GUS: 0262 Fundamentals of GIS
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Transcript of GUS: 0262 Fundamentals of GIS
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GUS: 0262Fundamentals of GIS
Lecture Presentation 2: Cartography in a Nutshell
Jeremy MennisDepartment of Geography and Urban Studies
Temple University
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Maps as Models
Maps are models of reality.
They emphasize some aspects of reality in a cartographic representation while ignoring or greatly simplifying other aspects of reality.
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Scale
the amount of reduction in the representation of a real world geographic phenomenon on a map.
or, the ratio of map distance to earth distance
1:24,000
1 inch = 2000 ft
1 2000 ft
verbal scale
representative fraction
bar scale
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Geometric Representation
Points
Lines
Polygons
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Generalization
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Generalization
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Measurement Levels
Nominal: equivalence
eg. land cover (residential, industrial)
Ordinal: ranking
e.g. city size (small, large)
Interval: ratio assuming an arbitrary 0 value
e.g. temperature in degrees F
Ratio: ratio assuming a true 0 value
e.g. temperature in degrees K
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Map Projections
a means to depict the spherical earth on a two dimensional medium
cannot simultaneously preserve all of these properties of the earth in two dimensions:
shape (of a region)distance (between two points)direction (bearing from one point to another)area (of a region)
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Map Projections
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Map Projections
Conformal projectionpreserves directione.g. Mercator
Equal area projectionpreserves areae.g. Alber’s equal area
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Geoid and Datum
Geoid: a model of the earth’s shapeClarke 1866GRS80
Datum: reference point for establishing horizontal control
NAD27 uses Clarke 1866NAD83 uses GRS80
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Coordinate Systems
provide a spatial referencing system to locate points on the earth surface
spherical coordinate systemcoordinates that describe locations on a sphere
planar coordinate systemcoordinates that describe locations within a two dimensional Cartesian space
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Spherical Coordinate Systems
latitude and longitudeparallel: lines parallel to equatormeridian: lines going from pole to pole
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Planar Coordinate Systems
rectangular grid with X and Y axes
X: eastingY: northing
point is defined by X,Y coordinate
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Planar Coordinate Systems
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
units in meterstransverse cylindrical projection60 vertical zones cover globenorthing in meters from equatoreasting in meters from false origin 500,000 meters west of zone central meridian
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Planar Coordinate SystemsUniversal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
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Planar Coordinate Systems
United States State Plane Coordinate System
units in feetprojection in transverse Mercator or Lambert’s conformal conictied to U.S. datumone or more zones for each state with a false origin southwest of the zone
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Planar Coordinate Systems
United States State Plane Coordinate System
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Types of MapsReference Map
Thematic Map
Qualitative
Quantitative
Dot Map
Isarithmic Map
Cartogram
Proportional Symbol
Choropleth Map
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Dot Mapping
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Isarithmic Mapping
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Cartogram
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Choropleth Mapping
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Choropleth Mapping
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Choropleth Mapping
Breast Cancer Incidence by County in North Carolina
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Classification in Choropleth MappingConstant Intervals Equal Interval
Standard Deviation
Variable Intervals Quantile
Arithmetic Progression
Geometric Progression
Natural Breaks Visual
Maximum change in slope
Optimal (Jenks)
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Classification in Choropleth Mapping
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Thematic Map Elements
Title
Legend
Scale
Credits
Mapped and unmapped areas
Borders and neatline
Map symbols
Place names and labeling
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Thematic Map Elements
For more on choropleth mapping:
http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/GEOG321/05_choro02/choro1_02.html