Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems: Level I Inventory Field ......United States Department of...
101
Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems: Level I Inventory Field Guide Inventory Methods for Assessment and Planning United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report WO-86a March 2012 Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems: Level I Inventory Field Guide Inventory Methods for Assessment and Planning United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report WO-86a March 2012
Transcript of Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems: Level I Inventory Field ......United States Department of...
Gro
und
wat
er-D
epen
den
t E
cosy
stem
s: L
evel
I In
vent
ory
Fie
ld G
uid
e
Inve
ntor
y M
etho
ds
for
Ass
essm
ent
and
Pla
nnin
g
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Dep
artm
ent
of
Ag
ricu
ltur
e
Fore
st S
ervi
ce
Gen
. Tec
h. R
epor
t W
O-8
6a
Mar
ch 2
012
Gro
und
wat
er-D
epen
den
t E
cosy
stem
s: L
evel
I In
vent
ory
Fie
ld G
uid
e
Inve
ntor
y M
etho
ds
for
Ass
essm
ent
and
Pla
nnin
g
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Dep
artm
ent
of
Ag
ricu
ltur
e
Fore
st S
ervi
ce
Gen
. Tec
h. R
epor
t W
O-8
6a
Mar
ch 2
012
The
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of A
gric
ultu
re (U
SD
A) p
rohi
bits
dis
crim
ina-
tion
in a
ll its
pro
gram
s an
d a
ctiv
ities
on
the
bas
is o
f rac
e, c
olor
, na
tiona
l orig
in, a
ge, d
isab
ility
, and
whe
re a
pp
licab
le, s
ex, m
arita
l st
atus
, fam
ilial
sta
tus,
par
enta
l sta
tus,
rel
igio
n, s
exua
l orie
ntat
ion,
ge
netic
info
rmat
ion,
pol
itica
l bel
iefs
, rep
risal
, or
bec
ause
all
or
par
t of
an
ind
ivid
ual’s
inco
me
is d
eriv
ed fr
om a
ny p
ublic
ass
ist-
ance
pro
gram
. (N
ot a
ll p
rohi
bite
d b
ases
ap
ply
to
all p
rogr
ams.
) P
erso
ns w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s w
ho r
equi
re a
ltern
ativ
e m
eans
for
com
-m
unic
atio
n of
pro
gram
info
rmat
ion
(Bra
ille,
larg
e p
rint,
aud
iota
pe,
et
c.) s
houl
d c
onta
ct U
SD
A’s
TA
RG
ET
Cen
ter
at (2
02) 7
20-2
600
(voi
ce a
nd T
DD
). To
file
a c
omp
lain
t of
dis
crim
inat
ion,
writ
e U
SD
A,
Dire
ctor
, Offi
ce o
f Civ
il R
ight
s, 1
400
Ind
epen
den
ce A
venu
e, S
.W.,
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
. 202
50-9
410,
or
call
(800
) 795
-327
2 (v
oice
) or
(202
) 720
-638
2 (T
DD
). U
SD
A is
an
equa
l op
por
tuni
ty p
rovi
der
and
em
plo
yer.
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
thi
s p
ublic
atio
n ha
s b
een
dev
elop
ed
for
the
guid
ance
of e
mp
loye
es o
f the
For
est
Ser
vice
, U.S
. Dep
art-
men
t of
Agr
icul
ture
, its
con
trac
tors
, and
coo
per
atin
g Fe
der
al a
nd
Sta
te a
genc
ies.
The
For
est
Ser
vice
ass
umes
no
resp
onsi
bili
ty fo
r th
e in
terp
reta
tion
or u
se o
f thi
s in
form
atio
n b
y ot
her
than
its
own
emp
loye
es. T
he u
se o
f tra
de,
firm
, or
corp
orat
ion
nam
es is
for
the
info
rmat
ion
and
con
veni
ence
of t
he r
ead
er. S
uch
use
doe
s no
t co
nstit
ute
an o
ffici
al e
valu
atio
n, c
oncl
usio
n, r
ecom
men
dat
ion,
en
dor
sem
ent,
or
app
rova
l of a
ny p
rod
uct
or s
ervi
ce t
o th
e ex
clu-
sion
of o
ther
s th
at m
ay b
e su
itab
le.
iiiG
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Co
ntri
but
ors
This
fiel
d g
uid
e w
as d
evel
oped
und
er t
he d
irect
ion
of t
he
Gro
undw
ater
-Dep
ende
nt E
cosy
stem
s (G
DE
) Pro
toco
l Dev
elop
men
t C
ore
Team
with
prim
ary
cont
ribut
ions
from
Mar
c C
oles
-Ritc
hie
of
Man
agem
ent
& E
ngin
eerin
g Te
chno
logi
es In
tern
atio
nal,
Inc.
(M
ETI
, Inc
.) an
d J
oe G
urrie
ri (F
ores
t S
ervi
ce, a
n ag
ency
of t
he
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of A
gric
ultu
re).
Chr
is C
arls
on (F
ores
t S
ervi
ce)
and
Ste
ve S
olem
(ME
TI, I
nc.)
pro
vid
ed e
ssen
tial e
dits
and
gui
d-
ance
in t
he fi
eld
gui
de
dev
elop
men
t p
roce
ss. O
ther
mem
ber
s of
th
e C
ore
Team
, who
pro
vid
ed d
etai
led
ed
its a
nd r
ecom
men
da-
tions
at
mul
tiple
sta
ges
of t
he fi
eld
gui
de
dev
elop
men
t, w
ere
(of t
he F
ores
t S
ervi
ce u
nles
s ot
herw
ise
note
d):
Alli
son
Ald
ous
(The
Nat
ure
Con
serv
ancy
), D
even
dra
Am
atya
, Tris
h C
arro
ll,
Kat
e D
wire
, Mar
k G
onza
lez
(Bur
eau
of L
and
Man
agem
ent,
U.S
. D
epar
tmen
t of
the
Inte
rior)
, and
Bar
ry J
ohns
ton.
The
GD
E P
roto
col D
evel
opm
ent
Ste
erin
g Te
am p
rovi
ded
val
u-ab
le g
uid
ance
at
mul
tiple
sta
ges
of t
he p
roce
ss. T
hat
team
was
m
ade
up t
he fo
llow
ing
ind
ivid
uals
(of t
he F
ores
t S
ervi
ce u
nles
s ot
herw
ise
note
d):
Lesl
ie B
ach
(The
Nat
ure
Con
serv
ancy
), C
hris
C
arls
on (t
eam
lead
er),
Tony
Cru
mp
, Ton
y E
rba,
Rus
s La
faye
tte,
B
ill L
eVer
e, D
an N
eary
, Mik
e N
evill
, And
y R
oric
k, L
ind
a S
pen
cer,
C
ynth
ia T
ait,
and
Ric
hard
Ullr
ich.
Luk
e B
oehn
ke c
reat
ed t
he
figur
es, i
nclu
din
g in
vert
ebra
te il
lust
ratio
ns in
ap
pen
dix
11.
Rev
iew
s an
d c
omm
ents
wer
e al
so p
rovi
ded
by
mem
ber
s of
Te
chni
cal A
dvi
sory
Tea
ms
for
the
GD
E P
roto
col D
evel
opm
ent
pro
ject
.
Pilo
t te
stin
g of
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e in
volv
ed d
edic
ated
ind
ivid
uals
fr
om t
he fo
llow
ing
units
: Bla
ck H
ills
and
Neb
rask
a N
atio
nal
Fore
sts
(Roc
ky M
ount
ain
Reg
ion)
; the
Sp
ring
Mou
ntai
ns N
atio
nal
Rec
reat
ion
Are
a (o
n th
e H
umb
old
t-To
iyab
e N
atio
nal F
ores
t) (In
term
ount
ain
Reg
ion)
; Iny
o N
atio
nal F
ores
t (P
acifi
c S
outh
wes
t R
egio
n); t
he M
alhe
ur, W
allo
wa-
Whi
tman
, and
Um
atill
a N
atio
nal
Fore
sts
(Pac
ific
Nor
thw
est
Reg
ion)
; Fra
ncis
Mar
ion
and
Sum
ter
Nat
iona
l For
est
(Sou
ther
n R
egio
n), W
hite
Mou
ntai
n N
atio
nal F
or-
est
(Eas
tern
Reg
ion)
; and
the
Fra
ser
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est
(Roc
ky
Mou
ntai
n R
esea
rch
Sta
tion)
.
ivG
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ack
now
led
gm
ents
This
fiel
d g
uid
e is
a p
rod
uct
of a
par
tner
ship
bet
wee
n Th
e N
atur
e C
onse
rvan
cy, O
rego
n C
hap
ter,
and
the
For
est
Ser
vice
to
imp
rove
the
aw
aren
ess
and
man
agem
ent
of g
roun
dw
ater
-d
epen
den
t ec
osys
tem
s.
Sup
por
t fo
r d
evel
opm
ent
of t
his
field
gui
de
was
pro
vid
ed b
y A
nne
Zim
mer
man
n, D
irect
or o
f Wat
ersh
ed, F
ish,
Wild
life,
Air,
and
R
are
Pla
nts
and
Ton
y Fe
rgus
on, F
orm
er D
irect
or o
f Min
eral
s an
d
Geo
logy
Man
agem
ent.
Joe
l Hol
trop
, For
mer
Dep
uty
Chi
ef fo
r N
atio
nal F
ores
t S
yste
m, p
rovi
ded
enc
oura
gem
ent
and
sup
por
t al
ong
with
the
Info
rmat
ion
Res
ourc
es D
ecis
ion
Boa
rd in
pro
vid
-in
g p
roje
ct fu
ndin
g. O
per
atio
nal s
upp
ort
was
pro
vid
ed b
y P
atric
e Ja
niga
, Eco
syst
em M
anag
emen
t C
oord
inat
ion
(EM
C) I
nfor
mat
ion
Ass
ets
Por
tfol
io M
anag
er; M
ind
y M
artin
, EM
C C
ontr
actin
g O
ffice
r’s
Rep
rese
ntat
ive;
and
Jod
y R
ose,
Inte
rmou
ntai
n R
egio
n W
ebm
aste
r. T
he p
roje
ct t
eam
mem
ber
s an
d le
ader
ship
pro
vid
ed
by
ME
TI, I
nc.,
wer
e es
sent
ial f
or s
ucce
ssfu
l pro
ject
man
agem
ent
and
dev
elop
men
t of
the
fiel
d g
uid
e.
vG
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Foun
dat
ions
Man
y q
uest
ions
in t
he “
Pre
-Fie
ld S
urve
y” a
nd “
Fiel
d S
urve
y”
por
tions
of t
his
field
gui
de
are
bas
ed o
n th
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
Site
G
ener
al: F
ield
Gui
de
(US
DA
For
est
Ser
vice
200
9). A
ttrib
utes
tha
t ar
e re
qui
red
in S
ite G
ener
al a
re n
oted
as
such
.
Muc
h of
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e ha
s b
een
influ
ence
d b
y th
e fo
und
atio
nal
wor
k of
oth
ers
in t
he fi
eld
s of
sp
ring
and
wet
land
sci
ence
as
rep
rese
nted
in t
he fo
llow
ing
pro
toco
ls:
• Fi
eld
and
Lab
orat
ory
Op
erat
ions
Rep
ort
for
the
Ore
gon
Wet
land
s S
tud
y (M
agee
et
al. 1
995)
.
• Te
rres
tria
l Sp
rings
Eco
syst
ems
Inve
ntor
y P
roto
cols
(Ste
vens
et
al.
2006
).
• N
atio
nal P
ark
Ser
vice
Moj
ave
Inve
ntor
y an
d M
onito
ring
Net
-w
ork
Sp
ring
Sur
vey
Pro
toco
ls: L
evel
I an
d L
evel
II (S
ada
and
P
ohlm
ann
2006
dra
ft).
• G
roun
dw
ater
and
Bio
div
ersi
ty C
onse
rvat
ion:
A M
etho
ds
Gui
de
for
Inte
grat
ing
Gro
und
wat
er N
eed
s of
Eco
syst
ems
and
Sp
ecie
s In
to C
onse
rvat
ion
Pla
ns in
the
Pac
ific
Nor
thw
est
(Bro
wn
et a
l. 20
07).
• In
terim
Pro
toco
l, G
roun
d-W
ater
Res
ourc
e In
vent
ory
and
Mon
i-to
ring
Pro
toco
l, Le
vel I
Sp
ring
Eco
syst
em In
vent
ory
(Gur
rieri
2007
dra
ft).
• A
sses
sing
Pro
per
Fun
ctio
ning
Con
diti
on fo
r Fe
n A
reas
in t
he
Sie
rra
Nev
ada
and
Sou
ther
n C
asca
de
Ran
ges
in C
alifo
rnia
: A
Use
r G
uid
e (W
eixe
lman
and
Coo
per
200
9).
• S
tud
y P
lan:
Sam
plin
g of
the
Pol
ygon
s P
hoto
inte
rpre
ted
for
Pos
sib
le F
ens
on t
he G
rand
Mes
a-U
ncom
pah
gre-
Gun
niso
n N
atio
nal F
ores
t, C
olor
ado
(Joh
nsto
n et
al.
2009
dra
ft).
viG
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
vii
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Co
nten
tsIn
trod
uctio
n ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.1
Bus
ines
s R
equi
rem
ents
Ad
dre
ssed
by
This
Fie
ld G
uid
e ...
..2
Rel
atio
nshi
ps
Bet
wee
n B
usin
ess
Req
uire
men
ts a
nd
Fiel
d G
uid
e Le
vels
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
5
Targ
eted
GD
Es .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..8
Lim
itatio
ns o
n U
se...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
15
Usi
ng t
he L
evel
I Fi
eld
Gui
de.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
17
Ski
lls a
nd T
ime
Req
uire
d...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.19
Whe
n To
Sam
ple
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
20
Pre
vent
ing
Dam
age
to S
ites .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....2
2
Pre
-Fie
ld S
urve
y A
ctiv
ities
(in
offic
e) ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
....2
3
Site
Info
rmat
ion
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
23
Geo
grap
hic
Info
rmat
ion
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
26
Map
pin
g ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..29
Rou
te ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..31
Oth
er In
form
atio
n A
bou
t th
e S
ite ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
.32
Fiel
d S
urve
y A
ctiv
ities
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
35
Sur
vey
Info
rmat
ion
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.35
Geo
refe
renc
ing
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.40
Geo
logi
c S
ettin
g ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..42
Imag
es ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
48
Unu
sual
Site
s ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
52
Veg
etat
ion
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..52
Soi
l ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...55
Hyd
rolo
gy ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.64
Aq
uatic
and
Ter
rest
rial F
auna
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
...76
Nat
ural
and
Ant
hrop
ogen
ic D
istu
rban
ce ..
......
......
......
......
..77
Man
agem
ent
Ind
icat
or T
ool .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....8
2
viii
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Pos
t-Fi
eld
Sur
vey
Act
iviti
es (i
n of
fice)
.....
......
......
......
......
......
...10
5
Ob
tain
or
Ver
ify D
ata
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..10
5
Lab
orat
ory
Ana
lyse
s ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
105
Imp
lem
ent
Dat
a M
anag
emen
t an
d In
terp
reta
tion
Pro
ced
ures
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
106
Val
idat
e an
d C
onfir
m M
anag
emen
t In
dic
ator
Too
l E
ntrie
s ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...10
6
Ana
lyze
and
Eva
luat
e C
olle
cted
Info
rmat
ion .
......
......
......
.106
Glo
ssar
y ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..10
7
Ref
eren
ces
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.115
Ap
pen
dix
1. O
rder
of D
ata
Col
lect
ion
......
......
......
......
......
......
..11
9
Ap
pen
dix
2. J
ob H
azar
d A
naly
sis
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..12
1
Ap
pen
dix
3. F
ield
For
ms
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....1
29
Ap
pen
dix
4. S
ite P
rote
ctio
n G
uid
elin
es...
......
......
......
......
......
...14
1
Ap
pen
dix
5. G
roun
dw
ater
-Dep
end
ent
Eco
logi
cal S
yste
ms
Des
crib
ed in
Nat
ureS
erve
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...14
3
Ap
pen
dix
6. E
qui
pm
ent
List
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
147
Ap
pen
dix
7. S
econ
dar
y Li
thol
ogy
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..15
1
Ap
pen
dix
8. L
and
form
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...16
1
Ap
pen
dix
9. P
lant
Lab
els
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...16
5
Ap
pen
dix
10.
Mea
sure
men
t of
Dis
char
ge a
t S
prin
gs a
nd
Wet
land
s ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.167
Ap
pen
dix
11.
Iden
tifica
tion
of F
resh
wat
er In
vert
ebra
tes
......
...18
1
1G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Intr
od
ucti
on
This
Lev
el I
inve
ntor
y fie
ld g
uid
e d
escr
ibes
a n
atio
nal p
roto
col
to s
upp
ly d
ata
used
in p
roje
ct id
entifi
catio
n an
d p
lann
ing.
Dat
a co
llect
ed t
hrou
gh t
his
field
gui
de
serv
e as
the
bas
is fo
r th
e as
-se
ssm
ent
of p
roje
ct a
nd a
ctiv
ity e
ffec
ts o
n, a
nd t
he id
entifi
catio
n of
pro
ject
-lev
el d
esig
n an
d m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s fo
r, a
sp
ecifi
c se
t of
gro
und
wat
er-d
epen
den
t ec
osys
tem
(GD
E) t
ypes
.
This
Lev
el I
field
gui
de
incl
udes
pro
ced
ures
for
colle
ctin
g a
narr
ower
arr
ay o
f dat
a at
trib
utes
and
less
det
ail f
or s
ome
dat
a at
trib
utes
tha
n th
e co
mp
anio
n Le
vel I
I fiel
d g
uid
e (G
TR-W
O-8
6b).
This
Lev
el I
field
gui
de
is in
tend
ed t
o d
ocum
ent
the
loca
tion,
siz
e,
and
bas
ic c
hara
cter
istic
s of
a s
ite d
urin
g a
rela
tivel
y sh
ort
2-ho
ur
site
vis
it by
a tr
aine
d fie
ld c
rew
. The
Lev
el II
fiel
d gu
ide
is in
tend
ed
to m
ore
com
pre
hens
ivel
y ch
arac
teriz
e th
e ve
geta
tion,
hyd
rolo
gy,
geol
ogy,
and
soi
ls o
f GD
E s
ites
and
typ
ical
ly w
ould
req
uire
4 t
o
8 ho
urs
at t
he fi
eld
site
by
a cr
ew o
f sp
ecia
lists
.
If in
vent
ory
or m
onito
ring
of s
pec
ific
spec
ies
or c
omm
uniti
es is
th
e go
al, t
hen
a m
ore
det
aile
d a
nd/o
r ta
rget
ed s
et o
f met
hod
s sh
ould
be
used
.
Sp
ecifi
c ex
amp
les
of w
hat
this
fiel
d g
uid
e is
des
igne
d t
o b
e us
ed
for
incl
ude
the
follo
win
g:
• D
eter
min
ing
the
loca
tion
and
ext
ent
of G
DE
s w
ithin
an
area
(a
s lo
ng a
s ap
pro
pria
te s
ite s
elec
tion
pro
cess
is u
sed
).
• Q
ualit
ativ
ely
char
acte
rizin
g G
DE
s w
ithin
an
area
(as
long
as
app
rop
riate
site
sel
ectio
n p
roce
ss is
use
d).
• D
eter
min
ing
if G
DE
s m
ay b
e af
fect
ed b
y p
rop
osed
act
ions
or
activ
ities
.
If th
e ob
ject
ive
is t
o m
onito
r ce
rtai
n co
nditi
ons
of a
GD
E, t
hen
it w
ill b
e ne
cess
ary
to d
evel
op a
nd u
se a
mor
e d
etai
led
and
site
-sp
ecifi
c Le
vel I
II p
roto
col.
This
Lev
el I
field
gui
de,
how
ever
, can
b
e us
ed a
s a
star
ting
poi
nt fo
r th
e d
evel
opm
ent
of a
site
-sp
ecifi
c Le
vel I
II p
roto
col t
hat
will
mee
t th
e m
anag
emen
t ne
eds
of a
p
artic
ular
situ
atio
n. A
ssis
tanc
e w
ith t
he d
evel
opm
ent
of L
evel
III
pro
toco
ls is
ava
ilab
le fr
om t
he N
atio
nal G
roun
dw
ater
Tec
hnic
al
Team
.
2G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Bus
ines
s R
equi
rem
ents
Ad
dre
ssed
b
y T
his
Fiel
d G
uid
eP
ress
ure
on N
atio
nal F
ores
t S
yste
m (N
FS) l
and
s to
sup
ply
the
w
ater
, min
eral
s, a
nd e
nerg
y ne
eded
to
mee
t so
ciet
al n
eed
s is
in
tens
ifyin
g. In
add
ition
, wild
land
fire
man
agem
ent,
haza
rdou
s fu
els
red
uctio
n, in
vasi
ve s
pec
ies
cont
rol,
lives
tock
gra
zing
, min
eral
ex
trac
tion,
roa
d a
nd t
rail
man
agem
ent,
and
eco
logi
cal r
esto
ratio
n ac
tiviti
es a
lso
affe
ct G
DE
s. A
ccur
ate
and
con
sist
ent
info
rmat
ion
rega
rdin
g G
DE
s an
d t
heir
cond
ition
is c
ritic
al t
o m
akin
g d
ecis
ions
ab
out
and
imp
lem
entin
g a
wid
e va
riety
of m
issi
on r
esp
onsi
bili
ties
of t
he F
ores
t S
ervi
ce, a
n ag
ency
of t
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
i-cu
lture
(US
DA
). Th
is L
evel
I fie
ld g
uid
e is
des
igne
d t
o co
llect
ac-
cura
te a
nd c
onsi
sten
t in
form
atio
n re
gard
ing
the
loca
tion
of G
DE
s an
d t
heir
cond
ition
. Dat
a co
llect
ed a
re e
ssen
tial t
o in
form
ed
dec
isio
nmak
ing
asso
ciat
ed w
ith t
he a
genc
y’s
mis
sion
res
pon
si-
bili
ties
sup
por
ted
by
bro
ad-
and
mid
-sca
le a
sses
smen
ts a
nd la
nd
and
res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t p
lann
ing.
The
Lev
el II
GD
E fi
eld
gui
de
shou
ld b
e us
ed t
o co
llect
dat
a ne
eded
to
info
rm p
roje
ct-l
evel
d
ecis
ions
and
act
ivity
ad
min
istr
atio
n af
fect
ing
GD
Es.
Eff
ectiv
e re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t re
qui
res
a cl
ear
und
erst
and
ing
of
the
und
erly
ing
bus
ines
s re
qui
rem
ents
for
pra
ctic
ing
cons
erva
tion.
In
som
e in
stan
ces,
pol
icy
and
dire
ctio
n lim
it m
anag
emen
t’s a
bilit
y to
re
spon
d t
o id
entifi
ed n
eed
s; in
oth
ers,
the
y cr
eate
an
affir
mat
ive
oblig
atio
n fo
r th
e ag
ency
to
take
act
ion
to c
onse
rve
or p
rote
ct
reso
urce
s an
d p
ublic
saf
ety.
Bus
ines
s re
qui
rem
ents
ste
m fr
om
two
prim
ary
sour
ces:
(1) r
egul
ator
y an
d p
olic
y re
qui
rem
ents
, and
(2
) man
agem
ent
que
stio
ns a
nd c
once
rns
asso
ciat
ed w
ith la
nd
and
res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t p
lans
and
ong
oing
or
pro
pos
ed
pro
ject
s/ac
tiviti
es (s
ee t
able
1).
Acr
oss
the
NFS
, leg
al r
equi
rem
ents
and
man
agem
ent
issu
es a
re
high
ly v
aria
ble
, so
it is
diffi
cult
to d
efine
a d
iscr
ete
set
of b
usin
ess
req
uire
men
ts a
pp
licab
le t
o al
l NFS
land
s. In
sev
eral
inst
ance
s,
law
s an
d r
egul
atio
ns p
rovi
de
the
opp
ortu
nity
for
Sta
tes
and
trib
es
to e
stab
lish
add
ition
al r
equi
rem
ents
(the
se c
ould
be
stat
utor
y or
ru
le b
ased
) for
the
pro
tect
ion
of r
esou
rces
ass
ocia
ted
with
GD
Es.
Th
is s
ituat
ion
crea
tes
an e
ven
mor
e co
mp
lex
set
of m
anag
emen
t re
qui
rem
ents
. Thi
s Le
vel I
fiel
d g
uid
e, t
here
fore
, is
des
igne
d t
o al
-lo
w fo
r lo
cal a
dd
ition
s w
ithin
an
esta
blis
hed
nat
iona
l fra
mew
ork.
Info
rmat
ion
used
to
iden
tify
man
agem
ent
req
uire
men
ts w
as
glea
ned
from
the
For
est
Ser
vice
Dire
ctiv
es S
yste
m. F
ores
t S
er-
vice
Man
ual (
FSM
) 288
0 an
d t
he “
zero
cha
pte
rs”
of F
SM
s 19
00,
1940
, and
250
0 w
ere
the
prim
ary
sour
ces
cons
ulte
d.
3G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Man
agem
ent
req
uire
men
tsM
anag
emen
t q
uest
ions
• La
ws—
Est
ablis
h Fo
rest
Ser
vice
au
thor
ity a
nd p
roce
dura
l re
quire
men
ts fo
r m
anag
ing
GD
Es.
• R
egul
atio
ns—
Est
ablis
h th
e pr
oces
ses
and
polic
y fo
r co
nduc
ting
land
and
reso
urce
m
anag
emen
t act
iviti
es a
ffect
ing
GD
Es.
• E
xecu
tive
Ord
ers
and
P
resi
den
tial D
irect
ives
—S
peci
fy
proc
edur
es a
nd re
quire
men
ts
appl
icab
le to
all
Gov
ernm
ent
agen
cies
for
the
man
agem
ent
and
prot
ectio
n of
GD
Es
and
asso
ciat
ed re
sour
ces.
• D
epar
tmen
tal p
olic
y—E
stab
lishe
s pr
oced
ures
and
po
licie
s fo
r U
SD
A a
genc
ies
resp
onsi
ble
for
or p
oten
tially
af
fect
ing
GD
E re
sour
ces.
• A
genc
y p
olic
y—Es
tabl
ishe
s ag
ency
-spe
cific
pro
cedu
res
for
regu
lato
ry re
quire
men
ts if
not
ad
dres
sed
dire
ctly
thro
ugh
othe
r m
eans
.
Tab
le 1
.—B
usin
ess
req
uire
men
t so
urce
s. • La
nd m
anag
emen
t p
lans
—E
stab
lish
desi
red
outc
omes
(g
oals
and
obj
ectiv
es),
stan
dard
s an
d gu
idel
ines
, and
mon
itorin
g re
quire
men
ts. P
lans
incl
ude:
�E
colo
gic
al c
ont
ext—
Are
ec
olog
ical
sys
tem
s fu
nctio
ning
an
d di
stur
banc
e pr
oces
ses
oper
atin
g w
ithin
the
natu
ral o
r de
sire
d ra
nge
of v
aria
tion?
Are
hu
man
pre
ssur
es o
r ch
ange
s in
eco
logi
cal s
yste
ms
indu
cing
ch
ange
s to
the
ecol
ogic
al
cont
ext i
n w
hich
spe
cies
re
side
?
�S
pec
ies
cont
ext—
Are
hab
itat
rela
tions
hips
or
ecol
ogic
al
fact
ors
affe
cted
by
man
age-
men
t cre
atin
g ris
k to
spe
cies
pe
rsis
tenc
e?
• R
eso
urce
or
area
pla
ns—
Refi
ne in
terp
reta
tions
and
re
quire
men
ts fo
r sp
ecifi
c re
sour
ces
or a
reas
.
• M
oni
tori
ng—
Incl
udes
:
�Im
ple
men
tatio
n—A
re
proj
ects
and
act
iviti
es b
eing
im
plem
ente
d as
des
igne
d?
�E
ffec
tiven
ess—
Are
miti
gatio
n m
easu
res,
bes
t pra
ctic
es,
and
desi
gn fe
atur
es e
ffect
ive
in m
itiga
ting
antic
ipat
ed
impa
cts?
�Va
lidat
ion—
Are
con
serv
atio
n ac
tions
ach
ievi
ng d
esire
d ou
tcom
es?
4G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Man
agem
ent
req
uire
men
ts a
pp
licab
le t
o in
vent
ory
and
mon
itor-
ing
of G
DE
s fa
ll in
to t
hree
gro
ups:
1. G
DE
res
our
ce m
anag
emen
t—Th
e im
por
tanc
e of
GD
Es,
and
th
eir
abili
ty t
o su
stai
n b
oth
ecol
ogic
al s
yste
ms
and
sp
ecie
s d
epen
den
t on
gro
und
wat
er r
esou
rces
, is
evid
ent
in m
ost
natio
nal f
ores
ts a
nd g
rass
land
s. T
he c
olle
ctio
n of
req
uire
-m
ents
rel
ated
to
the
man
agem
ent
of w
ater
and
wat
er u
ses,
an
d t
he c
onse
rvat
ion
of t
hrea
tene
d, e
ndan
gere
d, a
nd s
ensi
-tiv
e sp
ecie
s th
at r
ely
upon
the
se a
reas
, is
furt
her
evid
ence
of
thei
r im
por
tanc
e. P
rote
ctio
n, c
onse
rvat
ion,
and
res
tora
tion
of
GD
Es
are
ofte
n ke
y as
pec
ts o
f dec
isio
nmak
ing
on N
FS la
nds
and
a fo
und
atio
n fo
r m
any
land
man
agem
ent
pla
ns. I
nven
tory
an
d m
onito
ring
of G
DE
s ar
e d
escr
ibed
in F
SM
288
0.
Bec
ause
of t
he S
tate
-by-
Sta
te v
aria
bili
ty a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
wat
er r
ight
s an
d u
ses
with
in t
he N
FS, n
o at
tem
pt
has
bee
n m
ade
to s
umm
ariz
e su
ch r
equi
rem
ents
tha
t ap
ply
bel
ow t
he
natio
nal l
evel
as
par
t of
thi
s ef
fort
. Rea
der
s ar
e en
cour
aged
to
cons
ult
FSM
254
0 an
d a
pp
rop
riate
reg
iona
l and
fore
st s
upp
le-
men
ts t
o th
at c
hap
ter
to r
evie
w t
hose
req
uire
men
ts.
2. P
lann
ing
and
env
iro
nmen
tal c
om
plia
nce—
Pol
icy
and
p
roce
dur
es fo
r la
nd m
anag
emen
t p
lann
ing
and
env
ironm
enta
l co
mp
lianc
e ac
tiviti
es a
re o
utlin
ed in
FS
M 1
920
and
195
0,
resp
ectiv
ely.
Dep
end
ing
on t
he “
vint
age”
of t
he la
nd a
nd
reso
urce
man
agem
ent
pla
n fo
r an
NFS
ad
min
istr
ativ
e un
it,
diff
eren
t re
qui
rem
ents
ap
ply
. Fie
ld u
sers
are
enc
oura
ged
to
cons
ult
thei
r ap
pro
pria
te la
nd m
anag
emen
t p
lans
and
the
N
atio
nal E
nviro
nmen
tal P
olic
y A
ct (N
EP
A) d
ecis
ion
doc
umen
ts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith in
div
idua
l use
s, a
ctiv
ities
, and
aut
horiz
atio
ns
to d
eter
min
e sp
ecifi
c d
esig
n an
d m
onito
ring
req
uire
men
ts.
3. R
eso
urce
info
rmat
ion
man
agem
ent—
Fore
st S
ervi
ce N
atur
al
Res
ourc
e M
anag
er (N
RM
) res
ourc
e in
form
atio
n sy
stem
s,
such
as
NR
M-N
atur
al R
esou
rce
Info
rmat
ion
Sys
tem
(NR
IS),
NR
M-I
nfra
stru
ctur
e (IN
FRA
), an
d N
RM
-Aut
omat
ed L
and
s P
rogr
am (A
LP),
pro
vid
e ag
ency
wid
e d
ata
syst
ems
that
com
ply
w
ith d
epar
tmen
tal a
nd a
genc
y re
qui
rem
ents
. NR
M a
pp
lica-
tions
mus
t b
e us
ed t
o st
ore
GD
E d
ata
colle
cted
und
er t
his
Leve
l I fi
eld
gui
de.
NR
M a
pp
licat
ions
als
o p
rovi
de
stan
dar
d
anal
ysis
and
eva
luat
ion
tool
s su
pp
orte
d b
y th
e d
ata
colle
ctio
n m
etho
ds
des
crib
ed in
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e.
5G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Man
agem
ent
req
uire
men
ts a
pp
licab
le t
o G
DE
inve
ntor
y an
d
mon
itorin
g ca
n b
e su
mm
ariz
ed in
to t
he fo
llow
ing
gene
ral p
oint
s:
• S
upp
ort
an a
ffirm
ativ
e ag
ency
ob
ligat
ion
to p
rote
ct, c
on-
serv
e, a
nd r
esto
re w
ater
s, w
ater
shed
s, a
nd li
sted
wild
life
and
p
lant
sp
ecie
s an
d t
heir
hab
itats
, and
to
cons
erve
bio
logi
cal
div
ersi
ty.
• A
sses
s an
d d
iscl
ose
env
iro
nmen
tal e
ffec
ts a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
ongo
ing
and
pro
pos
ed a
ctio
ns a
nd a
ctiv
ities
, inc
lud
ing
usin
g m
onito
ring
dat
a to
iden
tify
need
ed a
dju
stm
ents
to
man
age-
men
t p
ract
ices
.
• U
se t
he b
est
avai
lab
le in
form
atio
n an
d s
cien
ce t
o su
pp
ort
agen
cy d
ecis
ionm
akin
g. C
olle
ct a
nd m
aint
ain
reso
urce
dat
a w
ith k
now
n d
ata
stan
dar
ds
and
dat
a q
ualit
y fo
r us
e in
age
ncy
dec
isio
nmak
ing
pro
cess
es. P
rovi
de
for
info
rmat
ion
secu
rity.
A d
etai
led
rev
iew
of m
ore
than
100
sta
tute
s an
d p
olic
ies
that
es
tab
lish
man
agem
ent
req
uire
men
ts a
dd
ress
ed b
y th
is e
ffor
t is
d
ocum
ente
d in
Gro
und
wat
er D
epen
den
t E
cosy
stem
s In
vent
ory
and
Mon
itorin
g B
usin
ess
Req
uire
men
ts A
naly
sis
(v5.
2, J
anua
ry
30, 2
010)
and
is a
vaila
ble
for
revi
ew a
t ht
tp:/
/ww
w.fs
.fed
.us/
geol
ogy/
grou
ndw
ater
.htm
l.
Rel
atio
nshi
ps
Bet
wee
n B
usin
ess
Req
uire
men
ts
and
Fie
ld G
uid
e Le
vels
Bec
ause
of t
he v
arie
ty o
f situ
atio
ns e
ncou
nter
ed o
n N
FS la
nds,
it
is e
ssen
tial t
o d
evel
op a
fiel
d g
uid
e “p
acka
ge”
cons
istin
g of
in-
tegr
ated
mod
ules
or
com
pon
ents
tha
t ca
n b
e m
atch
ed t
o a
loca
l un
it’s
bus
ines
s re
qui
rem
ents
and
nee
ds.
Usi
ng d
iffer
ent
inve
ntor
y an
d m
onito
ring
“int
ensi
ty le
vels
,” w
hich
her
ein
corr
esp
ond
to
field
gui
de
leve
ls, s
upp
orts
thi
s fu
nctio
nalit
y.
A r
elat
ions
hip
exi
sts
bet
wee
n th
e ty
pes
of m
anag
emen
t re
qui
re-
men
ts a
nd q
uest
ions
bei
ng a
dd
ress
ed a
nd t
he d
ata
need
ed t
o ad
dre
ss t
hose
que
stio
ns. T
he a
mou
nt o
f eff
ort
or “
inte
nsity
” of
in
vent
ory
and
mon
itorin
g ca
n b
e ca
tego
rized
into
thr
ee le
vels
. Ta
ble
2 d
escr
ibes
the
leve
l of e
ffor
t an
d fo
cus
of t
hese
leve
ls.
6G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Inve
nto
ry a
nd
mo
nito
ring
in
tens
ity
leve
lD
escr
ipti
on
Leve
l IC
ondu
cted
to c
hara
cter
ize
GD
Es
qual
itativ
ely
with
in a
n ad
min
istr
ativ
e un
it or
man
agem
ent a
rea.
GD
E lo
catio
n an
d e
xten
t ar
e sp
atia
lly r
efer
ence
d. S
erve
s as
the
basi
s fo
r de
term
inin
g w
hen
GD
Es
may
be
affe
cted
by
prop
osed
act
ions
or
activ
ities
or
land
scap
e sc
ale
chan
ge.
Leve
l II
Ser
ves
as th
e fo
unda
tion
for
asse
ssm
ent
of
pro
ject
and
ac
tivity
eff
ects
and
iden
tifica
tion
of
des
ign
mea
sure
s.
Des
crib
es m
ajor
att
ribut
es in
clud
ing
the
follo
win
g:
hydr
ogeo
logi
c se
ttin
g, a
quat
ic h
abita
t, aq
uatic
and
w
etla
nd fl
ora
and
faun
a, a
nd s
ite-a
ffect
ing
dist
urba
nces
. C
an b
e us
ed to
det
erm
ine
ecol
ogic
al s
igni
fican
ce o
f the
G
DE
and
ass
ocia
ted
reso
urce
s. C
an a
lso
be u
sed
as a
fo
unda
tion
for
desi
gnin
g a
long
-ter
m m
onito
ring
plan
.
Leve
l III
Usu
ally
con
duct
ed in
rela
tion
to m
onito
ring
a m
ajor
ac
tivity
or
set o
f act
iviti
es a
ffect
ing
GD
Es
and
thei
r ch
arac
teris
tics.
Com
pile
s hi
ghly
qua
ntita
tive
info
rmat
ion
that
des
crib
es s
patia
l and
tem
pora
l var
iatio
n in
phy
s-io
chem
ical
cha
ract
eris
tics
of G
DE
s. O
ften
used
in t
he
adm
inis
trat
ion
of
pro
ject
s o
r ac
tiviti
es a
nd, t
here
fore
, is
hig
hly
site
spe
cific
.
Tab
le 2
.—D
escr
iptio
ns o
f GD
E in
vent
ory
and
mon
itorin
g in
tens
ity le
vels
.
To p
rovi
de
flexi
bili
ty a
nd e
nsur
e ap
pro
pria
te u
se o
f the
GD
E fi
eld
gu
ides
, the
rel
atio
nshi
p b
etw
een
bus
ines
s re
qui
rem
ents
(why
d
ata
are
colle
cted
) and
inve
ntor
y an
d m
onito
ring
field
gui
des
(h
ow d
ata
are
colle
cted
) mus
t b
e cl
early
des
crib
ed a
nd u
nder
-st
ood
. The
rel
atio
nshi
p b
etw
een
bus
ines
s re
qui
rem
ents
and
GD
E
inve
ntor
y an
d m
onito
ring
field
gui
de
(inte
nsity
) lev
els
is il
lust
rate
d
in fi
gure
1.
The
num
ber
of m
anag
emen
t q
uest
ions
con
sid
ered
and
the
leve
l of
det
ail n
eed
ed t
o ad
dre
ss t
hese
que
stio
ns in
crea
ses
with
the
in
vent
ory
and
mon
itorin
g in
tens
ity le
vel.
Eac
h of
the
box
es in
fig
ure
1 re
pre
sent
s a
grou
pin
g of
man
agem
ent
req
uire
men
ts. T
he
leve
l of d
etai
l and
res
olut
ion
for
dat
a el
emen
ts n
eed
ed t
o su
pp
ort
the
bus
ines
s re
qui
rem
ents
incr
ease
s fr
om L
evel
I to
Lev
el II
I. Fo
r ex
amp
le, t
he t
ypes
of i
nfor
mat
ion
colle
cted
in L
evel
I fo
r ve
geta
-tio
n w
ould
be
mor
e ge
nera
l tha
n th
ose
colle
cted
in L
evel
II, w
hich
w
ould
like
ly b
e m
ore
gene
ral t
han
thos
e co
llect
ed in
Lev
el II
I, d
epen
din
g on
the
par
ticul
ar m
anag
emen
t re
qui
rem
ents
for
whi
ch
7G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Figure 1.—General relationships between GDE business requirements and field guide levels.
the
Leve
l III
pro
toco
l was
dev
elop
ed. S
pec
ific
man
agem
ent
q
uest
ions
hav
e b
een
iden
tified
and
ass
ocia
ted
with
bus
ines
s re
qui
rem
ents
as
par
t of t
he G
DE
Bus
ines
s R
equi
rem
ents
Ana
lysi
s.
8G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Tar
get
ed G
DE
s
Alth
ough
man
y d
iffer
ent
typ
es o
f GD
Es
exis
t, n
ot a
ll ar
e ta
rget
ed
for
this
fiel
d g
uid
e. G
DE
s ar
e ec
osys
tem
s th
at a
re s
upp
orte
d b
y
grou
ndw
ater
, whi
ch in
clud
e sp
rings
and
see
ps,
cav
e an
d k
arst
sy
stem
s, p
hrea
top
hytic
eco
syst
ems,
and
, in
man
y ca
ses,
riv
ers,
w
etla
nds,
and
lake
s. T
his
field
gui
de w
as d
evel
oped
to fo
cus
on a
su
bset
of n
onm
arin
e G
DE
s, s
peci
fical
ly s
prin
gs a
nd g
roun
dwat
er-
dep
end
ent
wet
land
s (s
uch
as fe
ns) a
s ill
ustr
ated
in fi
gure
2.
Figure 2.—Diagram of GDE types, with the highlighted types (in box on left) representing those for which this field guide was designed.
9G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Alth
ough
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e is
not
inte
nded
sp
ecifi
cally
for
othe
r ty
pes
of G
DE
s (la
kes
and
pon
ds,
str
eam
s an
d h
ypor
heic
zon
es,
ripar
ian
area
s, p
hrea
top
hytic
sys
tem
s, o
r m
arin
e sy
stem
s), p
arts
of
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e co
uld
be
used
to
inve
ntor
y or
mon
itor
thes
e sy
stem
s as
wel
l.
In g
ener
al, w
here
gro
und
wat
er in
ters
ects
the
gro
und
sur
face
, p
lant
s an
d a
nim
als
that
are
sup
por
ted
by
acce
ss t
o th
at
grou
ndw
ater
will
occ
ur, h
ence
the
ter
m “
grou
ndw
ater
-dep
end
ent
ecos
yste
ms.
” In
som
e ca
ses,
gro
und
wat
er e
mer
ges
at a
poi
nt
loca
tion,
usu
ally
cal
led
a s
prin
g or
see
p, d
epen
din
g on
the
q
uant
ity o
f wat
er a
vaila
ble
. Her
ein
the
term
“sp
ring”
will
be
used
to
incl
ude
bot
h sp
rings
and
see
ps.
Sp
rings
are
alw
ays
GD
Es.
In
the
case
of w
etla
nds
sup
por
ted
by
grou
ndw
ater
, oft
en t
here
is
not
a si
ngle
poi
nt w
here
the
gro
und
wat
er fl
ows
or e
mer
ges
at
the
surf
ace;
rat
her,
it u
sual
ly e
mer
ges
in a
mor
e d
iffus
e m
anne
r ac
ross
a la
rge
area
. In
som
e w
etla
nds,
how
ever
, sp
rings
em
erge
w
ithin
the
wet
land
, or
a co
mp
lex
of w
etla
nds
and
sp
rings
is
pre
sent
acr
oss
an a
rea.
In m
any
case
s, g
roun
dw
ater
-dep
end
ent
wet
land
s, s
uch
as fe
ns, a
re s
imp
ly s
prin
gs c
over
ed b
y un
cons
oli-
dat
ed m
ater
ial (
such
as
glac
ial d
epos
its, p
umic
e, c
ollu
vium
) tha
t b
ecom
e sa
tura
ted
to
the
surf
ace.
Bec
ause
an
ind
istin
ct b
ound
ary
exis
ts b
etw
een
sprin
gs a
nd w
etla
nds
dep
end
ent
on g
roun
dw
ater
d
isch
arge
, a s
ingl
e fie
ld g
uid
e w
as d
evel
oped
for
thes
e sy
stem
s.
Gro
und
wat
er e
mer
ging
at
the
grou
nd s
urfa
ce is
the
com
mon
th
read
tha
t lin
ks t
hese
feat
ures
and
the
ir as
soci
ated
eco
syst
ems.
It is
imp
orta
nt t
o re
cogn
ize
that
som
e w
etla
nds
are
not
sup
por
ted
b
y gr
ound
wat
er, b
ut a
re fo
rmed
from
wat
er t
hat
orig
inat
es e
x -
clus
ivel
y fr
om p
reci
pita
tion
and
ass
ocia
ted
sur
face
run
off.
Suc
h w
etla
nds
are
calle
d “
omb
roge
nous
” hy
dro
logi
cal s
yste
ms
(Na-
tiona
l Wet
land
s W
orki
ng G
roup
199
7). T
he m
eani
ng o
f the
ter
m
omb
roge
nous
is “
rain
fed
” ac
cord
ing
to M
itsch
and
Gos
selin
k (2
007)
. Om
bro
geno
us w
etla
nds
are
not
the
focu
s of
thi
s fie
ld
guid
e, a
lthou
gh t
he fi
eld
gui
de
may
hav
e co
mp
onen
ts t
hat
coul
d
be
used
to
eval
uate
om
bro
geno
us w
etla
nds.
This
fiel
d g
uid
e is
inte
nded
for
thos
e w
etla
nds
that
are
sup
por
ted
b
y gr
ound
wat
er t
hat
has
com
e in
con
tact
with
min
eral
soi
ls o
r b
edro
ck. S
uch
wet
land
s ar
e ca
lled
“m
iner
ogen
ous”
hyd
rolo
gica
l sy
stem
s (N
atio
nal W
etla
nds
Wor
king
Gro
up 1
997)
or
“min
erot
ro-
phi
c p
eatla
nds”
(Mits
ch a
nd G
osse
link
2007
). M
iner
ogen
ous
wet
-la
nd s
yste
ms
are
norm
ally
situ
ated
at
pos
ition
s in
the
land
scap
e lo
wer
tha
n ad
jace
nt t
erra
in, s
uch
that
wat
er a
nd t
rans
por
ted
m
iner
al e
lem
ents
are
intr
oduc
ed b
y gr
ound
wat
er.
10G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Min
erog
enou
s hy
dro
logi
cal s
yste
ms
have
a s
tron
g lin
kage
with
th
e p
hysi
cal a
nd c
hem
ical
nat
ure
of t
he g
eolo
gica
l env
iron-
men
t an
d g
ener
ally
invo
lve
the
regi
onal
gro
und
wat
er s
yste
m.
They
are
not
res
tric
ted
by
loca
l clim
atic
con
diti
ons
bec
ause
th
e gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
e is
gen
eral
ly s
uffic
ient
to
mai
ntai
n so
il sa
tura
tion
and
, the
refo
re, w
etla
nd p
roce
sses
. By
cont
rast
, om
bro
geno
us h
ydro
logi
cal s
yste
ms
(or
omb
rotr
ophi
c p
eatla
nds,
as
des
crib
ed b
y M
itsch
and
Gos
selin
k (2
007)
) are
not
dep
end
ent
on g
roun
dw
ater
and
are
hig
hly
rest
ricte
d g
eogr
aphi
cally
bec
ause
of
loca
l clim
atic
con
diti
ons.
In a
rid a
nd s
emia
rid r
egio
ns, m
any
wet
land
s ar
e su
pp
orte
d b
y gr
ound
wat
er. I
n hu
mid
reg
ions
, d
istin
ctio
n of
gro
und
wat
er s
upp
ort
of w
etla
nds
bec
omes
mor
e d
ifficu
lt. N
ever
thel
ess,
man
y w
etla
nds
in h
umid
reg
ions
are
hig
hly
grou
ndw
ater
dep
end
ent.
Bec
ause
it is
not
alw
ays
easy
to
verif
y a
wet
land
’s d
epen
den
ce
on g
roun
dw
ater
, a s
ite-s
pec
ific
asse
ssm
ent
is n
eces
sary
. One
so
urce
of i
nfor
mat
ion
to h
elp
det
erm
ine
grou
ndw
ater
dep
en-
den
ce is
a p
ublic
atio
n b
y Th
e N
atur
e C
onse
rvan
cy (B
row
n et
al.
2007
), w
hich
incl
udes
dec
isio
n tr
ees
for
det
erm
inin
g gr
ound
wat
er
dep
end
ence
, suc
h as
the
one
for
wet
land
s, w
hich
is a
dap
ted
for
this
Lev
el I
field
gui
de
in b
ox 1
.
In s
umm
ary,
thi
s Le
vel I
fiel
d g
uid
e is
inte
nded
for
the
inve
ntor
y an
d m
onito
ring
of a
sub
set
of G
DE
s, s
pec
ifica
lly s
prin
gs a
nd
grou
ndw
ater
-dep
end
ent
wet
land
s (d
escr
ibed
in t
able
3).
The
prim
ary
bas
is fo
r d
eter
min
ing
whi
ch s
yste
ms
to in
clud
e in
the
G
DE
fiel
d gu
ide
is h
ydro
logy
, spe
cific
ally
the
prim
ary
wat
er s
ourc
e.
This
fiel
d g
uid
e p
rovi
des
a v
ery
gene
ral c
lass
ifica
tion
of w
etla
nds
to in
dica
te w
hich
type
s of
wet
land
s ar
e co
vere
d (fi
g. 2
and
tabl
e 3)
.
11G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Bo
x 1
Dec
isio
n T
ree
for
Iden
tifyi
ng G
roun
dw
ater
-Dep
end
ent
Wet
land
s(b
ased
on
Bro
wn
et a
l. 20
07, w
ith m
odifi
catio
ns fo
r th
is fi
eld
guid
e)
Ans
wer
the
ques
tions
in s
eque
nce.
A b
old
ans
wer
indi
cate
s lik
ely
grou
nd-
wat
er d
epen
denc
e, a
nd s
ubse
quen
t que
stio
ns n
eed
not b
e an
swer
ed.
1.
Is th
e w
etla
nd s
easo
nal?
Yes
—Lo
w li
kelih
ood
of g
roun
dwat
er d
epen
denc
eN
o—G
o to
nex
t que
stio
n
2.
Doe
s th
e w
etla
nd o
ccur
in o
ne o
f the
se la
ndsc
ape
sett
ings
: (a
) slo
pe b
reak
, (b)
inte
rsec
tion
of a
con
fined
aqu
ifer
with
a s
lope
, (c
) str
atig
raph
ic c
hang
e, o
r (d
) alo
ng a
faul
t?Y
es—
Hig
h lik
elih
oo
d o
f g
roun
dw
ater
dep
end
ence
No—
Go
to n
ext q
uest
ion
3.
