Growing Size and Complexity - Anasayfaaviation.itu.edu.tr/img/aviation/datafiles/Lecture...

Growing Size and ComplexityProf. Amedeo Odoni

Airport Planning and Management

Module 3

January 2016

Istanbul Technical University

Air Transportation Management

M.Sc. Program

Growing Size and ComplexityObjective:

– Discuss how traffic growth and the high concentration of traffic at relatively few airports, coupled with changing conditions and requirements, have increased greatly the size and complexity of airports

Outline:

– The changing notion of “what is a major airport”

– High concentration of airport traffic

– The Big get bigger and more complex

– Additional complications

– Critical role of runway systems

– Land area requirements

Outline

Changing notion of “what is a major airport”

High concentration of airport traffic

The Big get bigger and more complex

Additional complications

Critical role of runway systems

Land area requirements

What *Was* a (Major) Airport…

Infrastructure facility (“terminal + runway”) serving originating + terminating passengers and some freight

(… up to mid-1970s); few commercial or other services

Practically all airports had one or two runways (… up to

1970s)

Government-owned (national, regional or local) facilities,

managed by either government organizations or by

special-purpose Airport Authorities (… up to 1986)

Often heavily subsidized by national governments,

especially w.r.t. to capital investments (… up to 1980s)

Security was not an issue (… up to late 1960s) and not a

dominant concern (… up to 1990s)

Environmental concerns (beginning in 1960s) centered

on airport noisePage 4

…and What *Is* a (Major) Airport

“The Airport City”

– Very large complex of diverse facilities

– Big volumes of O-D and connecting passengers and

high-value freight

– Level-of-service varies widely (airline type, market)

– Extensive commercial, logistic and supporting services

– Increasingly an inter-modal node

Often privatized or semi-privatized, operating largely

along private sector lines

Self-sufficient economically and typically profitable

Security is paramount

Emissions and climate impacts are critical environmental

concerns, in addition to noisePage 5

Growth Prospects Worldwide

Number of pax worldwide has tripled in 30 years

– 2014: 3+ billion enplanements (~6.4 billion airport

pax)

Despite several global “shocks”, passenger traffic has grown by more than 40% since 2000

– Uneven distribution of growth

• Mostly Asia (esp., China + India + Middle East)

• Large differences in growth among airports in

the same region

Prospect: Continued significant growth worldwide

(~4%) faster in Asia, South America and Africa

(~6%); slower growth in North America and EuropePage 6

Outline







A Highly Concentrated Sector

Only about 350 airports in the world with more

than 3 million annual passengers! Handled >95%

of all passengers!

Top 30 airports processed close to 30% of

passengers

Top 100 close to 67%

The busiest airports in the world are therefore

extremely important to the global economy and

to global connectivity

Major job generators: “roughly 1000 employees

per million annual pax” (includes all employees)

Busy airports are “perpetual construction sites”Page 8

(1) (2) (1)/(2) (1) (2) (1)/(2)

Atlanta ATL 96.2 868 111 Singapore SIN 54.1 341 159

Beijing PEK 86.1 582 148 New York JFK 53.6 423 127

London LHR 73.4 473 155 Denver DEN 53.5 566 95

Tokyo HND 72.8 426 171 Shanghai PVG 51.7 402 129

Los Angeles LAX 70.7 637 111 Kuala Lumpur KUL 48.9 341 143

Dubai DXB 70.5 357 197 San Francisco SFO 47.1 432 109

Chicago ORD 70.0 882 79 Bangkok BKK 46.4 290 160

Paris CDG 63.8 471 135 Seoul Incheon ICN 45.7 298* 153

Dallas DFW 63.5 680 93 Charlotte CLT 44.3 545 81

Hong Kong HKG 59.7 402 149 Las Vegas LAS 42.9 522 82

Frankfurt FRA 59.6 469 127 Phoenix PHX 42.1 430 98

Jakarta CGK 57.0 382 149 Madrid MAD 41.8 343 122

Istanbul IST 56.8 440 129 Houston IAH 41.2 509 81

Amsterdam AMS 55.0 453 121 Miami MIA 40.9 403 101

Guangzhou CAN 54.8 412 133 Sao Paulo GRU 39.8 305 130

30 Busiest Airports in the World (2014)(1) = pax (million); (2) = movements (thousand)

Sources: ACI + Websites * Estimated

Location of 30 busiest airports by region

1991 1999 2014

North America 21 19 12*

Europe 4 6 7

Asia (+ Middle East + Oceania) 5 5 11

Page 10

*One in South America (Sao Paulo Guarulhos)

•Expect increasing future presence of Asian airports

• Several airports on list operating at their capacity limit

or close to it (e.g., PEK, ORD, LHR, DXB, HKG, IST, JFK,

SFO, GRU)

Source: Center for Asian and Pacific Aviation (2011)

IATA: Partial List of Badly Congested Airports (2014)

Page 11

• Airports with full terminals: 90 in 2014; 223 in 2020

• Airports operating at 90% capacity of the runways: 6 in

2014; 63 in 2020 [Courtesy Dr. Sulmona]

Outline







The Big Get Bigger!

