

he

earlier

design

s not

distinguishable.

Monogrammed

pieces

of both

forms re

placed

at

the bottom of

Plate XII.

Note that the Munos

(No.

275)

and

Munoz

(No.

277)

pieces

on

Plate XI seem to

have

nothing

n common.

Plates XIII

and

XIV

may

be

considered

ogether. hey

offer

further

ontrasts o

Plates X to XII.

Most have smaller

flans

which bear

dates with a

slightly

more extended

range,

1800-1814.

With the

exception

of Nos. 103 and

A,

they

are

uniformly

ie-

struck nd

many

have bordersof

repeated

units,

ome

of which

are

very

effective s

well as

ingenious.

The

majority

re

uniface;

some

are

counterstamped

with

dates or

numerals,

he

latter a

possible

indication of

value. The

Cocula

token

(No. 103)

is

dated 1808

and bears

two

counterstamps,

ne of which s

a crown.The second

is

applied symmetrically

nd

adds

the

name

Vandino which can

hardly

e a

Spanish

name.

The three

plates (XV-XVII)

devoted

to

the

tokensbearing

names

in full

(or

nearly

so),

like

those

devoted to the

irregular-

shaped pieces,

offer

some

significant

henomena. They

are ar-

ranged

alphabetically,

espite

he

necessary

eviations n

the nterest

of

plate symmetry.

t

will

be noted

that there

re

a few

pieces

not

circular n

shape.

Attention

might

be

called

to

similaritiesn

treat-

ment,

s,

for

xample

a. C

AREDES,

CVRIL

and

LOZO

(Plate

XV,

79,

129

and

241)

share with

DE

PRIETO

(Plate

XVI,

344),

a

technique

which seemsto indicatethat either hetoken orthedie withwhich

it

was struck

ad been

cast.

b. Pieces

on whichdies

show

similar

workmanship

1.

Square-

V. DE

S.

FRANCISCO

and

TLACOMULCO

(Plate

XVII,

483

and

451)

.

2.

Dies

showing

linear

frame

AGUILERA

and

SANCHES

(

Plate

XV,

11

and Plate

XVII,

408 .

3.

Dies with

ornate frame

ALDANA,

GUERRA,

OCANPO,

PANZACOLA

(Plate

XV,

21,

191

and

Plate

XVI,

283,

302)

4. Dies havinga notched or toothed dge QUEMADA, RIO,

VAREDO,

ZARATO

(Plate

XVI,

361

and

Plate

XVII,

380, 54,

491).



27/100


5.

Pieces

with

uatrefoil

ie-outlines,

ENA

and

ROME

(Plate

XVI,

256

and Plate

XVII,

388)

6.

Pieces

having

border r

frame

f

pellets

r

periods

ADAME,

LUNA

(Plate

XV,

6 and

243)

It

would

be

too much to claim that these

similarities

ndicate

a

relation n

time

or

place,

but there s

at least

the

possibility.

c.

Single

tokens

often

raise

questions

for which answer is not

always

obtainable.

1. On the

piece

inscribedOXORO

(Plate

XVI,

298),

is the

X

to be

read

as

a

lower-case r as

it

certainly

s

on

Plate

XVII,

458,

which

Romero de

Terreros

eads

as

Torrescano ?

2.

The

AGUILERA

(Plate

XV,

11)

and ADAME

(Plate

XV,

6)

tokens oth

bear

a

counterstamped

onogram

whichcom-

bines

he

etters

A

and P

-

does

this

onnote

combination

of

two

haciendas with

the final

ownership

ndicated

by

the

monogram?

Compare,

lso,

Plate

III,

A

to

E)

.

3.

Are

the

added

scrolls

n

the

LEDO

piece

(Plate XV,

226)

purelydecorative?

4.

The

MAGIAS

piece

(Plate XVI,

246)

bears

a

triangle

with

an

incised

monogram ?)

or

brandmark.

Why

was it

ncised n-

stead

of

having

been

made

a

part

of

the

original

design?

5.

The

MED

piece (Plate

XVI,

254)

has a

counterstamped

ate

of

1820.

Is

this

an

abbreviation or

half

or for

a

proper

name?

Why

was

not

the date

made a

part

of

the

name-die?

Was

it

possibly

later

ddition?

On

No. 451

(Plate

XVII),

there is

a

very

nteresting

rans-

literation.

On

the token

we read

CAVEZERA. Dr.

A. F.

Pradeau

kindly

nforms

y

letter hat this s a substitute

or

cabecera,

a word

meaning

county

seat ;

and

that

TLAJOMULCO

(Cf.

Plate

XVII,

45

1

,

with

about

four

thousand

nhabitants,

s

a

station n

the

State of

Jalisco

on

the

railroad

between

Mexico and

Guadala-

jara.

Plate

XVIII

is

intended

to

demonstrate

imilarity

f

names

or

monograms.

eñor

Romero

de

Terreros

llustrates

nd

identifies

a

piece

with

a

large

and

crude

G

and

a small

a

as

GARCIA.

Here (Nos. 177 and 178) we have two roughlycircularpieces

with

a

toothed-die

mpress

nd

the

inscription

AR/SIA. Between

them

is

a

diamond-shaped

token

(No.

179),

with

smaller

and



28/100


better formed etters

reading

GARSIA/TAGLE.

In the bottom

row of this

plate

we

have

(No. 232)

a

piece

reading

R. DEL.

CHICO.

ANO.

D.

1808,

and

within

the circle at

the

center,

he

name

LOPEZ

with

ornaments bove

and

below.

The token

(No.

G)

shows

a

monogram

which

can

hardly

be read

other than

as

LOPEZ,

and

the

preceding piece

(No. F)

with its

neighbor

to

guide

one,

should be

probably

read

similarly.