Is th
e w
etla
nd a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith a
spr
ing
or s
eep?
Yes
—H
igh
likel
iho
od
of
gro
und
wat
er d
epen
den
ceN
o—G
o to
nex
t que
stio
n
4.
Doe
s th
e w
etla
nd h
ave
sign
s of
sur
face
inflo
w?
No
—H
igh
likel
iho
od
of
gro
und
wat
er d
epen
den
ceY
es—
Go
to n
ext q
uest
ion
5.
Are
the
wet
land
soi
ls o
rgan
ic, m
uck,
or
peat
?Y
es—
Hig
h lik
elih
oo
d o
f g
roun
dw
ater
dep
end
ence
No—
Go
to n
ext q
uest
ion
6.
Is th
e w
etla
nd s
atur
ated
eve
n af
ter
surfa
ce in
puts
bec
ome
dry
and
durin
g ex
tend
ed p
erio
ds w
ith n
o pr
ecip
itatio
n?Y
es— A
re th
e w
etla
nd s
oils
cla
y, h
ardp
an, o
r im
perm
eabl
e?N
o—
Hig
h lik
elih
oo
d o
f g
roun
dw
ater
dep
end
ence
Yes
—Lo
w li
kelih
ood
of g
roun
dwat
er d
epen
denc
eN
o—Lo
w li
kelih
ood
of g
roun
dwat
er d
epen
denc
e
12G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
CharacteristicsSpringsPeatlands, including fens (groundwater dependent)
Other wetlands (groundwater dependent)
HydrologyCompletely groundwater dependent
Minerotrophic; always groundwater dependent
Minerotrophic; depend on groundwater, precipitation, and sometimes stream inflow
Water table positionAt ground surface or, for artesian, a piezometric surface above the ground surface
At or slightly below surface, or piezometric surface above the ground
Above or below ground surface; can fluctuate dramatically; can have periodic standing water
Soils and peat or muck depths
Mostly mineral soils; sometimes a small accumulation of peat
Accumulation of peat or muck up to several meters; little or no mineral soil within plant-rooting zone for fens
Usually little or no peat or muck accumulation; sometimes wood-rich peat
Redox conditionsaOxic to anoxic depending on geochemistry and residence time of water in aquifer
Anoxic slightly below the surface, leading to the accumulation of peat or muck
Temporary soil anoxia during times of high water table or standing water
Water movement within GDEs
Standing or flowing waterSlow to imperceptible flow on surface
Periodic standing or flowing water
Table 3.—Important GDE characteristics and the GDE types covered by this field guide.
a Redox (short for REDuction-OXidation) conditions describe a key chemical characteristic in hydrologic systems that controls the availability of many elements and the propensity of the system to support the accumulation of organic matter, such as peat and muck. At the ground surface, redox conditions are often controlled by the availability of oxygen.
13G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
CharacteristicsSpringsPeatlands, including fens (groundwater dependent)
Other wetlands (groundwater dependent)
Table 3.—Important GDE characteristics and the GDE types covered by this field guide. (continued)
Water chemistryHighly variable; from acidic to basic, temperatures vary, can be thermal, can be saline
Minerotrophic, acidic (poor fens) to basic (rich fens); can be iron rich or calcareous
Highly variable, from acidic to basic
VegetationGraminoids, forbs, shrubs, bryophytes, and trees; variable amount of wetland vegetation
Bryophytes, graminoids, and low shrubs; lichens; sometimes trees; always wetland vegetation
Tall woody plants and forbs (swamps) or emergent graminoids and floating aquatic macrophytes (marshes); mostly wetland vegetation
14G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Sp
rin
gs
Sp
rings
are
GD
Es
whe
re g
roun
dw
ater
dis
char
ges
at t
he g
roun
d
surf
ace,
oft
en t
hrou
gh c
omp
lex
sub
surf
ace
flow
pat
hs (S
teve
ns
and
Mer
etsk
y 20
08).
Whe
re a
sp
ring
emer
ges
from
the
gro
und
, th
ere
are
com
mun
ities
of p
lant
s an
d a
nim
als
that
dep
end
on
that
w
ater
. The
re a
re m
any
diff
eren
t ty
pes
of s
prin
gs. S
prin
g-ty
pe
des
crip
tions
in t
his
field
gui
de
are
from
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns
(200
9). M
ost
sprin
g ty
pes
—su
ch a
s ou
tflow
s fr
om c
aves
, hel
o-cr
enes
, hyp
ocre
nes,
hill
slop
e sp
rings
, lim
nocr
enes
, fou
ntai
ns,
and
rhe
ocre
nes—
can
be
char
acte
rized
usi
ng t
his
field
gui
de.
Wet
lan
ds
Dep
end
ent
on G
rou
nd
wat
er (i
ncl
ud
ing
p
eatl
and
s)Th
e Le
vel I
fiel
d g
uid
e re
cogn
izes
tha
t a
varie
ty o
f wet
land
typ
es
are
dep
end
ent
on g
roun
dw
ater
, with
man
y d
iffer
ent
regi
onal
ch
arac
teris
tics,
cla
ssifi
catio
ns, a
nd n
ames
. It
also
affi
rms
that
gr
ound
wat
er d
epen
den
ce s
pan
s a
cont
inuu
m fr
om c
omp
lete
ly
grou
ndw
ater
dep
end
ent
to n
ot d
epen
den
t, w
ith v
aryi
ng le
vels
of
dep
end
ence
bet
wee
n th
ese
end
mem
ber
s. In
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e,
how
ever
, the
re is
no
need
to
dis
tingu
ish
amon
g th
ese
diff
eren
t ty
pes
of g
roun
dw
ater
-dep
end
ent
wet
land
s. F
or t
he p
urp
oses
of
thi
s sa
mp
ling
field
gui
de,
all
are
cons
ider
ed G
DE
wet
land
s,
incl
udin
g fe
ns, m
arsh
es, s
wam
ps,
wet
mea
dow
s, a
nd d
epre
s-si
onal
wet
land
s.
This
fiel
d g
uid
e, h
owev
er, d
oes
dis
tingu
ish
in s
ome
way
s b
etw
een
fens
(i.e
., w
etla
nds
that
hav
e ac
cum
ulat
ions
of p
eat
or m
uck)
and
gro
und
wat
er-d
epen
den
t w
etla
nds
that
do
not
have
pea
t or
muc
k ac
cum
ulat
ions
. Pea
t an
d m
uck
are
par
tially
d
ecay
ed p
lant
mat
eria
l tha
t ac
cum
ulat
es u
nder
sat
urat
ed c
ond
i-tio
ns w
here
the
re is
litt
le o
xyge
n to
faci
litat
e d
ecom
pos
ition
.
Som
e na
mes
for
wet
land
typ
es a
pp
ly b
oth
to s
ites
dep
end
ent
on g
roun
dw
ater
and
to
othe
rs t
hat
are
mai
ntai
ned
by
surf
ace
wat
er. T
he s
urfa
ce-w
ater
sup
por
ted
wet
land
s, r
egar
dle
ss o
f the
ir na
me,
are
not
the
focu
s of
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e, a
lthou
gh t
he m
etho
ds
des
crib
ed h
ere
may
be
usef
ul t
o ch
arac
teriz
e so
me
of t
hem
.
Ano
ther
way
to
eval
uate
the
se t
ypes
of w
etla
nds
is w
ith t
he
crite
ria fo
r w
etla
nd d
elin
eatio
n us
ed b
y th
e U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps
of
Eng
inee
rs (1
987)
.
15G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Lim
itat
ions
on
Use
This
fiel
d g
uid
e is
not
inte
nded
to
be
used
for
eval
uatin
g so
me
spec
ific
nonm
arin
e G
DE
s:
• G
roun
dw
ater
-dep
end
ent
lake
s an
d a
ssoc
iate
d r
ipar
ian
area
s.
• B
ase-
flow
str
eam
s an
d a
ssoc
iate
d r
ipar
ian
area
s.
Bec
ause
of t
he d
istin
ct c
hara
cter
istic
s of
tho
se s
yste
ms,
it is
not
p
ract
ical
to
incl
ude
them
in t
his
field
gui
de.
It is
exp
ecte
d t
hat
othe
r fie
ld g
uid
es w
ill a
dd
ress
tho
se s
yste
ms,
alth
ough
the
y m
ay
not
focu
s on
gro
und
wat
er c
ond
ition
s an
d p
roce
sses
. The
For
est
Ser
vice
is a
lso
dev
elop
ing
a gu
ide
to c
hara
cter
ize
and
mon
itor
ripar
ian
area
s.
In a
dd
ition
, som
e w
etla
nd s
yste
ms
that
look
sim
ilar
to G
DE
s, b
ut
are
not
dep
end
ent
on g
roun
dw
ater
, are
not
sp
ecifi
cally
tar
gete
d
by
this
fiel
d g
uid
e:
• B
ogs.
• In
surg
ence
s an
d s
inkh
oles
in k
arst
are
as.
• P
ocos
ins—
a ty
pe
of b
og in
the
Sou
thea
ster
n U
nite
d S
tate
s (d
escr
ibed
in R
icha
rdso
n 20
03).
• C
arol
ina
Bay
s of
the
sou
thea
ster
n U
.S. C
oast
al P
lain
(d
escr
ibed
in S
harit
z 20
03).
• O
ther
wet
land
s no
t su
pp
orte
d b
y gr
ound
wat
er.
Bec
ause
of t
he s
imila
ritie
s b
etw
een
thes
e sy
stem
s an
d G
DE
s,
this
GD
E fi
eld
gui
de
may
hav
e so
me
utili
ty fo
r in
vent
oryi
ng a
nd
mon
itorin
g ce
rtai
n co
mp
onen
ts o
f tho
se s
yste
ms.
GD
E t
ypes
tha
t w
ould
be
diffi
cult
to s
amp
le w
ith t
his
(and
p
erha
ps
any)
fiel
d g
uid
e in
clud
e ge
yser
s, g
ushe
ts, a
nd h
angi
ng
gard
ens.
Thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e is
not
des
igne
d fo
r un
der
grou
nd
sam
plin
g (e
.g.,
in c
aves
), al
thou
gh it
wou
ld b
e ap
pro
pria
te t
o us
e fo
r sa
mp
ling
the
surf
ace
outfl
ow fr
om c
aves
. Sp
rings
tha
t in
clud
e la
rge
open
wat
er a
reas
(lar
ge e
xpos
ure
sprin
gs a
nd la
rge
limno
-cr
enes
) cou
ld in
volv
e su
bst
antia
l saf
ety
conc
erns
and
wou
ld b
e d
ifficu
lt to
com
pre
hens
ivel
y sa
mp
le w
ith t
his
field
gui
de.
The
y re
qui
re li
mno
logi
cal s
amp
ling
tech
niq
ues,
whi
ch a
re b
eyon
d t
he
scop
e of
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e.
Set
tings
whe
re t
his
field
gui
de
has
not
bee
n te
sted
incl
ude
trop
i-ca
l, su
btr
opic
al, a
rctic
, sub
arct
ic, t
und
ra, a
nd p
erm
afro
st a
reas
, w
hich
are
bey
ond
the
sco
pe
of t
his
field
gui
de.
16G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
17G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Usi
ng t
he L
evel
I Fi
eld
Gui
de
The
Leve
l I fi
eld
gui
de
des
crib
es s
pec
ific
pro
ced
ures
for
field
d
ata
colle
ctio
n fo
r se
lect
GD
Es;
how
ever
, a n
umb
er o
f im
por
tant
ac
tiviti
es p
rece
de
and
follo
w fi
eld
dat
a co
llect
ion.
In fa
ct, o
nly
abou
t on
e-ha
lf of
the
exp
ecte
d t
otal
cos
t fo
r im
ple
men
ting
this
fie
ld g
uid
e is
ass
ocia
ted
with
fiel
d d
ata
colle
ctio
n. T
he r
emai
nder
co
mes
from
est
ablis
hing
the
ob
ject
ives
; sel
ectin
g an
ap
pro
pria
te
inve
ntor
y or
mon
itorin
g d
esig
n; t
rain
ing;
pro
vid
ing
qua
lity
assu
r-an
ce a
nd c
ontr
ol; p
rovi
din
g p
roje
ct a
dm
inis
trat
ion
and
dat
a en
try;
an
d, m
ost
imp
orta
ntly
, ana
lyzi
ng a
nd e
valu
atin
g th
e in
form
atio
n co
llect
ed. S
igni
fican
t co
st s
avin
gs a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith fi
eld
dat
a co
l-le
ctio
n ca
n b
e ob
tain
ed b
y sp
end
ing
time
“dat
a m
inin
g” b
efor
e th
e fie
ld a
ctiv
ities
.
The
reco
mm
end
ed s
eque
nce
of a
ctiv
ities
for
imp
lem
entin
g th
is
field
gui
de
is r
epre
sent
ed in
figu
re 3
and
des
crib
ed in
thi
s se
ctio
n an
d in
ap
pen
dix
1.
Figu
re 3
.—R
ecom
men
ded
appr
oach
for s
ucce
ssfu
lly u
sing
this
fiel
d gu
ide.
Stu
dy
des
ign
Pre
-fiel
d s
urve
y ac
tiviti
es
Fiel
d s
urve
y ac
tiviti
es
Pos
t-fie
ld s
urve
y ac
tiviti
es
18G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
1. S
tud
y d
esig
n—D
evel
oped
by
user
(not
des
crib
ed in
det
ail i
n th
is fi
eld
gui
de)
.
a. I
den
tify
man
agem
ent
que
stio
ns a
nd s
et in
vent
ory
and
m
onito
ring
obje
ctiv
es.
b.
Det
erm
ine
the
area
of i
nter
est
and
sel
ectio
n of
site
s—sy
stem
atic
, str
atifi
ed, o
r ra
ndom
des
ign,
etc
.
c. C
reat
e th
e sa
mp
ling
and
rem
easu
rem
ent
sche
dul
e.
d.
Iden
tify
the
rela
tions
hip
to
othe
r in
vent
ory
and
mon
itorin
g p
rogr
ams
and
dat
a.
e. C
oord
inat
e w
ith o
ther
age
ncie
s, t
ribes
, Sta
tes,
and
For
est
Ser
vice
uni
ts.
f. D
evel
op q
ualit
y as
sura
nce
and
con
trol
pro
ced
ures
, inc
lud
-in
g tr
aini
ng a
nd d
ata
man
agem
ent.
2. P
re-fi
eld
sur
vey
acti
viti
es—
a. G
athe
r an
d r
evie
w b
ackg
roun
d in
form
atio
n ab
out
site
s,
whi
ch is
ob
tain
ed in
the
offi
ce w
ith fo
cus
on e
xist
ing
map
s an
d r
emot
e se
nsin
g d
ata
(dat
a m
inin
g).
b.
Est
ablis
h fie
ld lo
gist
ics
and
pla
n fo
r si
te a
cces
s, in
clud
ing
trav
el a
nd a
cces
s re
stric
tions
. Con
duc
t a
Job
Haz
ard
A
naly
sis,
or
JHA
(ap
pen
dix
2).
c. I
nter
pre
t av
aila
ble
map
and
rem
ote
sens
ing
imag
es.
3. F
ield
sur
vey
acti
viti
es—
a. U
se t
he “
Fiel
d S
urve
y A
ctiv
ities
” p
art
of t
his
field
gui
de
to
cond
uct
dat
a co
llect
ion.
Dat
a ca
n b
e co
llect
ed o
n p
aper
fie
ld fo
rms
(see
ap
pen
dix
3) o
r w
ith a
fiel
d d
ata
reco
rder
(p
erso
nal d
ata
assi
stan
t or
per
sona
l dat
a re
cord
er).
b.
Ap
ply
Man
agem
ent
Ind
icat
or T
ool (
on s
ite).
4. P
ost
-fiel
d s
urve
y ac
tivi
ties
—
a. O
bta
in o
r ve
rify
dat
a b
ased
on
loca
tion
info
rmat
ion
obta
ined
in t
he fi
eld
.
b.
Gat
her
lab
orat
ory
anal
yses
of s
amp
les
and
sp
ecim
ens.
19G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
c. I
mpl
emen
t dat
a m
anag
emen
t and
inte
rpre
tatio
n pr
oced
ures
.
d.
Val
idat
e an
d c
onfir
m M
anag
emen
t In
dic
ator
Too
l ent
ries.
e. A
naly
ze a
nd e
valu
ate
colle
cted
info
rmat
ion
(not
des
crib
ed
in d
etai
l in
this
fiel
d g
uid
e).
Ski
lls a
nd T
ime
Req
uire
d
A b
road
set
of s
kills
is n
eces
sary
to
cond
uct
the
sam
plin
g ou
tline
d in
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e, w
hich
mea
ns t
hat
seve
ral s
pec
ialis
ts
will
be
need
ed t
o co
llect
goo
d-q
ualit
y d
ata.
The
ski
lls r
equi
red
ar
e su
mm
ariz
ed in
the
follo
win
g lis
t:
• O
ffice
.
�G
eogr
aphi
c In
form
atio
n S
yste
m (G
IS),
map
inte
rpre
tatio
n.
�D
ata
acq
uisi
tion—
from
dat
a w
areh
ouse
s, e
tc. (
whi
ch w
ill
likel
y ta
ke a
num
ber
of d
ays
to a
ccom
plis
h).
�Lo
gist
ics—
tran
spor
tatio
n, e
qui
pm
ent,
acc
ess,
saf
ety,
etc
.
�D
ata
entr
y.
• Fi
eld
—B
otan
y.
�U
nder
stan
din
g of
bas
ic w
etla
nd p
lant
eco
logy
.
�Fa
mili
arity
with
reg
iona
l flor
a an
d p
rofic
ienc
y in
iden
tifyi
ng
com
mon
wet
land
pla
nt s
pec
ies.
Cap
able
of s
ight
rec
ogni
-tio
n of
dom
inan
t sp
ecie
s to
the
leve
l of g
enus
and
sp
ecie
s,
pro
vid
ed p
lant
s ar
e at
the
pro
per
phe
nolo
gica
l sta
ge, o
r ca
pab
le o
f sig
ht r
ecog
nitio
n of
dom
inan
t sp
ecie
s to
the
fa
mily
, and
pro
ficie
ncy
in k
eyin
g in
the
fiel
d.
�A
bili
ty t
o co
llect
and
pre
ss p
lant
sp
ecim
ens
so t
hat
they
w
ill b
e su
itab
le fo
r la
ter
iden
tifica
tion
or v
erifi
catio
n.
• Fi
eld
—A
nim
als.
�Fa
mili
arity
with
qua
ntita
tive
and
qua
litat
ive
met
hod
s of
sa
mp
ling
for
aqua
tic m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
s.
20G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• Fi
eld
—H
ydro
logy
/Hyd
roge
olog
y.
�A
bili
ty t
o m
easu
re fl
ows
and
wat
er q
ualit
y.
�A
bili
ty t
o d
escr
ibe
the
hyd
roge
olog
ic s
ettin
g of
the
feat
ure,
in
clud
ing
aqui
fers
, roc
k ty
pes
, geo
logi
c st
ruct
ures
, and
gr
ound
wat
er fl
ow s
yste
m.
�If
mon
itorin
g w
ells
or
pie
zom
eter
s ar
e to
be
inst
alle
d, t
he
abili
ty t
o in
stal
l, su
rvey
, and
mon
itor
them
.
• Fi
eld
—S
oils
.
�A
bili
ty t
o d
escr
ibe
the
soils
at
a si
te (b
y au
gerin
g so
il co
res,
d
iggi
ng p
it, o
r ot
her
mea
ns).
�A
bili
ty t
o d
eter
min
e so
il te
xtur
e b
y fe
el.
�Fa
mili
arity
with
sta
ndar
d s
oil n
omen
clat
ure,
soi
l str
atig
-ra
phy
, soi
l mor
pho
logy
, and
US
DA
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es
Con
serv
atio
n S
ervi
ce (N
RC
S) s
oil t
axon
omy.
�A
bili
ty t
o in
terp
ret
soil
feat
ures
, par
ticul
arly
hyd
ric s
oil
feat
ures
, and
infe
r so
il p
roce
sses
with
in a
land
form
set
ting.
With
a t
eam
of a
few
(pro
bab
ly t
wo
or t
hree
) peo
ple
who
hav
e th
e sk
ills
pre
viou
sly
outli
ned
, it
is a
ntic
ipat
ed t
hat
the
field
dat
a co
llect
ion
des
crib
ed in
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e w
ill t
ake
abou
t 2
hour
s to
co
mp
lete
.
Whe
n T
o S
amp
le
No
time
is id
eal f
or s
amp
ling
all t
he a
ttrib
utes
des
crib
ed in
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e. T
he p
ros
and
con
s to
sam
plin
g at
diff
eren
t tim
es o
f th
e ye
ar a
re s
umm
ariz
ed h
ere.
Win
ter
• H
ydro
logy
—G
ood
tim
e to
det
erm
ine
bas
e flo
w; v
ery
diffi
cult
to s
amp
le w
ater
tab
le in
dee
p s
now
or
whe
n gr
ound
is fr
ozen
. (In
som
e se
ttin
gs, g
roun
dw
ater
dis
char
ge p
reve
nts
grou
nd
from
free
zing
.)
• S
oil—
Ver
y d
ifficu
lt to
sam
ple
soi
ls in
dee
p s
now
or
whe
n gr
ound
is fr
ozen
. (In
som
e se
ttin
gs, g
roun
dw
ater
dis
char
ge
pre
vent
s th
e gr
ound
from
free
zing
.)
• V
eget
atio
n—V
ery
diffi
cult
to id
entif
y p
lant
s an
d t
o q
uant
ify
thei
r ab
und
ance
.
21G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• M
isce
llane
ous—
Mig
ht b
e d
ifficu
lt to
acc
ess
som
e si
tes
(bec
ause
of s
now
). In
war
mer
set
tings
, win
ter
mig
ht b
e a
time
to a
void
exc
essi
ve h
eat;
the
re w
ould
pro
bab
ly b
e le
ss d
istu
r-b
ance
to
the
site
, suc
h as
tra
mp
ling,
as
a re
sult
of fi
eld
gui
de
imp
lem
enta
tion.
Win
ter
use
by
herb
ivor
es c
an b
e ob
serv
ed.
Ear
ly in
Gro
win
g S
easo
n•
Hyd
rolo
gy—
Hyd
rolo
gy m
ight
be
high
ly in
fluen
ced
by
wea
ther
ev
ents
(suc
h as
sno
wm
elt,
hig
h ru
noff
, or
rain
), an
d w
ater
ch
emis
try
mea
sure
men
ts m
ay b
e b
iase
d b
y sp
ring
runo
ff.
• S
oil—
Soi
l can
gen
eral
ly b
e sa
mp
led
.
• V
eget
atio
n—D
ifficu
lt to
iden
tify
pla
nts
and
to
qua
ntify
the
ir ab
und
ance
.
• M
isce
llane
ous—
Acc
ess
may
be
a p
rob
lem
for
som
e si
tes.
Mid
dle
of
Gro
win
g S
easo
n•
Hyd
rolo
gy—
Goo
d t
ime
to m
easu
re w
ater
tab
le, a
lthou
gh fl
ow
and
wat
er t
able
cou
ld b
e in
fluen
ced
by
wea
ther
eve
nts
(suc
h as
rai
n).
• S
oil—
Goo
d t
ime
to d
o so
il sa
mp
ling.
• V
eget
atio
n—G
ood
tim
e to
iden
tify
pla
nts
and
to
qua
ntify
the
ir ab
und
ance
.
• M
isce
llane
ous—
Mos
t si
tes
are
acce
ssib
le. L
ives
tock
use
can
b
e ob
serv
ed.
Late
in G
row
ing
Sea
son
• H
ydro
logy
—G
ood
tim
e fo
r d
eter
min
ing
grou
ndw
ater
influ
ence
, al
thou
gh w
ater
tabl
es m
ay b
e lo
wer
than
they
are
in m
idse
ason
, m
akin
g so
me
wat
er c
hem
istr
y m
easu
rem
ents
diffi
cult.
• S
oil—
Goo
d t
ime
for
sam
plin
g w
hole
soi
l pro
files
.
• V
eget
atio
n—In
gen
eral
, a g
ood
tim
e to
iden
tify
mos
t p
lant
s,
but
som
e p
lant
s m
ay h
ave
reac
hed
sen
esce
nce,
mak
ing
iden
tifica
tion
diffi
cult.
• M
isce
llane
ous—
Goo
d t
ime
for
obse
rvin
g or
mea
surin
g ef
fect
s of
use
by
herb
ivor
es.
22G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
The
wea
ther
con
diti
ons
alw
ays
need
to
be
reco
rded
and
con
sid
-er
ed w
hen
eval
uatin
g th
e d
ata.
For
exa
mp
le, r
ain
can
alte
r p
H
and
con
duc
tivity
and
rai
se t
he w
ater
tab
le.
Pre
vent
ing
Dam
age
to S
ites
Sp
rings
, fen
s, a
nd o
ther
GD
E w
etla
nds
are
rela
tivel
y un
com
mon
on
the
land
scap
e in
mos
t ar
eas
and
are
als
o vu
lner
able
to
imp
acts
from
act
iviti
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith d
ata
colle
ctio
n. S
mal
l G
DE
site
s ar
e p
artic
ular
ly v
ulne
rab
le b
ecau
se t
he im
pac
ts a
re
conc
entr
ated
ove
r a
smal
l are
a. A
pp
end
ix 4
, Site
Pro
tect
ion
Gui
del
ines
, out
lines
sp
ecifi
c su
gges
tions
for
min
imiz
ing
dam
age
to t
he p
lant
s, s
oils
, and
hyd
rolo
gic
pro
cess
es o
f the
se v
alua
ble
ec
osys
tem
s.
23G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Pre
-Fie
ld S
urve
y A
ctiv
itie
s (in
offi
ce)
This
sec
tion
exp
lain
s w
hat
info
rmat
ion
shou
ld b
e ga
ther
ed o
r ac
qui
red
in t
he o
ffice
bef
ore
goin
g ou
t to
the
fiel
d. T
his
info
rma-
tion
can
be
com
pile
d in
the
offi
ce u
sing
exi
stin
g d
ata
in F
ores
t S
ervi
ce N
RM
ap
plic
atio
ns a
nd t
hrou
gh m
ap a
nd r
emot
e se
nsin
g (in
clud
ing
pho
to) i
nter
pre
tatio
n. S
ome
of t
his
info
rmat
ion
mig
ht
be
upd
ated
aft
er t
he s
ite v
isit,
whe
n fie
ld-d
eter
min
ed c
oord
inat
es
for
the
site
can
be
plo
tted
on
the
map
.
Ob
tain
info
rmat
ion
nece
ssar
y to
ad
dre
ss s
ome
of t
he M
anag
e-m
ent
Ind
icat
or T
ool s
tate
men
ts b
efor
e go
ing
to t
he s
ite. R
evie
w
the
app
licab
le la
nd r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent
pla
n to
det
erm
ine
whe
ther
the
pla
n re
cogn
izes
and
pro
vid
es d
irect
ion
for
cons
erva
-tio
n an
d p
rote
ctio
n of
the
site
. Id
entif
y w
heth
er a
ny m
anag
emen
t ac
tiviti
es h
ave
take
n or
are
cur
rent
ly t
akin
g p
lace
at
the
site
. Als
o,
iden
tify
if an
y au
thor
ized
use
s ar
e lo
cate
d a
t th
e si
te a
nd t
he
term
s an
d c
ond
ition
s of
tho
se a
utho
rizat
ions
.
Sit
e In
form
atio
n
Sit
e Id
enti
fica
tion
Des
crip
tion—
The
site
iden
tifica
tion
(ID) i
s a
uniq
ue id
entifi
er fo
r ea
ch G
DE
site
. It
is u
sefu
l for
man
agin
g th
e d
ata
in t
he fi
eld
and
in
a d
atab
ase.
The
sam
e si
te ID
sho
uld
be
used
for
diff
eren
t sa
m-
plin
g ev
ents
at
the
sam
e si
te (s
uch
as m
onito
ring
over
tim
e).
So
urce
—Th
e si
te ID
may
be
obta
ined
from
the
NR
M-I
NFR
A
Dat
abas
e or
the
NR
M-N
RIS
Wat
er R
ight
s an
d U
ses
dat
abas
e.
Uni
ts m
ay h
ave
crea
ted
the
ir ow
n si
te ID
s in
the
pas
t. If
mul
tiple
si
te ID
s ex
ist,
the
n ch
oose
the
one
tha
t b
est
rep
rese
nts
the
site
an
d m
eets
the
man
agem
ent
need
s fo
r w
hich
the
fiel
d g
uid
e is
b
eing
imp
lem
ente
d (e
.g.,
if th
e fie
ld g
uid
e im
ple
men
tatio
n is
bei
ng
don
e to
ass
ess
effe
cts
from
wat
er w
ithd
raw
als,
the
n se
lect
the
ex
istin
g N
RM
-NR
IS W
ater
Rig
hts
and
Use
s si
te ID
). If
no s
ite ID
ex
ists
(or
it is
unk
now
n), t
hen
crea
te a
site
ID. I
t is
hig
hly
reco
m-
men
ded
tha
t th
e nu
mb
ers
for
the
regi
on, f
ores
t, a
nd d
istr
ict
form
th
e b
egin
ning
of t
he s
ite ID
(as
reco
mm
end
ed in
Site
Gen
eral
). A
n ex
ampl
e w
ould
be
“040
213
John
son’
s S
prin
g.”
Som
e si
te ID
s m
ay
be
only
num
eric
and
des
crip
tive
text
wou
ld b
e in
the
site
nam
e (s
ee t
he fo
llow
ing
des
crip
tion)
. If t
he s
ite ID
con
tain
s d
escr
iptiv
e te
xt, t
hen
the
site
nam
e m
ay in
clud
e so
me
of t
he s
ame
text
.
24G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Sit
e N
ame
Des
crip
tion—
The
site
nam
e is
a d
escr
iptiv
e na
me
for
the
site
, su
ch a
s th
e co
mm
on n
ame
of a
spr
ing
or w
etla
nd. A
por
tion
or th
e en
tire
text
of t
he s
ite n
ame
mig
ht a
lso
be
cont
aine
d in
the
site
ID.
So
urce
—Th
e si
te n
ame
can
be
obta
ined
from
the
follo
win
g:
• M
aps—
�U
.S. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
(US
GS
) qua
dra
ngle
map
(the
se
nam
es a
re a
lso
liste
d in
the
US
GS
Geo
grap
hic
Nam
es
Info
rmat
ion
Sys
tem
).
�Fo
rest
Ser
vice
prim
ary
bas
e se
ries
map
s, w
hich
are
the
Fo
rest
Ser
vice
ver
sion
of t
he U
SG
S q
uad
.
• M
anag
emen
t p
lans
, suc
h as
a fo
rest
pla
n, p
roje
ct p
lan,
or
allo
tmen
t p
lan,
or
exis
ting
auth
oriz
atio
ns t
hat
spec
ify t
he s
ite
by
nam
e.
• If
no s
ite n
ame
exis
ts in
the
sou
rces
pre
viou
sly
liste
d, c
reat
e
a d
escr
iptiv
e na
me
that
is r
epre
sent
ativ
e—an
d r
esp
ectf
ul—
of
the
site
. It
is h
elp
ful i
f thi
s na
me
is u
niq
ue.
Pro
ject
Nam
eD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e p
roje
ct n
ame
is a
des
crip
tive
term
for
the
field
gu
ide
imp
lem
enta
tion
effo
rt. A
pro
ject
can
be
a d
ata
colle
ctio
n ac
tivity
con
tain
ing
mul
tiple
dat
a co
llect
ion
site
s gu
ided
by
a sp
ecifi
c p
urp
ose.
Mul
tiple
site
s ca
n b
e w
ithin
the
sam
e p
roje
ct.
(Thi
s is
a r
equi
red
fiel
d in
Site
Gen
eral
.)
So
urce
—Th
e p
roje
ct t
eam
will
cre
ate
this
nam
e.
Pu
rpos
e D
escr
iptio
n—Th
e p
urp
ose
des
crib
es t
he r
easo
n th
e si
te is
bei
ng
sam
ple
d. A
list
of v
alue
s is
incl
uded
from
Site
Gen
eral
. (Th
is is
a
req
uire
d fi
eld
in S
ite G
ener
al.)
So
urce
—S
elec
t on
e or
mor
e p
urp
oses
from
the
follo
win
g lis
t:
�
Are
a as
sess
men
t.
�A
naly
sis
for
recr
eatio
n im
pac
ts—
hum
an o
r st
ock.
�
Thre
aten
ed a
nd e
ndan
gere
d s
pec
ies
anim
al h
abita
t ana
lysi
s.
�B
ig g
ame
hab
itat
eval
uatio
n.
25G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
�
Eco
syst
em a
naly
sis.
�
New
eco
syst
em c
lass
ifica
tion
or s
ucce
ssio
nal a
naly
sis.
�
Eco
logi
cal u
nit
inve
ntor
y p
lot.
�
Exi
stin
g ve
geta
tion
map
uni
t.
�Fi
re e
ffec
ts o
r fir
e hi
stor
y p
lus
fuel
s.
�Fo
rest
pla
n re
visi
on.
�
Pre
viou
s ha
bita
t ty
pe
clas
sific
atio
n d
ata.
�
Inte
grat
ed m
ultir
esou
rce
inve
ntor
y/m
onito
ring.
�
Inva
sive
pla
nts
inve
ntor
y.
�M
inin
g cl
aim
exa
min
atio
n.
�M
inin
g or
oil/
gas
reha
bili
tatio
n m
onito
ring.
�
Thre
aten
ed a
nd e
ndan
gere
d p
lant
sp
ecie
s ha
bita
t an
alys
is.
�
Cor
rela
tion
with
per
man
ent
timb
er m
anag
emen
t p
lot.
�
Ran
ge a
llotm
ent
inve
ntor
y.
�C
orre
latio
n w
ith r
egen
erat
ion
exam
/sta
ke r
ows.
�
Ran
ge m
onito
ring
(i.e.
, rea
din
g, t
rend
, util
izat
ion)
.
�R
esou
rce
Nat
ural
Are
a an
d s
pec
ial i
nter
est
area
ana
lysi
s.
�R
esea
rch
plo
ts.
�
Cor
rela
tion/
verifi
catio
n fo
r sp
ectr
al d
ata/
Land
sat.
�
Cor
rela
tion
with
sta
nd e
xam
.
�C
orre
latio
n w
ith s
oil s
urve
y.
�V
eget
atio
n in
vent
ory.
�
Wat
ersh
ed a
naly
sis.
�
Wild
erne
ss e
colo
gy in
vent
ory/
mon
itorin
g.
�G
ener
al w
ildlif
e ha
bita
t.
�W
ater
shed
inve
ntor
y.
�W
ater
shed
mon
itorin
g.
�O
per
atin
g m
ine
mon
itorin
g.
�O
il/ga
s d
evel
opm
ent.
�
GD
E in
vent
ory
or m
onito
ring.
�
NE
PA
.
�A
dm
inis
trat
ive
stud
y si
te.
�
Res
earc
h.
�W
ater
use
s an
d n
eed
s in
vent
ory.
�
Sta
te a
dju
dic
atio
n.
�D
eter
min
atio
n of
wat
ers
of t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s.
�O
ther
:___
____
____
____
_.
26G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Geo
gra
phi
c In
form
atio
n
Sta
teD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e U
.S. S
tate
(s),
pos
sess
ion(
s), o
r te
rrito
ry w
here
th
e si
te is
loca
ted
.
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-A
LP d
atab
ase.
Cou
nty
Des
crip
tion—
The
coun
ty o
r co
untie
s in
whi
ch t
he s
ite is
loca
ted
.
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-A
LP d
atab
ase.
Lan
d S
tatu
sD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e la
nd s
tatu
s w
here
the
site
is lo
cate
d. (
This
is
cal
led
“ow
ners
hip
” in
Site
Gen
eral
and
is a
req
uire
d fi
eld
.) O
ptio
ns in
clud
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
; U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of t
he In
terio
r (U
SD
I) ag
enci
es, s
uch
as U
.S. F
ish
and
Wild
life
Ser
vice
and
B
urea
u of
Lan
d M
anag
emen
t; c
ount
y go
vern
men
t; e
tc.
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-A
LP d
atab
ase.
Not
e: It
is a
lso
usef
ul to
det
erm
ine
if th
e en
tire
site
and
imm
edia
te
area
are
und
er th
e ju
risdi
ctio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t of t
he F
ores
t S
ervi
ce. A
rel
ated
pie
ce o
f inf
orm
atio
n is
whe
ther
any
act
iviti
es o
r m
anag
emen
t on
land
s ou
tsid
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
juris
dict
ion
are
affe
ct-
ing
this
site
. (Th
is in
form
atio
n w
ill be
nec
essa
ry to
ans
wer
que
stio
ns
in th
e M
anag
emen
t Ind
icat
or T
ool,
whi
ch is
tow
ard
the
end
of th
is
docu
men
t.)
Fore
st S
ervi
ce R
egio
nD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
reg
ion(
s) in
whi
ch t
he s
ite is
lo
cate
d. T
his
field
is r
equi
red
whe
n la
nd s
tatu
s is
For
est
Ser
vice
.
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-A
LP d
atab
ase.
Nat
ion
al F
ores
t, G
rass
lan
d, o
r P
rair
ieD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e N
FS u
nit(s
) in
whi
ch t
he s
ite is
loca
ted
. Thi
s fie
ld is
req
uire
d w
hen
land
sta
tus
is F
ores
t S
ervi
ce. (
This
is c
alle
d
“Pro
clai
med
Nat
iona
l For
est/
Gra
ssla
nd”
in S
ite G
ener
al.)
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-A
LP d
atab
ase.
27G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Fore
st S
ervi
ce R
ang
er D
istr
ict
Des
crip
tion—
The
rang
er d
istr
ict(s
) in
whi
ch t
he s
ite is
loca
ted
. Th
is fi
eld
is r
equi
red
whe
n la
nd s
tatu
s is
For
est
Ser
vice
.
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-A
LP d
atab
ase.
Gra
zin
g A
llotm
ent
Nu
mb
erD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e gr
azin
g al
lotm
ent
num
ber
. Thi
s is
use
ful f
or
pro
ject
s th
at a
re fo
cuse
d o
n gr
azin
g is
sues
.
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-I
NFR
A d
atab
ase.
Gra
zin
g A
llotm
ent
Nam
eD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e gr
azin
g al
lotm
ent
nam
e. T
his
is u
sefu
l for
p
roje
cts
that
are
focu
sed
on
graz
ing
issu
es.
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-I
NFR
A d
atab
ase.
NR
M-I
NFR
A R
efer
ence
Nu
mb
er
Des
crip
tion—
The
NR
M-I
NFR
A d
atab
ase
refe
renc
e nu
mb
er
has
bee
n as
sign
ed t
o p
hysi
cal s
truc
ture
s or
dev
elop
men
t. (I
f d
evel
opm
ent
occu
rs a
t th
e si
te, i
t sh
ould
be
reco
rded
in t
he
Fore
st S
ervi
ce N
RM
-IN
FRA
dat
abas
e th
at r
ecor
ds
all s
truc
ture
s,
infr
astr
uctu
re in
vest
men
ts, a
nd u
se a
utho
rizat
ions
on
NFS
land
s.)
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-I
NFR
A d
atab
ase.
Wat
er R
igh
t N
um
ber
an
d S
tatu
sD
escr
iptio
n—Th
is n
umb
er is
ass
igne
d t
o a
wat
er s
ourc
e b
y a
Sta
te. T
he w
ater
rig
ht s
tatu
s is
a d
eter
min
atio
n of
the
val
idity
of
the
wat
er r
ight
tha
t al
low
s th
e ho
lder
to
use
it in
the
man
ner
rep
rese
nted
or
pre
scrib
ed. T
his
is u
sefu
l for
pro
ject
s th
at a
re
focu
sed
on
wat
er r
ight
s is
sues
.
So
urce
—Fo
rest
Ser
vice
NR
M-N
RIS
Wat
er R
ight
s an
d U
ses
dat
abas
e.
Not
e: It
wou
ld b
e us
eful
to d
eter
min
e if
ther
e ar
e an
y ou
tsta
ndin
g cl
aim
s fo
r w
ater
rig
hts
by o
ther
s fo
r th
is s
ite. (
This
info
rmat
ion
will
be n
eces
sary
to c
ompl
ete
the
Man
agem
ent I
ndic
ator
Too
l, w
hich
is
desc
ribed
late
r in
this
fiel
d gu
ide.
)
28G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Wat
ersh
ed(s
) Hyd
rolo
gic
Un
it C
ode(
s)D
escr
iptio
n—Th
e hy
dro
logi
c un
it co
de
(HU
C) i
s a
syst
em fo
r d
istin
guis
hing
and
nam
ing
wat
ersh
eds
and
sub
wat
ersh
eds
(in
mul
tiple
siz
e cl
asse
s) a
cros
s th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s. E
ach
hyd
rolo
gic
unit
is id
entifi
ed b
y a
uniq
ue h
ydro
logi
c un
it co
de
cons
istin
g of
2
to 1
2 d
igits
bas
ed o
n th
e 4
leve
ls o
f cla
ssifi
catio
n in
the
hy-
dro
logi
c un
it sy
stem
. We
reco
mm
end
tha
t th
e 6t
h-le
vel (
12-d
igit)
H
UC
(the
sub
wat
ersh
ed le
vel)
be
reco
rded
for
each
GD
E s
ite.
Mul
tiple
HU
Cs
shou
ld b
e re
cord
ed if
the
site
is in
mor
e th
an o
ne
6th-
leve
l HU
C.
So
urce
—Th
e H
UC
can
be
der
ived
sp
atia
lly if
you
hav
e go
od
loca
tion
info
rmat
ion
(suc
h as
Uni
vers
al T
rans
vers
e M
erca
tor
[UTM
] coo
rdin
ates
or
latit
ude/
long
itud
e). T
he fo
llow
ing
US
GS
W
eb s
ite d
escr
ibes
and
del
inea
tes
HU
Cs:
htt
p:/
/wat
er.u
sgs.
gov/
GIS
/huc
.htm
l.
Eco
log
ical
Un
itD
escr
iptio
n—“E
colo
gica
l uni
ts a
re a
reas
of r
elat
ivel
y st
able
en
viro
nmen
ts t
hat
dep
ict
the
inhe
rent
pro
per
ties
of t
heir
ecos
ys-
tem
ele
men
ts”
(Win
ther
s et
al.
2005
, p. 5
1). E
colo
gica
l uni
ts a
re
div
ided
into
hie
rarc
hica
l lev
els
that
incl
ude
sect
ion,
sub
sect
ion,
la
ndty
pe
asso
ciat
ion
(LTA
), la
ndty
pe
(LT)
, or
land
typ
e p
hase
(LTP
).
So
urce
—S
ectio
n an
d s
ubse
ctio
n m
aps
can
be
obta
ined
from
th
e E
CO
MA
P 2
007
Web
site
at
http
://s
vine
tfc4
.fs.fe
d.u
s/cl
earin
ghou
se/o
ther
_res
ourc
es/e
cosu
bre
gion
s.ht
ml.
Alte
rnat
ivel
y, N
RM
-NR
IS fe
atur
e cl
asse
s fo
r th
ese
map
uni
ts c
an
be
load
ed fr
om t
he C
orp
orat
e D
ata
War
ehou
se d
irect
ly in
to a
n A
rcM
ap p
roje
ct b
y fo
llow
ing
the
dire
ctio
ns a
t ht
tp:/
/fsw
eb.n
ris.
fs.fe
d.u
s/p
rod
ucts
/Inv
ento
ry_M
app
ing/
.
LTA
, LT,
or
LTP
feat
ure
clas
ses
can
be
used
if a
vaila
ble
. If t
he
adm
inis
trat
ive
unit
doe
s no
t ha
ve L
Ts o
r LT
Ps,
and
the
reg
ion
doe
s no
t ha
ve L
TAs
alre
ady
in t
he N
RM
-NR
IS d
atab
ase,
the
n th
e d
efau
lt is
to
use
the
Eco
Map
Sub
sect
ion.
Thi
s ca
n b
e d
eriv
ed
spat
ially
if y
ou h
ave
good
loca
tion
info
rmat
ion
(suc
h as
UTM
co
ord
inat
es o
r la
titud
e/lo
ngitu
de)
.
Eco
log
ical
Sys
tem
D
escr
iptio
n—N
atur
eSer
ve (2
011)
pro
vid
es c
onse
rvat
ion
stat
us,
taxo
nom
y, d
istr
ibut
ion,
and
life
his
tory
info
rmat
ion
for
mor
e th
an
29G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
70,0
00 p
lant
s, a
nim
als,
and
eco
logi
cal c
omm
uniti
es a
nd s
yste
ms
in t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s an
d C
anad
a. A
lthou
gh G
DE
s ar
e no
t ex
plic
it-ly
iden
tified
in t
he d
atab
ase,
a q
uery
of e
colo
gica
l sys
tem
s us
ing
term
s su
ch a
s gr
ound
wat
er, s
eep
age,
fen,
or
sprin
g w
ill id
entif
y m
ost
of t
he G
DE
s in
the
inve
ntor
y ar
ea. E
xam
ple
s of
GD
Es
in
Nat
ureS
erve
incl
ude
Roc
ky M
ount
ain
Sub
alp
ine-
Mon
tane
Fen
an
d P
ied
mon
t S
eep
age
Wet
land
. A li
st o
f GD
Es
from
the
Nat
ure-
Ser
ve d
atab
ase
is p
rese
nted
in a
pp
end
ix 5
.
Nat
ureS
erve
has
dev
elop
ed in
tern
atio
nally
sta
ndar
diz
ed c
las-
sific
atio
ns fo
r te
rres
tria
l eco
syst
ems—
mid
-sca
le e
colo
gica
l uni
ts
usef
ul fo
r st
and
ard
ized
con
serv
atio
n as
sess
men
ts o
f hab
itat
div
ersi
ty a
nd la
ndsc
ape
cond
ition
s. E
ach
syst
em e
ncom
pas
ses
com
ple
xes
of p
lant
com
mun
ities
influ
ence
d b
y si
mila
r p
hysi
cal
envi
ronm
ents
and
dyn
amic
eco
logi
cal p
roce
sses
, inc
lud
ing
dep
end
ence
on
grou
ndw
ater
.
So
urce
—Th
e N
atur
eSer
ve E
xplo
rer
Web
site
is a
vaila
ble
at
http
://w
ww
.nat
ures
erve
.org
/get
Dat
a/U
Sec
olog
yDat
a.js
p.
Loca
l Fea
ture
-Typ
e N
ame
Des
crip
tion—
This
loca
l nam
e is
use
d t
o d
escr
ibe
the
typ
e of
fe
atur
e b
eing
sam
ple
d. I
n so
me
case
s, t
his
nam
e ca
n b
e fo
und
in
the
Nat
ureS
erve
list
. Som
e co
mm
on t
ype
nam
es a
re c
iene
ga,
fen,
pea
tland
, sw
amp
, and
wet
mea
dow
.
This
loca
l nam
e ca
n b
e he
lpfu
l in
und
erst
and
ing
the
typ
e of
site
an
d t
he m
eani
ng o
f reg
iona
l ter
ms
for
sprin
gs a
nd w
etla
nds.
Map
pin
g
This
sec
tion
des
crib
es m
aps
and
map
sou
rces
nec
essa
ry
to lo
cate
and
des
crib
e th
e si
te. A
list
of u
sefu
l geo
logi
c m
ap
reso
urce
s fo
llow
s:
• O
verv
iew
of U
SG
S g
eolo
gy p
rod
ucts
and
wor
k—ht
tp:/
/geo
log
y.us
gs.
go
v/.
http
://p
ubs.
usg
s.g
ov/
of/
2005
/130
5/.
• Li
nk t
o N
atio
nal G
eolo
gic
Map
s D
atab
ase
Web
site
for
dow
nloa
din
g b
y S
tate
, etc
.—ht
tp:/
/ng
md
b.u
sgs.
go
v/ng
md
b/n
gm
_cat
alo
g.o
ra.h
tml.
30G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• Li
nk t
o S
tate
geo
logi
cal s
urve
ys—
http
://w
ww
.sta
teg
eolo
gis
ts.o
rg/.
Met
adat
a fo
r S
tate
geo
logi
c d
ata
has
bee
n st
and
ard
ized
ove
r se
lect
Wes
tern
Sta
tes:
Ariz
ona,
Cal
iforn
ia, I
daho
, Nev
ada,
Ore
gon,
U
tah,
and
Was
hing
ton.
For
the
Pac
ific
Nor
thw
est,
the
maj
or b
edro
ck li
thol
ogic
uni
ts c
an
be
obta
ined
from
a d
igita
l map
on
this
US
GS
Web
site
:
http
://g
eo-n
sdi.e
r.us
gs.g
ov/m
etad
ata/
open
-file
/95-
680/
met
adat
a.fa
q.h
tml.
US
GS
Qu
adFi
nd t
he p
rimar
y U
SG
S t
opog
rap
hic
qua
d m
ap w
here
the
site
is
loca
ted
. The
US
GS
sys
tem
incl
udes
qua
dra
ngle
bou
ndar
ies
for
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
avai
lab
le in
the
1:2
50,0
00, 1
:100
,000
, and
1:
24,0
00 s
cale
s na
tiona
lly. T
he U
SG
S q
uad
can
be
der
ived
sp
atia
lly o
nce
a G
lob
al P
ositi
onin
g S
yste
m (G
PS
) loc
atio
n is
es
tab
lishe
d fo
r th
e si
te.
Mag
net
ic D
eclin
atio
nR
ecor
d t
he b
earin
g th
at s
houl
d b
e us
ed t
o ad
just
for
loca
l m
agne
tic d
eclin
atio
n.
Geo
log
ic M
ap N
ame
Rec
ord
the
sou
rce
for
geol
ogic
map
pin
g.
Geo
log
ic M
ap U
nit
D
eter
min
e th
e ge
olog
ic u
nit
at t
he s
ite fr
om t
he g
eolo
gic
map
. Th
is u
nit
will
be
reco
rded
in N
RM
-NR
IS d
atab
ase.
It is
imp
orta
nt
for
esta
blis
hing
the
hyd
roge
olog
ic s
ettin
g. T
his
can
be
der
ived
sp
atia
lly o
nce
a G
PS
loca
tion
is e
stab
lishe
d fo
r th
e si
te a
nd a
d
igita
l geo
logi
c la
yer
is o
bta
ined
.
Lan
d R
esou
rce
Reg
ion
sTh
e La
nd R
esou
rce
Reg
ion
and
Maj
or L
and
Res
ourc
e A
rea
of t
he
NR
CS
can
be
obta
ined
from
the
follo
win
g W
eb s
ite:
http
://s
oils
.usd
a.go
v/su
rvey
/geo
grap
hy/m
lra/in
dex
.htm
l.
