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Identification:This disease is also called meningococcal meningitis or cerebrospinal fever. Itis an acute disease caused by a gram negative bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. The infectionmay be asymptomatic, may be restricted to the nasopharynx, or exhibit upper respiratorytract infections. It may cause meningococcal septicemia, or meningitis. Incubation periodlasts for 2-10 days with an average of 3-4 days.

The disease is characterized by sudden onset of high grade fever (>380C) lasting for 24 hours.Other signs and symptoms are petechial and/or purpuric rashes appearing within 24 hoursafter onset of fever, and signs of meningeal irritation such as: headache, nausea andvomiting, stiff neck, bulging fontanel (among infants), seizure or convulsions, and sensorialchanges.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstration of the bacteria in a gram-stained smearof the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) and the isolation of the bacteria from the CSF blood.

Occurrence: The disease is usually sporadic (cases occur alone or may affect householdmembers with intimate contact). Although primarily a disease of children, it may occur amongadults especially in conditions of forced overcrowding such as institutions, jails and barracks.It occurs more in males than females.

Mode of transmission: Transmission is by direct contact with respiratory droplets from noseand throat of infected persons. Carriers may exist without cases of meningitis. Transmissionvia inanimate objects (personal belongings of cases) is insignificant.

Prevention and Control: Preventive measures are geared towards reducing overcrowdingand exposure to droplet infection. Immunization of civilians is not recommended as durationof protection is limited.

Treatment and Prophylaxis: Treatment is effected by antibiotics and if given early, fatality

rate is rendered less than 10%. Aqueous Penicillin G may be given to both children and adults.Chloramphenicol may be given in cases of Penicillin allergy.

Prophylaxis is reserved for those who have intimate contact with the patient; householdmembers, boyfriend/girlfriend, sexual partners, hospital personnel who did suctioning ofsecretions and/or mouth resuscitation. Rifampicin is the drug of choice and may be given toboth children and adults.

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Treatment

People suspected of having SARS should be:

evaluated immediately by a physician

hospitalized under isolation

Antibiotics are sometimes given in an attempt to treat bacterial causes of

atypical pneumonia

. Antiviral medications have also been used.

High doses of steroids to reduce lung inflammation

serum from people who have already recovered from SARS (convalescent

serum) be given.

supplemental oxygen

mechanical ventilation

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Definition:

It is a serious form of pneumonia, caused by a virusisolated in 2003. Infection with theSARS virus results in acuterespiratory distress (severe breathingdifficulty) and sometimes death.

FYI: This contagious respiratoryinfection was first described on Feb.26, 2003. SARS was identified as anew disease by World HealthOrganization (WHO) physician Dr.Carlo Urbani. He diagnosed it in a48-year-old businessman who hadtraveled from the Guangdong

Cause: Corona virus SARS corona viruscoronaviridae

Mode of Transmission:

SARS is clearly spread bydroplet contact

Airborne transmission ispossible

Virus found in stool of SARSvictims

*could live up to 4 days

*virus can live for months and yearswhen temp is below freezing point

Less Common Symptoms:

Dizziness

Productive cough

(sputum)

Sore throat

Runny nose

Nausea and vomiting

Diarrhea

Common Symptoms:

fever greater than 100.4degrees F (38.0degrees C) ; Fever 94%

Difficulty in breathing ;other respiratorysymptoms but otherroutes of infection mayalso be involved, such as

fecal contamination

Influenza-likesymptoms: Muscleaches, Cough, headache,loss of appetite, malaise,myalgia

Gastrointestinalsymptoms :Vomiting 14%, Diarrhea 27%,

Prevention Minimizing contact to people with SARS

minimizing travel to locations where there is an

uncontrolled outbreak

Hand hygiene as the most important part of SARS

prevention.

C over the mouth and nose when sneezing or

coughing.

Respiratory secretions should be considered

infectious, which means no sharing of food, drink, or

utensils. Commonly touched surfaces can be cleaned

with an EPA approved disinfectant.