On December 28, 2015, Atlanta (ATL) became

the first airport in history to exceed 100 million

passengers in one year!

“Traffic attracts traffic!”

Several more top airports are aspiring to serve

more than 100 million pax within the next 5-15

years (at the existing airports or at new airports)

In all of these cases, the capital investments

involved are well in excess of $10 billion

Size of required space and facilities is

ENORMOUS, posing a new generation of

challenges in handling traffic (pax, cargo,

aircraft) at reasonable levels of service (LOS) Page 13

(1) (2) (1)/(2) (1) (2) (1)/(2)

Atlanta ATL 96.2 868 111 Singapore SIN 54.1 341 159

Beijing PEK 86.1 582 148 New York JFK 53.6 423 127

London LHR 73.4 473 155 Denver DEN 53.5 566 95

Tokyo HND 72.8 426 171 Shanghai PVG 51.7 402 129

Los Angeles LAX 70.7 637 111 Kuala Lumpur KUL 48.9 341 143

Dubai DXB 70.5 357 197 San Francisco SFO 47.1 432 109

Chicago ORD 70.0 882 79 Bangkok BKK 46.4 290 160

Paris CDG 63.8 471 135 Seoul Incheon ICN 45.7 298* 153

Dallas DFW 63.5 680 93 Charlotte CLT 44.3 545 81

Hong Kong HKG 59.7 402 149 Las Vegas LAS 42.9 522 82

Frankfurt FRA 59.6 469 127 Phoenix PHX 42.1 430 98

Jakarta CGK 57.0 382 149 Madrid MAD 41.8 343 122

Istanbul IST 56.8 440 129 Houston IAH 41.2 509 81

Amsterdam AMS 55.0 453 121 Miami MIA 40.9 403 101

Guangzhou CAN 54.8 412 133 Sao Paulo GRU 39.8 305 130

30 Busiest Airports in the World (2014)(1) = pax (million); (2) = movements (thousand)

Sources: ACI + Websites * Estimated

Adding to the Complexity

It is not only the size of traffic (huge numbers)

that make busy airports so big and complex

A number of relatively new developments have

been equally important in driving size and

complexity

– Low cost carriers (different requirements)

– Security (critical choices)

– Commercial activities in terminals (more

space, more complications)

– Environmental concerns (more constraints)

Page 15

Outline







Importance of Runway Systems

q The ultimate capacity of an airport (in terms of

annual number of passengers it can handle) is

eventually determined by the number of its runways

and their geometric layout

[ An overly simplified, but quite true statement.]

q Different numbers of runways and different layouts

imply vastly different

– Land area requirements

– Passenger and aircraft capacities

– Complexity in design, planning and operations

Page 17

Numbers and Configurations of Runways

Single runway

2 close parallel runways (“close pair”)

2 intermediate parallels

2 independent parallels

2 close + 1 independent [3 runways total]

2 independent close pairs

Intersecting runways

Many other configurations – including those planned for some of the 100+ million mega airports

Page 18

Parallel Runways (IFR)

Separation

between runway

centerlines

Arrival/

arrival

Departure/

departure

Arrival/

departure

Departure/

arrival

Closely-spaced

1200 – 2500 ft

(366 – 762 m)

As in

single

runway

As in

single

runway

Arrival

touches

down

Departure is

clear of

runway

Medium-spaced

2500 – 5000* ft

(762 – 1525* m)

1.5 nmi

(diagonal)

Indep’nt Indep’nt Indep’nt

Independent

> 5000* ft

(> 1525* m)

Indep’nt Indep’nt Indep’nt Indep’nt

* 3400 ft (1035 m; ICAO) or 4300 ft (1310 m) are alternative limits

London Gatwick (LGW): single runway

Milan Malpensa: medium-spaced parallels

2640 ft (805 m) between runways

ft (2296 m) between runways

Munich: independent parallels

Paris CDG: 2 independent close pairs

1260 ft between close parallel runways

Atlanta Hartsfield International (ATL)

DFW

Airport

Singapore Changi Airport with Third Runway

Page 26Source: Wikipedia (2011)

Istanbul Atatürk (IST) Airport

Page 27

Outline







Indicative Land Area Requirements

q The numbers below are intended as rough indications of

the land area requirements:

• Single runway 5 km2

• 2 close parallel runways 7 km2

• 2 intermediate parallels 9 km2

• 2 independent parallels 11 km2

• 2 independent close pairs 15 km2

• Expanded Singapore* (SIN) [3 runways] 20 km2

• New Istanbul Airport [5 + 1 runways] 50 km2

• Denver International [up to 12 runways] 130

km2

Page 29

Final CommentsAirports are a vital and vibrant sector of the

world’s economy

Growth and complexity at the busiest airports is

making the design, planning, operations,

management and economics of these facilities

extremely challenging

We face problems/issues that have not been

addressed before!

Number and layout of runways plays a critical

role

Many of the busiest and most ambitious airports

are trying to expand their runway systemsPage 30

Questions? Comments?

Page 31

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