31G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Soi
l Map
Nam
e an
d U
nit
Th
is is
the
soi
l map
uni
t or
the
soi
ls c
lass
ifica
tion
from
the
Ter
-re
stria
l Eco
logi
cal U
nit
Inve
ntor
y (T
EU
I) m
ap. T
his
can
be
der
ived
sp
atia
lly o
nce
a G
PS
loca
tion
is e
stab
lishe
d fo
r th
e si
te a
nd a
d
igita
l soi
l lay
er is
ob
tain
ed. I
t is
use
ful t
o re
cord
the
yea
r th
e m
ap w
as p
ublis
hed
and
the
tax
onom
ic u
nit(s
) of t
he m
ap u
nit.
Ro
ute
Coo
rdin
ates
Det
erm
ine
or e
stim
ate
UTM
coo
rdin
ates
or
latit
ude/
long
itud
e b
efor
e th
e si
te v
isit
to h
elp
with
the
fiel
d c
rew
arr
ival
at
the
site
. U
pd
ate
or c
onfir
m t
he c
oord
inat
es d
urin
g th
e fie
ld s
urve
y.
Loca
tion
—D
rivi
ng
Rou
teP
rovi
de
driv
ing
dire
ctio
ns fr
om t
he n
eare
st t
own
to t
he s
ite (i
f th
e si
te is
bes
ide
a ro
ad) o
r to
a p
lace
whe
re a
veh
icle
is p
arke
d
bef
ore
wal
king
to
the
site
(e.g
., a
trai
lhea
d).
Loca
tion
—H
ikin
g R
oute
Pro
vid
e hi
king
dire
ctio
ns fr
om a
loca
tion
whe
re a
veh
icle
is
par
ked
to
the
site
. Giv
e p
reci
se a
cces
s d
irect
ions
beg
inni
ng w
ith
a la
ndm
ark
(e.g
., a
nam
ed p
oint
on
the
top
ogra
phi
c m
ap, a
maj
or
high
way
, mar
ked
tra
ilhea
d) r
ead
ily lo
cata
ble
on
a 7.
5-m
inut
e to
pog
rap
hic
map
as
the
star
ting
poi
nt. U
se c
lear
sen
tenc
es t
hat
will
be
und
erst
and
able
to
som
eone
who
is u
nfam
iliar
with
the
ar
ea a
nd w
ho h
as o
nly
your
dire
ctio
ns t
o fo
llow
. Giv
e d
ista
nces
an
d u
se c
omp
ass
dire
ctio
ns (t
rue
nort
h, n
ot m
agne
tic n
orth
). W
hen
pos
sib
le, p
rovi
de
a G
PS
pat
h an
d t
he A
rcM
ap p
roje
ct
nam
e w
here
dat
a ar
e st
ored
for
use
in T
rimb
le o
r ot
her
GP
S
dat
a lo
gger
. Avo
id a
mb
iguo
us w
ord
s su
ch a
s “a
bov
e,”
“nea
r,”
bey
ond
,” “
on t
he b
ack
sid
e of
,” o
r “p
ast.
” If
site
loca
tions
lack
m
ajor
land
mar
k fe
atur
es a
s gu
ides
, use
tow
nshi
p, r
ange
, and
se
ctio
n in
form
atio
n fr
om t
opog
rap
hic
map
s. A
lthou
gh t
he
sam
ple
site
s m
ay n
ot b
e p
erm
anen
tly m
arke
d, o
ther
s m
ay w
ant
to r
eloc
ate
them
for
long
-ter
m m
onito
ring
pur
pos
es. C
aref
ul
doc
umen
tatio
n of
the
acc
ess
rout
e an
d o
bvi
ous
land
mar
ks a
re,
ther
efor
e, im
por
tant
.
32G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Loca
tion
—O
ther
If ap
pro
pria
te, p
rovi
de
dire
ctio
ns fo
r ot
her
mea
ns o
f acc
essi
ng
the
site
, suc
h as
by
boa
t or
airc
raft
.
Oth
er In
form
atio
n A
bo
ut t
he S
ite
Pre
limin
ary
GD
E T
ype
Bef
ore
the
site
vis
it, w
hat
is t
he G
DE
typ
e as
sum
ed t
o b
e? S
elec
t on
e or
mor
e fr
om t
he fo
llow
ing
list:
• S
prin
g/W
etla
nd T
ype
(mod
ified
from
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns
2009
)—
�C
ave—
Gro
und
wat
er e
mer
ges
in o
r fr
om a
cav
e; c
omm
on
in k
arst
ter
rain
.
�E
xpos
ure—
Gro
und
wat
er is
exp
osed
at
the
land
sur
face
b
ut d
oes
not
have
sur
face
inflo
w o
r ou
tflow
; occ
urs
in k
arst
(s
inkh
oles
) and
lava
flow
s b
ut c
ould
form
in o
ther
typ
es o
f ve
rtic
al c
ond
uits
into
an
aqui
fer.
�Fo
unta
in—
Coo
l art
esia
n sp
ring
that
is fo
rced
ab
ove
the
land
sur
face
by
stra
tigra
phi
c he
ad-d
riven
pre
ssur
e or
ca
rbon
dio
xid
e (C
O2)
.
�G
eyse
r—In
term
itten
t ge
othe
rmal
sp
ring
that
em
erge
s ex
plo
sive
ly a
nd u
sual
ly e
rrat
ical
ly.
�G
ushe
t—D
iscr
ete
sour
ce o
f flow
pou
ring
from
clif
f fac
es;
typ
ical
ly e
mer
ges
from
per
ched
, unc
onfin
ed a
qui
fers
, oft
en
with
dis
solu
tion
enha
ncem
ent
alon
g fr
actu
res;
exh
ibits
thi
n sh
eets
of w
ater
flow
ing
over
roc
k fa
ces.
�H
angi
ng g
ard
en o
r w
et w
all—
Sp
ring
that
em
erge
s al
ong
geol
ogic
con
tact
s or
frac
ture
s an
d s
eep
s, d
rips,
or
pou
rs
onto
und
erly
ing
wal
ls; t
ypic
ally
em
erge
s fr
om p
erch
ed,
unco
nfine
d a
qui
fers
in a
eolia
n sa
ndst
one
units
.
�H
eloc
rene
—S
prin
g th
at e
mer
ges
diff
usel
y fr
om lo
w-
grad
ient
wet
land
s; o
ften
ind
istin
ct o
r m
ultip
le s
ourc
es
seep
ing
from
sha
llow
, unc
onfin
ed a
qui
fers
(may
incl
ude
fens
and
cie
nega
s).
33G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
�H
illsl
ope—
Sp
ring
and
/or
wet
land
on
a hi
llslo
pe
(gen
eral
ly
20-
to 6
0-d
egre
e sl
ope)
; oft
en w
ith in
dis
tinct
or
mul
tiple
so
urce
s of
gro
und
wat
er.
�H
ypoc
rene
—A
bur
ied
sp
ring
whe
re g
roun
dw
ater
leve
ls
com
e ne
ar, b
ut d
o no
t re
ach,
the
sur
face
in a
rid r
egio
ns,
typ
ical
ly d
ue t
o ve
ry lo
w d
isch
arge
and
hig
h ev
apor
atio
n or
tra
nsp
iratio
n. In
hum
id r
egio
ns, t
hese
feat
ures
may
be
equi
vale
nt t
o sh
allo
w g
roun
dw
ater
are
as in
clud
ing
wet
m
ead
ows.
�Li
mno
cren
e—G
roun
dw
ater
em
erge
s in
poo
l(s).
�M
ound
—S
prin
g th
at e
mer
ges
from
a m
iner
aliz
ed m
ound
, (u
sual
ly c
arb
onat
e) fr
eque
ntly
at
mag
mat
ic o
r fa
ult
sys-
tem
s. M
ay a
lso
incl
ude
sprin
gs is
suin
g fr
om p
eat
mou
nds.
�R
heoc
rene
—Fl
owin
g sp
ring
that
em
erge
s d
irect
ly in
to o
ne
or m
ore
stre
am c
hann
els.
Sp
ring-
fed
str
eam
s ar
e al
so
refe
rred
to
as s
prin
gbro
oks
or s
prin
g ru
ns.
�O
ther
/unk
now
n (d
escr
ibe
in n
otes
).
• N
ote
whi
ch s
ourc
es w
ere
used
to
mak
e p
relim
inar
y G
DE
typ
e d
eter
min
atio
n:
�
US
GS
map
.
�
Nat
iona
l Wet
land
s In
vent
ory.
�
Fore
st m
aps.
�
Oth
er m
ap.
�
Pre
viou
s fo
rest
inve
ntor
ies
(veg
etat
ion
or h
ydro
logi
c).
�
TEU
I/aq
uatic
eco
logi
cal u
nit
inve
ntor
y.
�
Pho
to.
�
Per
sona
l acc
ount
.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
34G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Arc
heo
log
ical
, Pal
eon
tolo
gic
al, C
ult
ura
l, or
His
tori
c S
ites
or
Use
Res
earc
h re
cord
s fo
r cu
ltura
l res
ourc
es o
r hi
stor
ic u
se (e
.g.,
arch
aeol
ogic
al o
r p
aleo
ntol
ogic
al s
ites)
at
site
s to
be
inve
ntor
ied
. Th
is w
ill h
elp
lim
it d
amag
e to
imp
orta
nt c
ultu
ral r
esou
rces
.
Ava
ilab
le D
ata
See
k ou
t an
d li
st o
ther
sou
rces
of d
ata
that
are
ava
ilab
le a
bou
t th
e si
te.
35G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Fiel
d S
urve
y A
ctiv
itie
s
Ap
pen
dix
6 li
sts
equi
pm
ent
need
ed t
o im
ple
men
t th
is fi
eld
gui
de.
Fi
eld
form
s ar
e in
ap
pen
dix
3. M
etric
uni
ts o
f mea
sure
are
hig
hly
reco
mm
end
ed to
faci
litat
e d
ata
sum
mar
izat
ion.
Dis
turb
the
site
as
little
as
pos
sib
le w
hile
col
lect
ing
dat
a, a
s d
escr
ibed
in a
pp
end
ix 4
(S
ite P
rote
ctio
n G
uid
elin
es).
Sur
vey
Info
rmat
ion
Su
rvey
Dat
eR
ecor
d t
he c
alen
dar
mon
th, d
ay, a
nd y
ear
the
site
was
vis
ited
. (T
his
is a
req
uire
d fi
eld
in S
ite G
ener
al.)
Tim
eR
ecor
d t
he t
ime
of d
ay fo
r th
e st
art
and
end
of t
he fi
eld
dat
a co
llect
ion.
Exa
min
ers
Rec
ord
the
firs
t an
d la
st n
ames
of t
he c
rew
tha
t is
doi
ng t
he fi
eld
d
ata
colle
ctio
n. (T
his
is a
req
uire
d fi
eld
in S
ite G
ener
al.)
Wea
ther
Wea
ther
can
be
imp
orta
nt w
hen
inte
rpre
ting
wat
er c
hem
istr
y an
d
wat
er le
vel i
nfor
mat
ion;
for
exam
ple
, rai
n ca
n al
ter
the
pH
and
co
nduc
tivity
mea
sure
men
ts a
nd r
aise
the
wat
er t
able
.
Rec
ord
evi
den
ce o
f pre
cip
itatio
n (r
ain
or s
now
fall)
dur
ing
the
sam
plin
g vi
sit
or e
vid
ence
of r
ecen
t ra
in o
r sn
owfa
ll.
�
Rec
ent
rain
.
�
Rai
n d
urin
g su
rvey
.
�
Sno
wfa
ll, h
ail,
or s
leet
dur
ing
surv
ey.
�
Sno
w o
n gr
ound
.
�
No
curr
ent/
rece
nt p
reci
pita
tion.
36G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Air
Tem
per
atu
re
Rec
ord
the
day
time
air
tem
per
atur
e at
the
tim
e of
the
vis
it.
Are
a of
GD
E
For
very
sm
all s
ites,
see
box
2 b
efor
e p
roce
edin
g.
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
mea
sure
of t
he a
rea
or s
ize
of t
he G
DE
si
te. A
GD
E s
ite g
ener
ally
has
dis
tinct
ive
vege
tatio
n th
at is
pre
sent
b
ecau
se o
f the
ele
vate
d w
ater
tab
le. I
n so
me
sett
ings
, suc
h as
d
rier
regi
ons,
a v
ery
clea
r b
ound
ary
may
exi
st, w
hich
is e
vid
ent
from
diff
eren
t ve
geta
tion
or t
opog
rap
hic
diff
eren
ces,
bet
wee
n th
e G
DE
and
the
up
land
s. In
oth
er s
ettin
gs, a
mor
e gr
adua
l tra
nsiti
on
from
wet
land
to u
plan
d w
ill o
ccur
, with
sig
nific
ant z
ones
of t
rans
ition
th
at in
clud
e b
oth
wet
land
and
up
land
pla
nt s
pec
ies
and
ver
y lit
tle
chan
ge in
slo
pe.
In s
uch
case
s, t
he d
eter
min
atio
n of
the
bou
ndar
y of
the
wet
land
is s
omew
hat
sub
ject
ive,
and
mus
t b
e b
ased
, ul
timat
ely,
on
eith
er a
jud
gmen
t ca
ll or
det
aile
d s
amp
ling.
The
fo
llow
ing
guid
es w
ill h
elp
det
erm
ine
the
exte
nt o
f the
GD
E.
Hyd
rolo
gy—
Wat
er o
n th
e su
rfac
e of
the
gro
und
, or
satu
rate
d
grou
nd (n
ot fr
om r
ecen
t p
reci
pita
tion)
, can
be
an in
dic
atio
n th
at
the
area
is p
art
of t
he G
DE
, alth
ough
the
ab
senc
e of
wat
er d
oes
not
pre
clud
e it
from
bei
ng p
art
of t
he G
DE
.
Veg
etat
ion—
The
GD
E w
ill t
ypic
ally
hav
e ob
ligat
e, fa
culta
tive
wet
, an
d fa
culta
tive
wet
land
sp
ecie
s, a
s d
istin
guis
hed
by
the
Wet
land
In
dic
ator
Sta
tus
of t
he U
.S. F
ish
and
Wild
life
Ser
vice
(198
8). T
he
edge
of t
he G
DE
will
gen
eral
ly b
e as
soci
ated
with
a tr
ansi
tion
from
th
ose
wet
land
sp
ecie
s to
mor
e up
land
sp
ecie
s. T
he p
rese
nce
of
bry
ophy
tes
coul
d b
e in
dic
ativ
e of
a G
DE
wet
land
, alth
ough
the
ab
senc
e of
bry
ophy
tes
does
not
indi
cate
that
it is
not
par
t of t
he G
DE.
Land
form
—A
cha
nge
in s
lop
e (fr
om fl
atte
r to
ste
eper
) can
be
asso
ciat
ed w
ith t
he e
dge
of t
he G
DE
.
Pea
t o
r m
uck—
The
pre
senc
e of
pea
t or
muc
k ca
n in
dic
ate
a G
DE
wet
land
. A b
ound
ary,
with
pea
t or
muc
k on
one
sid
e an
d n
o p
eat
or m
uck
on t
he o
ther
, cou
ld b
e an
ind
icat
ion
of t
he e
dge
of
the
GD
E. T
he a
bse
nce
of p
eat
or m
uck
doe
s no
t p
recl
ude
it fr
om
bei
ng w
ithin
the
GD
E.
Sp
ring
—A
sp
ring
will
incl
ude
an o
rifice
, whe
re w
ater
em
erge
s,
and
pos
sib
ly a
poo
l and
/or
chan
nel.
Incl
ude
the
orifi
ce a
nd e
mer
-ge
nce
zone
, whi
ch g
ener
ally
incl
udes
ob
ligat
e an
d fa
culta
tive
wet
land
pla
nt s
pec
ies,
as
dis
tingu
ishe
d b
y th
e W
etla
nd In
dic
ator
37G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Sta
tus
of t
he U
.S. F
ish
and
Wild
life
Ser
vice
(198
8), w
hich
are
su
pp
orte
d b
y th
e gr
ound
wat
er d
isch
arge
or
shal
low
wat
er t
able
. A
key
que
stio
n in
the
ap
plic
atio
n of
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e is
how
muc
h of
an
asso
ciat
ed s
prin
g b
rook
sho
uld
be
incl
uded
in t
he s
ite a
rea.
Th
e re
spon
se c
an b
e an
arb
itrar
y ch
oice
, bas
ed o
n a
set
run-
out
dis
tanc
e; a
sub
ject
ive
dec
isio
n, b
ased
on
how
far
the
ripar
ian
zone
ap
pea
rs t
o b
e st
rong
ly in
fluen
ced
by
the
sprin
g; o
r a
mor
e ob
ject
ive
dec
isio
n, s
uch
as o
ne u
sed
in w
este
rn a
rid r
egio
ns,
whi
ch c
onsi
der
s th
e d
owns
trea
m b
ound
ary
of t
he s
prin
g to
be
the
poi
nt w
here
the
sp
ring
bro
ok w
ater
tem
per
atur
e ch
ange
s b
y 2
deg
rees
Cel
sius
. Pro
s an
d c
ons
acco
mp
any
each
of t
hese
al
tern
ativ
es. I
n th
is fi
eld
gui
de,
20
met
ers
of t
he r
un-o
ut s
trea
m,
or s
prin
g b
rook
, are
incl
uded
in t
he s
ite a
rea
for
sam
plin
g. If
it is
d
esira
ble
to
inve
ntor
y (o
r m
onito
r) a
long
er d
ista
nce
of a
sp
ring
bro
ok, t
hen
a st
ream
and
/or
ripar
ian
pro
toco
l sho
uld
be
used
to
colle
ct t
he d
ata,
whi
ch w
ould
the
n b
e co
nsid
ered
as
a se
par
ate
(alth
ough
com
pan
ion)
set
of d
ata
from
tho
se c
olle
cted
from
the
sp
ring
as a
par
t of
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
If p
ossi
ble
, wal
k ar
ound
the
p
erim
eter
of t
he G
DE
whe
n m
easu
ring
or e
stim
atin
g si
ze (t
o av
oid
exc
essi
ve t
ram
plin
g). D
eter
min
e th
e si
ze o
f the
GD
E s
ite
(incl
udin
g al
l the
sp
ring
and
wet
land
feat
ures
pre
sent
) by
one
of
the
follo
win
g m
etho
ds
(list
ed in
ord
er o
f hig
hest
to
low
est
reco
m-
men
dat
ion)
:
1. G
PS
tra
vers
e of
GD
E e
dge
. (M
ost
GP
S u
nits
hav
e a
feat
ure
that
allo
ws
the
oper
ator
to
wal
k ar
ound
the
ed
ge o
f the
uni
t an
d d
eter
min
e th
e ar
ea.)
2. M
easu
re t
he a
vera
ge w
idth
and
leng
th (f
or r
ecta
ngul
ar s
ites)
or
dia
met
er (f
or r
ound
site
s) u
sing
a t
ape
(suc
h as
a 1
00-m
eter
ta
pe)
or
a ra
ngefi
nder
. Pac
ing
with
a k
now
n p
ace-
leng
th m
ay
also
be
don
e, a
lthou
gh it
is le
ss a
ccur
ate.
3. E
stim
ate
the
size
usi
ng t
opog
rap
hic
map
s, o
rtho
pho
tos
(GIS
), sa
telli
te im
ages
(GIS
or
Goo
gle
Ear
th),
or a
eria
l pho
tos.
4. F
or la
rger
feat
ures
, whe
re it
mig
ht n
ot b
e p
ract
ical
to
wal
k th
e p
erim
eter
, it
may
be
pos
sib
le t
o sk
etch
the
per
imet
er in
the
G
PS
/dat
a re
cord
er (i
f usi
ng a
uni
t th
at a
llow
s th
is t
ype
of G
IS
entr
y), u
sing
an
imag
e in
the
bac
kgro
und
. Thi
s m
easu
rem
ent
wou
ld r
equi
re a
GP
S u
nit
that
use
s so
ftw
are
such
as
Arc
Pad
, w
hich
allo
ws
the
tech
nici
an t
o sk
etch
GIS
feat
ures
on
the
scre
en w
ith a
eria
l im
ages
as
a b
ackg
roun
d.
38G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
5. E
stim
ate
the
area
usi
ng t
he fo
llow
ing
clas
ses
(last
res
ort):
�
< 2
m2 .
�
2 to
10
m2 .
�
10 t
o 10
0 m
2 .
�
100
to 1
,000
m2 .
�
0.1
to 0
.5 h
a.
�
0.5
to 1
ha.
�
1 to
10
ha.
�
10 t
o 10
0 ha
.
�
> 1
00 h
a.
No
te f
or
Ver
y S
mal
l Site
s
Very
sm
all s
ites
are
vuln
erab
le to
dam
age
from
dis
turb
ance
cau
sed
by th
e cr
ew c
olle
ctin
g da
ta. F
ollo
w th
ese
guid
elin
es fo
r sam
plin
g ve
ry s
mal
l site
s (s
ee
appe
ndix
4):
• W
alk
outs
ide
of th
e G
DE
site
as
muc
h as
pos
sibl
e.
• R
ecor
d ve
geta
tion
info
rmat
ion
from
out
side
the
GD
E if
poss
ible
.
• Ta
ke p
hoto
s an
d dr
aw th
e si
te s
ketc
h fro
m o
utsi
de th
e si
te.
• C
onsi
der s
kipp
ing
soil
core
and
wat
er ta
ble
mea
sure
men
ts.
• D
o w
ater
mea
sure
men
ts c
aref
ully.
• M
ake
only
one
trip
(or v
ery
few
) in/
acro
ss th
e G
DE
for m
easu
rem
ents
.
Bo
x 2
Ref
eren
ce P
oin
tD
escr
iptio
n—A
ref
eren
ce p
oint
is a
sp
atia
l loc
atio
n or
poi
nt o
n th
e gr
ound
tha
t ca
n b
e d
ocum
ente
d w
ith G
PS
and
plo
tted
on
a m
ap. T
his
poi
nt is
val
uab
le fo
r p
lott
ing
the
site
on
a m
ap a
nd
relo
catin
g a
site
for
futu
re s
amp
ling
visi
ts.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
For
sprin
gs, t
he r
efer
ence
poi
nt
shou
ld b
e th
e sp
ring
sour
ce (s
omet
imes
ref
erre
d t
o as
the
sp
ring
39G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
orifi
ce).
For
wet
land
s th
at a
re r
elat
ivel
y sm
all,
the
refe
renc
e p
oint
co
uld
be
the
cent
er o
f the
wet
land
or
the
wet
test
par
t of
the
wet
-la
nd. F
or la
rger
GD
Es,
the
ref
eren
ce p
oint
cou
ld b
e th
e ce
nter
of
the
site
or
som
e d
istin
guis
hing
feat
ure
with
in t
he G
DE
.
At
the
refe
renc
e p
oint
, rec
ord
the
latit
ude
and
long
itud
e co
ord
i-na
tes
(see
Geo
refe
renc
ing
sect
ion)
tha
t w
ill e
nab
le s
omeo
ne t
o re
turn
to
or n
ear
that
loca
tion.
Als
o re
cord
sp
ecifi
c in
form
atio
n or
feat
ures
tha
t ca
n b
e us
ed t
o re
loca
te t
he e
xact
pos
ition
of
the
refe
renc
e p
oint
, id
eally
incl
udin
g a
mon
umen
ted
tre
e, s
take
, fe
nce,
larg
e b
ould
er, o
r th
e d
ista
nce
and
dire
ctio
n fr
om s
ome
per
man
ent
feat
ure
such
as
a ro
ad o
r st
ream
cro
ssin
g.
Ind
icat
e w
here
the
ref
eren
ce p
oint
is o
n th
e si
te s
ketc
h (s
ee
Imag
es s
ectio
n).
Slo
pe
Des
crip
tion—
The
gene
ral i
nclin
e of
the
site
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
rat
io o
f ver
tical
ris
e to
hor
izon
tal d
ista
nce
for
the
site
exp
ress
ed a
s p
erce
nt. T
his
is
take
n ei
ther
at
an a
vera
ge p
oint
on
the
site
or
as a
n av
erag
e fo
r a
site
.
Asp
ect
Des
crip
tion—
The
gene
ral d
irect
ion
that
the
land
scap
e fa
ces.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
azi
mut
h th
at t
he la
nd-
scap
e fa
ces
at t
he c
ente
r of
the
site
or
the
maj
ority
of t
he s
ite.
Azi
mut
h w
ill b
e re
cord
ed fr
om t
rue
nort
h in
deg
rees
, 0 t
o 36
0.
Rel
ativ
e A
rea
of G
DE
Des
crip
tion—
The
per
cent
of t
he a
rea
cove
red
in g
ener
al c
at-
egor
ies
of G
DE
set
tings
(com
ple
xes
of s
prin
gs, w
etla
nds,
op
en
wat
er, a
nd o
ther
set
tings
).
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Est
imat
e th
e p
erce
nt o
f the
are
a w
ithin
the
GD
E s
ite t
hat
is c
over
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
sett
ings
(m
ust
sum
to
100
per
cent
).
• S
prin
g em
erge
nce.
• C
hann
el (s
uch
as s
prin
g b
rook
or
othe
r ch
anne
l).
40G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• W
etla
nd/r
ipar
ian.
• O
pen
wat
er (s
tand
ing,
not
gen
eral
ly fl
owin
g).
• O
ther
or
unkn
own.
Geo
refe
renc
ing
Hor
izon
tal D
atu
mD
escr
iptio
n—Th
is is
the
GP
S d
atum
use
d t
o re
cord
the
loca
tion
info
rmat
ion
in t
he fi
eld
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
dat
um fo
r th
e p
roje
c-tio
n at
the
“re
fere
nce
poi
nt.”
�
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Dat
um o
f 192
7 (N
AD
-27)
.
�
No
rth
Am
eric
an D
atum
of
1983
(NA
D-8
3) (r
eco
mm
end
ed).
�
Wor
ld G
eod
etic
Sys
tem
of 1
972
(WG
S-7
2).
�
Wor
ld G
eod
etic
Sys
tem
of 1
984
(WG
S-8
4).
GP
S E
qu
ipm
ent
Des
crip
tion—
The
mak
e an
d m
odel
of t
he G
PS
eq
uip
men
t.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
mak
e an
d m
odel
of
the
GP
S e
qui
pm
ent
used
and
the
ap
pro
xim
ate
GP
S a
ccur
acy.
Un
iver
sal T
ran
sver
se M
erca
tor
Coo
rdin
ates
(f
rom
GP
S)
UT
M z
one
—Th
is is
the
zon
e fo
r th
e U
TM p
roje
ctio
n. It
can
be
obta
ined
from
qua
d m
aps
or fr
om G
PS
dev
ices
. UTM
zon
e co
or-
din
ates
mea
sure
in m
eter
s ea
st a
nd n
orth
from
tw
o p
erp
end
icul
ar
refe
renc
e b
asel
ines
.
Eas
ting
—Th
is is
the
dis
tanc
e in
met
ers,
eas
t or
wes
t, fr
om t
he
cent
ral m
erid
ian
of t
he U
TM z
one,
whi
ch is
des
igna
ted
at
a va
lue
of 5
00,0
00 m
eter
s.
No
rthi
ng—
This
is t
he d
ista
nce
in m
eter
s no
rth
from
the
eq
uato
r fr
om t
he U
TM z
one
orig
in, w
hich
is d
esig
nate
d a
s a
valu
e of
zer
o m
eter
s. (T
his
field
gui
de
add
ress
es o
nly
nort
h la
titud
es.)
41G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Lati
tud
e an
d L
ong
itu
de
(fro
m G
PS
)R
ecor
d t
he la
titud
e an
d lo
ngitu
de
at t
he r
efer
ence
poi
nt. T
his
may
be
reco
rded
eith
er in
deg
rees
, min
utes
, and
sec
ond
s, o
r in
d
ecim
al d
egre
es.
• La
titud
e—d
egre
es:
(Ran
ge 0
to
90) T
he la
titud
e d
egre
es o
f the
site
as
mea
sure
d
by
GP
S. (
Def
ault:
nor
th la
titud
e.)
• M
inut
es:
(Ran
ge 0
to
59) T
he la
titud
e m
inut
es o
f the
site
as
mea
sure
d
by
GP
S. (
Def
ault:
nor
th la
titud
e.)
• S
econ
ds:
(Ran
ge 0
to 5
9.99
) The
latit
ude
seco
nds
of th
e si
te a
s m
easu
red
b
y G
PS
. (D
efau
lt: n
orth
latit
ude.
)
• Lo
ngitu
de—
deg
rees
:(R
ange
0 to
180
) The
long
itude
deg
rees
of t
he s
ite a
s m
easu
red
b
y G
PS
. (D
efau
lt: w
est
long
itud
e.)
• M
inut
es:
(Ran
ge 0
to
59) T
he lo
ngitu
de
min
utes
of t
he s
ite a
s m
easu
red
b
y G
PS
. (D
efau
lt: w
est
long
itud
e.)
• S
econ
ds:
(Ran
ge 0
to
59.9
9) T
he lo
ngitu
de
seco
nds
of t
he s
ite a
s m
easu
red
by
GP
S. (
Def
ault:
wes
t lo
ngitu
de.
)
• La
titud
e d
ecim
al d
egre
e:La
titud
e in
a d
egre
e va
lue.
Con
sist
s of
the
latit
ude
in d
egre
es
to a
t le
ast
6 d
ecim
al p
lace
s.
• Lo
ngitu
de
dec
imal
deg
ree:
Long
itud
e in
a d
egre
e va
lue.
Con
sist
s of
the
long
itud
e in
d
egre
es t
o at
leas
t 6
dec
imal
pla
ces.
Ele
vati
onD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e el
evat
ion
of t
he s
ite.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
ele
vatio
n w
ith a
GP
S
unit
at th
e re
fere
nce
poin
t. S
ubst
antia
l err
or in
GP
S m
easu
rem
ents
m
ay e
xist
, but
the
se d
ata
are
adeq
uate
to
char
acte
rize
site
el
evat
ion.
For
mor
e ac
cura
te e
leva
tions
, est
imat
e th
em fr
om a
10
-met
er D
igita
l Ele
vatio
n M
odel
. Rec
ord
to
with
in ±
3 m
eter
s.
42G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Not
e ho
w e
leva
tion
was
det
erm
ined
.
�
GP
S u
nit.
�
Top
ogra
phi
c m
ap (i
f nec
essa
ry, i
nter
pol
ate
bet
wee
n tw
o co
ntou
r in
terv
als)
.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
Geo
log
ic S
etti
ng
Evi
den
ce o
f G
rou
nd
wat
erR
ecor
d th
e ev
iden
ce th
at th
is e
cosy
stem
is g
roun
dwat
er s
uppo
rted
. U
se t
he d
ecis
ion
tree
in b
ox 1
to
help
with
thi
s d
eter
min
atio
n.
Mul
tiple
ans
wer
s ar
e al
low
ed.
�
Flow
from
a s
prin
g so
urce
, con
tact
, joi
nt, o
r fa
ult—
ind
icat
ing
sprin
g.
�
Pea
t or
muc
k ac
cum
ulat
ion
sign
ifica
nt.
�
Sta
ndin
g w
ater
.
�
Wet
land
veg
etat
ion.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
GD
E T
ype
Des
crip
tion—
A g
ener
al c
ateg
oriz
atio
n of
the
GD
E t
ypes
at
the
site
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
prim
ary
(dom
inan
t) G
DE
typ
e an
d s
econ
dar
y G
DE
typ
es p
rese
nt a
t th
e si
te. O
nly
one
prim
ary
typ
e is
rec
ord
ed, b
ut m
ultip
le s
econ
dar
y ty
pes
can
be
reco
rded
.
• S
prin
g/W
etla
nd T
ype
(mod
ified
from
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns
2009
):
�C
ave—
Gro
und
wat
er e
mer
ges
in o
r fr
om a
cav
e; c
omm
on
in k
arst
ter
rain
.
�E
xpos
ure—
Gro
und
wat
er is
exp
osed
at
the
land
sur
face
b
ut d
oes
not
have
sur
face
inflo
w o
r ou
tflow
; occ
urs
in k
arst
(s
inkh
oles
) and
lava
flow
s b
ut c
ould
form
in o
ther
typ
es o
f ve
rtic
al c
ond
uits
into
an
aqui
fer.
43G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
�Fo
unta
in—
Coo
l art
esia
n sp
ring
that
is fo
rced
ab
ove
the
land
sur
face
by
stra
tigra
phi
c he
ad-d
riven
pre
ssur
e or
CO
2.
�G
eyse
r—In
term
itten
t ge
othe
rmal
sp
ring
that
em
erge
s ex
plo
sive
ly a
nd u
sual
ly e
rrat
ical
ly.
�G
ushe
t—D
iscr
ete
sour
ce o
f flow
pou
ring
from
clif
f fac
es;
typ
ical
ly e
mer
ge fr
om p
erch
ed, u
ncon
fined
aq
uife
rs, o
ften
w
ith d
isso
lutio
n en
hanc
emen
t al
ong
frac
ture
s; e
xhib
it th
in
shee
ts o
f wat
er fl
owin
g ov
er r
ock
face
s.
�H
angi
ng g
ard
en o
r w
et w
all—
Sp
ring
that
em
erge
s al
ong
geol
ogic
con
tact
s or
frac
ture
s an
d s
eep
s, d
rips,
or
pou
rs
onto
und
erly
ing
wal
ls; t
ypic
ally
em
erge
from
per
ched
, un
confi
ned
aq
uife
rs in
aeo
lian
sand
ston
e un
its.
�H
eloc
rene
—S
prin
g th
at e
mer
ges
diff
usel
y fr
om lo
w-
grad
ient
wet
land
s; o
ften
ind
istin
ct o
r m
ultip
le s
ourc
es
seep
ing
from
sha
llow
, unc
onfin
ed a
qui
fers
(may
incl
ude
fens
and
cie
nega
s).
�H
illsl
ope—
Sp
ring
and
/or
wet
land
on
a hi
llslo
pe
(gen
eral
ly
20-
to 6
0-d
egre
e sl
ope)
; oft
en w
ith in
dis
tinct
or
mul
tiple
so
urce
s of
gro
und
wat
er.
�H
ypoc
rene
—A
bur
ied
sp
ring
whe
re g
roun
dw
ater
leve
ls
com
e ne
ar, b
ut d
o no
t re
ach,
the
sur
face
in a
rid r
egio
ns,
typ
ical
ly d
ue t
o ve
ry lo
w d
isch
arge
and
hig
h ev
apor
atio
n or
tra
nsp
iratio
n. In
hum
id r
egio
ns t
hese
feat
ures
may
be
equi
vale
nt t
o sh
allo
w g
roun
dw
ater
are
as in
clud
ing
wet
m
ead
ows.
�Li
mno
cren
e—G
roun
dw
ater
em
erge
s in
poo
l(s).
�M
ound
—S
prin
g th
at e
mer
ges
from
a m
iner
aliz
ed m
ound
, (u
sual
ly c
arb
onat
e) fr
eque
ntly
at
mag
mat
ic o
r fa
ult
sys-
tem
s. M
ay a
lso
incl
ude
sprin
gs is
suin
g fr
om p
eat
mou
nds.
�R
heoc
rene
—Fl
owin
g sp
ring
that
em
erge
s d
irect
ly in
to o
ne
or m
ore
stre
am c
hann
els.
Sp
ring-
fed
str
eam
s ar
e al
so
refe
rred
to
as s
prin
gbro
oks
or s
prin
g ru
ns.
�O
ther
/unk
now
n (d
escr
ibe
in n
otes
).
44G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Geo
log
ic S
tru
ctu
re T
ype
Des
crip
tion—
The
geol
ogic
str
uctu
re t
ype
is t
he k
ind
of s
truc
ture
th
at m
ay b
e co
ntro
lling
the
flow
of g
roun
dw
ater
to
the
GD
E, s
uch
as a
geo
logi
c co
ntac
t or
faul
t p
lane
. Man
y G
DE
s oc
cur
on g
eo-
logi
c st
ruct
ures
bec
ause
the
y ca
n cr
eate
pre
fere
ntia
l pat
hway
s fo
r th
e flo
w o
f gro
und
wat
er. T
his
is h
elp
ful f
or u
nder
stan
din
g th
e hy
dro
geol
ogic
set
ting
of t
he s
ite a
nd fr
om w
here
gro
und
wat
er is
so
urce
d.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
typ
e of
geo
logi
c st
ruc-
ture
(pre
fere
ntia
l gro
und
wat
er fl
ow p
ath)
tha
t is
dis
char
ging
wat
er
to t
he s
ite. O
bse
rve
the
geol
ogic
uni
ts a
nd g
eolo
gic
stru
ctur
e an
d
com
par
e th
at t
o a
geol
ogic
map
. Rec
ord
you
r co
nclu
sion
s b
ased
on
the
follo
win
g lis
t:
�
Bed
din
g—P
lana
r su
rfac
es t
hat
visi
bly
sep
arat
e la
yers
of
stra
tified
roc
k.
�
Con
tact
—P
lana
r su
rfac
es t
hat
sep
arat
e d
iffer
ent
rock
uni
ts.
�
Faul
t—Fr
actu
re o
r a
zone
of f
ract
ures
alo
ng w
hich
the
re
has
bee
n d
isp
lace
men
t.
�
Frac
ture
—Fr
actu
ring
in r
ock,
with
out
dis
pla
cem
ent.
�
Line
atio
n—A
ny li
near
str
uctu
re o
n th
e gr
ound
sur
face
(in
gene
ral,
iden
tified
on
aeria
l pho
togr
aphy
).
�
Con
dui
t—Tu
bul
ar o
pen
ing,
com
mon
in k
arst
ter
rain
.
�
Unk
now
n.
Ind
icat
e so
urce
of c
oncl
usio
n:
�
Ob
serv
atio
n.
�
Geo
logi
c m
ap.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
Su
rfici
al M
ater
ial
Des
crip
tion—
This
is t
he k
ind
of u
ncon
solid
ated
mat
eria
l oc-
curr
ing
at t
he s
urfa
ce. M
any
GD
Es,
par
ticul
arly
fens
, dev
elop
on
unc
onso
lidat
ed s
urfic
ial m
ater
ials
. The
typ
e of
mat
eria
l can
in
fluen
ce t
he w
ater
che
mis
try
and
eco
logy
.
45G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
kin
d o
f mat
eria
l occ
ur-
ring
at t
he s
urfa
ce. S
urfic
ial m
ater
ials
are
defi
ned
as
nonl
ithifi
ed,
unco
nsol
idat
ed s
edim
ents
. The
y ar
e m
ater
ials
pro
duc
ed b
y w
eath
erin
g, s
edim
ent
dep
ositi
on, b
iolo
gica
l acc
umul
atio
n, a
nd
hum
an a
nd v
olca
nic
activ
ity. T
hey
incl
ude
resi
dua
l mat
eria
ls
wea
ther
ed fr
om r
ock
in s
itu; t
rans
por
ted
mat
eria
ls c
omp
osed
of
min
eral
, roc
k, a
nd o
rgan
ic fr
agm
ents
dep
osite
d b
y w
ater
, win
d,
ice,
gra
vity
, or
any
com
bin
atio
n of
the
se a
gent
s; a
ccum
ulat
ed
mat
eria
ls o
f bio
logi
cal o
rigin
; mat
eria
ls m
oved
and
dep
osite
d
by
hum
an a
ctio
ns; a
nd u
ncon
solid
ated
pyr
ocla
stic
sed
imen
ts.
Rec
ord
the
prim
ary
surfi
cial
mat
eria
l; se
cond
ary
surfi
cial
mat
eri-
als
may
als
o b
e re
cord
ed.
�
Allu
vium
—A
n un
cons
olid
ated
acc
umul
atio
n of
str
eam
-de
posi
ted
sedi
men
ts, i
nclu
ding
san
ds, s
ilts,
cla
ys, o
r gra
vels
.
�
Col
luvi
um—
Soi
l mat
eria
l and
roc
k fr
agm
ents
mov
ed d
own-
hill
by
cree
p, s
lide,
slo
ugh,
or
loca
l was
h an
d d
epos
ited
at
the
bas
e of
ste
ep s
lop
es.
�
Eol
ian
dep
osit—
Win
d-d
epos
ited
sed
imen
ts.
�
Gla
cial
dep
osit—
Incl
udes
uns
orte
d a
nd u
nstr
atifi
ed t
ill,
incl
udin
g m
orai
nes,
whi
ch a
re g
ener
ally
exp
osed
in t
he
upla
nds;
and
gla
cial
mel
twat
er d
epos
its o
f sor
ted
and
st
ratifi
ed d
elta
ic, s
trea
m, a
nd la
ke s
edim
ents
.
�
Hum
an-c
ause
d o
r co
nstr
ucte
d—
Nat
ural
and
man
mad
e m
ater
ials
tha
t ha
ve b
een
artifi
cial
ly e
mp
lace
d.
�
Lacu
strin
e se
dim
ents
—S
edim
ents
dep
osite
d in
lake
s.
�
Land
slid
e d
epos
it—S
edim
ent
dep
osite
d b
y d
owns
lop
e m
ovem
ent
of a
sor
ted
or
poo
rly s
orte
d m
ass
of s
oil o
r ro
ck
of m
ixed
gra
in s
izes
, inc
lud
ing
rock
falls
, slu
mp
s, m
ud
flow
s, d
ebris
flow
s, a
nd e
arth
flow
s.
�
Mar
l—A
fria
ble
dep
osit
cons
istin
g of
cla
y an
d c
alci
um
carb
onat
e.
�
Res
iduu
m—
Wea
ther
ed b
edro
ck.
�
Talu
s d
epos
it—A
n ac
cum
ulat
ion
of a
ngul
ar r
ock
deb
ris
at t
he b
ase
of a
clif
f or
stee
p s
lop
e th
at w
as p
rod
uced
by
phy
sica
l wea
ther
ing.
�
Vol
cani
c un
cons
olid
ated
mat
eria
l—A
sh o
r m
udflo
w.
46G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
�
Roc
k—B
edro
ck w
ith n
o su
rfici
al m
ater
ial p
rese
nt.
�
Tufa
or
trav
ertin
e d
epos
its—
Trav
ertin
e is
a s
edim
enta
ry
rock
, for
med
by
the
pre
cip
itatio
n of
car
bon
ate
min
eral
s fr
om s
olut
ion
in g
roun
d a
nd s
urfa
ce w
ater
s, o
r ge
othe
r-m
ally
hea
ted
hot
sp
rings
. Sim
ilar,
but
ext
rem
ely
por
ous,
d
epos
its fo
rmed
from
am
bie
nt t
emp
erat
ure
wat
er a
re
know
n as
tuf
a.
�
Oth
er/u
nkno
wn.
Lith
olog
y, P
rim
ary
(gro
un
dw
ater
sou
rce
aqu
ifer
)D
escr
iptio
n—P
rimar
y lit
holo
gy d
escr
ibes
the
geo
logi
c m
ater
ials
su
ch a
s b
edro
ck o
r ot
her
surfi
cial
mat
eria
ls u
nder
a s
ite. T
he
grou
ndw
ater
sou
rce
aqui
fer
refe
rs t
o th
e aq
uife
r fr
om w
hich
the
gr
ound
wat
er is
em
anat
ing.
The
prim
ary
litho
logy
is g
ener
ally
th
e gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
e aq
uife
r. P
rimar
y lit
holo
gy is
use
ful f
or
und
erst
and
ing
the
grou
ndw
ater
flow
pat
tern
s. T
he lo
catio
n an
d
hyd
rolo
gy o
f GD
Es
are
cont
rolle
d b
y th
e ge
olog
y, a
nd t
he t
ype
of r
ock
can
influ
ence
the
wat
er c
hem
istr
y an
d e
colo
gy o
f the
fe
atur
e.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
If ev
iden
ce in
the
fiel
d e
xist
s, t
hen
reco
rd o
ne o
f the
follo
win
g p
rimar
y lit
holo
gy d
escr
ipto
rs. I
f no
evid
ence
in t
he fi
eld
exi
sts,
the
n an
swer
thi
s q
uest
ion
in t
he o
ffice
us
ing
the
elec
tron
ic r
esou
rces
list
ed in
the
“M
app
ing”
sec
tion.
If
the
grou
ndw
ater
em
erge
s fr
om a
tal
us o
r ot
her
unco
nsol
idat
ed
mat
eria
l at t
he b
ase
of a
slo
pe, t
hen
try
to d
eter
min
e th
e up
grad
ient
ge
olog
ic u
nit
from
whi
ch t
he g
roun
dw
ater
is o
rigin
atin
g. T
he
imp
orta
nt b
edro
ck li
thol
ogy
or g
eolo
gic
unit
is t
he o
ne s
upp
ortin
g th
e aq
uife
r th
at s
upp
lies
wat
er t
o th
e fe
atur
e.
�
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
e.
�
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
e.
�
Sed
imen
tary
.
�
Met
amor
phi
c.
�
Und
iffer
entia
ted
—R
ocks
for
whi
ch fi
ner
age
div
isio
ns a
re
not
spec
ified
on
the
map
, sm
all a
reas
of r
ocks
of d
iffer
ent
ages
are
too
clo
se t
oget
her
to b
e sh
own
at t
he s
cale
of t
he
map
, or
the
exac
t ag
e re
latio
nshi
ps
of t
he r
ocks
in a
giv
en
area
may
not
yet
hav
e b
een
det
erm
ined
.
47G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
�
Unc
onso
lidat
ed—
Loos
e se
dim
ent,
lack
ing
cohe
sion
or
cem
ent.
�
Unk
now
n.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
Ind
icat
e w
heth
er t
he p
rimar
y lit
holo
gy (n
oted
pre
viou
sly)
is a
lso
the
grou
ndw
ater
sou
rce
aqui
fer.
�
Yes
.
�
No.
�
Unk
now
n.
Leve
l of c
erta
inty
for
grou
ndw
ater
sou
rce
aqui
fer—
�
Kno
wn—
Bas
ed o
n si
te in
vest
igat
ion.
�
Ass
umed
—B
ased
on
pro
fess
iona
l op
inio
n.
�
Unk
now
n—N
eed
s fu
rthe
r in
vest
igat
ion.
Lith
olog
y, S
econ
dar
yD
escr
iptio
n—Th
is is
a fi
ner
scal
e d
escr
iptio
n of
the
lith
olog
y of
roc
k un
its o
ccur
ring
at t
he s
ite a
nd is
tie
red
to
the
prim
ary
litho
logy
of t
he a
qui
fer
from
whi
ch t
he g
roun
dw
ater
is e
man
atin
g,
or t
he o
rigin
al r
ock
typ
e th
at w
eath
ered
to
form
the
par
ent
or
surfi
cial
mat
eria
l.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
If ev
iden
ce in
the
fiel
d e
xist
s,
reco
rd t
he s
econ
dar
y lit
holo
gy (t
iere
d t
o th
e p
rimar
y lit
holo
gy)
from
the
list
in a
pp
end
ix 7
, whi
ch is
from
Site
Gen
eral
(US
DA
Fo
rest
Ser
vice
200
9).
Lan
dfo
rms
Des
crip
tion—
The
loca
tion
of m
any
GD
Es
is r
elat
ed t
o th
e lo
cal
geom
orp
holo
gic
hist
ory
and
exi
stin
g la
ndfo
rms.
GD
Es
may
d
evel
op w
ithin
, or
adja
cent
to,
cer
tain
typ
es o
f lan
dfo
rms
(e.g
.,
at t
he t
oe o
f slu
mp
s an
d o
n st
ream
ter
race
s).
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Use
a g
eolo
gic
map
, air
pho
to
inte
rpre
tatio
n, s
atel
lite
imag
ery,
or
field
ob
serv
atio
ns t
o se
lect
a
“pro
cess
/land
form
” fr
om t
he li
st in
ap
pen
dix
8, w
hich
is fr
om
Has
kins
et
al. (
1998
). R
ecor
d t
he p
rimar
y la
ndfo
rm; s
econ
dar
y la
ndfo
rms
may
als
o b
e re
cord
ed.
48G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Imag
es
Ph
otos
D
escr
iptio
n—P
hoto
s of
the
site
are
tak
en a
nd s
tore
d e
lect
roni
-ca
lly. P
hoto
s he
lp t
o vi
sual
ize
the
site
, to
com
par
e on
e si
te t
o an
othe
r, a
nd t
o re
cord
cha
nge
over
tim
e.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
A b
rief d
escr
iptio
n of
met
hod
s fo
r p
hoto
poi
nt m
onito
ring
is p
rese
nted
her
e, w
hile
mor
e d
etai
led
in
stru
ctio
ns c
an b
e fo
und
in t
he F
ores
t S
ervi
ce, P
acifi
c N
orth
wes
t R
esea
rch
Sta
tion
pub
licat
ion
Pho
to P
oint
Mon
itorin
g H
and
boo
k (H
all 2
001)
. One
pho
to c
an r
epre
sent
mul
tiple
poi
nts,
as
long
as
they
are
all
note
d.
Not
e: P
hoto
poi
nts
can
be c
aptu
red
in a
GP
S a
nd m
arke
d as
suc
h.
The
digi
tal i
mag
e ca
n be
sto
red
with
that
poi
nt lo
catio
n an
d vi
ewed
by
sim
ply
clic
king
on
a po
int w
ithin
a G
IS p
roje
ct fi
le.
Inst
ruct
ions
for
pho
tos—
• R
ecor
d t
he d
ista
nce
from
cam
era
to p
hoto
poi
nt (s
o th
at
the
sam
e d
ista
nce
can
be
used
in t
he fu
ture
whe
n th
e p
hoto
p
oint
s ar
e re
pea
ted
)—
�Th
ere
are
two
way
s to
ach
ieve
thi
s:
�
Alw
ays
take
pho
tos
a se
t d
ista
nce
from
an
obje
ct in
the
p
hoto
, suc
h as
a m
easu
ring
staf
f (or
fold
ing
2-m
eter
b
oard
).
or �
For
each
pho
to, r
ecor
d t
he d
ista
nce
from
the
cam
era
to
an o
bje
ct in
the
pho
to, s
uch
as a
mea
surin
g st
aff.
• H
eigh
t of
cam
era—
�A
lway
s ta
ke t
he p
hoto
at
a he
ight
of 1
.5 m
eter
s ab
ove
the
grou
nd.
• Li
ght
and
tim
e of
day
—
�If
pos
sib
le, t
ake
pho
tos
in t
he m
idd
le o
f the
day
rat
her
than
ea
rly in
the
mor
ning
or
late
in t
he a
fter
noon
.
�If
pos
sib
le, d
o no
t ta
ke p
hoto
s lo
okin
g in
to t
he s
un.
49G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• P
hoto
iden
tifica
tion
boa
rd/c
ard
/she
et—
�In
eac
h p
hoto
(top
cor
ner
is r
ecom
men
ded
) inc
lud
e so
me-
thin
g (b
oard
, car
d, o
r sh
eet)
with
the
follo
win
g in
form
atio
n w
ritte
n on
it:
�
Site
ID.
�
Pho
to n
umb
er.
�
Dat
e.