On

the same

line,

we

have an

octagonal

token with

the name

ERA/RA.

Counter-

stamped

beneath,

in smaller

etters,

s the name LOPEZ. As this

is

unquestionably

common name in

Mexico,

there

may

or

may

not

have been a

connection etween

hesefour

pieces.

The

monogrammed

okens on

the second line on this

plate

will

bear

study

because of their

imilarities.

o.

324

which has

a

heart-

shaped

die-imprint

s

apparently

unrelated to

any

of the

heart-

shaped

tokens

n

Plate IX.

Plates XXI

and XXII

provide

an

amplification

f

what

ap-

pears

on Plate

XX

(cf. pp.

10

to

12).

Most

of theseare octavos;

Nos. 136

(Plate

XXII)

and

412

(Plate

XXI)

are

quartillos.

Many

are without

ndication

of value.

No. 364

(Plate XXI)

is

counterstamped.

ome are

without

dates;

those

bearing

dates

vary

from

1813

(Plate

XXI,

14

and

489)

to 1853

(Plate

XXII,

452).

The

workmanship

on both

coins

and dies

varies

widely

well-

preserved

pecimens

re

uncommon.

Several other

designs

re

am-

bitious

beyond

the

power

of the

die-cutter,

or

example,

No. 309.

Apparently,

hese

are all issues

of

Municipalities

with

littleor no

directconnection with the Hacienda token. They are illustrated,

herein,

o make this

distinction lear.



29/100

CATALOGUE

1.

Abar te

uy.

ABA

ļ

RATE

ļ

GVY within raised

notched

order.

Uniface.

Cast.

21

mm.MRdeT.*

Plate

VII.

2.

Abascal. ABAS

ļ

CAL;

a

rosette

etween

ellets

bove and

below.

Ornamental

order.

Uniface.

Octagonal

planchet.

4

mm.

3.

Abila. ABI

|

LA*

in a

circle

of dashes.

Triangular

die.

Uniface.

30 mm.

MRdeT.

4. Acirre.A [ CIRRE, withornament elow; thewhole n border

of

repeated

rnaments. ie

20

mm.;

flan

26

mm.

Uniface.

Plate

XIII.

5.

Adad.

A

|

DAD within

raised and notchedborder

on

octagon

with

urved

ides.Uniface.

Plate VII.

6.

Adame.

ADAME

between ines of

dots above and

below,

in

rectangular epression.

n

round

die-imprint

elow,

AP in mono-

gram.

Uniface.

3

mm.Plate

XV.

Admitido.

ee

No.

253.

7.

Africano.

AFRI

ļ

CANO,

a

sheathed sword

dividing

the two

lines,

n

arrow

pointing

o

right

bove,

and another

n

opposite

direction

elow;

the

wholewithin

crudecircle.Uniface. 8mm.8.

Agebedo.

AGE

|

BEDO in

square

depression.

n

shape

of a

four-leaved

osette. niface.

Plate

VII.

9.

Agire.

AGI

ļ

RE in

crude

cript.

niface.

Cast.

22

mm.

10.

Aguilar.

LORENZO

within circle

of

large

beads.

Rev. AGUI

LAR

with imilar

order.

MRdeT.

32

mm.Plate XI.

11.

Aguilera.

AGUI

ļ

LERA

within

inear

frame n

square depres-

sion;

a

monogram,

P,

in

separate

round

mpression

elow.

Uni-

face.

21

mm.

Plate

XV.

12.

Aguirre.

A

|

GUIRRE,

rude

flowers

elow,

within circle

of

dots and

dashes.

Uniface.

26

mm.

Two varieties

llustrated;

wo

other

variants n

A.N.S. Plate

X.

(Two specimens.)Aho.See No. 13.

13.

Ahualulco.

AHO in

crude

script,

/s

real)

below.

Milled

border.

Uniface. 18

mm.

14.

Ahualulco.On

raiseddisc

at

center,

/s.

egend:

AHUALULCO.

1813.

Uniface.

21

mm.

Plate

XXI.

15.

Alarcon.

ALARCON

only.

Uniface.

23

mm.

MRdeT.

16.

Alba.

AL.BA,

an

arrow

point

below;

raised

ndented

order.

Uni-

face.

25

mm.

Very

rude

ast.

MRdeT.*

*

The

abbreviation

RdeT

used

herein

efers

o

the

monograph

os

Tlacos

Coloniales

y

Manuel

Romero

e

Terreros

ublished

n

Mexico

n

1935

cf.

p.

5.

Tokens

llustrated

n

thiswork

re

asterisked.

second

ublication

y

thesame uthor as Monedas e Necesidad elEstadodeMichoacáns re-ferredo asMRdeT. Michoacán).

21



30/100


17.

Albares.

ALBA

ļ

RES in crude

script

within

borderof

large

pellets,

heR like

n X. Uniface.Cast.

22

mm.

18.

Alb res.Similar o astbut the

S

retrograde.

19.

Alb res

(Alvares).

ALBA

|

RES within aised

notchedborder.

Uniface.

Flan

cast,

he

name added with die.

23

mm. MRdeT.

Plate VII.

20.

Albares.

ALBA

ļ

R.S 806 above

a

star

nd coiled

ariat,

hewhole

in

a

wreath. oothedborder.

4

mm.

Plate XIII.

AlcantArilla.

See No. 38.

21. Aldana.

ALDA

|

NA

withfour osettes

n

ornate

rame.

Uniface.

Rectangular. 8x 24mm.MRdeT. Plate XV.

22.

Aliala

(Ayala).

ALLA

ļ

L

Hacienda tokens of Mexico / by O.P. Eklund and Sydney P. Noe

Documents

Transcript of Hacienda tokens of Mexico / by O.P. Eklund and Sydney P. Noe