Guidelines for training

GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING REPORT

1 The training report shall be computer typed (English- British, Font – Times Roman,Size-12 point) and printed on A4 size paper.

2 The training report shall be hard bound with cover page in Sky Blue colour. The name of the candidate, degree (specifying the specialization), year of submission, name of the University including college name shall be printed in black on the cover [Refer sample sheet (outer cover)]

3 The training report shall be typed on one side only with 1.5 lines space with a margin 3.5 cm on the left, 2.5 cm on the top, and 1.25 cm on the right and at bottom.

4 In the training report, the title page [Refer sample sheet (inner cover)] should be given first then the Certificate by the candidate and the supervisor(s) in sequence, followed by an acknowledgment, and this should be followed by the abstract of the thesis (not exceeding 1500 words)., contents with page no.s list of figures/ list of tables, notations/nomenclature, and then

5 In the body of the text, a reference should be indicated giving author name and year of publication in parenthesis such as (Singh and Shan,2002).

6 The reference should be given at the end of the training report in alphabetical Order indicating:

i) The authors name and his initials ii) The title of the paper and name of the journal iii) The name of the book and the publisher iv) The number of the volume, page numbers, and the year of publication v) standard abbreviation may be used in the names of the journals

For Example:1 Singh, S. and Shan, H. S. (2002) “Development of Magneto Abrasive

Flow Machining Process”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacturing, vol. 42, 2, 2002, pp. 953-959.

2 Laroiya, S.C. and Adithan, M. (1994), “Precision Machining of Advanced Ceremics” Proceeding of the International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology (ICMAT - 94), 29-30 August 1994. University Teknoloi Malaysia, Johor Bahru,Malaysia, pp 203-210.

3 Adithan, M. and Gupta, A.B. (1996), Â“Manufacturing TechnologyÂ”, New Age, International Publishers, New Delhi.

4 The diagrams should be printed on a light/white background, Tabular Matter should be clearly arranged. Decimal point may be indicated by full stop (.). The caption for Figure must be given at the BOTTOM of the Fig. and Caption for the Table must be given at the TOP of the Table.

5 The graphs should be combined for the same parameters for proper comparison. Single graph should be avoided as far as possible.

A (Times New Roman , 16 pt.)

Training from company name (Caps, 18 pt., Bold)

On (16 pt.)

TITLE OF TRAINING (Caps, 22 pt. B)

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology (12 pt).

in

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (Caps, 14 pt., B)

From

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA(caps,14,B)

Submitted by Guided by (14 Pt.)

Name of Student (Roll No.) Name of Guide

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. (14 Pt. , B)

KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KURUKSHETRA-136119 (16 Pt., B)

TRAINING REPORT TRAINING TITLE

DECLARATION

We hereby certify the work which is being presented in the training entitled

“Training title” by “Student Name” in partial fulfillment of requirements for the

award of degree B.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engg.) submitted in the

Department of Electronics & Communication Engg. at Kurukshetra

Institute Of Technology & Management Kurukshetra under Kurukshetra

University, Kurukshetra is carried out during a period from Aug. 2011 to Dec.

2011 under the supervision of “Guide’s Name”. The matter presented in this

training has not been submitted by me in any other University/ Institute for the

award of B.Tech. Degree.

Student Name (Roll No.)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of

my/our knowledge.

Name

Training Incharge

H.O.D.

i

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENTKURUKSHETRA- 136119


ABSTRACT

Transmitting and receiving signals through antenna into different require the tuning of

antenna into different directions this tuning cannot be done manually in case of Heavy

antennas and also it is not precise.

PRECISION

AUTOMATIC TUNING

Continued………………

The abstract of the training (not exceeding 1500 words).,

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G REPORT TRAINING TITLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many lives & destinies are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions &

opportunities. It is in this respect we feel that we are in much better condition today due to

continuous process of completion of this training was a tedious job & requires careful &

support at all stages. We would like to highlight the role by individuals towards this.

Firstly we are very thankful to our parents and family members for the providing us the

opportunity for providing to build our carrier in field of engineering. Their invaluable

inspiration, guidance & our decisions are worthwhile, without which this training will might

be a dream in our eyes.

We are eternally grateful to honorable Director-Principal Dr. P. J. George for providing us

the opportunity & infrastructure to complete the training as a fulfillment of B.Tech degree.

We are very thankful to Er RAKESH GARG, Head of the Department, for his kind support

& faith in us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks, with a deep sense of gratitude to our training &

Training Incharge for their keen interest in our training.

We are also thankful to all the visible hands, which helped us to complete this training with a

feeling of success.

The above underline matter must be included in the acknowledgement. The above & below

the underline matter is just sample matter, you can change it.

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CONTENTS

Declaration i Acknowledgement ii Abstract iii List of Figures ivList of Tables v

Chapter 1: Overview of Company PAGE No.

Chapter 2: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 1 1.1 History of OFDM

2

Chapter 3: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & WORKING (If Any)

3.1 Establishment of need 10 3.2 Need Analysis 12

3.2.1 Face to Face interview 14

Chapter 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION 26

Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 5.1 Conclusions 27

5.2 Future Scope 28

REFERENCES

APPENDIX (include Datasheet, Source code) 31




LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO. FIGURE

NO.

DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO.

1. 1.1 Concept of OFDM Signal 4

2 1.2 Time Domain Construction of an OFDM Signal 7

3. 1.3 Frequency Responses of the Subcarriers in a 5 Tone OFDM Signal 10

4 1.4 Elimination of ISI Guard Interval 11

5 1.5 Intercarrier Interference Caused by Guard Interval 12

6 1.6 Addition of Cyclic Prefix 12

8 3.1 Effect of Synchronization 21

9 3.2 Doppler Effect 25

10 4.1 Block Diagram Showing a Basic OFDM Transceiver 26

114.2 Example IQ Modulation Constellations. 16-QAM, with Gray

Coding of the Data to Each Location

28

12 4.3 IQ Plot for 16-QAM Data with Added Noise. (Script s0083) 29

13 4.4 OFDM Generations, IFFT Stage 30

14 4.5RF Modulation of Complex Base Band OFDM Signal, Using

Analog Techniques30

15 4.6RF Modulation of Complex Base Band OFDM Signal, Using

Digital Techniques. (DDS = Direct Digital Synthesis)31

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LIST OF TABLES

S.NO.TABLE

NO.DESCRIPTION

PAGE

NO.

1. 1.1 Comparison of Parallel and Serial Transmission Schemes 4

2 5.1 BER Table for Standard OFDM 47

3 5.2 BER Table for Self Cancellation 48

4 5.3 BER Table for Windowing 49

5 5.4 BER Table for Maximum Likelihood 50

6 5.5 BER Table for Epsilon = 0.0 51



9 5.8 BER Table for QAM 56

10 5.9 BER Table for BPSK 56

11 5.10 BER Table for MSK 56

12 5.11 BER Table for N=32 57

13 5.12 BER Table for N=128 57

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Guidelines for training

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