• N
ote
the
follo
win
g on
a p
hoto
form
:
�In
fo fr
om p
hoto
iden
tifica
tion
card
(Site
ID, p
hoto
num
ber
, d
ate)
.
�W
hat
is in
the
pho
togr
aphe
d s
cene
.
�D
ista
nce
from
cam
era
to o
bje
ct in
pho
to.
�O
rient
atio
n of
cam
era
(com
pas
s b
earin
g).
�Ti
me
of d
ay.
�W
eath
er.
• To
imp
rove
com
par
abili
ty fo
r re
pho
togr
aphy
, tak
e p
hoto
s as
cl
ose
as p
ossi
ble
to
the
time
and
dat
e of
the
pre
viou
s p
hoto
s.
Take
pho
tos
for
the
follo
win
g lo
catio
ns (s
ome
pho
tos
may
ser
ve
mor
e th
an o
ne p
urp
ose,
as
long
as
each
is n
oted
):
�
Ref
eren
ce p
oint
(defi
ned
pre
viou
sly)
.
�
Cen
ter
of s
ite.
�
Wat
er m
easu
rem
ent
loca
tions
.
�
Soi
l cor
e lo
catio
ns.
�
Sp
ring
sour
ce (i
f ap
plic
able
).
�
For
sprin
gs w
ith o
utflo
w c
hann
els—
�Lo
okin
g d
owns
trea
m, s
tand
ing
at/n
ear
sour
ce.
�Lo
okin
g up
stre
am (o
r up
hill)
, sta
ndin
g at
/nea
r so
urce
.
�
Ove
rvie
w, f
rom
a h
ill (i
f pos
sib
le).
50G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Sit
e S
ketc
h M
apD
escr
iptio
n—Th
is is
a h
and
ske
tch
of t
he s
ite t
hat
incl
udes
sa
mp
le lo
catio
ns, i
mp
orta
nt fe
atur
es, e
tc. T
he s
ketc
h m
ap is
us
eful
for
und
erst
and
ing
the
site
and
to
faci
litat
e re
loca
ting
the
site
on
retu
rn v
isits
. The
ske
tch
is a
lso
usef
ul w
here
GD
E s
ites
may
be
clos
e to
one
ano
ther
and
map
/GP
S c
oord
inat
es w
eakl
y d
escr
ibe
the
rela
tive
loca
tion
of s
amp
le s
ites.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Dra
w a
ske
tch
(han
d-d
raw
n m
ap
or e
lect
roni
c) o
f the
site
(see
exa
mp
le in
figu
re 4
). O
ne w
ay t
o d
o th
is is
to
use
an a
eria
l pho
to t
o tr
ace
the
bou
ndar
y of
the
GD
E
onto
a b
lank
pag
e th
at t
hen
bec
omes
the
ske
tch
of t
he s
ite.
Gra
ph
pap
er is
use
ful f
or d
raw
ing
the
sket
ch m
ap, u
sing
the
line
s as
kno
wn
dis
tanc
es. T
he it
ems
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
shou
ld b
e ca
ptu
red
and
doc
umen
ted
on
the
sket
ch m
ap fo
r ea
ch s
ite.
�
Ref
eren
ce p
oint
(des
crib
ed p
revi
ousl
y).
�
Ap
pro
xim
ate
loca
tions
/dim
ensi
ons
of m
ajor
geo
mor
phi
c su
rfac
es.
�
Sp
rings
—
�S
prin
g so
urce
.
�C
hann
el lo
catio
ns.
�S
truc
ture
s in
clud
ing
sprin
g b
oxes
, tro
ughs
, and
pip
elin
es.
�P
ool l
ocat
ion,
if li
mno
cren
e.
�
Are
as o
f sta
ndin
g w
ater
(ind
icat
e d
eep
est
par
t).
�
Loca
tion
of m
easu
rem
ents
—
�S
oil h
oles
.
�W
ater
tab
le m
easu
rem
ent
loca
tions
.
�W
ells
/pie
zom
eter
s.
�W
ater
qua
lity
sam
ple
s.
�
Str
uctu
res
or o
ther
man
-mad
e fe
atur
es, s
uch
as r
oad
s, in
or
adja
cent
to
GD
E.
�
Ind
icat
ion
of n
orth
(tru
e re
com
men
ded
, or
mag
netic
).
51G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
�
Ind
icat
ion
of s
cale
.
�
Bou
ndar
ies
of G
DE
, or
the
del
inea
tion
of t
he a
rea
sam
ple
d if
on
ly a
por
tion
of t
he s
ite w
as s
amp
led
(the
site
was
div
ided
).
Figu
re 4
.—S
ite s
ketc
h m
ap e
xam
ple.
52G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Unu
sual
Sit
es
At
site
s on
wal
ls, s
uch
as g
ushe
ts a
nd h
angi
ng g
ard
ens,
rec
ord
w
hate
ver
info
rmat
ion
can
be
obse
rved
from
a s
afe
dis
tanc
e.
Oth
er s
ugge
stio
ns in
clud
e—
• Ta
ke p
ictu
res.
• U
se b
inoc
ular
s.
• U
se a
ran
ge fi
nder
.
Veg
etat
ion
Onl
y ve
ry g
ener
al in
form
atio
n ab
out
vege
tatio
n is
rec
ord
ed in
thi
s Le
vel I
fiel
d g
uid
e. If
qua
ntita
tive
dat
a ab
out
vege
tatio
n is
des
ired
th
en t
he L
evel
II fi
eld
gui
de
shou
ld b
e us
ed.
Su
rrou
nd
ing
Veg
etat
ion
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
gen
eral
des
crip
tion
of t
he v
eget
atio
n (g
ener
ally
up
land
) im
med
iate
ly s
urro
und
ing
the
grou
ndw
ater
d
epen
den
t ec
osys
tem
, as
fore
sted
, shr
ubla
nd, o
r he
rbac
eous
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Ind
icat
e th
e ty
pe
of v
eget
atio
n th
at is
in t
he a
rea
imm
edia
tely
sur
roun
din
g th
e G
DE
site
usi
ng t
he
follo
win
g lis
t of
phy
siog
nom
ic o
rder
s fr
om t
he N
atio
nal V
eget
a-tio
n C
lass
ifica
tion
Sta
ndar
ds
(NV
CS
) as
des
crib
ed in
Bro
hman
an
d B
ryan
t (2
005)
.
• T
ree
do
min
ated
—A
reas
whe
re t
ree
life
form
(see
gro
wth
ha
bit
at N
RC
S P
LAN
TS d
atab
ase
at h
ttp
://p
lant
s.us
da.
gov/
) ha
s at
leas
t 10
per
cent
cov
er in
the
up
per
mos
t st
rata
dur
ing
the
pea
k gr
owin
g se
ason
.
• S
hrub
do
min
ated
—A
reas
whe
re s
hrub
and
/or
sub
shru
b li
fe
form
s ar
e at
leas
t 10
per
cent
cov
er in
the
up
per
mos
t st
rata
.
• H
erb
aceo
us/n
onv
ascu
lar
do
min
ated
—A
reas
whe
re h
erb
a-ce
ous
and
/or
nonv
ascu
lar
life
form
s ar
e at
leas
t 10
per
cent
co
ver
in t
he u
pp
erm
ost
stra
ta.
• N
o d
om
inan
t ve
get
atio
n ty
pe—
Are
as w
here
veg
etat
ion
cove
r is
at
leas
t 1
per
cent
, but
the
are
a d
oes
not
clas
sify
as
tree
, shr
ub, o
r or
der
her
bac
eous
/non
vasc
ular
dom
inat
ed.
53G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• N
onv
eget
ated
—N
onve
geta
ted
ord
er u
sual
ly a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
open
wat
er o
r la
nd-u
se-d
omin
ated
, hum
an-m
odifi
ed la
nd,
such
as
heav
y in
dus
tria
l, co
mm
erci
al, a
nd t
rans
por
tatio
n fa
cilit
ies.
Dom
inan
t Li
fe F
orm
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
ran
king
of t
he li
fe fo
rms
with
the
gre
ates
t ca
nop
y co
ver
in t
he G
DE
site
. The
cov
er fo
r a
life
form
is t
he t
otal
ar
ea c
over
ed b
y al
l sp
ecie
s of
tha
t lif
e fo
rm.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Ran
k th
e d
omin
ant
life
form
s of
p
lant
s ro
oted
in t
he G
DE
usi
ng t
he c
ateg
orie
s lis
ted
bel
ow. I
t is
ap
pro
pria
te t
o ra
nk t
wo
life
form
s w
ith t
he s
ame
num
ber
if t
hey
have
the
sam
e (a
pp
roxi
mat
e) a
mou
nt o
f cov
er.
Ran
k (1
is g
reat
est
and
5 is
leas
t):
____
_ Tr
ee.
____
_ S
hrub
and
sub
shru
b.
____
_ G
ram
inoi
d.
____
_ Fo
rb/h
erb
.
____
_ B
ryop
hyte
.
____
_ A
qua
tic p
lant
s (s
ubm
erge
d o
r flo
atin
g).
____
_ U
nkno
wn.
Dom
inan
t S
pec
ies
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
list
of t
he d
omin
ant
spec
ies
with
in e
ach
life
form
. The
dom
inan
t sp
ecie
s w
ithin
a li
fe fo
rm is
the
sp
ecie
s w
ith t
he g
reat
est
cano
py
cove
r in
tha
t lif
e fo
rm.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
dom
inan
t p
lant
sp
e-ci
es fo
r ea
ch li
fe fo
rm in
the
GD
E. R
ecor
d s
cien
tific
nam
es (s
uch
as P
icea
eng
elm
anni
i) or
sym
bol
s (s
uch
as P
IEN
) tha
t ar
e lis
ted
in
the
NR
CS
PLA
NTS
dat
abas
e at
htt
p:/
/pla
nts.
usd
a.go
v/.
Sp
ecie
s of
Inte
rest
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
list
of s
pec
ies
pre
sent
at
the
site
tha
t ar
e of
inte
rest
for
man
agem
ent,
such
as
inva
sive
spe
cies
, rar
e sp
ecie
s,
or s
pec
ies
that
are
sp
ecifi
c to
GD
Es
or a
sub
set
of G
DE
s su
ch
as a
cal
ciop
hyle
, whi
ch is
a p
lant
tha
t gr
ows
wel
l in
high
-cal
cium
se
ttin
gs. A
reg
iona
l lis
t of
inva
sive
sp
ecie
s w
ould
be
help
ful,
as
wou
ld a
gui
de
to id
entif
ying
the
se s
pec
ies.
54G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
List
any
sp
ecie
s of
inte
rest
(SO
I) th
at a
re p
rese
nt a
t th
e si
te. I
n p
artic
ular
, loo
k fo
r in
vasi
ve s
pe-
cies
, rar
e sp
ecie
s, a
nd s
pec
ies
that
are
foun
d p
rimar
ily in
GD
Es
or in
a c
erta
in t
ype
of G
DE
.
Bry
oph
ytes
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
ver
y ge
nera
l mea
sure
of t
he a
bun
dan
ce
of b
yrop
hyte
s (m
osse
s, li
verw
orts
, and
hor
nwor
ts) a
t th
e si
te.
Bry
ophy
tes
can
be
imp
orta
nt c
omp
onen
ts o
f wet
land
s in
ter
ms
of e
cosy
stem
func
tioni
ng a
nd a
s in
dic
ator
s of
con
diti
on.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
gen
eral
ab
und
ance
of
bry
ophy
tes
usin
g th
e cl
asse
s lis
ted
bel
ow:
�
Non
e.
�
Min
or c
omp
onen
t.
�
Com
mon
com
pon
ent.
�
Ver
y ab
und
ant.
Pla
nt
Sp
ecim
ens
Des
crip
tion—
Pla
nt s
pec
imen
s ar
e us
eful
for
iden
tifyi
ng u
nkno
wn
spec
ies,
con
firm
ing
spec
ies
iden
tifica
tions
, pro
vid
ing
vouc
hers
, an
d h
elp
ing
with
the
tra
inin
g of
futu
re fi
eld
tec
hnic
ians
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
If on
e of
the
dom
inan
t sp
ecie
s is
not
kno
wn,
the
n a
spec
imen
sho
uld
be
colle
cted
. Sp
ecifi
c in
stru
ctio
ns fo
r p
lant
sp
ecim
en c
olle
ctio
n ar
e—
• U
se t
he 1
in 2
0 ru
le a
s a
guid
e: if
few
er t
han
20 in
div
idua
ls a
re
pre
sent
at
the
site
, do
not
colle
ct t
he p
lant
; ins
tead
, des
crib
e th
e p
lant
, the
set
ting,
and
tak
e a
pho
to.
• C
olle
ct a
s m
uch
of t
he p
lant
as
is r
easo
nab
le, i
nclu
din
g—
�Fl
ower
s or
frui
ts.
�B
elow
grou
nd p
arts
, to
show
whe
ther
it h
as a
cau
dex
, tap
ro
ot, r
hizo
mes
, etc
. Cle
an d
irt fr
om t
he r
oots
.
�Fo
r w
ood
y p
lant
s, c
olle
ct a
por
tion
of a
bra
nch
with
leav
es
and
flow
ers/
frui
ts/c
ones
.
�Tw
o p
iece
s (s
tem
s or
bra
nche
s).
55G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• C
omp
lete
a la
bel
(ap
pen
dix
9) f
or e
ach
spec
imen
with
the
fo
llow
ing:
pla
nt (o
r un
know
n nu
mb
er),
colle
ctio
n nu
mb
er, d
ate,
si
te n
ame,
pro
ject
/uni
t, c
olle
ctor
, ans
wer
s to
que
stio
ns a
bou
t th
e p
lant
.
• E
nvel
opes
wor
k w
ell f
or s
mal
l pla
nts
and
see
ds.
• P
ress
the
sp
ecim
en in
a p
lant
pre
ss a
s so
on a
s p
ossi
ble
, with
th
e la
bel
incl
uded
.
• A
ir ou
t sp
ecim
ens
so t
hey
do
not
get
mol
dy.
• Li
st a
ll co
llect
ed s
pec
imen
s on
a s
heet
or
note
boo
k.
• M
ake
sure
tha
t an
y ot
her
dat
a co
llect
ors
at t
he s
ite u
se t
he
sam
e un
know
n nu
mb
ers
for
the
sam
e p
lant
s.
An
exp
erie
nced
bot
anis
t sh
ould
iden
tify
thes
e sp
ecim
ens
late
r,
and
tha
t id
entifi
catio
n ca
n b
e en
tere
d in
to t
he d
atab
ase
in p
lace
of
“un
know
n.”
So
il
Ref
er t
o th
e so
ils m
ap t
o ge
t an
idea
of t
he r
ange
of e
xpec
ted
so
ils a
nd w
heth
er t
he m
app
ed s
oils
are
con
sist
ent
with
the
soi
ls
obse
rved
at
the
site
.
A s
ingl
e so
il sa
mp
le is
tak
en t
o ge
t a
gene
ral i
dea
of t
he a
mou
nt
of o
rgan
ic m
ater
ial a
nd w
etla
nd s
oil f
eatu
res
pre
sent
. Thi
s sa
mp
le
is g
ener
ally
tak
en fr
om t
he c
ente
r of
the
site
.
Thes
e so
il sa
mp
ling
met
hod
s ar
e ge
nera
lized
from
US
DA
NR
CS
(2
006)
and
Sch
oene
ber
ger
et a
l. (2
002)
and
are
inte
nded
to
give
a
gene
ral c
hara
cter
izat
ion
of t
he s
oils
and
focu
s m
ainl
y on
the
leve
l an
d d
urat
ion
of s
atur
atio
n. In
form
atio
n on
the
soi
l pro
file
give
s an
in
dic
atio
n of
the
am
ount
of p
eat
dev
elop
men
t an
d p
eat
text
ure,
th
e d
egre
e of
wat
er t
able
fluc
tuat
ion,
and
som
e in
dic
atio
n of
the
un
der
lyin
g aq
uife
r m
ater
ials
. Thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e is
not
inte
nded
for
soil
map
pin
g p
urp
oses
or
to g
ener
ate
rigor
ous
char
acte
rizat
ions
of
soi
l pro
files
for
the
entir
e w
etla
nd s
ite. M
etho
ds
here
sho
uld
no
t b
e us
ed w
hen
regu
lato
ry o
r ju
risd
ictio
nal r
equi
rem
ents
mus
t b
e m
et.
Ther
e ar
e va
rious
way
s to
tak
e so
il sa
mp
les,
suc
h as
with
a s
oil
shov
el (s
harp
shoo
ter)
, an
auge
r (to
ext
ract
a c
ore)
, or
a so
il p
ush
p
rob
e. A
tec
hniq
ue t
hat
min
imiz
es d
istu
rban
ces
is r
ecom
men
ded
.
56G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
If an
aug
er is
use
d, s
oil t
extu
re s
houl
d in
fluen
ce t
he s
ize
of a
uger
to
be
used
. Wat
er t
able
ele
vatio
ns m
ay a
lso
be
reco
rded
in t
he
soil
hole
s an
d t
hese
loca
tions
wou
ld a
lso
be
logi
cal l
ocat
ions
for
pie
zom
eter
s or
min
ipie
zom
eter
s sh
ould
long
-ter
m w
ater
tab
le
mon
itorin
g b
e ne
cess
ary
(see
Hyd
rolo
gy s
ectio
n). T
he d
epth
of
the
soil
sam
ple
sho
uld
be
abou
t 50
cen
timet
ers
to 1
met
er, i
f p
ossi
ble
. Ad
vanc
emen
t of
the
hol
e ca
n st
op w
hen
a to
tal o
f 40
cent
imet
ers
of o
rgan
ic s
oil i
s m
easu
red
.
Wet
soi
ls a
nd s
tand
ing
wat
er a
re m
ore
diffi
cult
for
soil
sam
plin
g,
but
in m
any
inst
ance
s, it
can
be
acco
mp
lishe
d if
the
wat
er is
no
t to
o d
eep
. Sam
plin
g so
ils a
t sp
rings
is n
ot n
eces
sary
if o
nly
a m
iner
al s
ubst
rate
exi
sts;
how
ever
, if o
rgan
ic s
oil e
xist
s at
a
sprin
g, t
hen
soil
info
rmat
ion
shou
ld b
e re
cord
ed. T
he fo
llow
ing
list
des
crib
es s
ome
reas
ons
why
soi
ls in
form
atio
n m
ight
not
be
colle
cted
:
• S
mal
l site
, whe
re s
amp
ling
is c
onsi
der
ed t
oo d
estr
uctiv
e.
• Th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
pla
nt o
r an
imal
sp
ecie
s p
rese
nt a
t th
e si
te.
• G
rave
l, co
bb
le, o
r b
ould
er s
ubst
rate
.
• D
eep
wat
er.
• Fr
ozen
gro
und
.
An
Eq
uip
men
t Li
st fo
r so
il d
ata
colle
ctio
n is
in a
pp
end
ix 6
.
Loca
tion
of
Soi
l Sam
ple
D
escr
iptio
n—Th
is is
the
loca
tion
with
in t
he s
ite w
here
soi
l in
form
atio
n is
col
lect
ed.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
loca
tion
of t
he s
oil
sam
ple
as
one
of t
he fo
llow
ing:
�
Cen
ter
of s
ite.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
�
Not
tak
en b
ecau
se o
f (ci
rcle
one
): se
nsiti
ve s
ite, r
ocky
sub
-st
rate
, dee
p w
ater
, or
froz
en g
roun
d.
57G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Met
hod
of
Ext
ract
ing
Soi
lD
escr
iptio
n—Th
is is
the
met
hod
or
tool
use
d t
o ex
trac
t an
d
obse
rve
soil.
Whe
n an
alyz
ing
soil
info
rmat
ion
for
the
site
, thi
s w
ill
pro
vid
e th
e le
vel o
f rel
iab
ility
in t
he d
ata
colle
ctio
n ef
fort
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
one
of t
he fo
llow
ing
for
each
hol
e or
cor
e:
• C
ore/
auge
r.
• P
ush
pro
be.
• S
hove
l.
• O
ther
:___
____
__.
Dep
th o
f P
eat
or M
uck
D
escr
iptio
n—O
rgan
ic s
oils
dev
elop
und
er s
atur
ated
(wat
er-
logg
ed) c
ond
ition
s th
at p
reve
nt d
ecom
pos
ition
. His
toso
ls, h
istic
ep
iped
on, a
nd t
he p
rese
nce
of fi
bric
soi
l mat
eria
l (p
eat),
hem
ic
soil
mat
eria
l (m
ucky
pea
t), a
nd s
apric
soi
l mat
eria
l (m
uck)
are
co
nsid
ered
the
max
imum
exp
ress
ion
of a
naer
obio
sis
and
are
in
terp
rete
d a
s in
dic
ator
s of
ext
rem
ely
long
-ter
m s
atur
atio
n.
Org
anic
soi
l mat
eria
ls h
ave
orga
nic
carb
on c
onte
nt (b
y w
eigh
t) of
12
to
18 p
erce
nt o
r m
ore,
dep
end
ing
on t
he c
lay
cont
ent
of t
he
soil.
Lab
orat
ory
anal
ysis
of o
rgan
ic c
arb
on c
onte
nt c
an b
e d
one
if ne
eded
to
resp
ond
to
spec
ific
man
agem
ent
que
stio
ns.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
dep
th w
here
the
p
eat,
muc
ky p
eat,
and
muc
k la
yers
beg
in a
nd e
nd in
the
firs
t 80
ce
ntim
eter
s. T
he d
efini
tions
for
the
diff
eren
t or
gani
c la
yers
to
reco
rd a
re li
sted
bel
ow:
1. P
eat
(fib
ric)—
Und
ecom
pos
ed o
r w
eakl
y d
ecom
pos
ed o
rgan
ic
mat
eria
l; p
lant
rem
ains
are
dis
tinct
and
iden
tifiab
le; y
ield
s cl
ear
to w
eakl
y tu
rbid
wat
er; n
o p
eat
esca
pes
bet
wee
n fin
gers
.
2. M
ucky
pea
t (h
emic
)—M
oder
atel
y to
wel
l-d
ecom
pos
ed o
rgan
ic
mat
eria
l; p
lant
rem
ains
rec
ogni
zab
le b
ut m
ay b
e ra
ther
ind
is-
tinct
and
diffi
cult
to id
entif
y; y
ield
s st
rong
ly t
urb
id t
o m
udd
y w
ater
; am
ount
of p
eat
esca
pin
g b
etw
een
finge
rs r
ange
s fr
om
none
up
to
one-
third
; res
idue
is p
asty
.
3. M
uck
(sap
ric)—
Str
ongl
y to
com
ple
tely
dec
omp
osed
org
anic
m
ater
ial;
pla
nt r
emai
ns in
dis
tinct
to
unre
cogn
izab
le; a
mou
nts
58G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
rang
ing
from
ab
out
one-
half
to a
ll es
cap
e b
etw
een
finge
rs;
any
resi
due
is a
lmos
t en
tirel
y re
sist
ant
rem
ains
, suc
h as
roo
t fib
ers
and
woo
d.
Dep
th t
o th
e M
iner
al L
ayer
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
mea
sure
of t
he d
epth
to
the
first
dom
i-na
ntly
min
eral
laye
r b
elow
any
org
anic
laye
r th
at m
ay b
e p
rese
nt.
If th
ere
exis
ts a
sig
nific
ant
orga
nic
laye
r, s
uch
as p
eat,
the
n th
e m
iner
al la
yer
wou
ld b
e b
elow
tha
t. If
the
re is
a s
mal
l or
none
xis-
tent
org
anic
laye
r, t
hen
this
dep
th w
ill b
e sh
allo
w.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Mea
sure
the
dep
th fr
om t
he
surf
ace
to t
he fi
rst
min
eral
laye
r (w
ould
be
zero
if n
o or
gani
c la
yer
exis
ts).
Tex
ture
of
Min
eral
Lay
erD
escr
iptio
n—Te
xtur
e d
escr
ibes
the
min
eral
par
ticle
siz
es a
nd
pro
por
tions
in a
sed
imen
t, s
uch
as c
lay,
silt
, and
san
d.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Con
duc
t a
tact
ile e
valu
atio
n of
the
so
il te
xtur
e of
the
firs
t un
der
lyin
g m
iner
al la
yer.
Col
or o
f M
iner
al L
ayer
D
escr
iptio
n—C
olor
is u
sefu
l to
und
erst
and
the
com
pos
ition
of t
he
soil
and
giv
es c
lues
ab
out
the
cond
ition
s th
e so
il is
sub
ject
ed t
o.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Des
crib
e th
e co
lor
of t
he fi
rst
und
erly
ing
min
eral
laye
r, u
sing
the
Mun
sell
colo
r sy
stem
cha
rt.
Red
oxim
orp
hic
Fea
ture
sD
escr
iptio
n—Th
e ty
pe
and
loca
tion
of r
edox
imor
phi
c fe
atur
es
with
in t
he s
oil p
rofil
e ar
e us
ed t
o in
terp
ret
the
deg
ree
of w
ater
sa
tura
tion.
Red
oxim
orp
hic
feat
ures
, a r
esul
t of
iron
(Fe)
and
m
anga
nese
(Mn)
oxi
dat
ion
and
red
uctio
n, a
re n
ot e
xpec
ted
in
orga
nic
soils
, thu
s, t
here
is n
o ne
ed t
o re
cord
red
oxim
orp
hic
feat
ures
in h
isto
sols
(40
cent
imet
ers
or m
ore
of t
he u
pp
er 8
0 ce
ntim
eter
s is
org
anic
soi
l); m
iner
al s
oils
hav
ing
a hi
stic
ep
iped
on
(sur
face
hor
izon
s of
20
cent
imet
ers
or m
ore
thic
k of
org
anic
soi
l m
ater
ial a
nd u
nder
lain
by
min
eral
soi
l mat
eria
l with
a c
hrom
a of
2
or le
ss);
or m
iner
al s
oils
hav
ing
pea
t, m
ucky
pea
t, m
uck,
or
a m
ucky
mod
ified
soi
l tex
ture
with
in 1
2 in
ches
of t
he s
urfa
ce.
59G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
For
all o
ther
soi
ls, r
edox
imor
phi
c fe
atur
es c
an in
dic
ate
the
dur
atio
n of
sat
urat
ion.
Und
er lo
ng d
urat
ion
(man
y w
eeks
to
mon
ths)
of w
ater
sat
urat
ion
and
red
uctio
n, F
e ox
ide
dep
letio
n fe
atur
es o
ccup
y th
e en
tire
grou
ndm
ass.
The
Fe
oxid
e-d
eple
ted
gr
ound
mas
s ap
pea
rs g
reye
r or
ligh
ter
in c
olor
. Sho
rt d
urat
ion
of
wat
er s
atur
atio
n or
rap
id fl
uctu
atio
n of
wat
er t
able
s re
sults
in F
e/M
n ox
ide
nod
ules
and
coa
tings
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
pre
senc
e an
d d
epth
of
the
follo
win
g fe
atur
es:
• R
edox
imor
phi
c co
ncen
trat
ions
—R
edox
con
cent
ratio
ns
incl
ude
soft
mas
ses,
por
e lin
ings
, nod
ules
, and
con
cret
ions
(s
ee g
loss
ary
for
defi
nitio
ns).
• R
edox
imor
phi
c d
eple
tions
—B
odie
s of
low
chr
oma
(2 o
r le
ss) h
avin
g va
lue
of 4
or
mor
e w
here
Fe/
Mn
oxid
es h
ave
bee
n st
ripp
ed o
r w
here
bot
h Fe
/Mn
oxid
es a
nd c
lay
have
b
een
strip
ped
, see
glo
ssar
y fo
r d
efini
tions
. Soi
ls h
avin
g an
ab
und
ance
of g
leye
d m
ater
ial a
re s
atur
ated
for
long
dur
atio
n re
sulti
ng in
tho
roug
h re
duc
tion
of ir
on t
o Fe
+2
(ferr
ous
iron)
. It
is t
he p
rese
nce
of fe
rrou
s iro
n th
at is
res
pon
sib
le fo
r th
e gr
eeni
sh c
olor
s of
gle
y. A
n ab
senc
e of
iron
con
cent
ratio
ns
with
in a
gle
yed
zon
e in
dic
ates
a s
tab
le r
educ
ing
envi
ronm
ent
and
tha
t p
erio
dic
, or
seas
onal
, fluc
tuat
ion
of s
oil s
atur
atio
n d
oes
not
occu
r at
tha
t d
epth
.
• R
educ
ed m
atric
es—
A s
oil m
atrix
tha
t ha
s lo
w c
hrom
a an
d
high
val
ue, b
ut in
whi
ch t
he c
olor
cha
nges
in h
ue o
r ch
rom
a w
hen
the
soil
is e
xpos
ed t
o ai
r. T
he c
olor
cha
nge
shou
ld
occu
r w
ithin
30
min
utes
.
• P
rese
nce
of b
og ir
on—
A la
rge
scal
e re
dox
imor
phi
c fe
atur
e ob
serv
ed in
are
as w
here
gro
und
wat
er r
ich
in r
educ
ed F
e m
oves
to
a m
ore
oxid
izin
g en
viro
nmen
t.
Not
e: In
soi
ls d
eriv
ed fr
om d
ark
pare
nt m
ater
ials
(val
ue 4
or
less
, ch
rom
a 2
or le
ss),
redo
xim
orph
ic fe
atur
es m
ay b
e di
fficu
lt if
not
impo
ssib
le to
rec
ogni
ze in
the
field
.
Hyd
rog
en S
ulfi
de
Od
orD
escr
iptio
n—A
“ro
tten
-egg
sm
ell”
ind
icat
es t
hat
sulfa
te is
bei
ng
red
uced
, and
the
refo
re t
he s
oil i
s an
aero
bic
. In
mos
t hy
dric
soi
ls,
the
hyd
roge
n su
lfid
ic o
dor
occ
urs
only
whe
n th
e so
il is
sat
urat
ed
and
ana
erob
ic.
60G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
whe
ther
or
not
the
odor
is
det
ecte
d a
s th
e ho
le is
dug
and
the
soi
l is
rem
oved
.
Rea
ctio
n T
o D
ilute
HC
LD
escr
iptio
n—A
car
bon
ate
reac
tion
can
help
iden
tify
syst
ems
sup
por
ted
by
calc
areo
us a
qui
fers
. Thi
s is
a m
easu
re t
hat
is u
sefu
l fo
r id
entif
ying
ric
h fe
ns.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Aci
d is
ap
plie
d d
irect
ly t
o th
e so
il sp
ecim
en. A
pos
itive
rea
ctio
n co
nfirm
s th
e p
rese
nce
of
carb
onat
es. T
he c
arb
onat
es m
ay b
e p
rimar
y, s
econ
dar
y, o
r b
oth.
Car
bon
ates
incl
udin
g d
olom
ite in
soi
l can
be
inhe
rited
from
p
aren
t m
ater
ial a
nd o
ccur
in t
he fr
actio
n le
ss t
han
2 m
illim
eter
s in
siz
e. T
he s
pec
imen
can
be
pla
ced
in a
sp
ot p
late
and
giv
en
time
(1 t
o 2
min
utes
) to
reac
t. D
olom
itic
carb
onat
es r
eact
slo
wly
; th
e re
actio
n ca
n b
e ea
sily
ove
rlook
ed. C
arb
onat
es m
ay o
ccur
in
sp
ecifi
c lo
catio
ns, s
uch
as a
long
face
s of
ped
s. A
num
ber
of
spec
imen
s an
d lo
catio
ns s
houl
d b
e te
sted
. Dol
omiti
c ca
rbon
ates
or
sp
ecim
ens
with
a lo
w c
onte
nt o
f car
bon
ates
may
be
mor
e ea
sily
rec
ogni
zed
with
aci
d c
once
ntra
tions
gre
ater
tha
n 1
met
er.
Dep
th o
f H
ole
Des
crip
tion—
This
is t
he m
axim
um d
epth
of t
he h
ole
that
was
d
ug fo
r so
ils d
ata
colle
ctio
n.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Mea
sure
the
dep
th o
f the
pit
or
bor
ehol
e fr
om t
he s
urfa
ce t
o th
e b
otto
m o
f the
hol
e.
Fen
Ch
arac
teri
stic
sD
escr
iptio
n—Th
is is
a s
earc
h fo
r ar
eas
with
fen
char
acte
ristic
s w
ithin
the
site
. Fen
s ar
e gr
ound
wat
er-i
nflue
nced
pea
tland
s w
ith
high
wat
er t
able
s. T
he c
onsi
sten
tly h
igh
wat
er t
able
cre
ates
an-
aero
bic
con
diti
ons
that
slo
w d
ecom
pos
ition
, whi
ch le
ads
to t
he
dev
elop
men
t of
pea
t or
muc
k, w
hich
is p
lant
mat
eria
l in
vario
us
stag
es o
f dec
omp
ositi
on (M
itsch
and
Gos
selin
k 20
07).
For
pur
pos
es o
f thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e, w
e ar
e fir
st lo
okin
g fo
r ar
eas
with
ac
cum
ulat
ions
of p
eat o
r m
uck
(sup
port
ed b
y gr
ound
wat
er),
whi
ch
we
call
“fen
cha
ract
eris
tics,
” an
d se
cond
arily
whe
ther
the
soil
mee
ts
the
U.S
. Fis
h an
d W
ildlif
e S
ervi
ce’s
(199
9) d
efini
tion
of a
fen.
In s
ome
area
s of
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
fens
hav
e sp
ecia
l des
igna
tion
and
pro
tect
ion
(US
FWS
199
9), a
nd t
he F
ores
t S
ervi
ce m
ay w
ish
61G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
to c
ateg
oriz
e w
etla
nds
as fe
n or
non
fen
wet
land
s. C
omm
on
crite
ria a
nd t
he U
.S. F
ish
and
Wild
life
Ser
vice
’s (1
999)
defi
nitio
n us
ed t
o cl
assi
fy a
wet
land
as
a fe
n ar
e (1
) the
wet
land
is p
rimar
ily
sup
por
ted
by
grou
ndw
ater
, and
(2) t
he w
etla
nd h
as o
rgan
ic
soils
mee
ting
the
US
DA
NR
CS
(201
0) d
efini
tion
of a
his
toso
l or
a hi
stic
ep
iped
on in
at
leas
t so
me
par
t of
the
con
tiguo
us w
etla
nd
(see
box
3).
US
DA
NR
CS
(201
0) a
lso
stat
es t
he fo
llow
ing:
“It
is
a ge
nera
l rul
e th
at a
soi
l is
clas
sifie
d a
s an
org
anic
soi
l (hi
stos
ol
or h
iste
l) if
mor
e th
an o
ne-h
alf o
f the
up
per
80
cent
imet
ers
(32
inch
es) o
f the
soi
l is
orga
nic
or if
org
anic
soi
l mat
eria
l of a
ny
thic
knes
s re
sts
on r
ock
or o
n fr
agm
enta
l mat
eria
l hav
ing
inte
r-st
ices
fille
d w
ith o
rgan
ic m
ater
ials
.”
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
If a
fen
(gro
und
wat
er-i
nflue
nced
p
eatla
nd) w
as e
ncou
nter
ed d
urin
g th
e sy
stem
atic
sam
plin
g,
then
rec
ord
“ye
s” t
o th
e fo
llow
ing
fen
char
acte
ristic
s q
uest
ion
and
use
the
soi
ls d
ata
to d
eter
min
e if
it m
eets
the
U.S
. Fis
h an
d
Wild
life
Ser
vice
’s (1
999)
defi
nitio
n of
a fe
n; n
o fu
rthe
r se
arch
ing
is
nece
ssar
y.
If fe
n ch
arac
teris
tics
have
not
bee
n ob
serv
ed d
urin
g th
e si
te v
isit,
th
en d
o a
fen
sear
ch b
y sy
stem
atic
ally
wal
king
thr
ough
the
site
. Th
e ob
ject
ive
is n
ot t
o fin
d a
ll fe
n ar
eas
at t
he s
ite, b
ut t
o d
eter
-m
ine
if an
y fe
n ar
eas
exis
t at
the
site
. Whi
le d
oing
the
sea
rch,
pay
p
artic
ular
att
entio
n to
the
wet
test
are
as, w
here
gro
und
wat
er is
at
or n
ear
the
surf
ace
for
exte
nded
per
iod
s. S
pec
ific
char
acte
ristic
s so
met
imes
(but
not
alw
ays)
ass
ocia
ted
with
fens
are
—
• W
et o
r so
ggy
cond
ition
s.
• A
bun
dan
t m
osse
s.
• S
oft
or s
pon
gy s
urfa
ce t
hat
bou
nces
or
shak
es w
hen
wal
ked
on
.
• H
erb
aceo
us v
eget
atio
n of
ob
ligat
e w
etla
nd s
pec
ies
(defi
ned
in
the
Glo
ssar
y un
der
“w
etla
nd in
dic
ator
sta
tus”
).
�A
list
of f
en in
dica
tor s
peci
es o
r “pe
at fo
rmin
g” s
peci
es w
ould
b
e he
lpfu
l, b
ut t
hey
do
not
exis
t fo
r al
l are
as. O
ne e
xam
ple
of
a fe
n in
dic
ator
sp
ecie
s lis
t fo
r C
alifo
rnia
(Reg
ion
5) is
in
app
end
ix B
of W
eixe
lman
and
Coo
per
(200
9).
• P
atte
rn o
f str
ing
and
flar
k m
icro
top
ogra
phy
(hum
moc
k rid
ges
and
hol
low
s).
62G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
If so
me
of t
he p
revi
ous
char
acte
ristic
s ar
e en
coun
tere
d in
a
par
ticul
ar a
rea
of a
site
, the
n ev
alua
te t
he s
oil i
n th
at a
rea
as a
ta
rget
site
(usi
ng m
etho
ds
des
crib
ed in
thi
s S
oils
sec
tion)
to
look
fo
r p
eat
or m
uck.
Rec
ord
whe
ther
or
not
fen
char
acte
ristic
s w
ere
obse
rved
.
Yes
, fen
cha
ract
eris
tics
wer
e ob
serv
ed a
t th
e si
te, w
hich
in
clud
e—
• G
roun
dw
ater
influ
ence
d.
• H
igh
wat
er t
able
.
• P
eat
or m
uck
pre
sent
.
No,
fen
char
acte
ristic
s w
ere
not
obse
rved
at
the
site
.
• In
ad
diti
on t
o th
e ab
senc
e of
the
pre
viou
s ch
arac
teris
tics
of fe
ns, o
ther
clu
es in
dic
atin
g th
at it
is p
rob
ably
not
a fe
n in
clud
e re
dox
imor
phi
c fe
atur
es o
r ro
ck (c
obb
le o
r la
rger
) on
gro
und
sur
face
. Are
as in
fluen
ced
by
bea
ver
activ
ity m
ay
app
ear
like
a fe
n, b
ut m
ay n
ot a
ctua
lly b
e a
fen.
Als
o an
swer
whe
ther
the
site
s ha
s so
il th
at m
eets
the
US
DA
N
RC
S (2
010)
defi
nitio
ns o
f a h
isto
sol o
r hi
stic
ep
iped
on:
�
Yes
, his
toso
l or
hist
ic e
pip
edon
ob
serv
ed a
t th
e si
te.
�
No,
his
toso
l or
hist
ic e
pip
edon
not
ob
serv
ed a
t th
e si
te.
Cla
ssify
ing
Org
anic
Soi
ls
The
“Key
s to
Soi
l Tax
onom
y” (U
SD
A N
RC
S 2
010)
requ
ires
that
hi
stos
ols
have
org
anic
soi
l mat
eria
ls th
at m
eet o
ne o
r mor
e of
the
follo
win
g:
1. O
verli
e ci
nder
y, fr
agm
enta
l, or
pum
iceo
us m
ater
ials
and
/or fi
ll th
eir
inte
rstic
es a
nd d
irect
ly b
elow
thes
e m
ater
ials
hav
e a
dens
ic, l
ithic
, or
par
alith
ic c
onta
ct.
2. W
hen
adde
d w
ith th
e un
derly
ing
cind
ery,
frag
men
tal,
or p
umi-
ceou
s m
ater
ials
, tot
al 4
0 ce
ntim
eter
s (c
m) o
r mor
e be
twee
n th
e so
il su
rface
and
a d
epth
of 5
0 cm
.
3. C
onst
itute
two-
third
s or
mor
e of
the
tota
l thi
ckne
ss o
f the
soi
l to
a
dens
ic, l
ithic
, or p
aral
ithic
con
tact
and
hav
e no
min
eral
hor
izon
s or
hav
e m
iner
al h
oriz
ons
with
a to
tal t
hick
ness
of 1
0 cm
or l
ess.
Bo
x 3
63G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Bo
x 3
(co
ntin
ued
)
4. A
re s
atur
ated
with
wat
er fo
r 30
days
or m
ore
per y
ear i
n no
rmal
ye
ars
(or a
re a
rtific
ially
dra
ined
), ha
ve a
n up
per b
ound
ary
with
in
40 c
m o
f the
soi
l sur
face
, and
hav
e a
tota
l thi
ckne
ss o
f eith
er—
a.
60 c
m o
r mor
e if
thre
e-fo
urth
s or
mor
e of
thei
r vol
ume
cons
ists
of
mos
s fib
ers
or if
thei
r bul
k de
nsity
, moi
st, i
s le
ss th
an 0
.1 g
/cm
3 .
b. 4
0 cm
or m
ore
if th
ey c
onsi
st e
ither
of s
apric
or h
emic
m
ater
ials
, or o
f fibr
ic m
ater
ials
with
less
than
thre
e-fo
urth
s (b
y vo
lum
e) m
oss
fiber
s an
d a
bulk
den
sity
, moi
st, o
f 0.1
g/c
m3
or
mor
e.
5. A
re 8
0 pe
rcen
t or m
ore,
by
volu
me,
from
the
soil
surfa
ce to
a
dept
h of
50
cm o
r to
a gl
acic
laye
r or a
den
sic,
lith
ic, o
r par
alith
ic
cont
act,
whi
chev
er is
sha
llow
est.
The
“Key
s to
Soi
l Tax
onom
y” (U
SD
A N
RC
S 2
010)
defi
nes
a hi
stic
ep
iped
on a
s a
laye
r (on
e or
mor
e ho
rizon
s) th
at is
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y sa
tura
tion
(for 3
0 da
ys o
r mor
e, c
umul
ativ
e) a
nd re
duct
ion
for s
ome
time
durin
g no
rmal
yea
rs (o
r is
artifi
cial
ly d
rain
ed) a
nd e
ither
:
1. C
onsi
sts
of o
rgan
ic s
oil m
ater
ial t
hat—
a.
Is 2
0 to
60
cm th
ick
and
eith
er c
onta
ins
75 p
erce
nt o
r mor
e (b
y vo
lum
e) S
phag
num
fibe
rs o
r has
a b
ulk
dens
ity, m
oist
, of
less
than
0.1
.
b. I
s 20
to 4
0 cm
thic
k.
2. I
s an
Ap
horiz
on th
at, w
hen
mix
ed to
a d
epth
of 2
5 cm
, has
an
orga
nic-
carb
on c
onte
nt (b
y w
eigh
t) of
—
a.
16 p
erce
nt o
r mor
e if
the
min
eral
frac
tion
cont
ains
60
perc
ent
or m
ore
clay
.
b. 8
per
cent
or m
ore
if th
e m
iner
al fr
actio
n co
ntai
ns n
o cl
ay.
c.
8 +
(cla
y pe
rcen
tage
div
ided
by
7.5)
per
cent
or m
ore
if th
e m
iner
al fr
actio
n co
ntai
ns le
ss th
an 6
0 pe
rcen
t cla
y.
Mos
t his
tic e
pipe
dons
con
sist
of o
rgan
ic s
oil m
ater
ial.
Item
2 p
ro-
vide
s fo
r a h
istic
epi
pedo
n th
at is
an
Ap
horiz
on c
onsi
stin
g of
min
eral
so
il m
ater
ial.
A h
istic
epi
pedo
n co
nsis
ting
of m
iner
al s
oil m
ater
ial c
an
also
be
part
of a
mol
lic o
r um
bric
epi
pedo
n.
64G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Hyd
rolo
gy
An
Eq
uip
men
t Li
st fo
r hy
dro
logi
c d
ata
colle
ctio
n is
in a
pp
end
ix 6
.
Wat
er T
able
In g
ener
al, w
ater
tab
le m
easu
rem
ents
will
be
don
e at
wet
land
s an
d n
ot a
t sp
rings
, alth
ough
exc
eptio
ns d
o oc
cur.
Wat
er t
able
d
ata
will
be
colle
cted
at
one
poi
nt, w
hich
may
be
in t
he b
oreh
oles
cr
eate
d d
urin
g so
il sa
mp
ling,
or
othe
r lo
catio
ns.
Not
e: O
ne-t
ime
wat
er ta
ble
mea
sure
men
ts g
ive
only
a g
ener
al
idea
of t
he w
ater
tabl
e fo
r a
site
. Mul
tiple
mea
sure
men
ts d
urin
g th
e se
ason
usi
ng p
iezo
met
ers
wou
ld p
rovi
de in
form
atio
n ab
out
the
varia
bilit
y (o
r se
ason
ality
) of t
he w
ater
tabl
e. M
etho
ds to
col
lect
m
ore
deta
iled
grou
ndw
ater
dat
a ar
e de
scrib
ed in
sep
arat
e te
chni
cal
note
s, w
hich
can
be
foun
d on
the
Min
eral
s an
d G
eolo
gy p
age
on
the
Fore
st S
ervi
ce W
eb s
ite: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.fs.fe
d.us
/geo
logy
.
• G
roun
dwat
er M
onito
ring
Wel
l Ins
talla
tion
in W
etla
nds.
• G
roun
dwat
er L
evel
Mea
sure
men
ts.
• A
naly
sis
of G
roun
dwat
er L
evel
Dat
a.
Loca
tion
of
Wat
er T
able
Mea
sure
men
ts
Des
crip
tion—
The
loca
tion
with
in a
wet
land
whe
re a
wat
er t
able
d
epth
mea
sure
men
t is
tak
en w
ill b
e at
eith
er a
n un
bia
sed
or
targ
eted
loca
tion.
In g
ener
al, w
ells
or
pie
zom
eter
s ar
e re
qui
red
fo
r m
eani
ngfu
l, lo
ng-t
erm
wat
er t
able
mon
itorin
g.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Est
ablis
h lo
catio
ns u
sing
one
of
thes
e m
etho
ds:
• R
and
omly
cho
sen
poi
nt (u
nbia
sed
).
• C
ente
r of
site
(unb
iase
d).
• O
ther
(tar
gete
d):_
____
____
____
___.
Sou
rce
of W
ater
Tab
le M
easu
rem
ents
Des
crip
tion—
This
ind
icat
es t
he s
ourc
e of
the
wat
er t
able
dep
th
mea
sure
men
t or
whe
re it
was
tak
en in
a w
etla
nd. T
his
help
s w
ith
inte
rpre
ting
the
wat
er t
able
dat
a.
65G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
If w
ells
are
inst
alle
d, t
he w
ater
ta
ble
mea
sure
men
ts s
houl
d b
e ta
ken
from
the
wel
ls r
athe
r th
an
from
the
soi
l cor
e b
oreh
oles
. Not
e w
hich
of t
he fo
llow
ing
sour
ces
was
use
d:
• S
oil c
ore
bor
ehol
e.
• D
epre
ssio
n.
• W
ell/p
iezo
met
er.
• O
ther
:___
____
____
____
_.
Hol
e D
epth
Des
crip
tion—
This
is t
he m
axim
um d
epth
of t
he h
ole
whe
re t
he
wat
er t
able
dat
a ar
e co
llect
ed. I
f the
soi
l hol
e is
use
d, t
hen
this
w
ill b
e th
e sa
me
valu
e en
tere
d fo
r th
e so
il ho
le d
epth
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Mea
sure
the
dep
th o
f the
pit
or
bor
ehol
e fr
om t
he s
urfa
ce t
o th
e b
otto
m o
f the
hol
e.
Wat
er T
able
Dep
th
Des
crip
tion—
This
att
ribut
e he
lps
to e
stab
lish
the
dep
th t
o w
ater
b
elow
the
gro
und
sur
face
in w
etla
nds.
It w
ould
pro
bab
ly n
ot b
e m
easu
red
at
sprin
gs t
hat
do
not
have
an
asso
ciat
ed w
etla
nd,
bec
ause
the
wat
er t
able
or
pie
zom
etric
sur
face
at
a sp
ring
is b
y d
efini
tion
at t
he s
urfa
ce.
This
att
ribut
e he
lps
pro
vid
e an
und
erst
and
ing
of c
ond
ition
s th
at
influ
ence
pla
nt s
pec
ies,
par
ticul
arly
wet
land
pla
nt s
pec
ies
that
ar
e hi
ghly
dep
end
ent
on a
sha
llow
wat
er t
able
for
surv
ival
. Sm
all
chan
ges
in w
ater
tab
le d
epth
can
cau
se c
hang
es in
wet
land
pla
nt
com
mun
ity c
omp
ositi
on.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Gro
und
wat
er d
epth
(cen
timet
er)
is m
easu
red
in t
he b
oreh
ole
from
the
soi
l cor
e or
by
auge
ring
a ho
le. T
he a
pp
rop
riate
dep
th o
f a h
ole
is s
omew
hat
site
sp
ecifi
c,
but
wou
ld t
ypic
ally
be
a 0.
5 to
1 m
eter
or
to t
he b
otto
m o
f the
p
eat
(whe
re a
pp
licab
le).
Be
awar
e th
at o
nce
the
hole
pen
etra
tes
bel
ow t
he b
otto
m o
f a p
eat
laye
r, t
he w
ater
leve
l may
ris
e in
th
e b
oreh
ole,
ind
icat
ing
arte
sian
con
diti
ons.
Pea
t la
yers
are
oc
casi
onal
ly c
onfin
ing
units
and
can
som
etim
es “
float
” on
the
un
der
lyin
g aq
uife
r. T
here
fore
, in
thos
e si
tuat
ions
, the
wat
er le
vel
mea
sure
d in
a h
ole
wou
ld r
epre
sent
the
pie
zom
etric
sur
face
of
the
hyd
roge
olog
ic u
nit
und
erly
ing
the
pea
t, w
hich
freq
uent
ly
66G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
exhi
bit
stro
ng u
pw
ard
ver
tical
hyd
raul
ic g
rad
ient
s. T
o ge
t th
e tr
ue w
ater
tab
le e
leva
tion
with
in t
he p
eat,
the
bor
ehol
e m
ust
not
pen
etra
te t
hrou
gh t
he b
ase
of t
he p
eat.
Bef
ore
mea
surin
g w
ater
tab
le d
epth
, allo
w t
ime
for
wat
er in
hol
es
to e
qui
libra
te (a
t le
ast
30 m
inut
es, b
ut p
refe
rab
ly a
few
hou
rs).
Wat
er t
able
mea
sure
men
t co
uld
be
take
n ju
st p
rior
to r
efilli
ng t
he
bor
ehol
es a
t th
e en
d o
f the
fiel
d d
ay, w
hich
wou
ld p
rovi
de
time
for
the
wat
er in
the
hol
e to
eq
uilib
rate
with
the
wat
er t
able
.
If w
ater
is a
t or
abov
e th
e su
rfac
e, th
en it
is n
ot n
eces
sary
to a
uger
a
hole
or
mea
sure
wat
er t
able
dep
th. T
he w
ater
tab
le w
ould
be
at
the
surf
ace
or a
t a
dep
th o
f zer
o.
Ste
ps
to m
easu
re w
ater
tab
le d
epth
:
• A
uger
a h
ole
app
roxi
mat
ely
0.5
to 1
met
er in
dep
th. A
hol
e ca
n al
so b
e d
ug u
sing
a s
harp
shoo
ter
shov
el a
lthou
gh t
his
crea
tes
mor
e d
istu
rban
ce t
o th
e w
etla
nd.
• A
llow
the
wat
er le
vel i
n th
e ho
le t
o eq
uilib
rate
. Mon
itor
the
wat
er le
vel d
epth
to
det
erm
ine
whe
n th
e w
ater
leve
l has
st
abili
zed
.
• La
y a
shov
el o
r si
mila
r ob
ject
acr
oss
the
top
of t
he s
oil p
it op
enin
g an
d m
easu
re fr
om t
he b
otto
m o
f thi
s ob
ject
. Rec
ord
th
e d
ista
nce
to w
ater
.
• Fo
r st
and
ing
wat
er, r
ecor
d z
ero,
whi
ch in
dic
ates
the
wat
er is
at
or
abov
e th
e gr
ound
sur
face
.
If no
wat
er r
emai
ns in
the
hol
e, e
ven
afte
r w
aitin
g fo
r a
per
iod
of
time,
the
n re
cord
it a
s “d
ry.”
Wat
er T
able
Typ
e
Des
crip
tion—
This
des
crib
es t
he t
ype
of w
ater
tab
le t
hat
exis
ts
at t
he s
ite b
ased
on
obse
rvat
ions
mad
e w
hile
mea
surin
g th
e w
ater
tab
le d
epth
. Thi
s in
form
atio
n gi
ves
insi
ght
into
the
ver
tical
gr
adie
nts
in t
he u
nder
lyin
g aq
uife
r.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Cho
ose
the
term
tha
t b
est
de-
scrib
es t
his
site
, bas
ed o
n th
e w
ater
tab
le m
easu
rem
ents
tak
en
pre
viou
sly.
• A
pp
aren
t—W
ater
leve
l sta
bili
zed
in a
fres
h un
lined
bor
ehol
e.
• A
rtes
ian—
The
stat
ic le
vel w
ithin
a c
ased
bor
ehol
e w
here
w
ater
ris
es a
bov
e an
imp
erm
eab
le la
yer
(e.g
., p
eat
laye
r)
67G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
due
to
a p
ositi
ve h
ydro
stat
ic h
ead
or
whe
re w
ater
dis
char
ges
from
an
unlin
ed b
oreh
ole.
• P
ond
ing—
Sta
ndin
g w
ater
on
top
of t
he s
oil.
• U
nkno
wn.
• O
ther
:___
____
___.
Flow
Flow
Pat
tern
s fo
r S
ite
Des
crip
tion—
This
ind
icat
es w
heth
er t
he in
flow
and
out
flow
are
su
rfac
e w
ater
, gro
und
wat
er, o
r a
com
bin
atio
n of
the
tw
o. T
his
help
s to
cha
ract
eriz
e th
e ov
eral
l wat
er b
udge
t of
the
wet
land
. The
w
ater
bud
get
of w
etla
nds
varie
s in
the
dep
end
ence
on
grou
nd-
wat
er in
flow
/out
flow
or
surf
ace
wat
er in
flow
/out
flow
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Inflo
w (s
elec
t on
e):
• D
omin
ated
by
grou
ndw
ater
inflo
w.
• D
omin
ated
by
surf
ace
wat
er in
flow
and
/or
pre
cip
itatio
n.
• S
ubst
antia
l am
ount
s of
bot
h gr
ound
wat
er a
nd s
urfa
ce w
ater
in
flow
.
Out
flow
(sel
ect
one)
:
• D
omin
ated
by
grou
ndw
ater
out
flow
.
• D
omin
ated
by
surf
ace
wat
er o
utflo
w.
• S
ubst
antia
l am
ount
s of
bot
h gr
ound
wat
er a
nd s
urfa
ce w
ater
ou
tflow
.
• D
omin
ated
by
evap
otra
nsp
iratio
n.
Occ
urr
ence
of
Su
rfac
e W
ater
Des
crib
e th
e oc
curr
ence
of s
urfa
ce w
ater
at
the
site
usi
ng o
ne o
f th
e fo
llow
ing
cate
gorie
s (m
ay s
elec
t m
ultip
le):
• N
o st
and
ing
or fl
owin
g w
ater
vis
ible
.
• P
atch
es o
f sta
ndin
g w
ater
.
• E
xten
sive
sta
ndin
g w
ater
.
• Fl
owin
g w
ater
in c
hann
els.
68G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Flow
Inst
rum
ent
Rec
ord
the
nam
e of
the
inst
rum
ent
used
to
mea
sure
flow
(or
dis
char
ge).
The
inst
rum
ent
will
var
y d
epen
din
g on
the
site
typ
e;
ther
efor
e, m
ultip
le o
ptio
ns a
re p
rese
nted
in a
pp
end
ix 1
0.
Flow
Met
hod
Rec
ord
the
met
hod
use
d t
o m
easu
re fl
ow (o
r d
isch
arge
). Th
e m
etho
d w
ill v
ary
dep
end
ing
on t
he s
ite t
ype;
the
refo
re, m
ultip
le
optio
ns a
re p
rese
nted
in a
pp
end
ix 1
0.
Flow
Rat
e
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
mea
sure
of t
he d
isch
arge
from
the
aq
uife
r to
the
sur
face
. Thi
s at
trib
ute
is m
ore
imp
orta
nt fo
r sp
rings
tha
n w
etla
nds
sup
plie
d b
y d
iffus
e d
isch
arge
. The
flow
of a
sp
ring
is
imp
orta
nt fo
r b
oth
ecol
ogic
al r
easo
ns a
nd h
uman
use
s of
the
sp
ring
wat
er. I
n m
any
case
s, t
he fl
ow o
f a s
prin
g co
rrel
ates
with
th
e ec
olog
ical
func
tions
and
val
ues
of t
he s
prin
g ha
bita
t.
Whe
re t
o m
easu
re fl
ow
—If
mea
surin
g a
sing
le c
hann
el, m
easu
re
dis
char
ge a
s cl
ose
as p
ossi
ble
to
the
sprin
g so
urce
. In
som
e si
tuat
ions
, the
re w
ill n
ot b
e a
sing
le d
istin
ct c
hann
el w
here
flow
ca
n b
e m
easu
red
, in
whi
ch c
ase
follo
w t
hese
gui
del
ines
:
• If
ther
e ar
e m
ultip
le c
hann
els,
and
if t
hey
all c
onve
rge
to
a si
ngle
cha
nnel
, mea
sure
dis
char
ge in
the
sin
gle
chan
nel
as c
lose
as
pos
sib
le t
o th
e co
nflue
nce
of a
ll of
the
mul
tiple
ch
anne
ls.
• If
ther
e ar
e m
ultip
le c
hann
els
that
do
not
conv
erge
, the
n m
easu
re fl
ow in
as
man
y ch
anne
ls a
s p
ossi
ble
. Rec
ord
eac
h m
easu
re w
ith a
n ex
pla
natio
n th
at it
is d
iffer
ent
(com
ple
tely
or
par
tially
) tha
n ot
her
mea
sure
s of
flow
at
the
site
.
• Fo
r ha
ngin
g ga
rden
s an
d w
et w
alls
, if p
ossi
ble
, tak
e a
flow
m
easu
rem
ent
at t
he b
ase
of t
he w
all w
here
flow
coa
lesc
es
into
a c
hann
el. I
f thi
s is
not
pos
sib
le, p
hoto
doc
umen
tatio
n of
th
e w
ette
d a
rea
of r
ock
face
is a
n op
tion.
• If
flow
is v
ery
diff
use
(as
in a
slo
ped
wet
land
or
seep
), th
en
flow
mea
sure
men
ts m
ay n
ot b
e p
ossi
ble
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Flow
mea
sure
men
t ap
plie
s m
ainl
y to
sp
rings
, but
can
be
app
lied
to
wet
land
s th
at h
ave
flow
ing
wat
er, s
uch
as in
an
inflo
w, a
n ou
tflow
, or
dis
tinct
cha
nnel
s.
69G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Mea
sure
the
qua
ntity
of w
ater
dis
char
ging
from
the
GD
E w
ith o
ne
of t
he m
etho
ds
liste
d in
ap
pen
dix
10,
whi
ch a
lso
des
crib
es t
he
mea
sure
men
t m
etho
ds.
Flo
w s
houl
d b
e m
easu
red
and
rec
ord
ed
mul
tiple
tim
es (t
hree
tim
es is
rec
omm
end
ed) a
t th
e sa
me
loca
tion
to in
crea
se a
ccur
acy.
Mul
tiple
mea
sure
s at
diff
eren
t lo
catio
ns
mig
ht a
lso
be
nece
ssar
y to
cap
ture
the
tot
ality
of fl
ow. R
ecor
d
and
sto
re a
ll flo
w m
easu
rem
ents
(in
the
field
and
in t
he d
atab
ase)
to
allo
w fo
r ac
cura
te a
naly
sis
of fl
ow fo
r th
e si
te.
Als
o re
cord
an
estim
ate
of t
he p
erce
nt o
f the
sur
face
dis
char
ge
that
was
cap
ture
d.
For
limno
cren
es t
hat
do
not
have
out
flow
, the
sta
tic h
ead
cha
nge
met
hod
is u
sed
. For
lim
nocr
enes
tha
t ha
ve a
n ou
tflow
, use
one
of
the
othe
r m
easu
rem
ent
tech
niq
ues
des
crib
ed p
revi
ousl
y.
If flo
w w
as n
ot m
easu
red
, the
n ex
pla
in w
hy b
y se
lect
ing
one
of
thes
e op
tions
:
�
Diff
use
outfl
ow.
�
No
outfl
ow.
�
Not
a s
prin
g.
�
Sp
ring
is d
ry.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
Not
e: It
may
be
diffi
cult
to e
stim
ate
the
disc
harg
e of
spr
ings
and
w
etla
nds
that
(1) a
re s
mal
l, (2
) hav
e w
ater
that
is s
hallo
w a
nd b
road
ly
or u
neve
nly
spre
ad o
ver
a w
ide
area
, or
(3) h
ave
limite
d m
ovin
g w
ater
. Dis
char
ge o
ften
chan
ges
thro
ugho
ut th
e da
y (b
ecau
se o
f ev
apot
rans
pira
tion)
, sea
sona
lly, o
r an
nual
ly, w
hich
dec
reas
es th
e
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
sin
gle
mea
sure
men
ts to
pre
cise
ly q
uant
ify lo
ng-t
erm
di
scha
rge
char
acte
ristic
s. H
ighl
y qu
antit
ativ
e di
scha
rge
mea
sure
men
t w
ould
be
a co
mpo
nent
of a
Lev
el II
I sur
vey.
Rec
ord
no
tes
on
flow
—M
ake
note
s on
evi
den
ce o
f rec
ent
high
d
isch
arge
s, s
uch
as h
igh
wat
er m
arks
, orie
nted
veg
etat
ion,
or
deb
ris o
n or
ab
ove
the
chan
nel o
r flo
odp
lain
.
Sp
rin
g C
han
nel
Ch
arac
teri
stic
sFo
r si
tes
that
hav
e sp
ring
bro
oks
or o
utflo
w c
hann
els,
rec
ord
in
form
atio
n fo
r th
e fo
llow
ing
que
stio
ns.
70G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Hyd
rop
erio
d
Des
crip
tion—
This
des
crib
es t
he t
emp
oral
flow
cha
ract
eris
tics
of a
sp
ring.
Thi
s in
form
atio
n is
val
uab
le fo
r as
sess
ing
the
imp
or-
tanc
e of
the
sp
ring
for
hab
itat
for
aqua
tic o
rgan
ism
s. P
eren
nial
sp
rings
are
freq
uent
ly o
f hig
her
valu
e fo
r aq
uatic
and
ter
rest
rial
spec
ies
than
are
ep
hem
eral
sp
rings
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Est
imat
e th
e hy
dro
per
iod
of t
he
sprin
g. If
the
fiel
d v
isit
take
s p
lace
in t
he d
ry s
easo
n an
d t
he
sprin
g is
flow
ing,
it is
like
ly p
eren
nial
.
�
Per
enni
al (m
ust
have
con
tinuo
us fl
ow a
t tim
e of
vis
it).
�
Inte
rmitt
ent
(vis
ible
evi
den
ce o
f flow
, kno
wn
to fl
ow a
t ce
rtai
n tim
es o
f the
yea
r).
�
Not
det
erm
ined
.
Len
gth
of
Ou
tflow
Str
eam
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
n es
timat
e of
the
leng
th o
f the
sp
ring
bro
ok
up t
o a
max
imum
of 2
0 m
eter
s d
own
grad
ient
. Tw
enty
met
ers
is
an a
rbitr
ary
cut-
off t
hat
has
bee
n es
tab
lishe
d b
ecau
se a
t so
me
dis
tanc
e d
owns
trea
m, t
he s
prin
g b
rook
cha
nges
from
a s
prin
g-sp
ecifi
c ha
bita
t to
a lo
tic h
abita
t b
ecau
se o
f cum
ulat
ive
chan
ges
in fl
ow, t
emp
erat
ure,
and
wat
er q
ualit
y. T
he s
prin
g b
rook
ser
ves
as a
hab
itat f
or m
any
sprin
g-sp
ecifi
c sp
ecie
s (c
reno
bion
tic s
peci
es),
so it
s le
ngth
is o
f int
eres
t fo
r un
der
stan
din
g aq
uatic
bio
logy
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
dis
tanc
e of
the
sp
ring
bro
ok t
o th
e d
owns
trea
m li
mit
of s
urfa
ce fl
ow fr
om (1
) the
sou
rce
(orifi
ce) o
f a s
prin
g (th
at d
oes
not
have
a w
etla
nd b
etw
een
the
sp
ring
and
the
outfl
ow c
hann
el),
(2) t
he p
oint
whe
re w
ater
coa
lesc
es
into
a c
hann
el fo
r d
iffus
e sp
rings
and
dis
char
ge w
etla
nds,
(3) t
he
outfl
ow fr
om a
lim
nocr
ene,
or
(4) t
he d
owng
rad
ient
ed
ge o
f a
wet
land
.
�
< 5
met
ers
�
5 to
10
met
ers
�
10 t
o 15
met
ers
�
15 t
o 20
met
ers
�
> 2
0 m
eter
s
71G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Wh
at H
app
ens
to S
trea
m O
utfl
ow
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
gen
eral
des
crip
tion
of w
hat
hap
pen
s to
th
e sp
ring
bro
ok o
r st
ream
dow
nstr
eam
of t
he s
amp
ling
area
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
If flo
w c
ontin
ues
bey
ond
20
met
ers
(dow
nstr
eam
of t
he s
ite),
then
als
o no
te w
hat
hap
pen
s to
th
e flo
w a
fter
the
20
met
ers
usin
g th
e fo
llow
ing
optio
ns:
Dis
app
ears
into
the
gro
und
.
Con
tinue
s as
far
as c
an b
e se
en.
Flow
s in
to a
noth
er s
trea
m.
Som
e flo
w is
div
erte
d.
Bec
omes
inte
rmitt
ent.
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
Wat
er Q
ual
ity
Som
e co
re fi
eld
-der
ived
wat
er q
ualit
y p
aram
eter
s ar
e in
clud
ed t
o he
lp c
hara
cter
ize
the
site
. The
se a
re t
he fo
llow
ing:
tem
per
atur
e,
spec
ific
cond
ucta
nce,
pH
, and
eith
er o
xid
atio
n/re
duc
tion
pot
en-
tial (
OR
P) o
r d
isso
lved
oxy
gen
(DO
). In
ad
diti
on, w
ater
sam
ple
s m
ay b
e co
llect
ed fo
r la
bor
ator
y an
alys
is o
f a w
ider
ran
ge o
f wat
er
qua
lity
par
amet
ers,
if t
hey
are
need
ed t
o ad
dre
ss t
he m
anag
e-m
ent
req
uire
men
ts fo
r th
e fie
ld g
uid
e im
ple
men
tatio
n.
Det
aile
d in
stru
ctio
ns fo
r co
llect
ing
wat
er s
amp
les
from
wel
ls a
nd
surf
ace
wat
ers
and
ana
lyzi
ng t
hose
sam
ple
s, a
long
with
qua
lity
assu
ranc
e/q
ualit
y co
ntro
l pro
ced
ures
can
be
foun
d in
the
US
GS
N
atio
nal F
ield
Man
ual f
or t
he C
olle
ctio
n of
Wat
er-Q
ualit
y D
ata
(Nat
iona
l Fie
ld M
anua
l). T
he N
atio
nal F
ield
Man
ual p
rovi
des
gu
idel
ines
and
sta
ndar
d p
roce
dur
es fo
r U
SG
S a
nd o
ther
Gov
ern-
men
t ag
ency
per
sonn
el w
ho c
olle
ct s
amp
les
used
to
asse
ss t
he
qua
lity
of t
he N
atio
n’s
surf
ace-
wat
er a
nd g
roun
dw
ater
res
ourc
es.
Eac
h ch
apte
r of
the
Nat
iona
l Fie
ld M
anua
l is
pub
lishe
d s
epar
atel
y an
d r
evis
ed p
erio
dic
ally
. New
ly p
ublis
hed
and
rev
ised
cha
pte
rs
are
pos
ted
on
the
US
GS
Web
pag
e “N
atio
nal F
ield
Man
ual f
or
the
Col
lect
ion
of W
ater
-Qua
lity
Dat
a,”
http
://w
ater
.usg
s.go
v/ow
q/
Fiel
dM
anua
l/.
If th
ere
are
wel
ls, t
he w
ater
qua
lity
sam
ple
s sh
ould
be
take
n fr
om
the
wel
ls w
ith a
bai
ler
or p
ump
. For
sp
rings
or
dis
char
ge a
reas
w
ithin
wet
land
s, w
ater
qua
lity
mea
sure
men
ts s
houl
d a
lway
s
72G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
be
take
n at
the
sou
rce.
Wat
er in
wet
land
s m
ay b
e p
ond
ed o
r flo
win
g. In
eith
er c
ase,
tar
gete
d s
amp
les
shou
ld b
e co
llect
ed
from
an
area
tha
t ha
s su
ffici
ent
dep
th, i
s w
ithin
the
wet
land
, and
aw
ay fr
om in
lets
(nat
ural
or
anth
rop
ogen
ic) b
ecau
se in
lets
may
in
fluen
ce t
he c
omp
ositi
on o
f the
wat
er s
amp
le. I
n su
mm
ary,
w
ater
qua
lity
sam
plin
g sh
ould
be
don
e at
one
of t
he fo
llow
ing
loca
tions
, whi
ch a
re li
sted
in o
rder
of p
refe
renc
e:
• W
ells
in w
etla
nds
(if p
rese
nt) a
nd a
t th
e so
urce
(orifi
ce) o
f sp
rings
.
• W
here
flow
ing
wat
er e
xist
s in
wet
land
s.
• S
tand
ing
surf
ace
wat
er.
• H
oles
cre
ated
by
the
soil
sam
plin
g.
�Ti
me
is n
eed
ed fo
r w
ater
to
equi
libra
te.
�Te
mp
erat
ure
may
be
the
only
att
ribut
e th
at c
an b
e ac
-cu
rate
ly m
easu
red
in a
bor
ehol
e b
ecau
se t
he o
ther
wat
er
qua
lity
attr
ibut
es (c
ond
uctiv
ity, p
H, D
O a
nd/o
r O
RP
) may
b
e af
fect
ed b
y th
e d
iggi
ng p
roce
ss.
Loca
tion
of
Wat
er Q
ual
ity
Mea
sure
men
ts
Des
crip
tion—
The
loca
tion
with
in a
wet
land
or
sprin
g w
here
a
wat
er s
amp
le o
r m
easu
rem
ent
is c
olle
cted
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Sur
face
wat
er q
ualit
y sa
mp
ling
shou
ld b
e co
mp
lete
d b
efor
e co
llect
ing
dat
a fo
r ot
her
ind
icat
ors
to a
void
deg
rad
ing
the
wat
er w
hile
com
ple
ting
othe
r sa
mp
ling
task
s. U
se fl
aggi
ng if
nec
essa
ry t
o ke
ep c
rew
mem
ber
s cl
ear
of
the
wat
er s
amp
ling
loca
tion
until
the
wat
er h
as b
een
sam
ple
d.
The
loca
tion
of t
he w
ater
qua
lity
mea
sure
men
t is
eith
er a
n un
bia
sed
loca
tion
or a
tar
gete
d lo
catio
n.
• U
nbia
sed
—
�R
and
omly
cho
sen
poi
nt.
�C
ente
r of
site
.
• Ta
rget
ed lo
catio
n—
�S
prin
g so
urce
(rec
omm
end
ed fo
r sp
rings
).
�D
own
grad
ient
from
sp
ring
sour
ce.
�S
trea
m e
xitin
g w
etla
nd.
73G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
�S
tand
ing
wat
er (i
nclu
des
poo
ls).
�H
ole
(dug
or
auge
red
; inc
lud
ing
soil
sam
ple
hol
e).
�W
ell/p
iezo
met
er.
�O
ther
:___
____
____
____
_.
Tim
e of
Wat
er Q
ual
ity
Mea
sure
men
ts
Des
crip
tion—
This
is t
he t
ime
of d
ay t
hat
the
sam
ple
or
mea
sure
-m
ent
was
col
lect
ed. T
his
info
rmat
ion
will
hel
p w
ith t
he in
terp
reta
-tio
n of
the
dat
a b
ecau
se m
any
wat
er q
ualit
y p
aram
eter
s flu
ctua
te
diu
rnal
ly b
ecau
se o
f tem
per
atur
e ch
ange
s, e
vap
otra
nsp
iratio
n,
and
pho
tosy
nthe
sis.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
tim
e of
day
tha
t th
e sa
mp
le o
r m
easu
rem
ent
was
tak
en.
Tem
per
atu
re o
f W
ater
Des
crip
tion—
This
is t
he t
emp
erat
ure
of t
he g
roun
dw
ater
d
isch
argi
ng a
t th
e sp
ring
or w
etla
nd. W
ater
tem
per
atur
e is
an
imp
orta
nt fa
ctor
str
uctu
ring
aqua
tic c
omm
uniti
es, a
nd it
may
giv
e in
sigh
t in
to t
he s
ourc
e of
the
gro
und
wat
er. T
he t
emp
erat
ure
of
wat
er d
isch
argi
ng fr
om a
sp
ring
is p
artic
ular
ly m
eani
ngfu
l. Th
e te
mp
erat
ure
of w
ater
dis
char
ging
to
the
surf
ace
of a
wet
land
is
not
an
accu
rate
mea
sure
of g
roun
dw
ater
tem
per
atur
e, b
ut it
p
rovi
des
gen
eral
evi
den
ce a
bou
t th
e te
mp
erat
ure
of t
he g
roun
d-
wat
er. E
xtre
me
tem
per
atur
e va
lues
mig
ht b
e an
ind
icat
ion
that
m
ore
care
ful w
ork
is n
eed
ed.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
One
way
to
mea
sure
wat
er
tem
per
atur
e is
with
an
elec
tron
ic d
evic
e th
at a
lso
mea
sure
s d
isso
lved
oxy
gen
or c
ond
uctiv
ity. C
alib
ratio
n is
not
nec
essa
ry
for
tem
per
atur
e m
easu
rem
ents
usi
ng a
hig
h-q
ualit
y d
evic
e.
Rec
ord
in d
egre
es C
elsi
us. E
xpec
ted
ran
ges
of v
alue
s ar
e 4
to 6
0 d
egre
es C
elsi
us. F
or s
prin
gs u
naff
ecte
d b
y ge
othe
rmal
hea
ting,
th
e w
ater
tem
per
atur
e is
gen
eral
ly c
lose
to
the
aver
age
annu
al
tem
per
atur
e of
the
rec
harg
e ar
ea.
Wat
er p
H
Des
crip
tion—
pH
is t
he m
easu
re o
f hyd
roge
n io
n ac
tivity
, whi
ch
ind
icat
es t
he a
cid
ity o
r al
kalin
ity o
f wat
er. I
t is
mea
sure
d o
n a
scal
e fr
om 0
to
14, w
ith a
pH
of 7
ind
icat
ing
neut
ral c
ond
ition
s.
Sm
alle
r nu
mb
ers
ind
icat
e ac
idic
con
diti
ons;
larg
er n
umb
ers
74G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
ind
icat
e b
asic
con
diti
ons.
The
pH
typ
ical
ly r
esp
ond
s to
hyd
ro-
logi
c d
istu
rban
ce in
wet
land
s; t
here
fore
, pH
can
be
an in
dic
ator
of
dis
turb
ance
. The
pH
is a
lso
imp
orta
nt in
cla
ssify
ing
wet
land
si
tes
(Cow
ard
in e
t al
. 197
9), a
nd d
efini
ng r
ich
and
poo
r fe
ns.
Aq
uatic
faun
a an
d fl
ora
are
also
sen
sitiv
e to
pH
con
diti
ons.
The
p
H o
f rai
n is
ab
out
5.6,
but
can
ran
ge fr
om 5
.6 t
o ab
out
4.5.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Mea
sure
the
pH
of t
he w
ater
us
ing
a ha
nd-h
eld
fiel
d m
eter
. The
met
er s
houl
d b
e ke
pt
clea
n,
with
fres
h b
atte
ries,
and
cal
ibra
ted
at
leas
t d
aily
, fol
low
ing
the
man
ufac
ture
’s r
ecom
men
dat
ion.
pH
pro
bes
gen
eral
ly h
ave
a lim
ited
life
time,
and
a b
acku
p p
rob
e sh
ould
alw
ays
be
carr
ied
. A
bac
kup
met
er is
hig
hly
reco
mm
end
ed. R
ecor
d in
sta
ndar
d p
H
units
. The
exp
ecte
d r
ange
of p
H v
alue
s is
4.0
to
8.0.
Sp
ecifi
c C
ond
uct
ance
of
Wat
er
Des
crip
tion—
Sp
ecifi
c co
nduc
tanc
e (a
lso
calle
d e
lect
rical
co
nduc
tanc
e, o
r co
nduc
tivity
) is
the
mea
sure
of t
he a
bili
ty o
f an
aq
ueou
s so
lutio
n to
car
ry a
n el
ectr
ical
cur
rent
. Thi
s ab
ility
is
dep
end
ent
on t
he a
mou
nt o
f dis
solv
ed io
ns in
the
sol
utio
n,
and
is, t
here
fore
, an
ind
icat
or o
f tot
al d
isso
lved
sol
ids
in t
he
solu
tion.
Con
duc
tivity
pro
vid
es in
sigh
t in
to w
ater
sou
rces
and
it
is a
n in
dic
ator
of c
ond
ition
s im
por
tant
to
aqua
tic li
fe b
ecau
se o
f re
qui
rem
ents
to
mai
ntai
n os
mor
egul
ator
y b
alan
ce. C
ond
uctiv
-ity
typ
ical
ly r
esp
ond
s to
hyd
rolo
gic
dis
turb
ance
in w
etla
nds.
C
ond
ucta
nce
is a
lso
imp
orta
nt in
cla
ssifi
catio
n of
wet
land
site
s (C
owar
din
et
al. 1
979)
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re—
Mea
sure
con
duc
tivity
usi
ng a
fiel
d m
eter
. The
m
eter
sho
uld
be
kep
t cl
ean,
with
fres
h b
atte
ries,
and
cal
ibra
ted
p
erio
dic
ally
follo
win
g th
e m
anuf
actu
re’s
rec
omm
end
atio
n. M
ost
high
-qua
lity
met
ers
do
not
req
uire
freq
uent
cal
ibra
tion.
Rec
ord
in
mic
rosi
emen
s/ce
ntim
eter
(�S
/cm
). E
xpec
ted
ran
ges
of v
alue
s ar
e 10
to
5,00
0 �
S/c
m.
Oxi
dat
ion
-Red
uct
ion
Pot
enti
al o
r O
RP
(DO
is a
n A
lter
nat
ive)
Des
crip
tion—
Oxi
dat
ion-
red
uctio
n (r
edox
) rea
ctio
ns (r
eact
ions
in
volv
ing
elec
tron
tra
nsfe
r) m
edia
te t
he b
ehav
ior
of b
oth
inor
-ga
nic
and
org
anic
che
mic
al c
onst
ituen
ts b
y af
fect
ing
solu
bili
ty,
reac
tivity
, and
bio
avai
lab
ility
. Thi
s d
ata
will
hel
p p
rovi
de
info
rma-
tion
abou
t th
e b
ioge
oche
mis
try
of w
etla
nds,
whi
ch is
con
trol
led
la
rgel
y b
y ox
idat
ion-
red
uctio
n re
actio
ns. E
xpec
ted
val
ues
for
red
ox p
oten
tial (
also
cal
led
Eh)
ran
ge fr
om -
300
mill
ivol
ts (m
V) t
o
75G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
+70
0 m
V (s
ee fi
gure
5).
Red
ox p
oten
tial i
s si
gnifi
cant
ly a
ffec
ted
b
y th
e ox
ygen
con
tent
of t
he s
oil a
nd p
orew
ater
. In
oxid
ized
sy
stem
s w
here
aer
obic
org
anis
ms
func
tion,
the
Eh
rang
e is
ver
y na
rrow
, ap
pro
xim
atel
y +
700
mV
to
abou
t +
300
mV
. Bel
ow v
alue
s of
+30
0 m
V, f
acul
tativ
e an
aero
bes
(prim
arily
bac
teria
) fun
ctio
n d
own
to a
bou
t 0
mV
. Bel
ow t
his
rang
e, o
blig
ate
anae
rob
es
func
tion.
In w
etla
nd (w
ater
logg
ed o
r flo
oded
) soi
ls, E
h ca
n b
e an
ywhe
re a
long
the
ent
ire s
cale
. Whe
re o
xyge
n is
pre
sent
in
wet
land
soi
l, th
e E
h ca
n b
e as
hig
h as
in a
dra
ined
soi
l, b
ut w
here
ox
ygen
is n
ot p
rese
nt, E
h ca
n b
e ve
ry lo
w (-
250
to -
300
mV
) (U
.S. E
PA
200
8). T
he E
h-p
H d
iagr
am in
figu
re 6
can
be
used
to
inte
rpre
t th
e O
RP
mea
sure
men
ts.
Figu
re 5
.—R
ange
of O
RP
val
ues
for w
etla
nds.
Figu
re 6
.—D
istr
ibut
ion
of E
h-pH
val
ues
in n
atur
al a
queo
us e
nviro
nmen
ts.
Zone
A is
aci
dic
min
e dr
aina
ge, B
is ra
in, C
is s
trea
m w
ater
, D is
oce
an w
ater
, E
is g
roun
dwat
er, F
is b
og w
ater
, G is
ana
erob
ic w
etla
nds
(redr
awn
from
La
ngm
uir 1
996
and
Baa
s-B
ecki
ng e
t al.
1960
).
76G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Not
e: M
easu
red
OR
P v
alue
s ha
ve to
be
conv
erte
d to
Eh
to b
e ab
le
to u
se th
e Eh
-pH
dia
gram
in fi
gure
6. C
onve
rtin
g O
RP
mea
sure
men
ts
to E
h de
pend
s on
the
type
of O
RP
ele
ctro
de u
sed.
The
ele
ctro
de
man
ufac
ture
r ty
pica
lly p
rovi
des
conv
ersi
on fa
ctor
s fo
r va
rious
te
mpe
ratu
res.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Mea
sure
the
OR
P o
f the
wat
er
usin
g a
hand
-hel
d fi
eld
met
er t
hat
has
bee
n ca
libra
ted
usi
ng
Zob
ell s
olut
ion.
OR
P in
wat
er is
mea
sure
d in
wel
ls, s
prin
gs, a
nd
stan
din
g or
flow
ing
wat
er. T
he m
eter
sho
uld
be
kep
t cl
ean,
with
fr
esh
bat
terie
s, a
nd c
alib
rate
d d
aily
follo
win
g th
e m
anuf
actu
rer’
s re
com
men
dat
ion.
Rec
ord
in m
V.
Dis
solv
ed O
xyg
en o
r D
O (a
lter
nat
ive
to O
RP
)
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
mea
sure
of t
he a
mou
nt o
f DO
in t
he
grou
ndw
ater
dis
char
ging
at
a sp
ring
or w
etla
nd. D
O a
t a
sprin
g gi
ves
insi
ght
into
the
sou
rce
of t
he g
roun
dw
ater
dis
char
ging
and
th
e re
sid
ence
tim
e in
the
aq
uife
r. In
a w
etla
nd, D
O is
a fu
nctio
n of
th
e b
ioge
oche
mic
al p
roce
sses
tak
ing
pla
ce.
Bec
ause
fish
and
oth
er a
qua
tic o
rgan
ism
s ca
nnot
sur
vive
with
out
oxyg
en, D
O is
an
imp
orta
nt w
ater
qua
lity
par
amet
er fo
r su
rfac
e w
ater
sys
tem
s. C
old
wat
er h
old
s m
ore
oxyg
en t
han
war
m w
ater
. P
ure
wat
er a
t 4
deg
rees
Cel
sius
(40
deg
rees
Fah
renh
eit)
can
hold
ab
out
13.2
mill
igra
ms
per
lite
r (m
g/L)
DO
at
100
per
cent
sa
tura
tion,
whi
le p
ure
wat
er a
t 25
deg
rees
Cel
sius
(77
deg
rees
Fa
hren
heit)
can
hol
d o
nly
8.4
mg/
L at
100
per
cent
sat
urat
ion.
W
ater
with
a h
igh
conc
entr
atio
n of
dis
solv
ed m
iner
als
cann
ot
hold
as
muc
h D
O a
s p
ure
wat
er.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Mea
sure
DO
usi
ng a
fiel
d m
eter
. Th
e m
eter
sho
uld
be
kep
t cl
ean,
with
fres
h b
atte
ries,
and
cal
i-b
rate
d a
t le
ast
dai
ly fo
llow
ing
the
man
ufac
ture
’s r
ecom
men
da-
tion.
If t
here
are
wea
ther
fron
ts m
ovin
g th
roug
h th
e ar
ea, i
t m
ay
be
nece
ssar
y to
cal
ibra
te b
efor
e ea
ch m
easu
rem
ent.
Rec
ord
DO
in
mg/
L. E
xpec
ted
ran
ges
of v
alue
s fo
r D
O a
re 0
to
13 m
g/L.
Aq
uati
c an
d T
erre
stri
al F
auna
Des
crip
tion—
Sp
rings
and
wet
land
s ca
n p
rovi
de
imp
orta
nt
hab
itat
for
aqua
tic a
nd t
erre
stria
l fau
na, w
hich
can
be
imp
orta
nt
for
man
agem
ent
and
res
tora
tion.
Aq
uatic
mac
roin
vert
ebra
tes,
in
par
ticul
ar, a
re u
sefu
l bio
ind
icat
ors
bec
ause
som
e ta
xa a
re s
ensi
-tiv
e to
dis
turb
ance
whi
le o
ther
s ar
e to
lera
nt.
77G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
the
imp
orta
nt t
axon
omic
gr
oup
s of
ani
mal
s ob
serv
ed a
t th
e si
te. I
mp
orta
nt t
axon
omic
gr
oup
s th
at o
ccur
in G
DE
s ar
e th
ose
with
sp
ecie
s th
at h
ave
the
grea
test
imp
licat
ion
for
man
agem
ent.
The
se c
an in
clud
e th
reat
-en
ed a
nd e
ndan
gere
d s
pec
ies,
sen
sitiv
e sp
ecie
s, s
prin
g-sp
ecifi
c sp
ecie
s (s
prin
g sn
ails
), fis
h, a
mp
hib
ians
, rep
tiles
, inv
erte
bra
tes,
an
d m
amm
als.
A s
ubst
antia
l am
ount
of t
rain
ing
is n
eed
ed t
o id
entif
y m
any
of t
hese
sp
ecie
s, b
ut id
entif
ying
mos
t gr
oup
s of
an
imal
s, a
nd m
any
nonn
ativ
e sp
ecie
s, m
ay b
e ac
com
plis
hed
with
m
inim
al t
rain
ing.
Ap
pen
dix
11
(Iden
tifica
tion
of F
resh
wat
er In
ver-
teb
rate
s) p
rovi
des
rep
rese
ntat
ive
dra
win
gs o
f gro
ups
of a
qua
tic
mac
roin
vert
ebra
tes
that
may
be
foun
d in
sp
rings
and
oth
er G
DE
s an
d a
“K
ey t
o M
acro
inve
rteb
rate
Life
in t
he R
iver
.” F
or L
evel
I su
rvey
s, t
he p
rese
nce
or a
bse
nce
of im
por
tant
sp
ecie
s or
gro
ups
is a
n im
por
tant
goa
l.
Vos
hell
(200
2) is
a u
sefu
l pub
licat
ion
for
iden
tifyi
ng fr
eshw
ater
in
vert
ebra
tes
that
can
be
used
by
a m
inim
ally
tra
ined
per
son
for
a Le
vel I
sur
vey.
In a
dd
ition
, man
y S
tate
age
ncie
s an
d u
nive
rsi-
ties
host
Web
site
s w
ith m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
iden
tifica
tion
keys
.
Sp
ecie
s of
Inte
rest
List
any
kno
wn
inva
sive
sp
ecie
s th
at a
re p
rese
nt. I
nvas
ive
spe-
cies
cou
ld in
clud
e ze
bra
mus
sel,
red
-rim
med
mel
ania
, or
New
Z
eala
nd m
ud s
nail.
See
US
GS
’ Non
ind
igen
ous
Aq
uatic
Sp
ecie
s (h
ttp
://n
as.e
r.us
gs.g
ov/)
for
lists
and
info
rmat
ion
on in
vasi
ve
fres
hwat
er m
ollu
sks
and
cru
stac
eans
.
List
any
rar
e or
sen
sitiv
e sp
ecie
s th
at a
re p
rese
nt.
List
any
GD
E-s
pec
ific
spec
ies
that
are
pre
sent
and
exp
lain
in
tere
st.
Nat
ural
and
Ant
hro
po
gen
ic D
istu
rban
ce
Rec
ord
any
dis
turb
ance
s ob
serv
ed a
t th
e si
te. T
his
can
pro
vid
e m
anag
ers
with
info
rmat
ion
on a
ctiv
ities
or
stru
ctur
es t
hat
may
b
e d
etrim
enta
lly a
ffec
ting
the
stru
ctur
e an
d fu
nctio
n of
the
site
. It
can
be
help
ful t
o m
ake
note
s ab
out
dis
turb
ance
s ob
serv
ed.
Hyd
rolo
gic
Alt
erat
ion
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
list
of a
ctiv
ities
or
stru
ctur
es t
hat
have
al
tere
d t
he n
atur
al h
ydro
logi
c fu
nctio
n of
the
sys
tem
. Thi
s ca
n
78G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
pro
vid
e m
anag
ers
with
info
rmat
ion
on a
ctiv
ities
or
stru
ctur
es t
hat
may
be
havi
ng a
det
rimen
tal e
ffec
t on
the
hyd
rolo
gic
func
tion
of
the
feat
ure.
Mul
tiple
ans
wer
s ar
e al
low
ed.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
�
Wat
er d
iver
sion
—W
ater
per
man
ently
div
erte
d a
way
from
sp
ring
hab
itat
(ditc
h, p
ipel
ine,
sp
ring
box
, or
othe
r fo
rm o
f d
ewat
erin
g).
�
Wat
er d
iver
sion
—W
ater
eve
ntua
lly r
etur
ns t
o sp
ring
hab
itat.
�
Up
grad
ient
ext
ract
ion
of s
urfa
ce w
ater
or
grou
ndw
ater
(p
resp
ring
emer
genc
e).
�
Dow
ngra
die
nt c
aptu
re o
f sur
face
wat
er o
r gr
ound
wat
er
(pos
t-sp
ring
emer
genc
e).
�
Ext
ract
ion
of w
ater
with
in a
wet
land
.
�
Ext
ract
ion
of w
ater
at
sprin
g so
urce
.
�
Reg
ulat
ed w
ater
flow
by
imp
ound
men
t/d
am.
�
Pol
lutio
n.
�
Floo
din
g.
�
Wel
ls.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
�
Non
e ob
serv
ed.
Vol
um
e an
d P
erce
nt
Div
erte
dR
ecor
d t
he v
olum
e an
d p
erce
ntag
e (to
nea
rest
10
per
cent
) of
wat
er b
eing
div
erte
d (n
oted
pre
viou
sly)
at
the
time
of in
spec
tion.
In
dic
ate
whe
ther
thi
s w
as a
vis
ual e
stim
ate
or a
mea
sure
men
t (e
.g.,
flow
met
er).
Insp
ect
flow
up
stre
am a
nd d
owns
trea
m o
f d
iver
sion
, as
wel
l as
wat
er in
the
con
veya
nce,
if p
ossi
ble
, to
det
erm
ine
per
cent
age
bei
ng d
iver
ted
.
Soi
l Alt
erat
ion
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
list
of t
he m
ajor
typ
es o
f soi
l alte
ratio
n fo
und
at
the
site
. Mul
tiple
ans
wer
s ar
e al
low
ed.
79G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
�
Cha
nnel
ero
sion
.
�
Com
pac
tion.
�
Deb
ris fl
ow.
�
Dep
ositi
on.
�
Dis
pla
cem
ent
of s
oil.
�
Ero
sion
(gen
eral
).
�
Eva
por
ate
dep
ositi
on.
�
Exc
avat
ion.
�
Gro
und
dis
turb
ance
(gen
eral
).
�
Gul
ly e
rosi
on.
�
Mas
s w
astin
g.
�
Min
ing.
�
Ped
esta
ls o
r hu
mm
ocks
(cre
ated
by
peo
ple
or
anim
als)
.
�
Ped
esta
ls (s
mal
l-sc
ale,
rai
n-sp
lash
ind
uced
).
�
Pip
es.
�
Rill
ero
sion
.
�
Rut
s (fr
om v
ehic
le t
read
).
�
She
et e
rosi
on.
�
Slu
mp
.
�
Sp
lash
ero
sion
/soi
l cru
st.
�
Win
d e
rosi
on.
�
Soi
l mix
ing/
chur
ning
.
�
Soi
l rem
oval
(pea
t m
inin
g).
�
Trai
ls (b
y p
eop
le o
r an
imal
s).
�
Non
e ob
serv
ed.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
80G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Str
uct
ure
sD
escr
iptio
n—Th
is is
a li
st o
f the
kin
ds
of s
truc
ture
s p
rese
nt a
t th
e si
te. M
ultip
le a
nsw
ers
are
allo
wed
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
�
Bur
ied
util
ity c
orrid
ors.
�
Enc
losu
re (s
uch
as s
prin
g ho
use,
sp
ring
box
, or
conc
rete
en
clos
ure)
.
�
Ero
sion
con
trol
str
uctu
re.
�
Exc
losu
re fe
nce.
�
Oil
and
gas
wel
l.
�
Pip
elin
e.
�
Poi
nt s
ourc
e p
ollu
tion.
�
Pow
er li
nes.
�
Roa
d (i
nclu
des
con
stru
ctio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce).
�
Non
e ob
serv
ed.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
Rec
reat
ion
Eff
ects
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
list
of r
ecre
atio
nal a
ctiv
ities
in e
vid
ence
at
the
site
. Mul
tiple
ans
wer
s ar
e al
low
ed.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
�
Cam
p s
ites.
�
Trac
ks o
r tr
ails
by
vehi
cles
(all-
terr
ain
vehi
cle
[ATV
], 4-
whe
el
driv
e, e
tc.).
�
Non
e ob
serv
ed.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
81G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
An
imal
Eff
ects
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
list
of a
nim
al-r
elat
ed im
pac
ts t
o th
e si
te.
This
incl
udes
imp
acts
from
bot
h d
omes
tic a
nd w
ild a
nim
als.
M
ultip
le a
nsw
ers
are
allo
wed
.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
�
Bea
ver
activ
ity.
�
Fera
l ani
mal
s.
�
Gra
zing
or
bro
wsi
ng (b
y un
gula
tes)
.
�W
ild a
nim
als.
�Li
vest
ock.
�
Trai
ls b
y an
imal
s an
d p
eop
le.
�
Tram
plin
g (b
y un
gula
tes,
nat
ive
or n
onna
tive)
.
�
Non
e ob
serv
ed.
�
Oth
er:_
____
____
____
___.
Mis
cella
neo
us
Des
crip
tion—
Thes
e ar
e p
oten
tial d
istu
rban
ces
that
do
not
fit
in t
he c
ateg
orie
s d
escr
ibed
pre
viou
sly.
Mul
tiple
ans
wer
s ar
e al
low
ed.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
�
Fire
.
�
Tree
cut
ting
(tim
ber
har
vest
or
othe
r).
�
Ref
use
dis
pos
al.
�
Non
e ob
serv
ed.
�
Oth
er.
Arc
heo
log
ical
, Pal
eon
tolo
gic
al, C
ult
ura
l, or
His
tori
c S
ites
or
Use
Des
crip
tion—
This
is a
list
of a
ny a
rche
olog
ical
, pal
eont
olog
ical
, cu
ltura
l, or
his
toric
site
s or
oth
er h
uman
use
of t
he s
ite. M
any
82G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
sprin
gs in
arid
reg
ions
hav
e a
long
his
tory
of u
se b
y N
ativ
e A
mer
ican
s an
d o
ther
s. S
ome
have
sp
iritu
al v
alue
s as
soci
ated
w
ith t
hem
. Som
e fe
ns h
ave
pre
serv
ed r
emai
ns o
f ext
inct
ani
mal
s.
Kno
wle
dge
of s
ensi
tive
site
s w
ill li
mit
inad
vert
ent
dam
age
to
thes
e re
sour
ces.
Ho
w t
o m
easu
re a
nd r
eco
rd—
Rec
ord
evi
den
ce o
f arc
heol
ogic
al,
pal
eont
olog
ical
, and
cul
tura
l res
ourc
es o
r hi
stor
ic u
se (e
.g.,
arch
aeol
ogic
al, p
aleo
ntol
ogic
al, h
isto
ric s
ites)
.
Man
agem
ent
Ind
icat
or
To
ol
Res
pon
ses
to t
he M
anag
emen
t In
dic
ator
Too
l sta
tem
ents
are
us
ed t
o id
entif
y p
oten
tial n
eed
for
man
agem
ent
actio
n b
ased
up
on o
bse
rvat
ions
and
info
rmat
ion
colle
cted
dur
ing
the
field
gu
ide
imp
lem
enta
tion.
Thi
s in
form
atio
n m
ay b
e us
eful
for
prio
ri-tiz
ing
site
s ne
edin
g ad
diti
onal
mon
itorin
g or
oth
er m
anag
emen
t ac
tions
. The
too
l sho
uld
be
com
ple
ted
at
the
site
, usi
ng a
fiel
d
crew
con
sens
us a
pp
roac
h, a
nd c
oncl
usio
ns v
alid
ated
or
con-
firm
ed la
ter
in t
he o
ffice
bas
ed o
n a
revi
ew o
f the
dat
a co
llect
ed
and
oth
er r
ecor
ds
or in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
at
the
offic
e (e
.g.,
land
st
atus
rec
ord
s, la
nd a
nd r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent
pla
ns).
Som
e of
th
e st
atem
ents
, par
ticul
arly
“A
dm
inis
trat
ive
Con
text
,” m
ay r
equi
re
revi
ew o
f rec
ord
s b
efor
e th
e fie
ld v
isit.
This
too
l use
s “t
rue”
or
“fal
se”
answ
ers,
whi
ch b
y d
efini
tion
req
uire
inte
rpre
tatio
n b
y th
e fie
ld t
eam
and
hav
e un
defi
ned
cu
toff
s. M
ake
the
bes
t ju
dgm
ent
pos
sib
le a
nd in
clud
e co
mm
ents
an
d e
xpla
natio
ns w
here
unc
erta
inty
or
miti
gatin
g fa
ctor
s en
tere
d
into
the
ass
essm
ent.
In p
artic
ular
, pro
vid
e co
mm
ents
for
all
resp
onse
s of
Fal
se (N
o), D
oes
not
app
ly, o
r U
nab
le t
o as
sess
.
Fals
e an
swer
s in
dic
ate
issu
es o
f con
cern
tha
t m
ight
pos
e p
rob
-le
ms
for
the
long
-ter
m fu
nctio
ning
of t
he G
DE
or
whe
n ob
serv
ed
at m
ultip
le s
ites
ind
icat
e a
need
for
man
agem
ent
atte
ntio
n.
Ther
e is
no
sum
mar
y sc
orin
g sy
stem
bas
ed o
n th
e re
sults
of
this
too
l. It
is u
p t
o th
e sp
ecia
list
invo
lved
in d
ata
colle
ctio
n an
d
the
dec
isio
nmak
er r
esp
onsi
ble
for
man
agem
ent
to in
terp
ret
the
inve
ntor
y re
sults
.
The
follo
win
g ot
her
reso
urce
s w
ere
used
for
asse
ssin
g m
anag
e-m
ent
need
s an
d t
o d
evel
op p
ortio
ns o
f the
Man
agem
ent
Ind
icat
or
Tool
.
83G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ass
essi
ng p
rop
er fu
nctio
ning
con
diti
on fo
r fe
n ar
eas
in t
he S
ierr
a N
evad
a an
d S
outh
ern
Cas
cad
e ra
nges
in C
alifo
rnia
: a u
ser
guid
e (W
eixe
lman
and
Coo
per
200
9).
A u
ser
guid
e to
ass
essi
ng p
rop
er fu
nctio
ning
con
diti
on a
nd t
he
sup
por
ting
scie
nce
for
lent
ic a
reas
(Pric
hard
200
3).
Sp
rings
eco
syst
em a
sses
smen
t p
roto
col x
corin
g cr
iteria
(Ste
vens
an
d S
prin
ger
in d
evel
opm
ent).
Follo
win
g ar
e th
e 25
man
agem
ent i
ndic
ator
sta
tem
ents
to a
ddre
ss.
Aq
uif
er f
un
ctio
nal
ity:
No
evi
den
ce s
ugg
ests
tha
t th
e aq
uife
r su
pp
lyin
g g
roun
dw
ater
to
the
sit
e is
b
eing
aff
ecte
d b
y g
roun
dw
ater
wit
hdra
wal
or
loss
of
rech
arg
e.G
DE
s ex
ist
whe
re g
roun
dw
ater
rea
ches
the
ear
th’s
sur
face
, oft
en
thro
ugh
com
ple
x an
d le
ngth
y ge
olog
ic fl
ow p
aths
. The
con
sist
ent
sup
ply
of g
roun
dw
ater
mai
ntai
ns fl
ows
in s
prin
gs a
nd h
igh
wat
er
tab
les
in w
etla
nds.
Thi
s su
pp
ly o
f gro
und
wat
er is
ess
entia
l to
mai
ntai
n th
e G
DE
and
, in
man
y ca
ses,
uni
que
pla
nt a
nd a
nim
al
com
mun
ities
. Thi
s st
atem
ent
asks
whe
ther
act
iviti
es e
xist
tha
t in
terr
upt
or d
eple
te t
his
sup
ply
—re
duc
ing
flow
s in
sp
rings
or
low
erin
g w
ater
tab
les
in w
etla
nds.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
o ev
iden
ce s
ugge
sts
that
gro
und
wat
er e
xtra
ctio
n is
ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g th
e si
te.
• E
vide
nce
of s
oil s
atur
atio
n ex
ists
, or
stan
ding
wat
er is
app
aren
t.
• P
lant
s th
at a
re o
blig
ate
wet
land
and
/or
facu
ltativ
e w
etla
nd
spec
ies
are
abun
dan
t at
the
site
, tak
ing
into
con
sid
erat
ion
the
sett
ing
and
site
pot
entia
l.
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• G
roun
dw
ater
ext
ract
ion,
suc
h as
pum
pin
g w
ells
or
min
ing
that
in
ters
ects
the
wat
er t
able
, dam
ages
aq
uife
r fu
nctio
nalit
y.
84G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• Th
ere
is d
eple
tion
of r
echa
rge
to t
he a
qui
fer
thro
ugh
pav
ing,
so
il co
mp
actio
n, v
eget
atio
n m
anip
ulat
ion,
etc
.
• S
oil s
atur
atio
n in
a w
etla
nd, o
r flo
w o
f a s
prin
g, is
less
tha
n in
the
pas
t. O
ne in
dic
ator
of t
his
coul
d b
e w
here
up
land
and
fa
culta
tive
upla
nd p
lant
sp
ecie
s ar
e en
croa
chin
g in
to a
reas
fo
rmer
ly d
omin
ated
by
oblig
ate
wet
land
and
facu
ltativ
e w
etla
nd s
pec
ies,
ind
icat
ing
a lo
ss o
f gro
und
wat
er. A
noth
er
ind
icat
or c
ould
be
if hy
dric
soi
ls a
re p
rese
nt b
eyon
d t
he
curr
ent
exte
nt o
f the
GD
E, s
ugge
stin
g th
at t
he G
DE
has
d
ecre
ased
in s
ize.
The
only
defi
nitiv
e w
ay t
o d
etec
t aq
uife
r fu
nctio
nalit
y is
sues
is
thro
ugh
inst
alla
tion
and
mon
itorin
g of
pie
zom
eter
s in
wet
land
s an
d fr
eque
nt m
onito
ring
of fl
ow in
sp
rings
.
Wat
ersh
ed f
un
ctio
nal
ity:
Wit
hin
the
wat
ersh
ed, n
o
evid
ence
sug
ges
ts u
pst
ream
/up
gra
die
nt h
ydro
log
ic
alte
rati
on
that
co
uld
ad
vers
ely
affe
ct t
he G
DE
sit
e.
The
focu
s of
thi
s st
atem
ent
is o
n su
rfac
e w
ater
, alth
ough
gro
und
-w
ater
and
sur
face
wat
er a
re c
onne
cted
in m
ost
wat
ersh
eds
and
ac
tiviti
es a
ffec
ting
one
of t
hese
res
ourc
es c
an p
oten
tially
aff
ect
the
othe
r. T
he w
ater
shed
tha
t is
the
focu
s of
thi
s st
atem
ent
wou
ld g
ener
ally
be
a 6t
h-le
vel (
12 d
igit)
wat
ersh
ed h
ydro
logi
c un
it co
de.
The
con
diti
on o
f the
sur
roun
din
g up
land
s ca
n gr
eatly
af
fect
the
con
diti
on o
f a G
DE
. Cha
nges
in u
pla
nd c
ond
ition
can
in
fluen
ce t
he m
agni
tud
e, t
imin
g, o
r d
urat
ion
of o
verla
nd fl
ow
even
ts, w
hich
cou
ld r
esul
t in
ero
sion
or
dep
ositi
on o
f sed
imen
t in
the
GD
E. T
he p
urp
ose
of t
his
ind
icat
or is
to
det
erm
ine
if ac
tivi-
ties
with
in t
he w
ater
shed
hav
e ad
vers
ely
affe
cted
the
feat
ure.
A
lthou
gh a
cor
rela
tion
can
exis
t, t
he fo
cus
here
is o
n w
heth
er t
he
upla
nds
are
cont
ribut
ing
to d
egra
dat
ion
of t
he G
DE
, and
not
on
the
cond
ition
of t
he u
pla
nds.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• Th
e si
te is
rec
eivi
ng a
nor
mal
ran
ge o
f sur
face
flow
s, e
ven
if d
istu
rban
ce e
xist
s w
ithin
its
wat
ersh
ed.
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
85G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• U
psl
ope
road
ditc
hes
and
cro
ss d
rain
age
stru
ctur
es w
ere
inst
alle
d in
a m
anne
r th
at c
once
ntra
tes
over
land
flow
s an
d
shal
low
gro
und
wat
er a
way
from
the
site
, cau
sing
des
icca
tion
of s
oils
.
• Fl
ow h
as b
een
add
ed fr
om a
div
ersi
on, a
nd e
xces
sive
ero
sion
or
dep
ositi
on is
tak
ing
pla
ce a
s a
resu
lt of
thi
s in
crea
sed
flow
.
• Tr
ail d
evel
opm
ent
has
inte
rcep
ted
, div
erte
d, o
r co
ncen
trat
ed
over
land
flow
s in
itiat
ing
a he
adcu
t th
at is
dra
inin
g th
e si
te.
• U
psl
ope
road
ditc
hes,
cul
vert
s, e
tc.,
are
faili
ng o
r in
nee
d o
f re
pai
r.
Wat
er q
ual
ity:
Cha
nges
in w
ater
qua
lity
(sur
face
or
sub
surf
ace)
are
no
t af
fect
ing
the
GD
E s
ite.
GD
Es
are
com
ple
x b
ioge
oche
mic
al s
yste
ms
whe
re w
ater
, nu
trie
nts,
sed
imen
ts, m
icro
clim
ate,
and
bio
ta in
tera
ct a
s p
art
of
the
natu
ral p
roce
sses
. The
eco
logy
of a
GD
E is
aff
ecte
d b
y th
e q
ualit
y of
the
wat
er s
upp
ortin
g th
e si
te. C
hang
es in
wat
er q
ualit
y ca
n ha
ve d
etrim
enta
l eff
ects
on
the
flora
and
faun
a. G
DE
s ar
e su
scep
tible
to
pol
lutio
n fr
om a
num
ber
of a
ctiv
ities
. Pol
luta
nts
may
be
toxi
c, w
hich
may
har
m o
r el
imin
ate
aqua
tic li
fe. I
nput
s of
nu
trie
nts
(e.g
., ni
trog
en, p
hosp
horu
s) c
an in
crea
se t
he g
row
th o
f aq
uatic
veg
etat
ion
and
bac
teria
l ab
und
ance
and
low
er d
isso
lved
ox
ygen
con
cent
ratio
ns. T
hese
eff
ects
may
cau
se in
tole
rant
m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
com
mun
ities
to
be
rep
lace
d b
y co
mm
uniti
es
that
ass
ocia
ted
with
imp
aire
d a
qua
tic s
yste
ms.
The
geol
ogy
of s
ome
wat
ersh
eds
natu
rally
yie
lds
cons
titue
nts
(sal
ts, i
ron,
nut
rient
s, c
alci
um c
arb
onat
es, e
tc.)
that
can
inhi
bit
grow
th fo
r ce
rtai
n p
lant
sp
ecie
s. E
xam
ple
s of
GD
Es
that
hav
e na
tura
lly li
miti
ng w
ater
qua
lity
cond
ition
s th
at fa
vor
som
e flo
ra
and
faun
a ov
er o
ther
s ar
e th
erm
al s
prin
gs, t
rave
rtin
e/tu
fa d
e-p
ositi
ng s
prin
gs, l
ow p
H s
prin
gs, i
ron
fens
, and
cal
care
ous
fens
. U
nder
stan
din
g th
e ge
olog
y, s
oils
, and
wat
er s
ourc
e is
imp
orta
nt
to b
e ab
le t
o ac
cura
tely
ass
ess
the
caus
es o
f the
wat
er q
ualit
y d
ata.
In s
ome
case
s, u
nusu
al w
ater
che
mis
try
valu
es c
ould
be
natu
ral a
nd, i
n ot
her
case
s, t
hey
coul
d b
e b
ecau
se o
f man
age-
men
t ac
tiviti
es.
86G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• W
ater
qua
lity
is w
ithin
the
exp
ecte
d r
ange
of v
aria
bili
ty.
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• D
ata
colle
cted
ind
icat
e p
oor
wat
er q
ualit
y (r
equi
res
know
led
ge
of e
xpec
ted
ran
ge o
f var
iab
ility
for
the
site
).
• S
ourc
es o
f pol
lutio
n su
ch a
s m
inin
g w
aste
or
taili
ngs,
land
fills
, he
rbic
ides
, pes
ticid
es, o
r ac
cid
enta
l sp
ills
of h
azar
dou
s ch
emic
als
and
was
te a
long
roa
ds
exis
t.
• Th
ere
has
bee
n ex
cess
ive
use
by
nonn
ativ
e un
gula
tes
(suc
h as
wild
hor
ses
and
bur
ros,
cat
tle, a
nd s
heep
) or
nativ
e un
gula
tes
that
hav
e (1
) dep
osite
d fe
cal m
atte
r an
d in
crea
sed
nu
trie
nts
in t
he w
ater
or
(2) d
amag
ed v
eget
atio
n, a
llow
ing
incr
ease
d a
mou
nts
of s
edim
ent
and
nut
rient
s to
ent
er t
he
aqua
tic s
yste
m.
• S
ewag
e d
isp
osal
on
site
, or
sew
age
from
off
-site
sep
tic
syst
ems
or la
goon
s ha
s al
low
ed p
ollu
tant
s to
leac
h in
to t
he
grou
ndw
ater
and
mov
e to
sp
rings
alo
ng a
hyd
raul
ic g
rad
ient
.
• In
som
e ca
ses,
exc
essi
ve a
lgae
may
be
an in
dic
ator
of n
utri-
ent
load
ing
in t
he w
ater
.
• V
eget
atio
n sh
ows
sign
s of
str
ess
from
che
mic
als
in t
he w
ater
.
Foul
sm
ells
or
dis
colo
red
wat
er s
houl
d b
e fu
rthe
r in
vest
igat
ed t
o d
eter
min
e w
heth
er a
wat
er q
ualit
y p
rob
lem
exi
sts,
or
whe
ther
the
fo
ul s
mel
l is
from
nat
ural
ana
erob
ic c
ond
ition
s an
d t
he d
isco
lor-
atio
n is
from
a n
atur
al a
ccum
ulat
ion
of o
rgan
ic m
atte
r.
If a
pro
ble
m is
iden
tified
, wat
er s
amp
les
shou
ld b
e co
llect
ed a
nd
anal
yzed
and
the
res
ults
com
par
ed a
gain
st r
elev
ant
wat
er q
ualit
y cr
iteria
.
87G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Lan
dfo
rm s
tab
ility
: No
evi
den
ce in
dic
ates
hum
an-
caus
ed m
ass
mo
vem
ent
or
oth
er s
urfa
ce d
istu
rban
ce
affe
ctin
g t
he G
DE
sit
e st
abili
ty.
In g
ener
al, s
tab
le la
ndfo
rms
are
at a
sta
te o
f eq
uilib
rium
with
p
hysi
cal c
ond
ition
s an
d p
roce
sses
tha
t af
fect
a s
ite s
uch
as
clim
ate,
slo
pe,
soi
l, so
il m
oist
ure,
and
geo
logy
. Ant
hrop
ogen
ic
dis
turb
ance
s in
the
wat
ersh
ed, i
nclu
din
g th
e G
DE
, can
cau
se
inst
abili
ty in
land
form
s. T
he in
tent
of t
his
ind
icat
or is
to
iden
tify
activ
ities
or
caus
es o
f lan
dfo
rm in
stab
ility
at
the
GD
E s
ite.
Nat
ural
mas
s w
astin
g ca
n oc
cur
whe
re g
roun
dw
ater
dis
char
ges
on a
slo
pe
bec
ause
geo
logi
c m
ater
ials
bec
ome
satu
rate
d w
ith
wat
er, t
he a
ngle
of r
epos
e is
red
uced
to
a ve
ry s
mal
l val
ue, a
nd
the
mat
eria
l ten
ds
to fl
ow li
ke a
flui
d. T
his
is b
ecau
se g
roun
d-
wat
er r
educ
es g
rain
-to-
grai
n fr
ictio
nal c
onta
ct. A
s a
resu
lt, s
ome
dis
char
ge w
etla
nds
are
asso
ciat
ed w
ith s
lop
e fa
ilure
s th
at a
re
natu
ral,
but
the
y co
uld
als
o b
e p
artia
lly t
he r
esul
t of
man
agem
ent
activ
ities
.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• O
nly
natu
ral m
ass
mov
emen
t, s
uch
as s
lum
pin
g, o
ccur
s.
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• E
xces
sive
sed
imen
t d
epos
ition
has
occ
urre
d.
• S
trea
m c
hann
el a
ltera
tion
has
occu
rred
, bey
ond
wha
t is
na
tura
l.
• S
trea
mb
ank
eros
ion
or a
hea
dcu
t is
aff
ectin
g si
te s
tab
ility
.
• S
lop
e fa
ilure
has
occ
urre
d fr
om u
nnat
ural
cau
ses.
• A
roa
d c
ut o
r fa
iling
infr
astr
uctu
re (s
uch
as r
etai
ning
wal
ls, l
og
crib
s) is
cau
sing
slo
pe
inst
abili
ty.
88G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Ru
nou
t ch
ann
el: T
he c
hann
el, i
f p
rese
nt, i
s fu
ncti
oni
ng
natu
rally
and
is n
ot
entr
ench
ed, e
rod
ed, o
r o
ther
wis
e su
bst
anti
ally
alt
ered
. R
unou
t ch
anne
ls fr
om s
prin
gs o
r w
etla
nds
sup
por
t flo
ra a
nd
faun
a th
at a
re a
n im
por
tant
and
oft
en u
niq
ue p
art
of t
he b
iod
i-ve
rsity
of a
site
, the
refo
re t
he c
ond
ition
of t
he r
unou
t ch
anne
l is
imp
orta
nt t
o as
sess
. Cha
nges
in c
hann
el a
nd b
ank
mor
pho
logy
or
sub
stra
te c
omp
ositi
on c
an a
lter
hab
itat.
Run
out
chan
nels
are
gro
und
wat
er-f
ed s
trea
ms
that
em
erge
fr
om s
prin
g or
ifice
s (r
efer
red
to
as s
prin
g b
rook
s or
sp
ring
runs
) or
with
in g
roun
dw
ater
-fed
wet
land
s. S
urfa
ce d
rain
age
area
s to
th
ese
sprin
gs c
an b
e ve
ry s
mal
l, of
ten
muc
h sm
alle
r th
an t
he
rech
arge
are
a of
the
sp
rings
. The
maj
or d
iffer
ence
s in
con
trol
s on
the
cha
nnel
mor
pho
logy
foun
d b
etw
een
the
sprin
g-d
omin
ated
an
d r
unof
f-d
omin
ated
cha
nnel
s ar
e th
e d
isch
arge
reg
ime
and
th
e se
dim
ent
inp
ut (G
riffit
hs e
t al
. 200
8). T
he h
ydro
logy
uni
que
to
sprin
g-d
omin
ated
cha
nnel
s an
d t
he la
ck o
f fine
-gra
ined
sed
imen
t in
put
com
bin
e to
cre
ate
the
obse
rved
diff
eren
ces.
Cha
nnel
s d
owns
trea
m o
f sp
rings
are
typ
ical
ly s
trai
ght,
or,
if s
inuo
us, t
hey
are
with
out
regu
larit
y to
the
pat
tern
. Bar
s ar
e ab
sent
or
poo
rly
defi
ned
, but
isla
nds
or d
owne
d t
imb
er is
com
mon
in t
he c
hann
el.
Sp
ringfl
ow-d
omin
ated
cha
nnel
s ar
e a
spec
ial h
abita
t of
run
ning
w
ater
s b
ecau
se o
f the
rel
ativ
ely
unifo
rm t
emp
erat
ure
and
the
d
eoxy
gena
ted
gro
und
wat
er c
ontr
ibut
ion
to t
he s
trea
m (S
prin
ger
and
Ste
vens
200
9). S
prin
gflow
-dom
inat
ed s
yste
ms
may
be
suf-
ficie
ntly
sta
ble
hab
itats
to
allo
w fo
r ev
olut
iona
ry m
icro
adap
tatio
n an
d, u
ltim
atel
y, s
pec
iatio
n (M
cCab
e 19
98).
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• Th
e ru
nout
cha
nnel
is fu
nctio
ning
nat
ural
ly.
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• B
ank
mor
pho
logy
has
bee
n ch
ange
d b
y un
gula
te t
ram
plin
g,
vehi
cles
, or
othe
r ac
tiviti
es.
• C
hann
el m
orp
holo
gy h
as b
een
chan
ged
by
exca
vatio
n,
ditc
hing
, or
red
irect
ion.
89G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• Th
e ch
anne
l is
entr
ench
ed.
• E
rosi
on o
f str
eam
ban
ks is
bey
ond
the
nat
ural
ran
ge t
hat
wou
ld b
e ex
pec
ted
at
the
site
.
Soi
l in
teg
rity
: So
ils a
re in
tact
and
fun
ctio
nal.
For
exam
ple
, sat
urat
ion
is s
uffi
cien
t to
mai
ntai
n hy
dri
c so
ils, i
f p
rese
nt; t
here
is n
ot
exce
ssiv
e er
osi
on
or
dep
osi
tio
n.Th
e p
urp
ose
of t
his
ind
icat
or is
to
eval
uate
the
con
diti
on o
f the
so
il an
d t
o d
eter
min
e if
the
soil
has
bee
n af
fect
ed b
y ex
cess
ive
dis
turb
ance
. Man
agem
ent
activ
ities
can
alte
r th
e so
il an
d t
he
hyd
rolo
gic
cond
ition
s th
at a
ffec
t th
e so
il. In
the
cas
e of
wet
land
s,
inta
ct h
ydric
soi
ls a
re a
use
ful i
ndic
ator
tha
t th
e d
urat
ion
and
fr
eque
ncy
of s
atur
atio
n ha
s b
een
suffi
cien
t to
mai
ntai
n w
etla
nd
soil
char
acte
ristic
s. S
oil s
atur
atio
n cr
eate
s an
aero
bic
con
diti
ons,
w
hich
lead
s to
the
red
uctio
n, t
rans
loca
tion,
and
acc
umul
atio
n of
iro
n, m
anga
nese
, sul
fur,
and
car
bon
com
pou
nds
(red
oxim
orp
hic
feat
ures
). S
atur
atio
n al
so s
low
s d
ecom
pos
ition
of p
lant
mat
eria
l, w
hich
can
lead
to th
e ac
cum
ulat
ion
of p
eat (
over
long
-ter
m p
erio
ds).
This
soi
l int
egrit
y in
dic
ator
is in
tend
ed t
o as
sess
whe
ther
suc
h hy
dric
soi
ls a
re b
eing
mai
ntai
ned
in t
hose
are
as w
here
hyd
ric
soils
wou
ld b
e ex
pec
ted
. In
the
case
of s
prin
gs w
ithou
t hy
dric
so
ils, t
he in
tent
is t
o d
eter
min
e if
soil
dis
turb
ance
(ero
sion
, d
epos
ition
, com
pac
tion,
etc
.) ha
s oc
curr
ed.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• H
ydric
soi
ls a
re p
rese
nt a
nd s
oil s
atur
atio
n is
clo
se t
o th
e gr
ound
sur
face
.
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• S
oil c
omp
actio
n or
ero
sion
bec
ause
of l
ives
tock
, veh
icle
s, o
r ot
her
sour
ces.
• D
esic
cate
d p
eat
or o
xid
ized
org
anic
mat
ter
is o
bse
rved
at
the
site
.
90G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• P
eat
soils
are
chu
rned
bec
ause
of l
ives
tock
hoo
f act
ion.
(Thi
s re
fers
to
the
stirr
ing
of t
he p
eat
laye
r th
at c
ause
s or
gani
c m
atte
r to
be
mix
ed in
to t
he u
nder
lyin
g m
iner
al la
yer.
The
soi
l st
ruct
ure
is a
ltere
d a
nd is
mas
sive
or
pla
ty.)
• P
edes
tals
cre
ated
by
hoof
she
ar, h
oof c
omp
actio
n, a
nd
dis
rup
tion
of r
oot
syst
ems.
• P
ost
hole
s/p
udd
ling
that
res
ult
from
logg
ing
equi
pm
ent,
re
crea
tiona
l veh
icle
s, li
vest
ock,
and
wild
life.
Veg
etat
ion
com
pos
itio
n: T
he s
ite
incl
udes
ant
icip
ated
co
ver
of
pla
nt s
pec
ies
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
the
site
en
viro
nmen
t, a
nd n
o e
vid
ence
sug
ges
ts t
hat
upla
nd
spec
ies
are
rep
laci
ng h
ydri
c sp
ecie
s.V
eget
atio
n co
mp
ositi
on is
an
exp
ress
ion
of e
nviro
nmen
tal
cond
ition
s an
d m
anag
emen
t ac
tiviti
es. T
he a
bun
dan
ce o
f pla
nt
spec
ies
will
res
pon
d t
o ch
ange
s in
hyd
rolo
gic
cond
ition
s at
a
GD
E. I
n so
me
case
s, c
erta
in s
pec
ies
dis
app
ear
alto
geth
er fr
om a
si
te b
ecau
se o
f cha
nges
in w
ater
tab
le o
r sp
ring
flow
. Veg
etat
ion
com
pos
ition
can
als
o ch
ange
bec
ause
of d
istu
rban
ces
and
m
anag
emen
t ac
tiviti
es. T
he r
elat
ivel
y co
nsis
tent
ava
ilab
ility
of
wat
er a
t G
DE
s su
pp
orts
hyd
ric p
lant
s, w
hich
are
gen
eral
ly m
ore
abun
dan
t at
GD
Es
than
in t
he s
urro
und
ing
upla
nds.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• E
xpec
ted
veg
etat
ion
for
the
sett
ing
and
env
ironm
ent
is p
res-
ent,
whi
ch w
ould
gen
eral
ly in
clud
e O
BL
or F
AC
W s
pec
ies
of
the
Wet
land
Ind
icat
or S
tatu
s (U
SFW
S 1
988)
. Prim
arily
nat
ive
spec
ies.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• W
etla
nd v
eget
atio
n se
ems
to h
ave
bee
n gr
eatly
red
uced
or
elim
inat
ed.
• O
vers
tory
of w
etla
nd w
ood
y sp
ecie
s b
ut a
lack
of w
etla
nd
und
erst
ory
spec
ies,
sug
gest
ing
rece
nt h
ydro
logi
c ch
ange
s (b
ecau
se h
erb
aceo
us v
eget
atio
n is
gen
eral
ly m
ore
resp
onsi
ve
to c
hang
es in
hyd
rolo
gy t
han
woo
dy
spec
ies)
.
91G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• E
vid
ence
sug
gest
ing
that
up
land
sp
ecie
s ha
ve in
crea
sed
.
• D
omin
ance
by
nonn
ativ
e or
inva
sive
pla
nts.
Veg
etat
ion
con
dit
ion
: Veg
etat
ion
exhi
bit
s se
aso
nally
ap
pro
pri
ate
heal
th a
nd v
igo
r.Th
is s
tate
men
t is
inte
nded
to
eval
uate
the
hea
lth o
r vi
gor
of
the
vege
tatio
n, b
ased
on
a vi
sual
ass
essm
ent.
The
con
diti
on o
f ve
geta
tion
can
be
adve
rsel
y af
fect
ed b
y m
anag
emen
t ac
tiviti
es.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• S
ites
that
hav
e d
ense
, rob
ust
vege
tatio
n gr
owth
tha
t is
he
alth
y-lo
okin
g in
ter
ms
of le
af c
olor
, siz
e, a
nd s
hap
e.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• S
ites
that
hav
e d
isco
lore
d, d
ecad
ent,
wea
kene
d, o
r un
usua
lly
spar
se v
eget
atio
n.
• E
vid
ence
of s
ever
e gr
azin
g or
bro
wsi
ng b
y liv
esto
ck a
nd/o
r na
tive
ungu
late
s, s
uch
as h
edge
d p
lant
s.
Th
reat
ened
, en
dan
ger
ed, a
nd
sen
siti
ve s
pec
ies;
S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal fl
oral
sp
ecie
s. A
ntic
ipat
ed fl
ora
l sp
ecie
s ar
e p
rese
nt (w
ill v
ary
by
eco
log
ical
reg
ion
an
d w
ill r
equi
re s
om
e b
asel
ine
info
rmat
ion)
.S
ome
GD
Es
supp
ort t
hrea
tene
d, e
ndan
gere
d, o
r se
nsiti
ve s
peci
es;
SO
I/sp
ecie
s of
con
cern
(SO
C);
or fo
cal fl
oral
sp
ecie
s. T
he in
tent
of
thi
s in
dic
ator
is t
o id
entif
y si
tes
that
sup
por
t th
ese
imp
orta
nt
pla
nt s
pec
ies.
GD
Es
can
be
floris
tical
ly d
iver
se, s
upp
ortin
g a
larg
e nu
mb
er o
f ra
re a
nd u
ncom
mon
vas
cula
r p
lant
sp
ecie
s an
d b
ryop
hyte
s.
GD
Es
can
be
uniq
ue h
abita
ts t
hat
sup
por
t a
high
er le
vel o
f bio
di-
vers
ity t
han
the
surr
ound
ing
land
scap
e. A
n ar
ray
of p
lant
sp
ecie
s is
kno
wn
to b
e en
dem
ic t
o, o
r in
hab
it, t
hese
loca
tions
.
92G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• Th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal fl
oral
sp
ecie
s w
ere
obse
rved
at
a si
te w
heth
er o
r no
t th
ey h
ad b
een
iden
tified
at
the
site
bef
ore.
• N
o th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal fl
oral
sp
ecie
s w
ere
obse
rved
and
non
e w
ere
antic
ipat
ed.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• Th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal fl
oral
sp
ecie
s w
ere
not
obse
rved
at
a si
te b
ut h
ad b
een
doc
umen
ted
at
the
site
pre
viou
sly.
• Th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal fl
oral
sp
ecie
s w
ere
exp
ecte
d t
o b
e at
the
site
but
wer
e no
t ob
serv
ed.
Fau
nal
sp
ecie
s: A
ntic
ipat
ed a
qua
tic
and
ter
rest
rial
fa
unal
sp
ecie
s as
soci
ated
wit
h th
e si
te e
nvir
onm
ent
are
pre
sent
. S
ome
GD
Es
have
hab
itats
tha
t su
pp
ort
aqua
tic a
nd t
erre
stria
l fa
unal
sp
ecie
s. T
he in
tent
of t
his
ind
icat
or is
to
iden
tify
site
s th
at
sup
por
t im
por
tant
ani
mal
sp
ecie
s.
Wet
land
s su
pp
ort
man
y d
iffer
ent
typ
es o
f ani
mal
s, in
clud
ing
inve
rteb
rate
s, fi
sh, a
mp
hib
ians
, rep
tiles
, bird
s, a
nd m
amm
als.
B
ecau
se o
f the
tra
nsiti
onal
nat
ure
of w
etla
nds,
bot
h aq
uatic
an
d t
erre
stria
l ani
mal
s liv
e in
wet
land
s. W
etla
nds
pro
vid
e fo
od
sour
ces,
pro
tect
ion
from
wea
ther
and
pre
dat
ors,
res
ting
site
s,
rep
rod
uctiv
e si
tes,
and
mol
ting
grou
nds
for
wild
life
(Coo
per
19
89).
Wet
land
s p
rovi
de
this
hab
itat
func
tion
for
man
y sp
ecie
s of
fish
and
wild
life,
incl
udin
g so
me
that
are
thr
eate
ned
or
end
an-
gere
d. M
any
spec
ies
of a
nim
als
that
are
not
typ
ical
ly c
onsi
der
ed
to b
e w
etla
nd s
pec
ies
also
use
wet
land
s.
93G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• A
ntic
ipat
ed fa
unal
sp
ecie
s w
ere
obse
rved
at
a si
te, w
heth
er o
r no
t th
ey h
ad b
een
iden
tified
at
the
site
bef
ore.
• N
o fa
unal
sp
ecie
s w
ere
antic
ipat
ed, a
nd n
one
wer
e ob
serv
ed.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• A
ntic
ipat
ed fa
unal
sp
ecie
s w
ere
not
obse
rved
at
a si
te b
ut
they
had
bee
n d
ocum
ente
d a
t th
e si
te p
revi
ousl
y.
• Fa
unal
sp
ecie
s w
ere
antic
ipat
ed t
o b
e at
the
site
but
the
y w
ere
not
obse
rved
.
Thr
eate
ned
, end
ang
ered
, or
sens
itiv
e sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal f
aun
al s
pec
ies:
Ant
icip
ated
fau
nal s
pe-
cies
are
pre
sent
(will
var
y b
y ec
olo
gic
al r
egio
n an
d w
ill
req
uire
so
me
bas
elin
e in
form
atio
n).
GD
Es
can
be
uniq
ue h
abita
ts t
hat
sup
por
t a
high
er le
vel o
f bio
-d
iver
sity
tha
n th
e su
rrou
ndin
g la
ndsc
ape.
An
arra
y of
thr
eate
ned
, en
dan
gere
d, o
r se
nsiti
ve s
pec
ies;
SO
I/S
OC
; or
foca
l fau
nal
spec
ies
is k
now
n to
be
end
emic
to,
or
use,
GD
Es.
The
inte
nt o
f th
is in
dic
ator
is t
o id
entif
y si
tes
that
sup
por
t im
por
tant
ani
mal
sp
ecie
s.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• Th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal f
auna
l sp
ecie
s w
ere
obse
rved
, whe
ther
or
not
they
had
b
een
iden
tified
at
the
site
bef
ore.
• N
o th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C;
or fo
cal f
auna
l sp
ecie
s w
ere
antic
ipat
ed, a
nd n
one
wer
e ob
serv
ed.
94G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• Th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal f
auna
l sp
ecie
s w
ere
not
obse
rved
but
had
bee
n d
ocu-
men
ted
at
the
site
pre
viou
sly.
• Th
reat
ened
, end
ange
red
, or
sens
itive
sp
ecie
s; S
OI/
SO
C; o
r fo
cal f
auna
l sp
ecie
s w
ere
exp
ecte
d t
o b
e at
the
site
but
wer
e no
t ob
serv
ed.
Inva
sive
sp
ecie
s: In
vasi
ve fl
ora
l and
fau
nal s
pec
ies
are
not
esta
blis
hed
at
the
site
.In
vasi
ve p
lant
and
ani
mal
sp
ecie
s ha
ve a
det
rimen
tal e
ffec
t on
the
eco
logi
cal f
unct
ioni
ng o
f GD
Es.
Thi
s st
atem
ent
asks
if
inva
sive
ani
mal
or
pla
nt s
pec
ies
have
bec
ome
esta
blis
hed
at
the
site
. It
is u
sefu
l to
know
whe
re in
vasi
ve s
pec
ies
have
bee
n es
tab
lishe
d, s
o th
at c
ontr
ols
can
be
imp
lem
ente
d. I
den
tifyi
ng t
he
occu
rren
ce o
f inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s b
efor
e th
ey in
fest
a s
ite is
use
ful
info
rmat
ion.
Var
ious
cha
ract
eris
tics
of in
vasi
ve s
pec
ies
allo
w t
hem
to
dis
pla
ce
nativ
e ve
geta
tion
at s
ites
that
hav
e b
een
dis
turb
ed b
y w
ater
im-
pou
ndm
ents
, exc
essi
ve g
razi
ng, r
ecre
atio
n, a
nd o
ther
act
iviti
es.
By
dis
pla
cing
nat
ive
vege
tatio
n, t
hey
red
uce
hab
itat
that
form
erly
p
rovi
ded
crit
ical
nes
ting,
feed
ing,
and
sp
awni
ng h
abita
t fo
r w
ild-
life
spec
ies.
A n
umb
er o
f non
nativ
e ve
rteb
rate
s an
d in
vert
ebra
tes
have
bee
n in
trod
uced
into
sp
rings
in W
este
rn N
orth
Am
eric
a, a
nd
in s
ome
case
s, p
opul
atio
ns o
f nat
ive
aqua
tic s
pec
ies
have
eith
er
bee
n re
duc
ed o
r ex
tirp
ated
as
a re
sult.
Som
e p
lant
sp
ecie
s th
at a
re c
onsi
der
ed t
o b
e in
vasi
ve in
sp
rings
or
wet
land
s, a
t le
ast
in s
ome
Sta
tes,
incl
ude
pur
ple
loos
estr
ife,
tam
aris
k, c
omm
on r
eed
, ree
d c
anar
ygra
ss, a
nd m
any
othe
rs.
Inva
sive
ani
mal
s co
uld
incl
ude
the
zeb
ra m
usse
l and
man
y ot
hers
.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
o in
vasi
ve s
pec
ies
(or
very
few
ind
ivid
uals
) wer
e ob
serv
ed a
t th
e si
te.
95G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
Inva
sive
ani
mal
or
pla
nt s
pec
ies
are
esta
blis
hed
at
the
site
.
List
s of
inva
sive
pla
nts
can
be
obta
ined
for
Sta
tes
and
man
y co
untie
s or
on
line
at h
ttp
://p
lant
s.us
da.
gov/
java
/nox
ious
Driv
er.
Flow
reg
ula
tion
: Flo
w r
egul
atio
n is
no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g t
he s
ite.
Alte
ratio
n of
sur
face
or
sub
surf
ace
flow
pat
tern
s m
ay a
ffec
t th
e fu
nctio
nalit
y of
a s
ite. T
his
stat
emen
t is
inte
nded
to
det
erm
ine
if flo
w r
egul
atio
n ha
s oc
curr
ed a
t th
e si
te, w
hich
can
hav
e si
gnifi
-ca
nt e
ffec
ts o
n th
e b
iota
. For
are
as w
here
wet
land
veg
etat
ion
is
imp
orta
nt, a
cha
nge
in fl
ow p
atte
rns
may
mea
n a
chan
ge in
veg
-et
atio
n ty
pe
(wet
land
sp
ecie
s to
up
land
sp
ecie
s), c
reat
ing
a si
te
unab
le t
o fu
nctio
n p
rop
erly
. For
oth
ers,
it m
ay m
ean
a d
ecre
ase
in e
xten
t of
wet
land
or
com
ple
te w
etla
nd lo
ss.
Eff
ects
of d
iver
sion
are
sim
ilar
to t
he c
onse
que
nces
of a
dro
ught
th
at c
ause
s sp
rings
and
wet
land
s to
bec
ome
drie
r. In
gen
eral
, sp
ecie
s ric
hnes
s d
eclin
es a
s d
iver
sion
incr
ease
s, a
nd fu
nctio
nal
shift
s in
the
str
uctu
re o
f aq
uatic
and
wet
land
com
mun
ities
occ
ur.
As
div
ersi
on in
crea
ses,
into
lera
nt a
qua
tic t
axa
(e.g
., m
ayfli
es,
cad
dis
flies
, cre
nob
iont
ics)
are
rep
lace
d b
y to
lera
nt t
axa
(e.g
., m
idge
s, b
eetle
s, c
orix
ids)
, and
non
nativ
e an
d u
pla
nd v
eget
atio
n b
ecom
es m
ore
abun
dan
t.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
No
flow
reg
ulat
ion
exis
ts a
t th
e si
te.
Flow
reg
ulat
ion
stru
ctur
es a
re s
tab
le, a
ccom
mod
ate
flow
s,
and
do
not
adve
rsel
y af
fect
the
eco
logy
of t
he s
ite.
Div
ersi
ons
rem
ove
very
sm
all a
mou
nts
of w
ater
and
hav
e m
inim
al e
ffec
ts o
n ec
olog
y.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
Ther
e ex
ists
cha
nnel
izat
ion
or r
edire
ctio
n of
flow
, del
iver
y of
wat
er t
hrou
gh p
ipes
and
con
cret
e ch
anne
ls t
o ta
nks
and
96G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
rese
rvoi
rs, e
xcav
atio
n an
d in
stal
latio
n of
sp
ring
box
es, d
itchi
ng
wet
land
s to
dra
in t
hem
, or
imp
ound
ing
sprin
g so
urce
s. (T
hese
st
ruct
ures
are
des
igne
d t
o ca
ptu
re a
nd d
iver
t w
ater
for
uses
su
ch a
s liv
esto
ck w
ater
ing,
dom
estic
use
, or
irrig
atio
n.)
• Fl
ow d
iver
sion
is c
ausi
ng t
he a
rea
of w
etla
nd v
eget
atio
n an
d
soils
to
cont
ract
.
Con
stru
ctio
n a
nd
roa
d e
ffec
ts: C
ons
truc
tio
n, r
eco
n-st
ruct
ion,
or
mai
nten
ance
of
phy
sica
l im
pro
vem
ents
, in
clud
ing
ro
ads,
are
no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g t
he s
ite.
R
oad
s ca
n ca
use
nega
tive
ecol
ogic
al e
ffec
ts t
o ec
osys
tem
s,
plan
ts, a
nd w
ildlif
e. T
he e
ffect
s of
roa
d co
nstr
uctio
n an
d op
erat
ion
on w
etla
nds
and
sp
rings
incl
ude
nega
tive
effe
cts
from
cha
nges
to
the
che
mis
try
and
bio
logy
of t
he lo
cal a
rea
to c
hang
es in
hy -
d
rolo
gy t
hat
go b
eyon
d t
he im
med
iate
are
a of
the
roa
d. L
oss
of
wild
life
hab
itat,
loss
of s
pec
ies,
and
bio
div
ersi
ty a
re o
ther
con
se-
que
nces
of s
uch
chan
ges.
In a
dd
ition
, roa
ds
are
bar
riers
tha
t ca
n ca
use
hab
itat
frag
men
tatio
n an
d e
dge
eff
ects
, whi
ch m
ay a
ffec
t so
me
pla
nt a
nd a
nim
al s
pec
ies.
Roa
ds
are
also
cor
ridor
s th
at c
an
faci
litat
e th
e sp
read
of i
nvas
ive
spec
ies.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
o ev
iden
ce s
ugge
sts
that
con
stru
ctio
n or
roa
ds
are
affe
ctin
g th
e G
DE
.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• W
ithin
the
site
, roa
ds
have
cau
sed
tra
mp
ling,
soi
l com
pac
tion,
er
osio
n, d
istu
rban
ce (b
ecau
se o
f noi
se o
r m
otio
n), p
ollu
tion,
nu
trie
nt lo
adin
g, o
r in
trod
uctio
n of
inva
sive
pla
nt s
pec
ies.
• R
oad
is c
hann
eliz
ing
runo
ff a
nd d
eliv
erin
g se
dim
ent
to t
he
site
.
• P
hysi
cal i
mp
rove
men
ts, s
uch
as b
uild
ings
, lat
rines
, wat
er
dev
elop
men
t st
ruct
ures
, pip
ing,
and
par
king
lots
, are
aff
ectin
g th
e si
te.
• S
torm
wat
er r
unof
f fro
m a
roa
d o
r p
arki
ng lo
t is
ent
erin
g a
wet
land
.
97G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Fen
cin
g e
ffec
ts: P
rote
ctio
n fe
ncin
g a
nd e
xclo
sure
s ar
e ap
pro
pri
ate
and
fun
ctio
nal.
Fenc
es a
re s
omet
imes
use
d t
o ex
clud
e an
imal
s or
peo
ple
from
sp
ring
or w
etla
nd s
ites
to p
reve
nt d
amag
e to
veg
etat
ion,
alte
ratio
n of
sed
imen
t flux
, or
adve
rse
affe
cts
on w
ater
qua
lity.
Pro
per
plac
e -
men
t an
d m
aint
enan
ce o
f fen
ces
is r
equi
red
to
mee
t co
nser
vatio
n ob
ject
ives
. Thi
s in
dic
ator
ass
esse
s if
the
fenc
es a
re a
pp
rop
riate
ly
des
igne
d, l
ocat
ed, a
nd m
aint
aine
d, a
nd if
the
y ar
e w
orki
ng a
s in
tend
ed.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• Fe
ncin
g w
as p
rop
erly
des
igne
d a
nd is
func
tioni
ng t
o ex
clud
e w
hate
ver
it w
as in
tend
ed t
o ex
clud
e, s
uch
as li
vest
ock,
wild
an
imal
s, v
ehic
les,
and
rec
reat
ion
use.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• Fe
nce
is d
own,
dam
aged
, or
bro
ken.
• Fe
nce
was
not
des
igne
d o
r co
nstr
ucte
d in
a m
anne
r th
at
effe
ctiv
ely
pro
tect
s th
e ec
olog
ical
ly v
alua
ble
por
tions
of t
he
site
.
Her
biv
ore
effe
cts:
Her
biv
ory
is n
ot
adve
rsel
y af
fect
ing
th
e si
te.
This
ind
icat
or d
ocum
ents
whe
ther
gra
zing
or
bro
wsi
ng b
y na
tive
or n
onna
tive
anim
als
is a
dve
rsel
y af
fect
ing
the
site
. Thi
s re
fers
to
effe
cts
from
ani
mal
s su
ch a
s ca
ttle
, she
ep, h
orse
s, b
urro
s, e
lk,
dee
r, o
r m
oose
.
Man
y sp
rings
and
wet
land
s ha
ve b
een
alte
red
by
graz
ing
and
tr
amp
ling
of li
vest
ock,
as
wel
l as
othe
r no
nnat
ive
and
nat
ive
ungu
late
s. E
xces
sive
gra
zing
in G
DE
s ca
n d
amag
e or
alte
r ve
g-et
atio
n, le
ad t
o in
crea
sed
wat
er t
emp
erat
ure,
cau
se s
oil e
rosi
on
(incl
udin
g st
ream
ban
k er
osio
n), a
nd a
dd
sed
imen
t an
d n
utrie
nts
to a
qua
tic s
yste
ms.
Tho
se c
hang
es c
an d
amag
e ha
bita
t fo
r w
ild-
life,
fish
, and
oth
er a
qua
tic fa
una,
suc
h as
mac
roin
vert
ebra
tes.
98G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
o ev
iden
ce in
dic
ates
ad
vers
e ef
fect
s fr
om g
razi
ng o
r b
row
sing
by
nativ
e or
non
nativ
e un
gula
tes.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• N
ativ
e or
non
nativ
e un
gula
tes
have
cau
sed
exc
essi
ve r
emov
al
of v
eget
atio
n, a
bno
rmal
ly lo
w h
eigh
t (in
clud
ing
hed
ging
of
shru
bs)
or
cove
r of
veg
etat
ion,
or
maj
or c
hang
es in
sp
ecie
s co
mp
ositi
on.
• N
ativ
e or
non
nativ
e un
gula
tes’
hoo
f act
ion
has
caus
ed t
ram
-p
ling
of v
eget
atio
n, s
oil e
rosi
on, o
r ot
her
grou
nd d
istu
rban
ce.
Rec
reat
ion
al e
ffec
ts: R
ecre
atio
nal u
ses,
incl
udin
g
trai
ls, a
re n
ot
adve
rsel
y af
fect
ing
the
sit
e.
Rec
reat
iona
l act
iviti
es c
an n
egat
ivel
y af
fect
GD
Es.
Off
-roa
d
vehi
cle
use
is in
crea
sing
on
NFS
land
s an
d h
as d
amag
ed m
any
wet
land
and
sp
ring
hab
itats
. Sad
a (2
001)
doc
umen
ted
how
tr
amp
ling
by
recr
eatio
nist
s af
fect
ed t
he a
bun
dan
ce a
nd d
istr
ibu-
tion
of s
prin
g-d
wel
ling
mol
lusk
s. T
he e
ffec
ts o
n sp
rings
is s
imila
r to
tho
se c
ause
d b
y ex
cess
ive
lives
tock
and
wild
life
activ
ity in
rip
aria
n an
d a
qua
tic s
yste
ms,
whe
re it
has
deg
rad
ed r
ipar
ian
vege
tatio
n an
d in
crea
sed
wat
er t
emp
erat
ure,
the
am
ount
of fi
ne
sub
stra
tes,
and
nut
rient
load
ing
(Fle
isch
ner
1994
, Kau
ffm
an a
nd
Kru
eger
198
4).
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• C
amp
ing,
hik
ing,
and
ass
ocia
ted
ref
use
have
ad
vers
ely
affe
cted
the
site
.
• R
ecre
atio
n us
e al
ong
a sp
ring
bro
ok h
as c
ause
d d
ecre
ased
ve
geta
tion
heig
ht o
r co
ver
(thro
ugh
tram
plin
g or
oth
er d
amag
e).
99G
DE
: Le
vel I
Inve
ntor
y Fi
eld
Gui
de
• V
ehic
les
have
cau
sed
ero
sion
, soi
l com
pac
tion,
dam
age
to
vege
tatio
n, o
r ot
her
adve
rse
effe
cts.
• O
ther
rec
reat
iona
l act
iviti
es (t
rails
, hor
seb
ack
ridin
g, e
tc.)
have
ad
vers
ely
affe
cted
the
site
.
Oth
er d
istu
rban
ce e
ffec
ts: W
ildla
nd fi
re, i
nsec
t, d
is-
ease
, win
d t
hro
w, a
vala
nche
s, o
r o
ther
dis
turb
ance
s ar
e no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g t
he s
ite.
This
ind
icat
or d
ocum
ents
ad
vers
e ef
fect
s fr
om d
istu
rban
ces
not
cap
ture
d in
oth
er s
tate
men
ts, s
uch
as fi
re, b
low
dow
n, p
est
infe
stat
ion,
dis
ease
, and
ava
lanc
hes.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
have
had
a
sign
ifica
nt a
dve
rse
affe
ct o
n th
e si
te.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• S
igni
fican
t am
ount
s of
dea
d o
r d
ying
veg
etat
ion
(par
ticul
arly
tr
ees
and
shr
ubs)
from
inse
ct in
fest
atio
n, d
isea
se, o
r w
ildfir
e ar
e fo
und
in t
he s
ite.
• E
vid
ence
sug
gest
s th
at b
low
dow
n, p
est
infe
stat
ion,
dis
ease
, av
alan
ches
, deb
ris fl
ow, o
r ot
her
natu
ral d
istu
rban
ces
have
ha
d a
sig
nific
ant
adve
rse
affe
ct o
n th
e si
te.
Cu
ltu
ral v
alu
es: A
rcha
eolo
gic
al, h
isto
rica
l, o
r tr
ibal
va
lues
will
no
t af
fect
inve
nto
ry, r
esto
rati
on,
use
, or
man
agem
ent
of
this
sit
e.
Man
y sp
rings
, par
ticul
arly
in t
he S
outh
wes
tern
Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
ha
ve c
ultu
ral a
nd o
r hi
stor
ical
sig
nific
ance
tha
t co
uld
req
uire
co
nsul
tatio
n w
ith t
ribes
or
Sta
te h
isto
ric p
rese
rvat
ion
offic
es.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
o ev
iden
ce in
dic
atin
g ar
chae
olog
ical
, his
toric
al, o
r tr
ibal
re
sour
ces
at t
he s
ite.
100
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• A
rcha
eolo
gica
l, hi
stor
ical
, or
trib
al r
esou
rces
cou
ld b
e af
fect
ed
by
inve
ntor
y, r
esto
ratio
n, u
se, o
r m
anag
emen
t of
the
site
.
• S
ite s
acre
dne
ss is
rec
ogni
zed
by
trib
es o
r no
ntrib
al a
genc
ies.
• S
ite h
as p
oten
tial f
or N
atio
nal R
egis
ter
of H
isto
ric P
lace
s st
atus
.
• A
rtifa
cts,
pet
rogl
yphs
, rui
ns, w
ater
wor
ks, o
r d
wel
ling
site
s ar
e p
rese
nt.
Lan
d o
wn
ersh
ip: T
he e
ntir
e si
te a
nd im
med
iate
are
a ar
e un
der
the
juri
sdic
tio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t o
f th
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
.Th
is in
dic
ator
sim
ply
doc
umen
ts t
hat
the
site
is m
anag
ed b
y th
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
and
, thu
s, t
he la
nd m
anag
er h
as t
he a
utho
rity
to
cont
rol u
ndes
irab
le o
r un
auth
oriz
ed a
ctiv
ities
at
the
site
.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• E
ntire
site
is w
ithin
For
est
Ser
vice
juris
dic
tion.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• P
art,
or
all,
of t
he s
ite is
not
with
in F
ores
t S
ervi
ce ju
risd
ictio
n.
Oth
er la
nd
own
er a
ctio
ns:
Act
ivit
ies
or
man
agem
ent
on
land
s o
utsi
de
Fore
st S
ervi
ce ju
risd
icti
on
are
not
adve
rsel
y af
fect
ing
the
sit
e.Th
is in
dic
ator
doc
umen
ts w
heth
er t
he s
ite is
und
er t
hrea
t fr
om
actio
ns b
y ad
jace
nt la
ndow
ners
.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
101
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• A
larg
e p
ump
ing
wel
l is
loca
ted
ad
jace
nt t
o th
e si
te, o
ff o
f NFS
la
nds,
and
is d
ewat
erin
g th
e si
te.
• O
ther
act
iviti
es o
ff of
NFS
land
s ar
e ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g th
e si
te.
Lan
d m
anag
emen
t p
lan
: The
land
and
res
our
ce m
anag
emen
t p
lan
pro
vid
es f
or
effe
ctiv
e si
te p
rote
ctio
n.
Fore
st o
r gr
assl
and
pla
ns d
efine
des
ired
con
diti
ons
or s
tand
ard
s an
d g
uid
elin
es fo
r m
anag
emen
t of
fore
st r
esou
rces
.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• Th
e fo
rest
or
gras
slan
d p
lan
stat
es t
hat
sprin
gs a
nd w
etla
nds
are
man
aged
to
pro
mot
e lo
ng-t
erm
via
bili
ty o
f eco
logi
cal
func
tion.
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• Th
e fo
rest
pla
n d
oes
not
reco
gniz
e th
at s
prin
gs a
nd w
etla
nds
are
man
aged
to
pro
mot
e lo
ng-t
erm
via
bili
ty o
f eco
logi
cal
func
tion.
Env
iron
men
tal c
ompl
ianc
e: A
utho
rize
d an
d ad
min
istr
ativ
e us
es
are
in c
om
plia
nce
and
are
no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g t
he s
ite.
Wat
er d
evel
opm
ents
are
aut
horiz
ed u
nder
sp
ecia
l-us
e au
thor
iza-
tion
regu
latio
ns. T
his
ind
icat
or is
use
d t
o al
ert
the
land
man
ager
of
una
utho
rized
act
iviti
es t
hat
need
to
be
add
ress
ed.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• N
one
of t
he a
dve
rse
effe
cts
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
are
obse
rved
.
102
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• A
wat
er d
evel
opm
ent
was
not
con
stru
cted
as
spec
ified
in t
he
per
mit.
• G
razi
ng w
ithin
the
site
is n
ot in
com
plia
nce
with
allo
tmen
t m
anag
emen
t p
lan
req
uire
men
ts.
Wat
er U
ses:
The
re a
re n
o s
ubst
anti
al w
ater
use
s in
th
e w
ater
shed
or
in t
he a
qui
fer
sup
ply
ing
gro
und
wat
er
to t
he s
ite
that
co
uld
dir
ectl
y o
r cu
mul
ativ
ely
adve
rsel
y af
fect
the
GD
E.
The
pur
pos
e of
thi
s in
dic
ator
is t
o as
sess
the
sco
pe
and
ext
ent
of
wat
er u
se (i
nclu
din
g th
at fr
om w
ater
rig
hts)
with
in t
he w
ater
shed
an
d/o
r aq
uife
r to
ass
ess
the
pot
entia
l for
dire
ct o
r cu
mul
ativ
e ad
vers
e af
fect
s to
the
GD
E.
Wat
er u
se fr
om s
urfa
ce o
r gr
ound
wat
er s
ourc
es s
houl
d b
e ac
-co
unte
d fo
r un
der
eith
er S
tate
or
Fed
eral
aut
horit
y. A
ll w
ater
use
, w
heth
er e
xem
pt
from
Sta
te a
pp
licat
ion
pro
ced
ures
or
not,
nee
ds
to b
e p
rop
erly
doc
umen
ted
and
tra
cked
rel
ativ
e to
the
am
ount
of
wat
er u
sed
and
loca
tion
of w
ithd
raw
al a
nd u
se. I
nfor
mat
ion
from
the
Wat
er R
ight
s an
d U
ses
(WR
U) d
atab
ase/
site
vis
it fie
ld
form
, whi
ch c
an b
e in
clud
ed in
the
GD
E in
vent
ory
pro
cess
, is
used
to
asse
ss if
the
re is
sub
stan
tial w
ater
use
, ind
ivid
ually
or
cum
ulat
ivel
y, fr
om w
ater
use
s.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• Th
e d
ensi
ty o
f wat
er u
ses
and
rig
hts
is s
mal
l rel
ativ
e to
st
ream
flow
ava
ilab
ility
or
aqui
fer
cap
acity
.
• W
ater
use
s an
d w
ater
rig
hts
that
aff
ect
the
site
hav
e b
een
inve
ntor
ied
and
acc
ount
ed fo
r an
d a
re b
eing
use
d a
s in
tend
ed
and
with
in t
he li
mits
of t
he r
ight
or
exem
ptio
n.
• In
fras
truc
ture
ad
jace
nt t
o th
e si
te o
r w
ithin
the
wat
ersh
ed h
as
evid
ence
of m
aint
enan
ce a
nd is
func
tioni
ng w
ell.
103
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• Th
e d
ensi
ty o
f wat
er u
ses
and
rig
hts
is m
oder
ate
to h
igh
rela
-tiv
e to
str
eam
flow
ava
ilab
ility
or
aqui
fer
cap
acity
.
• W
ater
use
s an
d w
ater
rig
hts
have
not
bee
n in
vent
orie
d; m
any
uses
are
uni
den
tified
or
unkn
own,
with
litt
le t
o no
info
rmat
ion
on a
mou
nt o
r fr
eque
ncy
of u
se.
• In
fras
truc
ture
ad
jace
nt t
o si
te o
r w
ithin
the
wat
ersh
ed is
ex
tens
ive,
with
no
inve
ntor
y in
form
atio
n to
ass
ess
the
exte
nt
of in
fras
truc
ture
and
wat
er u
se.
Wat
er R
igh
ts: W
ater
rig
hts
have
bee
n fi
led
fo
r th
e si
te
und
er S
tate
law
or
wat
er u
ses
exem
pte
d u
nder
Sta
te
law
are
do
cum
ente
d. F
ore
st S
ervi
ce F
eder
al r
eser
ved
ri
ght
s ar
e d
ocu
men
ted
as
app
rop
riat
e. T
hird
-par
ty
wat
er u
se is
in a
cco
rdan
ce w
ith
all e
lem
ents
of
the
wat
er r
ight
or
cond
itio
ns o
f th
e ex
emp
tio
n an
d w
ith
the
Fore
st S
ervi
ce a
utho
riza
tio
n th
at a
llow
s th
e us
e.
The
pur
pos
e of
thi
s in
dic
ator
is t
o as
sess
the
wat
er r
ight
s an
d
uses
dis
pos
ition
of t
he s
ite (s
ee d
escr
iptio
n un
der
the
pre
viou
s “w
ater
use
s” s
ectio
n). I
nfor
mat
ion
from
the
WR
U d
atab
ase
and
si
te v
isit
field
form
, whi
ch c
an b
e in
clud
ed in
the
GD
E in
vent
ory
pro
cess
, is
used
to
asse
ss if
the
re is
sub
stan
tial w
ater
use
, in
div
idua
lly o
r cu
mul
ativ
ely,
from
wat
er u
ses.
Exa
mp
les
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“Y
es”
in t
he fo
llow
ing
circ
um-
stan
ces:
• A
rea
sona
ble
am
ount
of w
ater
is b
eing
con
sum
ed fo
r th
e sp
ecifi
c p
urp
ose.
Am
ount
and
tim
ing
of w
ater
with
dra
wal
is
com
par
able
to
sim
ilar
uses
at
site
s/w
ater
shed
s w
ith s
imila
r co
nditi
ons.
• If
met
ered
, met
erin
g is
acc
urat
e an
d m
easu
rem
ents
are
use
d
in a
sses
smen
ts.
• Th
e w
ater
rig
ht o
r us
e is
val
id a
nd u
sed
in a
ccor
dan
ce t
o sp
ecifi
catio
ns o
f the
rig
ht o
r us
e.
• In
fras
truc
ture
and
div
ersi
ons
are
in g
ood
wor
king
con
diti
on.
104
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
This
ind
icat
or w
ould
be
answ
ered
“N
o” in
the
follo
win
g ci
rcum
-st
ance
s:
• W
ater
rig
ht o
r us
e is
in v
iola
tion
of e
xem
ptio
ns a
nd is
not
au
thor
ized
und
er S
tate
law
or
sub
ject
to
forf
eitu
re.
• W
ater
is n
ot m
eter
ed a
nd is
req
uire
d t
o b
e m
eter
ed u
nder
S
tate
law
or
spec
ial-
use
per
mit.
• In
fras
truc
ture
is n
ot m
aint
aine
d an
d w
ater
use
is n
ot c
ontr
olle
d.
105
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Po
st-F
ield
Sur
vey
Act
ivit
ies
(in o
ffice
)
Aft
er t
he fi
eld
sur
vey,
ad
diti
onal
act
iviti
es n
eed
to
be
com
ple
ted
in
the
offi
ce o
r la
bor
ator
y to
sup
ple
men
t or
enh
ance
the
fiel
d
dat
a. T
hese
act
iviti
es a
re d
escr
ibed
in t
he fo
llow
ing
list
(in t
he
sam
e m
anne
r th
ey a
re li
sted
in t
he “
Usi
ng t
he L
evel
I Fi
eld
G
uid
e” s
ectio
n in
the
beg
inni
ng o
f thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e).
Ob
tain
or
Ver
ify D
ata
Bas
ed u
pon
the
loca
tion
dat
a (U
TM o
r la
titud
e/lo
ngitu
de)
ac
qui
red
at
the
site
, the
follo
win
g ar
e ex
amp
les
of a
ttrib
utes
tha
t ca
n b
e d
eter
min
ed, v
erifi
ed, o
r up
dat
ed in
the
offi
ce, p
rimar
ily
with
GIS
too
ls.
• W
ater
shed
(s) h
ydro
logi
c un
it co
des
.
• E
colo
gica
l sys
tem
.
• Lo
cal f
eatu
re-t
ype
nam
e.
• S
ite n
ame
(an
exis
ting
site
nam
e th
at w
as n
ot k
now
n at
the
fie
ld v
isit
may
exi
st).
• P
rimar
y lit
holo
gy (g
roun
dw
ater
sou
rce
aqui
fer)
.
• S
econ
dar
y lit
holo
gy.
Lab
ora
tory
Ana
lyse
s
If sa
mp
les
or s
pec
imen
s w
ere
colle
cted
in t
he fi
eld
, the
n th
ey
need
to
be
tran
sfer
red
to
a lo
catio
n w
here
the
y ca
n b
e an
alyz
ed.
Pla
nt s
pec
imen
s sh
ould
be
take
n to
a b
otan
ist
or h
erb
ariu
m fo
r id
entifi
catio
n. M
acro
inve
rteb
rate
sp
ecim
ens
shou
ld b
e se
nt t
o a
lab
orat
ory
that
follo
ws
gene
ral p
roce
ssin
g an
d id
entifi
catio
n gu
idel
ines
for
iden
tifica
tion
(des
crib
ed in
the
Lab
Iden
tifica
tion
par
t of
the
Aq
uatic
Mac
roin
vert
ebra
tes
sect
ion)
. Wat
er s
amp
les
and
soi
l sam
ple
s sh
ould
be
sent
to
a la
bor
ator
y th
at fo
llow
s st
and
ard
ized
gui
del
ines
of q
ualit
y as
sura
nce.
106
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Imp
lem
ent
Dat
a M
anag
emen
t an
d In
terp
reta
tio
n P
roce
dur
es
Fiel
d d
ata
reco
rded
eith
er o
n p
aper
form
s or
fiel
d d
ata
reco
rder
s w
ill n
eed
to
be
ente
red
into
the
cor
por
ate
dat
abas
e. A
sig
nific
ant
amou
nt o
f tim
e ne
eds
to b
e al
lott
ed fo
r d
ata
entr
y fr
om p
aper
fo
rms.
The
dat
abas
e ca
n ge
nera
te s
umm
arie
s fo
r ea
ch a
ttrib
ute
and
tho
se s
houl
d b
e re
view
ed fo
r ob
viou
s er
rors
tha
t m
ight
hav
e b
een
mad
e in
rec
ord
ing
or e
nter
ing
the
dat
a. A
site
sum
mar
y ca
n b
e ge
nera
ted
in t
he d
atab
ase
as w
ell,
whi
ch in
clud
es a
ll of
the
at
trib
utes
and
the
bas
ic s
ite in
form
atio
n.
Pho
tos
take
n w
ith a
dig
ital c
amer
a ne
ed t
o b
e d
ownl
oad
ed,
lab
eled
, and
sto
red
in a
loca
tion
that
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith t
he o
ther
si
te in
form
atio
n. H
and
writ
ten
mat
eria
ls s
uch
as d
raw
ings
and
no
tes
shou
ld b
e sc
anne
d in
to e
lect
roni
c fo
rmat
and
sto
red
in a
lo
catio
n th
at is
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
oth
er s
ite in
form
atio
n.
Val
idat
e an
d C
onfi
rm M
anag
emen
t In
dic
ato
r T
oo
l Ent
ries
The
resp
onse
s to
the
Man
agem
ent
Ind
icat
or T
ool s
houl
d b
e co
mp
ared
to
the
sum
mar
ized
fiel
d d
ata
in t
he o
ffice
. Thi
s w
ill
eith
er c
onfir
m t
he fi
eld
res
pon
ses
or p
rovi
de
info
rmat
ion
that
can
b
e us
ed t
o ed
it th
e fie
ld r
esp
onse
s. F
or e
xam
ple
, it
may
hav
e b
een
note
d t
hat
ther
e w
ere
no in
vasi
ve s
pec
ies
at t
he s
ite, b
ut
the
sum
mar
ized
dat
a in
the
offi
ce m
ay in
dic
ate
that
the
re w
ere
ind
eed
sig
nific
ant
amou
nts
of in
vasi
ve p
lant
s or
ani
mal
s. T
he
resp
onse
to
the
stat
emen
t on
inva
sive
sp
ecie
s w
ould
the
n b
e up
dat
ed b
ased
on
the
sum
mar
ized
fiel
d d
ata.
Ana
lyze
and
Eva
luat
e C
olle
cted
Info
rmat
ion
Det
aile
d t
echn
ique
s fo
r an
alyz
ing
and
eva
luat
ing
the
dat
a co
l-le
cted
with
thi
s fie
ld g
uid
e ar
e no
t d
escr
ibed
in t
his
field
gui
de.
107
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Glo
ssar
y
Som
e d
efini
tions
are
tak
en fr
om M
itsch
and
Gos
selin
k (2
007)
.
ano
xia—
Wat
ers
or s
oils
with
no
dis
solv
ed o
xyge
n.
aqui
fer—
A s
atur
ated
und
ergr
ound
laye
r of
wat
er-b
earin
g p
erm
eab
le r
ock
or u
ncon
solid
ated
mat
eria
ls (g
rave
l, sa
nd, s
ilt, o
r cl
ay) f
rom
whi
ch g
roun
dw
ater
can
be
extr
acte
d u
sing
a w
ell.
An
aqui
fer
can
be
confi
ned
, unc
onfin
ed, o
r p
artia
lly c
onfin
ed. T
he
aqui
fer
can
be
per
ched
, loc
al, o
r re
gion
al. A
qui
fers
are
con
nect
ed
to t
he h
ydro
logi
c cy
cle
thro
ugh
rech
arge
, with
in a
nd b
etw
een
unit
flow
, and
thr
ough
dis
char
ge.
arte
sian
—C
ond
ition
in w
hich
a c
onfin
ed a
qui
fer
is u
nder
p
ress
ure
such
tha
t th
e st
atic
leve
l with
in a
cas
ed b
oreh
ole
rises
ab
ove
an im
per
mea
ble
(con
finin
g) la
yer
(e.g
., p
eat
laye
r) o
r in
w
hich
wat
er d
isch
arge
s to
the
sur
face
from
an
unlin
ed b
oreh
ole.
bas
e-fl
ow
str
eam
—A
per
enni
al s
trea
m s
upp
orte
d b
y gr
ound
-w
ater
dis
char
ge d
urin
g p
erio
ds
of lo
w o
r no
pre
cip
itatio
n or
sn
owm
elt.
bo
g—
A p
eat-
accu
mul
atin
g w
etla
nd t
hat
has
no s
igni
fican
t in
flow
s or
out
flow
s an
d s
upp
orts
aci
dop
hilic
mos
ses,
par
ticul
arly
S
pha
gnum
. In
gene
ral,
bog
s ar
e su
pp
orte
d b
y p
reci
pita
tion.
bry
op
hyte
s—N
onva
scul
ar la
nd p
lant
s (m
osse
s, li
verw
orts
, and
ho
rnw
orts
) tha
t ha
ve t
issu
es a
nd e
nclo
sed
rep
rod
uctiv
e sy
stem
s b
ut la
ck v
ascu
lar
tissu
e th
at c
ircul
ates
liq
uid
s. T
hey
neith
er h
ave
flow
ers
nor
pro
duc
e se
eds
bec
ause
the
y re
pro
duc
e vi
a sp
ores
.
Car
olin
a B
ay—
Elli
ptic
al d
epre
ssio
ns o
r sh
allo
w b
asin
s th
at
occu
r th
roug
hout
the
Sou
thea
ster
n U
nite
d S
tate
s C
oast
al P
lain
. Th
eir
hyd
rolo
gy is
dom
inat
ed b
y p
reci
pita
tion
inp
uts
and
eva
po-
tran
spira
tion
loss
es, a
nd t
hey
rang
e fr
om n
early
per
man
ently
in
und
ated
to
freq
uent
ly d
ry.
cave
—A
nat
ural
und
ergr
ound
sp
ace
form
ed b
y va
rious
geo
logi
c p
roce
sses
. Cav
es a
re c
omm
on in
kar
st t
erra
in a
nd a
reas
of
psu
edok
arst
.
cien
ega—
Usu
ally
a w
et, m
arsh
y ar
ea a
t th
e fo
ot o
f a m
ount
ain,
in
a c
anyo
n, o
r on
the
ed
ge o
f a g
rass
land
whe
re g
roun
dw
ater
re
ache
s th
e su
rfac
e. O
ften
, a c
iene
ga d
oes
not
dra
in in
to a
st
ream
but
inst
ead
eva
por
ates
. Als
o ca
lled
hel
ocr
ene.
108
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
cren
ob
iont
ic—
Org
anis
ms
that
live
onl
y in
sp
rings
.
exp
osu
re s
pri
ng (o
ne o
f the
sp
here
s of
dis
char
ge, a
s d
escr
ibed
b
y S
prin
ger
and
Ste
vens
200
9)—
Gro
und
wat
er is
exp
osed
at
the
land
sur
face
but
doe
s no
t ha
ve s
urfa
ce in
flow
or
outfl
ow.
Exp
osur
e sp
rings
occ
ur in
kar
st (s
inkh
oles
) and
psu
edok
arst
(la
va fl
ows)
but
cou
ld fo
rm in
oth
er t
ypes
of v
ertic
al c
ond
uits
into
an
aq
uife
r.
fen—
In g
ener
al, w
etla
nds
that
dev
elop
whe
re a
rel
ativ
ely
con-
stan
t su
pp
ly o
f gro
und
wat
er t
o th
e p
lant
roo
ting
zone
mai
ntai
ns
satu
rate
d c
ond
ition
s m
ost
of t
he t
ime
and
the
wat
er c
hem
istr
y re
flect
s th
e m
iner
alog
y of
the
sur
roun
din
g an
d u
nder
lyin
g so
ils
and
geo
logi
cal m
ater
ials
. The
U.S
. Fis
h an
d W
ildlif
e S
ervi
ce
(199
9) u
ses
two
crite
ria t
o cl
assi
fy a
wet
land
as
a fe
n: (1
) the
wet
-la
nd is
prim
arily
sup
por
ted
by
grou
ndw
ater
and
(2) t
he w
etla
nd
has
orga
nic
soils
mee
ting
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es C
onse
rvat
ion
Ser
vice
(201
0) d
efini
tion
of
a hi
sto
sol o
r a
hist
ic e
pip
edo
n in
at
leas
t so
me
par
t of
the
co
ntig
uous
wet
land
.
fib
ric—
Org
anic
soi
l mat
eria
l tha
t co
ntai
ns 3
/4 o
r m
ore
reco
gniz
-ab
le fi
ber
s (a
fter
rub
bin
g b
etw
een
finge
rs) o
f und
ecom
pos
ed
pla
nt r
emai
ns. B
ulk
den
sity
is u
sual
ly v
ery
low
and
wat
er-h
old
ing
cap
acity
ver
y hi
gh. A
lso
refe
rred
to
as p
eat.
flar
k—S
ee s
trin
g a
nd fl
ark
mic
roto
po
gra
phy
.
forb
—H
erb
aceo
us fl
ower
ing
pla
nt t
hat
is n
ot a
gra
min
oid
.
foun
tain
sp
ring
(one
of t
he s
phe
res
of d
isch
arge
, as
des
crib
ed
by
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns 2
009)
—C
ool,
arte
sian
sp
rings
tha
t ar
e fo
rced
ab
ove
the
land
sur
face
by
arte
sian
or
gas
pre
ssur
e.
gey
ser
(one
of t
he s
phe
res
of d
isch
arge
, as
des
crib
ed b
y S
prin
ger
and
Ste
vens
200
9)—
Geo
ther
mal
sp
rings
tha
t em
erge
ex
plo
sive
ly a
nd u
sual
ly e
rrat
ical
ly. A
gey
ser
is a
hot
sp
ring
char
acte
rized
by
inte
rmitt
ent
dis
char
ges
of w
ater
tha
t ar
e ej
ecte
d
turb
ulen
tly b
y a
vap
or p
hase
.
gra
min
oid
—Tr
ue g
rass
es (P
oace
ae) o
r gr
ass-
like
pla
nts,
suc
h as
se
dge
s (C
yper
acea
e) o
r ru
shes
(Jun
cace
ae).
gro
und
wat
er—
All
wat
er b
elow
the
gro
und
sur
face
, inc
lud
ing
wat
er in
the
sat
urat
ed a
nd u
nsat
urat
ed z
ones
.
109
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
gro
und
wat
er-d
epen
den
t ec
osy
stem
s (G
DE
s)—
Com
mun
ities
of
pla
nts,
ani
mal
s, a
nd o
ther
org
anis
ms
who
se e
xten
t an
d li
fe
pro
cess
es a
re d
epen
den
t on
acc
ess
to o
r d
isch
arge
of g
roun
d-
wat
er.
gus
het
(one
of t
he s
phe
res
of d
isch
arge
, as
des
crib
ed b
y S
prin
g-er
and
Ste
vens
200
9)—
Dis
cret
e so
urce
s of
flow
pou
ring
from
cl
iff fa
ces.
Gus
hets
typ
ical
ly e
mer
ge fr
om p
erch
ed, u
ncon
fined
aq
uife
rs, o
ften
with
dis
solu
tion
enha
ncem
ent
alon
g fr
actu
res,
ex
hib
it th
in s
heet
s of
wat
er fl
owin
g ov
er r
ock
face
s.
hang
ing
gar
den
or
wet
wal
l (on
e of
the
sp
here
s of
dis
char
ge, a
s d
escr
ibed
by
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns 2
009)
—S
prin
gs t
hat
emer
ge
alon
g ge
olog
ic c
onta
cts
or fr
actu
res
and
see
p, d
rip, o
r p
our
onto
un
der
lyin
g w
alls
. Han
ging
gar
den
s in
the
Sou
thw
este
rn U
nite
d
Sta
tes
typ
ical
ly e
mer
ge fr
om p
erch
ed, u
ncon
fined
aq
uife
rs in
A
eolia
n sa
ndst
one
units
.
helo
cren
e (o
ne o
f the
sp
here
s of
dis
char
ge, a
s d
escr
ibed
by
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns 2
009)
—Lo
w-g
rad
ient
sp
rings
and
/or
wet
land
s; o
ften
ind
istin
ct o
r m
ultip
le s
ourc
es o
f gro
und
wat
er.
Als
o ca
lled
wet
mea
do
ws
or c
iene
gas
.
hem
ic—
Org
anic
soi
l mat
eria
l at
an in
term
edia
te d
egre
e of
d
ecom
pos
ition
tha
t co
ntai
ns 1
/6 t
o 3/
4 re
cogn
izab
le fi
ber
s (a
fter
ru
bb
ing
bet
wee
n fin
gers
) of u
ndec
omp
osed
pla
nt r
emai
ns. B
ulk
den
sity
is u
sual
ly v
ery
low
and
wat
er-h
old
ing
cap
acity
ver
y hi
gh.
Als
o re
ferr
ed t
o as
muc
ky p
eat.
herb
aceo
us—
A p
lant
tha
t ha
s le
aves
and
ste
ms
that
die
dow
n to
the
gro
und
at
the
end
of t
he g
row
ing
seas
on. T
hey
have
no
per
sist
ent
woo
dy
stem
s.
hills
lop
e (o
ne o
f the
sp
here
s of
dis
char
ge, a
s d
escr
ibed
by
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns 2
009)
—S
pri
ngs
and
/or
wet
land
s on
a
hills
lop
e (g
ener
ally
20-
to
60-d
egre
e sl
ope)
, oft
en w
ith in
dis
tinct
or
mul
tiple
sou
rces
of g
roun
dw
ater
.
hist
ic e
pip
edo
n—A
n 8-
to
16-i
nch
laye
r at
or
near
the
sur
face
of
a m
iner
al h
ydric
soi
l tha
t is
sat
urat
ed w
ith w
ater
for
30 c
onse
cu-
tive
day
s or
mor
e in
mos
t ye
ars
and
con
tain
s a
min
imum
of 2
0 p
erce
nt o
rgan
ic m
atte
r w
hen
no c
lay
is p
rese
nt o
r a
min
imum
of
30
per
cent
org
anic
mat
ter
whe
n cl
ay c
onte
nt is
60
per
cent
or
grea
ter.
Soi
ls w
ith h
istic
ep
iped
ons
are
inun
dat
ed o
r sa
tura
ted
for
suffi
cien
t p
erio
ds
to g
reat
ly r
etar
d a
erob
ic d
ecom
pos
ition
of t
he
orga
nic
surf
ace
and
are
con
sid
ered
to
be
hyd
ric s
oils
.
110
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
hist
oso
l—H
isto
sols
(org
anic
so
ils) d
evel
op u
nder
con
diti
ons
of
near
ly c
ontin
uous
sat
urat
ion
and
/or
inun
dat
ion.
All
hist
osol
s ar
e hy
dric
soi
ls e
xcep
t fo
lists
, whi
ch a
re fr
eely
dra
ined
soi
ls o
ccur
-rin
g on
dry
slo
pes
whe
re e
xces
s lit
ter
accu
mul
ates
ove
r b
edro
ck.
Org
anic
hyd
ric s
oils
are
com
mon
ly k
now
n as
pea
ts a
nd m
ucks
.
hyp
ocr
ene
(one
of t
he s
phe
res
of d
isch
arge
, as
des
crib
ed b
y S
prin
ger
and
Ste
vens
200
9)—
A b
urie
d s
prin
g w
here
flow
doe
s no
t re
ach
the
surf
ace.
Thi
s te
rm is
com
mon
to
the
Sou
thw
este
rn
Uni
ted
Sta
tes.
Els
ewhe
re, t
hese
feat
ures
may
be
equi
vale
nt t
o sh
allo
w g
roun
dw
ater
are
as, i
nclu
din
g fe
ns.
hyp
orh
eic
zone
—A
rea
of a
str
eam
bed
and
ban
k w
here
sur
face
an
d g
roun
d w
ater
s m
ix. A
sim
ilar
area
, the
hyp
olen
tic z
one,
ex-
ists
in la
kes
and
pon
ds.
insu
rgen
ce—
The
poi
nt o
f infl
ow fo
r su
rfac
e w
ater
into
sub
sur-
face
con
dui
ts in
kar
st a
reas
.
juri
sdic
tio
nal w
etla
nds—
Thos
e ar
eas
that
are
inun
dat
ed o
r sa
tura
ted
by
surf
ace
or g
roun
d w
ater
(hyd
rolo
gy) a
t a
freq
uenc
y an
d d
urat
ion
suffi
cien
t to
sup
por
t an
d t
hat,
und
er n
orm
al c
ircum
-st
ance
s, d
o su
pp
ort
a p
reva
lenc
e of
veg
etat
ion
(hyd
rop
hyte
s)
typ
ical
ly a
dap
ted
for
life
in s
atur
ated
soi
l con
diti
ons
(hyd
ric s
oils
). W
etla
nds
gene
rally
incl
ude
swam
ps,
mar
shes
, bog
s, a
nd s
imila
r ar
eas
(40
Cod
e of
Fed
eral
Reg
ulat
ions
232
.2(r
)).
kars
t—A
ter
rain
or
typ
e of
top
ogra
phy
gen
eral
ly u
nder
lain
by
solu
ble
roc
ks, s
uch
as li
mes
tone
, gyp
sum
, and
dol
omite
, in
whi
ch t
he t
opog
rap
hy is
chi
efly
form
ed b
y d
isso
lvin
g th
e ro
ck;
kars
t is
cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y si
nkho
les,
dep
ress
ions
, cav
es, a
nd
und
ergr
ound
dra
inag
e. P
sued
okar
st is
an
area
of d
epre
ssio
ns,
cave
s, a
nd in
tern
al d
rain
age
that
res
ult
from
vol
cani
c ac
tivity
.
limno
cren
e (o
ne o
f the
sp
here
s of
dis
char
ge, a
s d
escr
ibed
by
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns 2
009)
—G
roun
dw
ater
em
erge
s in
one
or
mor
e p
ools
.
mar
sh—
A fr
eque
ntly
or
cont
inua
lly in
und
ated
wet
land
cha
rac-
teriz
ed b
y em
erge
nt h
erb
aceo
us v
eget
atio
n ad
apte
d t
o sa
tura
ted
so
il co
nditi
ons.
min
eral
ized
mo
und
s (o
ne o
f the
sp
here
s of
dis
char
ge, a
s d
escr
ibed
by
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns 2
009)
—S
pri
ngs
that
em
erge
fr
om (u
sual
ly c
arb
onat
e) p
reci
pita
te m
ound
s.
111
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
min
ero
gen
ous
—S
ee m
iner
otr
op
hic
pea
tlan
ds.
min
ero
tro
phi
c p
eatl
and
s—P
eatla
nds
that
rec
eive
wat
er t
hat
has
pas
sed
thr
ough
min
eral
soi
l. A
lso
calle
d m
iner
ogen
ous
hyd
rolo
gi-
cal s
yste
ms.
muc
k—O
rgan
ic s
oil m
ater
ial i
n w
hich
the
orig
inal
pla
nt p
arts
are
no
t re
cogn
izab
le. C
onta
ins
mor
e m
iner
al m
atte
r an
d is
usu
ally
d
arke
r in
col
or t
han
pea
t. A
lso
refe
rred
to
as s
apri
c m
ater
ial.
muc
ky p
eat—
Org
anic
soi
l mat
eria
l in
whi
ch a
sig
nific
ant
par
t of
th
e or
igin
al p
lant
par
ts a
re r
ecog
niza
ble
and
a s
igni
fican
t p
art
is
not.
Als
o re
ferr
ed t
o as
hem
ic m
ater
ial.
Nat
iona
l Res
our
ce M
anag
er (N
RM
)-A
uto
mat
ed L
and
s P
rog
ram
(ALP
) dat
abas
e—Th
e Fo
rest
Ser
vice
nat
iona
l ALP
is
an in
form
atio
n m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
tha
t co
ntai
ns a
ll la
nd s
tatu
s d
ata
for
Fore
st S
ervi
ce m
anag
ed la
nd, i
nclu
din
g la
nd s
urve
y,
owne
rshi
p, u
se r
estr
ictio
ns, a
nd b
ound
arie
s.
NR
M-I
nfra
stru
ctur
e (IN
FRA
) dat
abas
e—N
RM
-IN
FRA
is a
For
-es
t S
ervi
ce d
ata
man
agem
ent
syst
em t
hat
incl
udes
a c
olle
ctio
n of
Web
-bas
ed d
ata
entr
y fo
rms,
rep
ortin
g to
ols,
and
Geo
grap
hic
Info
rmat
ion
Sys
tem
too
ls t
hat
enab
le fo
rest
s to
man
age
and
re
por
t ac
cura
te in
form
atio
n ab
out
thei
r in
vent
ory
of c
onst
ruct
ed
feat
ures
and
land
uni
ts a
s w
ell a
s p
erm
its s
old
to
the
gene
ral
pub
lic a
nd t
o p
artn
ers.
NR
M-N
atur
al R
eso
urce
Info
rmat
ion
Sys
tem
(NR
IS) W
ater
R
ight
s an
d U
ses
dat
abas
e—Th
e N
RIS
is a
set
of F
ores
t S
ervi
ce
corp
orat
e d
atab
ases
and
com
put
er a
pp
licat
ions
tha
t co
ntai
n b
a-si
c na
tura
l res
ourc
e d
ata.
The
Wat
er R
ight
s an
d U
ses
dat
abas
e tr
acks
cor
e in
form
atio
n ab
out
Sta
te a
nd fe
der
ally
rec
ogni
zed
w
ater
rig
hts
and
use
s. It
als
o tr
acks
rel
ated
info
rmat
ion
abou
t b
enefi
ciar
ies,
pur
pos
e, q
uant
ity, a
nd p
erio
ds
of w
ater
use
.
om
bro
gen
ous
—P
eatl
and
with
inflo
w fr
om p
reci
pita
tion
only
. A
lso
calle
d o
mb
rotr
ophi
c.
org
anic
so
il—O
rgan
ic s
oils
(his
toso
ls) d
evel
op u
nder
con
diti
ons
of n
early
con
tinuo
us s
atur
atio
n an
d/o
r in
und
atio
n. A
ll or
gani
c so
ils a
re h
ydric
soi
ls e
xcep
t fo
lists
, whi
ch a
re fr
eely
dra
ined
soi
ls
occu
rrin
g on
dry
slo
pes
whe
re e
xces
s lit
ter
accu
mul
ates
ove
r b
edro
ck. O
rgan
ic h
ydric
soi
ls a
re c
omm
only
kno
wn
as p
eats
and
m
ucks
.
112
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
pea
t—O
rgan
ic s
oil m
ater
ial t
hat
is u
ndec
omp
osed
or
wea
kly
dec
omp
osed
. The
pla
nt r
emai
ns a
re d
istin
ct a
nd id
entifi
able
.
pea
tlan
d—
A g
ener
ic t
erm
for
any
wet
land
tha
t ac
cum
ulat
es
par
tially
dec
ayed
pla
nt m
atte
r (p
eat)
.
phr
eato
phy
te—
Pla
nt w
hose
roo
ts g
ener
ally
ext
end
dow
nwar
ds
to t
he w
ater
tab
le a
nd c
usto
mar
ily fe
ed o
n th
e ca
pill
ary
frin
ge.
Phr
eato
phy
tes
are
com
mon
in r
ipar
ian
hab
itats
. Ter
m li
tera
lly
mea
ns “
wel
l” p
lant
or
wat
er-l
ovin
g p
lant
.
pie
zom
eter
—S
mal
l-d
iam
eter
wel
l op
en a
t a
poi
nt o
r ov
er a
sho
rt
leng
th in
the
aq
uife
r to
allo
w m
easu
rem
ent
of h
ydra
ulic
hea
d a
t th
at lo
catio
n.
po
cosi
n—P
eat-
accu
mul
atin
g, n
onrip
aria
n fr
eshw
ater
wet
land
, ge
nera
lly d
omin
ated
by
ever
gree
n sh
rub
s an
d t
rees
and
foun
d
on t
he S
outh
east
ern
Coa
stal
Pla
in o
f the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes.
The
ter
m
com
es fr
om t
he A
lgon
qui
n w
ord
for
“sw
amp
on
a hi
ll.”
red
oxi
mo
rphi
c fe
atur
es—
Feat
ures
form
ed b
y th
e re
duc
tion,
tr
ansl
ocat
ion,
and
/or
oxid
atio
n of
iron
and
man
gane
se o
xid
es;
used
to
iden
tify
hyd
ric s
oils
.
rheo
cren
e (o
ne o
f the
sp
here
s of
dis
char
ge, a
s d
escr
ibed
by
Sp
ringe
r an
d S
teve
ns 2
009)
—Fl
owin
g sp
rings
tha
t em
erge
d
irect
ly in
to o
ne o
r m
ore
stre
am c
hann
els.
rip
aria
n—P
erta
inin
g to
the
ban
k of
a b
ody
of fl
owin
g w
ater
; the
la
nd a
dja
cent
to
a riv
er o
r st
ream
tha
t is
, at
leas
t p
erio
dic
ally
, in
fluen
ced
by
flood
ing.
Rip
aria
n so
met
imes
is u
sed
to
ind
icat
e th
e b
anks
of l
akes
and
pon
ds
sub
ject
to
per
iod
inun
dat
ion
by
wav
e ac
tion
or fl
ood
ing.
sap
ric—
Org
anic
soi
l mat
eria
l tha
t co
ntai
ns le
ss t
han
one
out
of
six
reco
gniz
able
fib
ers
(aft
er r
ubb
ing
bet
wee
n fin
gers
) of u
nde-
com
pos
ed p
lant
rem
ains
. Bul
k d
ensi
ty is
usu
ally
ver
y lo
w, a
nd
wat
er h
old
ing
cap
acity
ver
y hi
gh. A
lso
refe
rred
to
as m
uck.
seep
—A
dis
char
ge o
f wat
er t
hat
ooze
s ou
t of
the
soi
l or
rock
ov
er a
cer
tain
are
a w
ithou
t d
istin
ct t
rickl
es o
r riv
ulet
s.
spec
ific
cond
ucta
nce—
A m
easu
re o
f an
aque
ous
solu
tion’
s ab
ility
to
carr
y an
ele
ctric
al c
urre
nt (a
lso
calle
d e
lect
rical
con
duc
-ta
nce
or c
ond
uctiv
ity).
113
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
spri
ng—
A p
lace
whe
re g
roun
dw
ater
flow
s na
tura
lly fr
om t
he
eart
h in
to a
bod
y of
sur
face
wat
er o
r on
to t
he la
nd s
urfa
ce.
spri
ng b
roo
k—R
unou
t ch
anne
l fro
m a
sp
ring
, whi
ch m
ay
bec
ome
a st
ream
at
som
e d
ista
nce
from
the
sp
ring
sour
ce.
spri
ng s
our
ce—
The
loca
tion
whe
re t
he s
prin
g em
erge
s fr
om
the
grou
nd o
nto
the
land
sur
face
. Als
o re
ferr
ed t
o as
the
sp
ring
orifi
ce.
stri
ng a
nd fl
ark
mic
roto
po
gra
phy
—S
low
gro
und
wat
er m
ove-
men
t th
roug
h b
road
, gen
tly s
lop
ed p
eatl
and
s fo
rms
a se
ries
of li
near
hum
moc
k rid
ges
calle
d s
trin
gs, s
epar
ated
by
par
alle
l ho
llow
s kn
own
as fl
arks
. Str
ings
and
flar
ks a
re a
rran
ged
per
pen
-d
icul
arly
to
the
flow
of w
ater
thr
ough
the
pea
tland
and
can
form
a
regu
lar
pat
tern
of p
aral
lel r
idge
s an
d h
ollo
ws
or a
n in
tric
ate,
b
raid
ed o
r b
ranc
hing
(ana
stom
osin
g) p
atte
rn.
swam
p—
Wet
land
dom
inat
ed b
y tr
ees
or s
hrub
s.
Ter
rest
rial
Eco
log
ical
Uni
t In
vent
ory
(TE
UI)—
The
natio
nal
pro
gram
of e
colo
gica
l cla
ssifi
catio
n w
ithin
the
For
est
Ser
vice
tha
t w
as d
evel
oped
to
clas
sify
eco
logi
cal t
ypes
and
map
eco
logi
cal
units
to
a co
nsis
tent
sta
ndar
d a
cros
s N
atio
nal F
ores
t S
yste
m
land
s. T
EU
I est
ablis
hes
terr
estr
ial m
app
ing
units
der
ived
from
a
com
bin
atio
n of
cor
e d
atas
ets,
whi
ch u
niq
uely
cha
ract
eriz
e a
spat
ial r
egio
n, in
clud
ing
clim
ate,
geo
logy
, geo
mor
pho
logy
, soi
l re
gim
e, a
nd v
eget
atio
n.
upla
nd—
Land
tha
t is
not
influ
ence
d b
y a
cons
iste
nt s
ourc
e of
su
rfac
e w
ater
or
grou
ndw
ater
and
, the
refo
re, d
oes
not
sup
por
t w
etla
nd v
eget
atio
n or
hyd
ric s
oil d
evel
opm
ent
as w
ould
a
wet
land
or
rip
aria
n ar
ea.
wet
mea
do
w—
Are
a th
at is
sat
urat
ed w
ith w
ater
for
muc
h of
the
ye
ar b
ut d
oes
not
have
sta
ndin
g w
ater
, exc
ept
for
brie
f per
iod
s,
dur
ing
the
grow
ing
seas
on.
wet
land
—In
gen
eral
, wet
land
s ar
e la
nds
on w
hich
wat
er c
over
s th
e so
il or
is p
rese
nt e
ither
at
or n
ear
the
surf
ace
of t
he s
oil o
r w
ithin
the
roo
t zo
ne, a
ll ye
ar o
r fo
r va
ryin
g p
erio
ds
of t
ime
dur
ing
the
year
, inc
lud
ing
dur
ing
the
grow
ing
seas
on. T
he U
.S. F
ish
and
W
ildlif
e S
ervi
ce d
efine
s w
etla
nds
as “
land
s th
at a
re t
rans
ition
al
bet
wee
n te
rres
tria
l and
aq
uatic
sys
tem
s w
here
the
wat
er t
able
is
usua
lly a
t or
nea
r th
e su
rfac
e or
the
land
is c
over
ed b
y sh
allo
w
wat
er…
(and
) hav
e on
e or
mor
e of
the
follo
win
g at
trib
utes
: (1)
at
114
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
leas
t p
erio
dic
ally
, the
land
sup
por
ts p
red
omin
antly
hyd
rop
hyte
s;
(2) t
he s
ubst
rate
is p
red
omin
antly
und
rain
ed h
ydric
soi
l; or
(3) t
he
sub
stra
te is
non
soil
and
is s
atur
ated
with
wat
er o
r co
vere
d b
y sh
allo
w w
ater
at
som
e tim
e d
urin
g th
e gr
owin
g se
ason
of e
ach
year
” (C
owar
din
et
al. 1
979)
. See
als
o ju
risd
icti
ona
l wet
land
.
wet
land
ind
icat
or
stat
us—
A s
yste
m o
f cat
egor
izin
g p
lant
sp
ecie
s in
ter
ms
of t
heir
pro
bab
ility
of o
ccur
ring
in w
etla
nds.
Th
e sy
stem
was
dev
elop
ed b
y th
e U
.S. F
ish
and
Wild
life
Ser
vice
(1
988)
. It
has
five
gene
ral c
ateg
orie
s: o
blig
ate,
facu
ltativ
e w
et-
land
, fac
ulta
tive,
facu
ltativ
e up
land
, and
up
land
. Ob
ligat
e sp
ecie
s al
mos
t al
way
s oc
cur
in w
etla
nds,
whe
reas
up
land
sp
ecie
s al
mos
t ne
ver
occu
r in
wet
land
s, a
s d
escr
ibed
in t
able
4.
Wet
land
ind
icat
or
stat
usC
od
eE
stim
ated
pro
bab
ility
a
spec
ies
occ
urs
in w
etla
nds
Obl
igat
eO
BL
Alm
ost a
lway
s (9
9%)
Obl
igat
e –
OB
L –
Facu
ltativ
e w
etla
nd +
FAC
W +
Facu
ltativ
e w
etla
ndFA
CW
Usu
ally
(67–
99%
)Fa
culta
tive
wet
land
–FA
CW
–Fa
culta
tive
+FA
C +
Facu
ltativ
eFA
CE
qual
ly li
kely
to o
ccur
in w
etla
nds
or n
onw
etla
nds
(34–
66%
)Fa
culta
tive
–FA
C –
Facu
ltativ
e up
land
+FA
CU
+Fa
culta
tive
upla
ndFA
CU
Not
usu
ally
(1–3
3%)
Facu
ltativ
e up
land
–FA
CU
–U
plan
d +
UP
L +
Upl
and
UP
LA
lmos
t nev
er (1
%)
Tabl
e 4.
—W
etla
nd in
dica
tor s
tatu
s co
des
and
desc
riptio
ns (U
SW
FS 1
988)
.
115
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ref
eren
ces
Baa
s-B
ecki
ng, L
.G.M
.; K
apla
n, I.
R.;
Moo
re, D
. 196
0. L
imits
of
the
natu
ral e
nviro
nmen
t in
ter
ms
of p
H a
nd o
xid
atio
n-re
duc
tion
pot
entia
ls. J
ourn
al o
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AS
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l ec
olog
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uni
t in
vent
ory
tech
nica
l gui
de.
Was
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ton,
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. D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
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E:
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l IIn
vent
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Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
1. O
rder
of
Dat
a C
olle
ctio
n
The
met
hod
s ar
e ge
nera
lly p
rese
nted
in t
he r
ecom
men
ded
ord
er
that
the
y sh
ould
be
cond
ucte
d o
n th
e si
te. T
he o
rder
pre
sent
ed
here
is p
artia
lly in
tend
ed t
o m
inim
ize
the
amou
nt o
f wal
king
on
the
Gro
und
wat
er D
epen
den
t E
cosy
stem
s si
te a
nd t
he n
umb
er
of t
rips
into
or
acro
ss t
he s
ite t
o av
oid
tra
mp
ling
the
soil
and
ve
geta
tion.
Rec
om
men
ded
ord
er o
f co
llect
ing
fiel
d d
ata
1.
Wild
life
(mam
mal
s, b
irds,
etc
.) ob
serv
atio
ns u
pon
arr
ival
at
site
.
2.
Wat
er q
ualit
y—su
rfac
e w
ater
(if d
one)
.
3.
Aq
uatic
mac
roin
vert
ebra
tes.
4.
Loca
tion
and
geo
logi
c in
form
atio
n (U
nive
rsal
Tra
nsve
rse
Mer
cato
rs, e
leva
tion,
etc
.).
5.
Veg
etat
ion.
6.
Soi
ls: s
oil c
ore
and
dat
a co
llect
ion.
7.
Hyd
rolo
gy.
i. W
ater
qua
lity—
sub
surf
ace
wat
er (u
se b
oreh
ole
from
soi
l co
re o
r au
gere
d h
ole
for
wat
er t
able
).
ii. W
ater
qua
ntity
.
a. W
ater
tab
le d
epth
.
b.
Flow
.
c. S
prin
g b
rook
mea
sure
s (if
ap
plic
able
).
8.
Aq
uatic
and
Ter
rest
rial F
auna
(mac
roin
vert
ebra
tes
are
don
e ea
rlier
).
9.
Pho
tos.
10.
Ske
tch
map
of s
ite.
11.
Nat
ural
and
ant
hrop
ogen
ic d
istu
rban
ces.
12.
Man
agem
ent
ind
icat
or t
ool.
120
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
121
GD
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2. J
ob
Haz
ard
Ana
lysi
s
U.S. Dept. of AgricultureForest Service
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)References-FSH 6709.11 and-12
(Instructions on reverse)
1. WORK PROJECT/ACTIVITY
Field Data Collection
2. LOCATION3. UNIT
4. NAME OF ANALYST5. JOB TITLE6. DATE PREPARED
January 2010
7. TASK/PROCEDURES8. HAZARDS9. ABATEMENT ACTIONS
1. Driving from either official or temporary duty station to field location
a. Hazardous road conditions during some portions of the year
�Drive with extreme caution.
�All field personnel attend defensive driving class renewed at least every three portions of the year.
�See “Winter Travel” and “General Driving” JHA.
b. Driving in off-road situations with or without four-wheel drive
�All new personnel receive training on the use and operation of four-wheel drive vehicles.
�Drive with extreme caution.
c. Vehicle breakdown and unable to get to shelter
�Ensure that each vehicle is equipped with a seasonal survival kit that has been inspected and includes all items that are necessary.
d. Cell phones �Absolutely no using cell phones while driving a Government vehicle. This includes texting and talking.
e. Female traveling alone �Avoid hotel rooms on the ground floor. Do not accept a room with adjoining door entry. Keep cell phone handy and fully charged. Wear a wedding ring. Park in well lit areas.
2. Foot travela. Slips, trips, and falls �Wear nonskid boots that are appropriate for conditions.
�Watch where walking.
�Stay on trails when able.
�Use a walking stick when necessary.
b. Allergic reaction to insect bites (e.g., bee stings)
�Ensure that all personnel with known allergic reactions to insect bites carry appropriate medication. In addition, the allergic individuals should make sure that their partner knows where the medication is kept and can administer it in an emergency situation.
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�In case of a bite or sting, watch subject closely for any allergic reaction. Call 911 or local emergency number and evacuate immediately if any reaction away from injury site is observed.
c. Branches striking eyes �Keep a safe distance from partner.
�Wear protective eyewear.
d. Crossing shallow streams �Always work with a partner when planning stream or river crossings with water depths over the knees. Choose crossing sites with shallow water, slow currents, and gradual slopes. Avoid crossing sites with water over mid-thigh depths or swift current.
�Use pole or walking stick to help maintain balance with three-point support. Move one foot or pole at a time.
�Watch for and avoid large, wet, rounded rocks because they may be slippery.
�Be especially alert to the possibility of one foot becoming entrapped in rocks or branches and current forcing individual off balance and under water.
�Carry a rope or throw rope long enough to reach across the entire width of the crossing.
�Make the crossing one person at a time with one person on the bank at all times. Stretch the safety rope between the person on the bank and the person crossing.
�Logs should be used as last alternative and should be of sufficient size, dry, and algae free.
�Leave vest unbuttoned, remove workbelt from waist, disconnect waist and sternum straps on pack, and be prepared to ditch any equipment if you are unable to recover from a fall.
�Protect feet with proper footwear such as waders. Bring dry socks and footwear to wear during field work and hiking.
�Do not cross streams during unfavorable weather.
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3. Use of snowmobile to travel to the field location
�See “Snowmobile Use” JHA.
4. Use of boat to travel to the field location
�See “Boat Travel” JHA.
5. Use of all-terrain vehicle to travel to the field location
�See “ATV Travel” JHA.
6. Driving FS/GSA vehicles �See “General Driving and 15 Passenger Vans” JHA.
7. Overnight travel �See “Overnight Travel” JHA.
8. Office work �See “Office Work” JHA.
9. Conducting field worka. Use of hand tools such as hand axe, pruning saw, and shovel
�When traversing slopes, carry hand tools on the downhill side.
�Hand axes should always be carried sheathed with leather flap snapped shut.
�Do not carry long handled tools over shoulder, or hatchets unsheathed in belt-loop.
b. Dehydration �Consume (in addition to regular meals) fruit and liquids that replace the loss of carbohydrates and maintain blood sugar levels at normal limits. Drink water regularly. Make sure you carry enough water. Take frequent breaks. Avoid open sunny areas if weather is extreme. Seek shaded areas.
c. Hypothermia �Prevent hypothermia by planning ahead and using your gear to stay warm and dry.
�On cool days be aware of overheating and then rapidly cooling down.
�Dress appropriately and in layers to account for temperature extremes.
�Stay hydrated and eat high-energy foods.
�See “Winter Travel” JHA for more detailed information.
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d. Poisonous plants present (e.g., poison ivy)
�Make sure that crew members can identify poisonous plants in their work area.
�Wear gloves and long-sleeve shirts.
�Wash affected area with soap and water as soon as possible or use ivy-off products when water is not available.
�Wash potentially contaminated clothing as soon as possible after returning from the field.
e. Falling branch or tree �Wear hardhat.
�Use extra caution during high-wind events.
f. Insect bites �Use appropriate insect repellent.
�Secure bottom of pant legs to reduce the ability for ticks to access your lower leg.
�Thoroughly examine your body for ticks when returning from field. If a tick is found, fully remove it using tweezers or fingernails. Do not use petroleum or try to burn the tick off. Save the tick for confirmation of Lyme disease. Monitor the area on body where tick was attached, watching for irritation or rash. If rash or flu-like symptoms develop, visit a doctor and inform him or her of tick bite.
g. Sun exposure �Use sun screen on exposed skin to prevent sunburn and skin damage. Know the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Wear sunglasses and use sunscreen. Drink enough water to keep hydrated.
h. Altitude problems �Headache, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, and dizziness. Drink more water than usual and reduce salty food intake.
i. Waders and wading boots �Only wear waders that are the correct size for your feet and body. Nylon breath-able waders are adaptable to a wide variety of temperatures and conditions, and they are essential. Supportive wading boots are essential and give the traction and support necessary for stream work. Wading boots will be worn any time biological technicians are in streams.
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10. Encountering hazardous situationsa. Threatening individuals �Use positive communication and conflict management behaviors in early stages of conflict situations to prevent or diffuse low-level hostile behavior.
�If threatened in any way by members of the public, withdraw and report the incident to your supervisor.
�Always attain the landowner’s permission before entering private property.
b. Illegal activities �Leave the area immediately if you feel unsafe because of illegal activity.
�If an area appears to be used for illegal activities, such as a marijuana garden or methamphetamine lab, leave the area immediately by the same route taken to enter the area.
�Report suspicious activity to your supervisor.
�Always attain the landowner’s permission before entering private property.
c. Wild animals such as black bears, wolves, bison, elk, deer, moose, bobcats, poisionus snakes, feral swine, etc.
�Make noise by talking loudly or using a noisemaker such as a bell or whistle to reduce the chances of surprising an animal.
�Immediately leave the area by backtracking if you encounter any animal that appears injured or sick, or may be feeding, mating, or have young nearby. Report the incident to the proper authorities if the animal acted aggressively without provocation.
�Learn the appropriate actions to take if you are approached by any of the animals that may inhabit your work location. These actions differ depending on the type of animal.
�Learn to identify dangerous animals in your working area and never harrass or provoke wildlife.
�Avoid walking blindly through thick vegetation by using a stick or pole in front of you to part the brush or grass.
�In areas with poisonous snakes, tap the ground in front of you with a pole or stick as you walk to help you see snakes before you get too close.
�Wear snake-proof chaps when appropriate.
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d. Domestic animals such as dogs, cattle, swine, etc.
�If an animal is acting aggressive or skittish, stay in the vehicle and wait for the landowner to come outside. Honk your horn if necessary to alert the landowner that you are there.
�Ask landowners over the phone about the location of potentially dangerous domestic animals and request that they be moved or tied up while you are visiting the location, or plan to visit when the animal will not be there.
�Make sure that landowners know when you are working in the area if you believe they may have an aggressive or protective animal.
e. Hazardous materials �Whenever encountering containers of unidentified liquids or powders, stay clear of the site. Do not walk into or touch spilled material. Avoid inhalation of fumes, smoke, and vapors, even if no hazardous materials are known to be involved. Do not assume that gases or vapors are harmless because they do not smell. Odorless gases or vapors may be harmful. Drums may contain toxic materials, leak, and contaminate their immediate surroundings.
�If it is possible to read any labels without risk of contaminating yourself, do so and write the information down. Note location, time of encounter, and any other pertinent information. Then report it to supervisor.
�Likely areas where hazardous materials are encountered include abandoned mine sites, old construction sites, and old homestead sites.
f. Encountering hunters �Plan field work appropriately given area hunting use and seasons.
�Wear blaze orange vest or clothing.
�Ensure landowners know where you will be and when you will be there.
�Inform hunters of where you will be and how long you expect to be there, and find out where they plan to hunt.
�If someone is hunting near your plot and is there first, return at a later date.
10. LINE OFFICER SIGNATURE 11. TITLE12. DATE
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JHA
Inst
ruct
ions
(Ref
eren
ces-
FSH
670
9.11
and
.12)
The
JHA
sha
ll id
entif
y th
e lo
catio
n of
the
wor
k p
roje
ct o
r ac
tivity
, the
nam
e of
em
plo
yee(
s) in
volv
ed in
the
pro
cess
, the
dat
e(s)
of a
ckno
wle
dgm
ent,
an
d t
he n
ame
of t
he a
pp
rop
riate
line
offi
cer
app
rovi
ng t
he J
HA
. The
line
of
ficer
ack
now
led
ges
that
em
plo
yees
hav
e re
ad a
nd u
nder
stan
d t
he
cont
ents
, hav
e re
ceiv
ed t
he r
equi
red
tra
inin
g, a
nd a
re q
ualifi
ed t
o p
erfo
rm
the
wor
k p
roje
ct o
r ac
tivity
.
Blo
cks
1, 2
, 3, 4
, 5, a
nd 6
: Sel
f-ex
pla
nato
ry.
Blo
ck 7
: Id
entif
y al
l tas
ks a
nd p
roce
dur
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith t
he w
ork
pro
ject
or
activ
ity t
hat
have
pot
entia
l to
caus
e in
jury
or
illne
ss
to p
erso
nnel
and
dam
age
to p
rop
erty
or
mat
eria
l. In
clud
e em
erge
ncy
evac
uatio
n p
roce
dur
es (E
EP
).
Blo
ck 8
: Id
entif
y al
l kno
wn
or s
usp
ect
haza
rds
asso
ciat
ed w
ith e
ach
resp
ectiv
e ta
sk/p
roce
dur
e lis
ted
in b
lock
7. F
or e
xam
ple
—
a. R
esea
rch
pas
t ac
cid
ents
/inci
den
ts.
b. R
esea
rch
the
Hea
lth a
nd S
afet
y C
ode,
FS
H 6
709.
11, o
r ot
her
app
rop
riate
lite
ratu
re.
c. D
iscu
ss t
he w
ork
pro
ject
/act
ivity
with
par
ticip
ants
.
d. O
bse
rve
the
wor
k p
roje
ct/a
ctiv
ity.
e. A
com
bin
atio
n of
the
ab
ove.
Blo
ck 9
: Id
entif
y ap
pro
pria
te a
ctio
ns t
o re
duc
e or
elim
inat
e th
e ha
zard
s id
entifi
ed in
blo
ck 8
. Ab
atem
ent
mea
sure
s lis
ted
bel
ow a
re in
th
e or
der
of t
he p
refe
rred
ab
atem
ent
met
hod
:
a. E
ngin
eerin
g co
ntro
ls (t
he m
ost
des
irab
le m
etho
d o
f ab
ate-
men
t). F
or e
xam
ple
, erg
onom
ical
ly d
esig
ned
too
ls, e
qui
p-
men
t, a
nd fu
rnitu
re.
b. S
ubst
itutio
n. F
or e
xam
ple
, sw
itchi
ng t
o hi
gh fl
ashp
oint
, no
ntox
ic s
olve
nts.
c. A
dm
inis
trat
ive
cont
rols
. For
exa
mp
le, l
imiti
ng e
xpos
ure
by
red
ucin
g th
e w
ork
sche
dul
e an
d e
stab
lishi
ng a
pp
rop
riate
p
roce
dur
es a
nd p
ract
ices
.
d. P
erso
nal p
rote
ctiv
e eq
uip
men
t (P
PE
) (le
ast
des
irab
le m
etho
d
of a
bat
emen
t). F
or e
xam
ple
, usi
ng h
earin
g p
rote
ctio
n w
hen
wor
king
with
or
clos
e to
por
tab
le m
achi
nes
(cha
in s
aws,
roc
k d
rills
, and
por
tab
le w
ater
pum
ps)
.
e. A
com
bin
atio
n of
the
ab
ove.
128
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Blo
ck 1
0: T
he J
HA
mus
t b
e re
view
ed a
nd a
pp
rove
d b
y a
line
offic
er. A
t-ta
ch a
cop
y of
the
JH
A a
s ju
stifi
catio
n fo
r p
urch
ase
ord
ers
whe
n p
rocu
ring
PP
E.
Blo
cks
11 a
nd 1
2: S
elf-
exp
lana
tory
.
EE
P In
stru
ctio
ns (R
efer
ence
FS
H 6
709.
11)
Wor
k su
per
viso
rs a
nd c
rew
mem
ber
s ar
e re
spon
sib
le fo
r d
evel
opin
g an
d
dis
cuss
ing
field
EE
P a
nd a
ltern
ativ
es in
the
eve
nt a
per
son
bec
omes
ser
i-ou
sly
ill o
r in
jure
d a
t th
e w
orks
ite.
Be
pre
par
ed t
o p
rovi
de
the
follo
win
g in
form
atio
n:
a. N
atur
e of
the
acc
iden
t or
inju
ry (a
void
usi
ng v
ictim
’s n
ame)
.
b. T
ype
of a
ssis
tanc
e ne
eded
, if a
ny (g
roun
d, a
ir, o
r w
ater
eva
cuat
ion)
.
c. L
ocat
ion
of a
ccid
ent
or in
jury
, bes
t ac
cess
rou
te in
to t
he w
orks
ite (r
oad
na
me
or n
umb
er),
iden
tifiab
le g
roun
d a
nd a
ir la
ndm
arks
.
d. R
adio
freq
uenc
ies.
e. C
onta
ct p
erso
n.
f. Lo
cal h
azar
ds
to g
roun
d o
r av
iatio
n ve
hicl
es.
g. W
eath
er c
ond
ition
s (w
ind
spee
d an
d di
rect
ion,
vis
ibili
ty, a
nd te
mpe
ratu
re).
h. T
opog
rap
hy.
i. N
umb
er o
f ind
ivid
uals
to
be
tran
spor
ted
.
j. E
stim
ated
wei
ght
of in
div
idua
ls fo
r ai
r or
wat
er e
vacu
atio
n.
The
item
s lis
ted
abov
e se
rve
only
as
guid
elin
es fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t of E
EP
s.
JHA
and
Em
erg
ency
Eva
cuat
ion
Pro
ced
ures
Ack
now
led
gm
ent
We,
the
und
ersi
gned
wor
k le
ader
and
cre
w m
emb
ers,
ack
now
led
ge
par
ticip
atio
n in
the
dev
elop
men
t of
thi
s JH
A (a
s ap
plic
able
) and
acc
omp
a-ny
ing
EE
Ps.
We
have
tho
roug
hly
dis
cuss
ed a
nd u
nder
stan
d t
he p
rovi
sion
s of
eac
h of
the
se d
ocum
ents
:
S
IGN
ATU
RE
DA
TE
SIG
NA
TUR
E D
ATE
129
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3. F
ield
Fo
rms
List
of
Acr
ony
ms
GD
E =
Gro
und
wat
er-d
epen
den
t ec
osys
tem
s
FS =
For
est
Ser
vice
ID =
Iden
tifica
tion
LOV
in F
G =
Lis
t of
val
ues
in fi
eld
gui
de
NR
M-I
nfra
= N
atur
al R
esou
rce
Man
ager
-Inf
rast
ruct
ure
HU
C =
hyd
rolo
gic
unit
cod
e
US
GS
= U
.S. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
LRR
= L
and
Res
ourc
e R
egio
n
MLR
A =
Maj
or L
and
Res
ourc
e A
rea
UTM
= U
nive
rsal
Tra
nsve
rse
Mer
cato
r
UO
M =
Uni
t of
mea
sure
F =
Fah
renh
eit
C =
Cel
sius
GP
S =
Glo
bal
Pos
ition
ing
Sys
tem
NA
D =
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Dat
um
WG
S =
Wor
ld G
eod
etic
Sys
tem
HC
L =
hyd
roch
loric
aci
d
mv
= m
illiv
olts
mg/
L =
mill
igra
ms
per
lite
r
(�S
/cm
) = m
icro
siem
ens/
cent
imet
er
OR
P =
Oxi
dat
ion-
red
uctio
n p
oten
tial
DO
= d
isso
lved
oxy
gen
ATV
= A
ll-te
rrai
n ve
hicl
e
SO
I = S
pec
ies
of in
tere
st
TES
= T
hrea
tene
d a
nd e
ndan
gere
d s
pec
ies
SO
C =
Sp
ecie
s of
con
cern
130
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E L
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, 5
is
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est;
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to
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In p
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Sp
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135
GD
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Leve
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Forest Service GDE Level I Inventory
Site Name ___________________
Recorder ____________________
Page _____ of _____
Soil (p. 55)
Method of soil extraction _________________________________
Location
Depth of Peat, Mucky Peat, and Muck (such as 8
cm to 17 cm) (and UOM)
Depth to Mineral Layer (and UOM)
Texture of Mineral Layer
Color of Mineral Soil
Redoximorphic Features and Depths (and
UOM)
Hydrogen Sulfide Odor
Reaction to Dilute
HCL
Depth of Hole (and
UOM) Comments
Fen Characteristics (p. 60)
Yes, fen characteristics observed or No, fen characteristics not observed Comments ______________________________
Yes, histosol or histic epipedon observed or No, histosol or histic epipedon not observed Comments ______________________________
136
GD
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ater
Tab
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ole
Dep
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and
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OM
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ater
Tab
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epth
(a
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M)
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______________________________ C
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___________________________________
Rea
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; N
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V in
FG
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engt
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f O
utf
low
Str
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(L
OV
in F
G)
__________________
Wh
at H
app
ens
to S
trea
m O
utf
low
(L
OV
in F
G)
_____________________________________________________
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ay
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or
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H
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nd
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cm)
OR
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mV
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O (
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L)
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Flo
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and
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M)
Per
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Co
mm
ents
Flow and Spring Channel (p. 67) Water Quality (p. 71) Water Table (p. 64)
137
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Fau
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Rec
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Sp
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axo
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mic
Gro
up
Co
mm
ent
138
GD
E:
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ater
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�
Oth
er: _
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Div
erte
d V
olu
me
___
__
__
__
_ U
OM
__
__
__
_
Per
cen
t D
iver
ted
__
__
__
__
__
So
il A
lter
atio
n (
mult
iple
ok)
�
Ch
ann
el e
rosi
on
�
Co
mp
acti
on
�
Deb
ris
flo
w
�D
epo
siti
on
�D
isp
lace
men
t o
f so
il
�E
rosi
on
(ge
ner
al)
�E
vap
ora
te d
epo
siti
on
�
Exc
avat
ion
�
Gro
un
d d
istu
rban
ce (
gen
eral
) �
Gully
ero
sio
n
�M
ass
was
tin
g �
Min
ing
�P
edes
tals
or
hum
mo
cks
(by
peo
ple
or
anim
als)
�
Ped
esta
ls (
smal
l-sc
ale,
rai
n-s
pla
sh in
duce
d)
�P
ipes
�
Rill
ero
sio
n
�R
uts
(fr
om
veh
icle
tre
ad)
�Sh
eet
ero
sio
n
�Slu
mp
�Sp
lash
ero
sio
n/ s
oil
cru
st
�W
ind
ero
sio
n
�So
il m
ixin
g/ch
urn
ing
�So
il re
mo
val (p
eat
min
ing)
�
Tra
ils (
by
peo
ple
or
anim
als)
�
No
ne
ob
serv
ed
�O
ther
: __
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Str
uct
ure
s (m
ult
iple
ok)
�
Buri
ed u
tilit
y co
rrid
ors
�
En
clo
sure
(su
ch a
s sp
rin
g h
ouse
, sp
rin
g b
ox
or
con
cret
e en
clo
sure
) �
Ero
sio
n c
ontr
ol s
tru
cture
�
Exc
losu
re f
ence
�
Oil
and g
as w
ell
�P
ipel
ine
�P
oin
t so
urc
e p
ollu
tio
n
�P
ow
er li
nes
�
Ro
ad (
incl
udes
co
nst
ruct
ion
an
d m
ain
ten
ance
) �
No
ne
ob
serv
ed
�O
ther
: __
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Rec
reat
ion
al E
ffec
ts (
mult
iple
ok)
�
Cam
p s
ites
�
Tra
cks
or
trai
ls b
y ve
hic
les
(AT
V, 4
-wh
eel dri
ve,
etc.
) �
No
ne
ob
serv
ed
�O
ther
: __
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
An
imal
Eff
ects
(m
ult
iple
ok)
�
Bea
ver
acti
vity
�
Fer
al a
nim
als
�G
razi
ng
or
bro
wsi
ng
(by
un
gula
tes)
�
Wild
an
imal
s �
Liv
esto
ck
�T
rails
by
anim
als
and p
eop
le
�T
ram
plin
g (b
y un
gula
tes,
nat
ive
or
no
nn
ativ
e)
�N
on
e o
bse
rved
�
Oth
er: _
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Mis
cella
neo
us
(m
ult
iple
ok)
�
Fir
e �
Tre
e cu
ttin
g (t
imb
er h
arve
st o
r o
ther
) �
Ref
use
dis
po
sal
�N
on
e o
bse
rved
�
Oth
er: _
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Dis
turb
ance
(p
. 77)
Arc
heo
logi
cal,
Pal
eon
tolo
gica
l, C
ult
ura
l, H
isto
ric
Sit
es/
Use
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
139
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
For
est
Serv
ice
GD
E L
evel
I I
nve
nto
ry
Sit
e N
ame
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Rec
ord
er _
__
__
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
Pag
e _
__
__
of
__
__
_
Man
agem
ent
Ind
icat
or T
ool (
p. 8
2)
Man
agem
ent
Ind
icat
ors
Tru
e (Y
es)
Fal
se
(No)
Doe
s N
ot
Ap
ply
Un
able
T
o A
sses
s C
omm
ent
Hyd
rolo
gy
1.
Aqu
ifer F
uncti
onal
ity: N
o e
vid
ence
sugg
ests
th
at t
he
aquif
er s
up
ply
ing
gro
un
dw
ater
to
th
e si
te is
bei
ng
affe
cted
by
gro
un
dw
ater
w
ith
dra
wal
or
loss
of
rech
arge
.
2.
Wat
ersh
ed F
uncti
onal
ity: W
ith
in t
he
wat
ersh
ed, n
o e
vid
ence
sugg
ests
up
stre
am/
up
grad
ien
t h
ydro
logi
c al
tera
tio
n
that
co
uld
ad
vers
ely
affe
ct t
he
GD
E s
ite.
3.
Wat
er Q
ualit
y: C
han
ges
in w
ater
qual
ity
(surf
ace
or
sub
surf
ace)
are
no
t af
fect
ing
the
gro
un
dw
ater
dep
end
ent
eco
syst
em s
ite.
Geo
mor
ph
olog
y an
d S
oils
4.
Lan
dfor
m S
tabi
lity:
No
evi
den
ce in
dic
ates
h
um
an-c
ause
d m
ass
mo
vem
ent
or
oth
er
surf
ace
dis
turb
ance
aff
ecti
ng
the
GD
E s
ite
stab
ility
.
5.
Run
out C
hann
el: T
he
chan
nel
, if
pre
sen
t, is
fun
ctio
nin
g n
atura
lly a
nd
is
no
t en
tren
ched
, er
od
ed, o
r o
ther
wis
e su
bst
anti
ally
alt
ered
.
6.
Soil
Integ
rity:
So
ils a
re in
tact
an
d f
un
ctio
nal
. F
or
exam
ple
, sa
tura
tio
n is
suff
icie
nt
to
mai
nta
in h
ydri
c so
ils, if
pre
sen
t; t
her
e is
no
t ex
cess
ive
ero
sio
n o
r d
epo
siti
on
.
Bio
log
y
7.
Veg
etatio
n C
ompo
sitio
n: T
he
site
in
clud
es
anti
cip
ated
co
ver
of
pla
nt
spec
ies
asso
ciat
ed
wit
h t
he
site
en
viro
nm
ent,
an
d n
o e
vid
ence
su
gges
ts t
hat
up
lan
d s
pec
ies
are
rep
laci
ng
hyd
ric
spec
ies.
8.
Veg
etatio
n C
ondi
tion:
Veg
etat
ion
exh
ibit
s se
aso
nal
ly a
pp
rop
riat
e h
ealt
h a
nd
vig
or.
9.
TE
S, S
OI/
SOC
, Foc
al F
loral
Spe
cies:
An
tici
pat
ed f
lora
l sp
ecie
s ar
e p
rese
nt
(will
va
ry b
y ec
olo
gica
l re
gio
n a
nd
will
req
uir
e so
me
bas
elin
e in
form
atio
n).
10. F
auna
l Spe
cies:
An
tici
pat
ed a
quat
ic a
nd
te
rres
tria
l fa
un
al s
pec
ies
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
th
e si
te e
nvi
ron
men
t ar
e p
rese
nt.
11. T
ES,
SO
I/SO
C, F
ocal
Fau
nal S
pecie
s: A
nti
cip
ated
fau
nal
sp
ecie
s ar
e p
rese
nt
(will
va
ry b
y ec
olo
gica
l re
gio
n a
nd
will
req
uir
e so
me
bas
elin
e in
form
atio
n).
12. I
nvas
ive S
pecie
s: In
vasi
ve f
lora
l an
d f
aun
al
spec
ies
are
no
t es
tab
lish
ed a
t th
e si
te.
140
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
For
est
Serv
ice
GD
E L
evel
I I
nve
nto
ry
Sit
e N
ame
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Rec
ord
er _
__
__
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
Pag
e _
__
__
of
__
__
_
Man
agem
ent
Ind
icat
ors
Tru
e (Y
es)
Fal
se
(No)
Doe
s N
ot
Ap
ply
Un
able
T
o A
sses
s C
omm
ent
Dis
turb
ance
s
13. F
low
Reg
ula
tio
n: F
low
reg
ula
tio
n is
no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g th
e si
te.
14. C
on
stru
ctio
n a
nd
Ro
ad E
ffec
ts:
Co
nst
ruct
ion
, re
con
stru
ctio
n, o
r m
ain
ten
ance
of
ph
ysic
al im
pro
vem
ents
, in
clud
ing
road
s, is
no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g th
e si
te.
15. F
enci
ng
Eff
ects
: Pro
tect
ion
fen
cin
g an
d
excl
osu
res
are
app
rop
riat
e an
d f
un
ctio
nal
.
16. H
erb
ivo
re E
ffec
ts: H
erb
ivo
ry is
no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g th
e si
te.
17. R
ecre
atio
nal
Eff
ects
: Rec
reat
ion
al u
ses,
in
clud
ing
trai
ls, ar
e n
ot
adve
rsel
y af
fect
ing
the
site
.
18. O
ther
Dis
turb
ance
Eff
ects
: Wild
lan
d f
ire,
in
sect
, d
isea
se, w
ind
th
row
, av
alan
ches
, o
r o
ther
dis
turb
ance
s ar
e n
ot
adve
rsel
y af
fect
ing
the
site
.
Ad
min
istr
ativ
e C
onte
xt
19. C
ult
ura
l Val
ues
: Arc
hae
olo
gica
l, h
isto
rica
l, o
r tr
ibal
val
ues
will
no
t af
fect
in
ven
tory
, re
sto
rati
on
, use
, o
r m
anag
emen
t o
f th
is s
ite.
20. L
and
Ow
ner
ship
: Th
e en
tire
sit
e an
d
imm
edia
te a
rea
is u
nd
er t
he
juri
sdic
tio
n a
nd
m
anag
emen
t o
f th
e F
ore
st S
ervi
ce.
21. O
ther
Lan
do
wn
er A
ctio
ns:
Act
ivit
ies
or
man
agem
ent
on
lan
ds
outs
ide
Fo
rest
Ser
vice
juri
sdic
tio
n a
re n
ot
adve
rsel
y af
fect
ing
the
site
.
22. L
and
Man
agem
ent
Pla
n: T
he
lan
d a
nd
re
sourc
e m
anag
emen
t P
lan
pro
vid
es f
or
effe
ctiv
e si
te p
rote
ctio
n.
23. E
nvi
ron
men
tal C
om
plia
nce
: Auth
ori
zed
an
d a
dm
inis
trat
ive
use
s ar
e in
co
mp
lian
ce
and
are
no
t ad
vers
ely
affe
ctin
g th
e si
te.
24. W
ater
Use
s: T
her
e ar
e n
o s
ub
stan
tial
wat
er
use
s in
th
e w
ater
shed
, o
r in
th
e aq
uif
er
sup
ply
ing
gro
un
dw
ater
to
th
e si
te, th
at
could
dir
ectl
y o
r cu
mula
tive
ly a
dve
rsel
y af
fect
th
e G
DE
.
25. W
ater
Rig
hts
: Wat
er r
igh
ts h
ave
bee
n f
iled
fo
r th
e si
te u
nd
er S
tate
law
or
wat
er u
ses
exem
pte
d u
nd
er S
tate
law
are
do
cum
ente
d.
Fo
rest
Ser
vice
Fed
eral
res
erve
d r
igh
ts a
re
do
cum
ente
d a
s ap
pro
pri
ate.
Th
ird
-par
ty
wat
er u
se is
in a
cco
rdan
ce w
ith
all
elem
ents
o
f th
e w
ater
rig
ht
or
con
dit
ion
s o
f th
e ex
emp
tio
n, an
d w
ith
th
e F
ore
st S
ervi
ce
auth
ori
zati
on
th
at a
llow
s th
e use
.
141
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
4. S
ite
Pro
tect
ion
Gui
del
ines
This
sec
tion
is p
rovi
ded
to
help
min
imiz
e th
e d
istu
rban
ce fr
om
the
dat
a-co
llect
ion
pro
cess
by
rese
arch
ers,
man
ager
s, a
nd d
ata
colle
ctor
s. T
he p
oten
tial d
istu
rban
ces
that
can
res
ult
from
the
d
ata-
colle
ctio
n p
roce
ss in
clud
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
• Tr
ailin
g, e
rosi
on, g
eom
orp
hic
alte
ratio
n (fr
om fo
ot t
raffi
c, e
tc.).
• D
estr
uctio
n or
alte
ratio
n of
veg
etat
ion.
• D
amag
e to
pea
t.
• S
oil c
omp
actio
n an
d a
ltere
d s
oil-
wat
er s
tora
ge.
• H
ydro
logi
c al
tera
tion
from
wat
er m
easu
rem
ent
activ
ities
(w
ells
, etc
.).
• S
pre
ad o
f inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s (b
y d
ata
colle
ctor
s or
man
ager
s).
To p
reve
nt d
amag
e to
site
s, p
leas
e fo
llow
the
se g
uid
elin
es:
Min
imiz
e
• N
umb
er o
f peo
ple
who
vis
it th
e si
te.
• D
urat
ion
of v
isits
.
• Fr
eque
ncy
of v
isits
.
• W
alki
ng o
n si
te.
•D
iggi
ng h
oles
.
• D
estr
uctiv
e sa
mp
ling.
• C
olle
ctin
g p
lant
or
anim
al s
pec
imen
s.
• B
ringi
ng h
eavy
eq
uip
men
t to
site
.
• P
laci
ng h
eavy
gea
r on
wet
are
as.
• U
sing
uns
teril
ized
eq
uip
men
t (n
ets,
etc
.).
142
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Pre
-Sit
e V
isit
• D
econ
tam
inat
e sh
oes/
boo
ts a
nd e
qui
pm
ent
that
will
be
bro
ught
to
site
to p
reve
nt im
por
ting
inva
sive
sp
ecie
s or
d
isea
se.
• P
lan
the
visi
t to
use
the
tim
e w
isel
y an
d t
o m
inim
ize
the
amou
nt o
f wal
king
on
the
site
.
Dur
ing
the
Sit
e V
isit
• S
et e
qui
pm
ent,
esp
ecia
lly h
eavy
item
s, o
utsi
de
wet
are
as (i
n up
land
s).
• C
onsi
der
tak
ing
pic
ture
s, o
r re
cord
ing
obse
rvat
ions
, ins
tead
of
colle
ctin
g sp
ecim
ens.
• S
it, e
at lu
nch,
etc
., ou
tsid
e th
e w
et a
rea.
• W
alk
arou
nd t
he g
roun
dw
ater
-dep
end
ent
ecos
yste
m s
ite,
rath
er t
han
thro
ugh
it, a
s m
uch
as p
ossi
ble
.
• D
o m
ultip
le t
hing
s on
eac
h tr
ip t
hrou
gh t
he s
ite t
o m
inim
ize
tram
plin
g.
• P
lace
tem
por
ary
woo
d p
lank
s on
wal
king
pat
hs t
o av
oid
cr
eatin
g ru
ts t
hat
red
irect
and
cha
nnel
ize
wat
er.
Po
st-S
ite
Vis
it—
Dec
ont
amin
atio
n
At
the
end
of e
ach
site
vis
it, t
o p
reve
nt t
he s
pre
ad o
f inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s, d
econ
tam
inat
e sh
oes/
boo
ts, w
ader
s, a
nd a
ll eq
uip
men
t us
ed a
t th
e si
te. I
f you
do
not
know
if t
he d
econ
tam
inat
ion
was
d
one
afte
r th
e la
st v
isit,
the
n fo
llow
the
se p
roce
dur
es b
efor
e a
field
vis
it.
1. U
se a
scr
ub b
rush
(too
th b
rush
for
smal
l eq
uip
men
t) an
d w
ater
to
rem
ove
all v
isib
le m
ud, v
eget
atio
n, a
nd o
ther
mat
eria
l.
2. D
ry t
he b
oots
and
eq
uip
men
t.
3. S
oak
boo
ts in
a C
loro
x so
lutio
n or
som
e ot
her
solu
tion
(suc
h as
Sp
arq
uat
or 4
09) d
epen
din
g on
the
reg
iona
l inv
asiv
e sp
e-ci
es o
f con
cern
.
4. R
inse
with
wat
er (d
istil
led
for
equi
pm
ent).
5. A
llow
boo
ts a
nd e
qui
pm
ent
to a
ir d
ry (i
n th
e su
n w
orks
bes
t).
143
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
5. G
roun
dw
ater
-Dep
end
ent
Eco
log
ical
Sys
tem
s D
escr
ibed
in
Nat
ureS
erve
The
follo
win
g ta
ble
list
s E
colo
gica
l Sys
tem
s fr
om N
atur
eSer
ve
(201
1) t
hat
exhi
bit
grou
ndw
ater
dep
end
ency
and
the
Sta
tes
whe
re t
hey
are
know
n to
occ
ur o
r w
here
the
y p
oten
tially
cou
ld
occu
r (in
dic
ated
by
"?")
.
Eco
log
ical
sys
tem
Sta
tes
Fen
syst
ems
Bor
eal-
Laur
entia
n-A
cad
ian
Aci
dic
B
asin
Fen
MA
, ME
, MI,
MN
, NH
, NY,
VT,
WI
Oza
rk-O
uach
ita F
enA
R, M
O
Nor
th-C
entr
al In
terio
r S
hrub
-G
ram
inoi
d A
lkal
ine
Fen
IA, I
L, IN
, MI,
MN
, ND
, OH
, PA
, S
D, W
I
Inte
rior
Low
Pla
teau
See
pag
e Fe
nK
Y, O
H?,
TN
Sou
ther
n an
d C
entr
al A
pp
alac
hian
B
og a
nd F
enG
A, K
Y, N
C, S
C, T
N, V
A
Med
iterr
anea
n C
alifo
rnia
Ser
pen
tine
Fen
CA
, OR
Nor
th-C
entr
al A
pp
alac
hian
See
pag
e Fe
nC
T, M
A, M
D, N
J, N
Y, P
A, V
A, V
T,
WV
Nor
th P
acifi
c B
og a
nd F
enA
K, O
R, W
A
Med
iterr
anea
n C
alifo
rnia
Sub
alp
ine-
Mon
tane
Fen
CA
, NV,
OR
Roc
ky M
ount
ain
Sub
alp
ine-
Mon
tane
Fe
nA
Z, C
O, I
D, M
T, N
V, O
R, U
T, W
A,
WY
Laur
entia
n-A
cad
ian
Alk
alin
e Fe
nM
A, M
E, M
I, M
N, N
H, N
Y, P
A,
VT,
WI
Wes
t G
ulf C
oast
al P
lain
Her
bac
eous
S
eep
age
Bog
AR
?, L
A, T
X
Sou
ther
n C
oast
al P
lain
Her
bac
eous
S
eep
and
Bog
AL,
FL,
LA
, MS
Eas
t G
ulf C
oast
al P
lain
Inte
rior
Shr
ub B
ogA
L, G
A, M
S
Nor
th-C
entr
al In
terio
r an
d
Ap
pal
achi
an A
cid
ic P
eatla
ndC
T, IL
, IN
, MA
, ME
, MI,
MN
, NH
, N
J, N
Y, O
H, P
A, R
I, V
T, W
I
Sou
ther
n R
idge
and
Val
ley
See
pag
e Fe
nA
L, G
A
144
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Eco
log
ical
sys
tem
Sta
tes
Wes
tern
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Bor
eal
Her
bac
eous
Fen
AK
Ala
skan
Pac
ific
Mar
itim
e Fe
n an
d
Wet
Mea
dow
AK
Wes
tern
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Bor
eal
Bla
ck S
pru
ce-T
amar
ack
Fen
AK
Bor
eal-
Laur
entia
n C
onife
r A
cid
ic
Sw
amp
and
Tre
ed P
oor
Fen
ME
, MI,
MN
, NH
, NY,
VT,
WI
Sw
amp
sys
tem
s
Atla
ntic
Coa
stal
Pla
in S
trea
mhe
ad
See
pag
e S
wam
p, P
ocos
in, a
nd
Bay
gall
FL, G
A, N
C, S
C, V
A
Eas
t G
ulf C
oast
al P
lain
Nor
ther
n S
eep
age
Sw
amp
AL,
IL, K
Y, M
S, T
N
Laur
entia
n-A
cad
ian
Alk
alin
e C
onife
r-H
ard
woo
d S
wam
pC
T, M
E, M
I, M
N, N
Y, V
T, W
I
Nor
th P
acifi
c H
ard
woo
d-C
onife
r S
wam
pA
K, O
R, W
A
Nor
th P
acifi
c S
hrub
Sw
amp
AK
, OR
, WA
Nor
th-C
entr
al A
pp
alac
hian
Aci
dic
S
wam
pC
T, M
A, M
D, N
H, N
J, N
Y, O
H, P
A,
RI,
VA, V
T
Nor
th-C
entr
al In
terio
r W
et M
ead
ow-
Shr
ub S
wam
pIA
, IL,
IN, M
I, M
N, M
O, N
D, O
H,
SD
, WI
Nor
th-C
entr
al In
terio
r an
d
Ap
pal
achi
an R
ich
Sw
amp
CT,
DE
, IL,
IN, M
A, M
D, M
I, M
N,
NJ,
NY,
OH
, PA
, RI,
VT,
WI
Nor
ther
n A
pp
alac
hian
-Aca
dia
n C
onife
r-H
ard
woo
d A
cid
ic S
wam
pC
T, M
A, M
E, N
H, N
Y, P
A, V
T
Nor
ther
n R
ocky
Mou
ntai
n C
onife
r S
wam
pID
, MT,
OR
, WA
, WY
Sou
ther
n C
oast
al P
lain
Non
river
ine
Bas
in S
wam
pA
L, F
L, G
A, L
A?,
MS
, SC
Sou
ther
n C
oast
al P
lain
See
pag
e S
wam
p a
nd B
ayga
llA
L, F
L, G
A, L
A, M
S
Wes
t G
ulf C
oast
al P
lain
See
pag
e S
wam
p a
nd B
ayga
llA
R, L
A, O
K, T
X
Aca
dia
n-A
pp
alac
hian
Con
ifer
See
pag
e Fo
rest
ME
, NH
, NY,
VT
Cum
ber
land
See
pag
e Fo
rest
AL,
KY,
TN
, WV
145
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Eco
log
ical
sys
tem
Sta
tes
Cen
tral
Atla
ntic
Coa
stal
Pla
in
Non
river
ine
Sw
amp
and
Wet
H
ard
woo
d F
ores
t
GA
, NC
, SC
, VA
Med
iterr
anea
n C
alifo
rnia
Ser
pen
tine
Foot
hill
and
Low
er M
onta
ne
Rip
aria
n W
ood
land
and
See
p
CA
, OR
Inte
rior
Hig
hlan
ds
Fore
sted
Aci
dic
S
eep
AR
, MO
?, O
K?
Cen
tral
Flo
rida
Wet
Pra
irie
and
H
erb
aceo
us S
eep
FL
Atla
ntic
Coa
stal
Pla
in S
and
hill
See
pG
A, N
C, S
C
Pie
dm
ont
See
pag
e W
etla
ndA
L, G
A, N
C, S
C, V
A?
Hig
h A
llegh
eny
Wet
land
MD
, PA
, WV
Sou
ther
n A
pp
alac
hian
See
pag
e W
etla
ndG
A, K
Y, N
C, S
C, T
N, V
A
Mar
sh s
yste
ms
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Arid
Wes
t E
mer
gent
M
arsh
AZ
, CA
, CO
, ID
, MT,
NM
, NV,
OR
, TX
, UT,
WA
, WY
Eas
tern
Gre
at P
lain
s W
et M
ead
ow,
Pra
irie,
and
Mar
shIA
, IL,
KS
, MN
, MO
, ND
, NE
, OK
, S
D, T
X?
Nor
ther
n G
reat
Lak
es C
oast
al M
arsh
MI,
WI
Tem
per
ate
Pac
ific
Fres
hwat
er
Em
erge
nt M
arsh
AK
, CA
, OR
, WA
Wes
tern
Gre
at P
lain
s O
pen
Fr
eshw
ater
Dep
ress
ion
Wet
land
KS
, MT,
ND
, NE
, OK
, SD
, TX
, WY
Oth
er s
yste
ms
Nor
th P
acifi
c C
oast
al In
terd
unal
W
etla
ndA
K, O
R, W
A
Med
iterr
anea
n C
alifo
rnia
Coa
stal
In
terd
unal
Wet
land
CA
, OR
Roc
ky M
ount
ain
Alp
ine-
Mon
tane
W
et M
ead
owA
Z, C
O, I
D, M
T, N
M, N
V, O
R, S
D,
UT,
WA
, WY
Tem
per
ate
Pac
ific
Sub
alp
ine-
Mon
tane
Wet
Mea
dow
CA
, NV,
OR
, WA
Col
orad
o P
late
au H
angi
ng G
ard
enA
Z, C
O, N
V?,
UT
Sou
ther
n C
oast
al P
lain
Sp
ring-
Run
S
trea
m A
qua
tic V
eget
atio
nFL
, GA
146
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
147
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
6. E
qui
pm
ent
List
• Fi
eld
form
s (a
pp
end
ix 3
).
• C
lipb
oard
.
• E
lect
roni
c d
ata
reco
rder
(per
sona
l dig
ital a
ssis
tant
, etc
.), if
av
aila
ble
.
• P
enci
ls.
• N
oteb
ook
or p
aper
(wat
erp
roof
).
• G
rap
h p
aper
(for
ske
tch
map
).
• C
alcu
lato
r.
• To
pog
rap
hic
map
of s
ite.
• A
eria
l pho
togr
aph
of s
ite.
• G
PS
(glo
bal
pos
ition
ing
syst
em) u
nit.
• C
omp
ass.
• C
linom
eter
.
• W
atch
, sto
pw
atch
, or
othe
r tim
er.
• P
hoto
grap
hy.
�C
amer
a (d
igita
l is
reco
mm
end
ed, w
ith e
xtra
mem
ory
and
b
atte
ries)
.
�P
hoto
sca
le.
�B
oard
or
card
for
iden
tifyi
ng p
hoto
loca
tion.
• W
ater
qua
lity.
�Te
mp
erat
ure
pro
be.
�p
H p
rob
e.
�O
xid
atio
n-re
duc
tion
pot
entia
l (O
RP
) pro
be
or d
isso
lved
ox
ygen
(DO
) pro
be.
�W
ater
con
duc
tivity
pro
be.
�S
par
e p
rob
es (t
emp
erat
ure,
pH
, DO
, OR
P, a
nd c
ond
uctiv
-ity
) and
cab
le.
148
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
• Fl
ow m
easu
rem
ent
(one
or
mor
e of
follo
win
g).
�W
eir
pla
te (a
nd b
ubb
le le
vel).
�C
urre
nt m
eter
.
�Fl
ume
(and
bub
ble
leve
l).
�V
olum
etric
con
tain
er(s
).
�Fl
oat
(flag
ging
, floa
t d
evic
e).
�C
urre
nt m
eter
.
�W
adin
g ro
d.
�S
hort
pip
e (fo
r co
ncen
trat
ing
and
mea
surin
g lo
w fl
ows)
.
• S
oil/s
ubsu
rfac
e.
�S
hove
l, sp
ade,
aug
er, a
nd/o
r p
ush
pro
be
with
cle
an-o
ut
tool
.
�S
oil k
nife
/tro
wel
.
�H
and
lens
(10x
or
com
bin
atio
n le
nses
).
�p
H k
it.
�S
oil d
escr
iptio
n sh
eets
.
�W
ater
/sp
ray
bot
tle.
�S
oil c
olor
boo
k (M
unse
ll co
lor
char
t w
ith g
ley
colo
r p
late
s).
�D
ilute
hyd
roch
loric
aci
d (H
Cl)
with
dro
pp
er.
�Lo
cal s
oil s
urve
y.
�B
ailin
g ca
n—w
here
gro
und
wat
er c
an fi
ll so
il p
its.
• V
eget
atio
n.
�P
lant
pre
ss (w
ith c
ard
boa
rd, n
ewsp
aper
, and
felt)
.
�P
lant
list
s an
d id
entifi
catio
n re
sour
ces
for
regi
on.
�S
amp
le b
ags.
�D
iggi
ng t
ool (
coul
d b
e sa
me
as fo
r so
il sa
mp
ling)
.
149
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
• Fa
una.
�A
nim
al li
sts
and
iden
tifica
tion
reso
urce
s fo
r re
gion
.
�B
inoc
ular
s (fo
r ob
serv
ing
bird
s an
d o
ther
wild
life,
or
pla
nts
on c
liff w
all).
�A
qua
tic m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
and
ver
teb
rate
sam
plin
g to
ols,
as
des
ired
, suc
h as
han
d n
et.
• D
econ
tam
inat
ion
mat
eria
ls/s
upp
lies.
150
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
151
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
7. S
eco
ndar
y Li
tho
log
y
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
AN
BA
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eA
nalc
ite b
asal
tA
ND
EIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
And
esite
AN
PO
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eA
ndes
ite p
orp
hyry
BA
SA
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eB
asal
tB
AP
OIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Bas
alt
por
phy
ryB
AA
NIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Bas
altic
and
esite
BA
SN
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eB
asan
iteD
AC
IIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Dac
iteD
AP
OIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Dac
ite p
orp
hyry
FELS
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eFe
lsite
LATI
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eLa
tite
LAP
OIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Latit
e p
orp
hyry
LEB
AIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Leuc
ite d
asan
iteLE
PH
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eLe
ucite
pho
nolit
eLE
TEIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Leuc
ite t
ephr
iteLI
MB
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eLi
mb
urgi
teLI
PO
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eLi
mb
urgi
te p
orp
hyry
ME
LIIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Mel
ilitit
eN
ELA
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eN
ephe
line
latit
eN
ELA
PO
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eN
ephe
line
latit
e p
orp
hyry
NE
PH
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eN
ephe
linite
OB
SI
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eO
bsi
dia
nO
CE
AIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Oce
anite
OLB
AIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Oliv
ine
bas
alt
OLN
EIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Oliv
ine
nep
helin
iteP
ER
LIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Per
lite
PH
ON
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eP
hono
lite
PH
PO
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eP
hono
lite
por
phy
ryP
ITC
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eP
itchs
tone
PU
MI
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eP
umic
eQ
UB
AIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Qua
rtz
bas
alt
QU
LAIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Qua
rtz
latit
eQ
ULA
PO
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eQ
uart
z la
tite
por
phy
ryR
HY
OIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Rhy
olite
The
seco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy li
st in
the
follo
win
g ta
ble
is b
ased
on
US
DA
For
est
Ser
vice
(200
9).
152
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
RH
PO
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eR
hyol
ite p
orp
hyry
SC
OR
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eS
coria
TEP
RIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Tep
hrite
TEP
OIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Tep
hrite
por
phy
ryTI
NG
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eTi
ngua
iteTR
AC
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eTr
achy
teTR
PO
Igne
ous
extr
usiv
eTr
achy
te p
orp
hyry
TRA
PIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Trap
VIT
RIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Vitr
ophy
reW
YO
MIg
neou
s ex
trus
ive
Wyo
min
gite
ALS
KIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Ala
skite
ALG
RIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Alk
ali g
rani
teA
LSY
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eA
lkal
i sye
nite
AN
OR
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eA
nort
hosi
teA
PLI
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eA
plit
eC
HA
RIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Cha
rnoc
kite
DIA
BIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Dia
bas
eD
IOR
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eD
iorit
eD
IPO
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eD
iorit
e p
orp
hyry
DIT
RIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Ditr
oite
DU
NI
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eD
unite
FER
GIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Ferg
usite
FOYA
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eFo
yaite
GA
BB
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eG
abb
roG
AP
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Gab
bro
por
phy
ryG
AD
IIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Gab
bro
/dio
rite
GR
AN
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eG
rani
teG
RP
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Gra
nite
por
phy
ryG
RA
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Gra
nod
iorit
eG
DP
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Gra
nod
iorit
e p
orp
hyry
GR
GR
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eG
rap
hic
gran
iteH
AR
ZIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Har
zbur
gite
LAM
PIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Lam
pro
phy
reLA
RV
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eLa
rvik
iteLE
SY
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eLe
ucite
sye
nite
LUX
UIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Luxu
llian
iteM
ALI
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eM
alig
nite
MIS
SIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Mis
sour
ite
153
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
MO
NZ
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eM
onzo
nite
MO
PO
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eM
onzo
nite
por
phy
ryN
EM
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Nep
helin
e m
onzo
nite
NE
MO
PO
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eN
ephe
line
mon
zoni
te p
orp
hyry
NE
SY
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eN
ephe
line
syen
iteN
ES
YP
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Nep
helin
e sy
enite
por
phy
ryN
OR
DIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Nor
dm
arki
teN
OR
IIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Nor
iteO
LGA
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eO
livin
e ga
bb
roP
EG
MIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Peg
mat
tite
PE
RI
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eP
erid
otite
PIC
RIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Pic
rite
PU
LAIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Pul
aski
teP
YR
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Pyr
oxen
iteQ
UD
IIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Qua
rtz
dio
rite
QU
DIP
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Qua
rtz
dio
rite
por
phy
ryQ
UG
AIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Qua
rtz
gab
bro
QU
MO
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eQ
uart
z m
onzo
nite
QU
MO
PO
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eQ
uart
z m
onzo
nite
por
phy
ryQ
US
YIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Qua
rtz
syen
iteS
HO
NIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Sho
niki
teS
OS
YIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Sod
alite
sye
nite
SY
EN
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eS
yeni
teS
YP
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Sye
nite
por
phy
ryS
YE
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Sye
nod
iorit
eTH
ER
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eTh
eral
iteTH
PO
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eTh
eral
ite p
orp
hyry
TRO
CIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Troc
tolit
eU
NC
OIg
neou
s in
trus
ive
Unc
omp
ahgr
iteU
OLI
Igne
ous
intr
usiv
eU
olite
AC
HO
Met
amor
phi
cA
ctin
olite
hor
nfel
sA
CM
AM
etam
orp
hic
Act
inol
ite m
arb
leA
CS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Act
inol
ite s
chis
tA
CE
PM
AM
etam
orp
hic
Act
inol
ite-e
pid
ote
mar
ble
ALM
ISC
Met
amor
phi
cA
lbite
-mic
a sc
hist
AM
PH
Met
amor
phi
cA
mp
hib
olite
AM
GN
Met
amor
phi
cA
mp
hib
olite
gne
iss
AN
HO
Met
amor
phi
cA
ndal
usite
hor
nfel
s
154
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
AN
SC
Met
amor
phi
cA
ndal
usite
sch
ist
AN
SP
SL
Met
amor
phi
cA
ndal
usite
sp
otte
d s
late
AN
BIH
OM
etam
orp
hic
And
alus
ite-b
iotit
e ho
rnfe
lsA
NG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Ano
rtho
site
gne
iss
ATH
OM
etam
orp
hic
Ant
hop
hylli
te h
ornf
els
AR
GN
Met
amor
phi
cA
rkos
e gn
eiss
AU
GN
Met
amor
phi
cA
ugen
gne
iss
BIG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Bio
tite
gnei
ssB
ISP
SL
Met
amor
phi
cB
iotit
e sp
otte
d s
late
BIC
LSC
Met
amor
phi
cB
iotit
e-ch
lorit
e sc
hist
BLS
LM
etam
orp
hic
Bla
ck s
late
BR
MA
Met
amor
phi
cB
ruci
te m
arb
leC
AH
OM
etam
orp
hic
Cal
c-si
licat
e ho
rnfe
lsC
LSL
Met
amor
phi
cC
alca
reou
s sl
ate
CA
SC
Met
amor
phi
cC
alci
te s
chis
tC
AS
LM
etam
orp
hic
Car
bon
aceo
us s
late
CH
SC
Met
amor
phi
cC
hias
tolit
e sc
hist
CH
SP
SL
Met
amor
phi
cC
hias
tolit
e sp
otte
d s
ate
CLM
AM
etam
orp
hic
Chl
orite
mar
ble
CLS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Chl
orite
sch
ist
CD
SC
Met
amor
phi
cC
hlor
itoid
sch
ist
CH
MA
Met
amor
phi
cC
hond
rod
ite m
arb
leC
OG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Con
glom
erat
e gn
eiss
CO
HO
Met
amor
phi
cC
ord
ierit
e ho
rnfe
lsC
OA
NH
OM
etam
orp
hic
Cor
die
rite-
anth
ophy
llite
hor
nfel
sC
RM
EM
etam
orp
hic
Cry
stal
line
met
amor
phi
cD
BG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Dia
bas
e gn
eiss
DIM
AM
etam
orp
hic
Dio
psi
de
mar
ble
DIG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Dio
rite
gnei
ssE
CLO
Met
amor
phi
cE
clog
iteE
PAM
Met
amor
phi
cE
pid
ote
amp
hib
olite
EP
GN
Met
amor
phi
cE
pid
ote
gnei
ssE
PH
OM
etam
orp
hic
Ep
idot
e ho
rnfe
lsE
PC
HS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Ep
idot
e-ch
lorit
e sc
hist
FLC
OM
etam
orp
hic
Flas
er c
ongl
omer
ate
FLD
IM
etam
orp
hic
Flas
er d
iorit
eFL
GR
Met
amor
phi
cFl
aser
gra
nite
GB
GN
Met
amor
phi
cG
abb
ro g
neis
sG
AB
IGN
Met
amor
phi
cG
arne
t b
iotit
e gn
eiss
155
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
GA
GN
Met
amor
phi
cG
arne
t gn
eiss
GA
HO
Met
amor
phi
cG
arne
t ho
rnfe
lsG
AC
LSC
Met
amor
phi
cG
arne
t-ch
lorit
e sc
hist
GA
PYA
MM
etam
orp
hic
Gar
net-
pyr
oxen
e am
phi
bol
iteG
LSC
Met
amor
phi
cG
lauc
opha
ne s
chis
tG
NE
IM
etam
orp
hic
Gne
iss
GR
GN
Met
amor
phi
cG
rani
te g
neis
sG
DG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Gra
nod
iorit
e gn
eiss
GR
NO
Met
amor
phi
cG
rano
fels
GR
NU
Met
amor
phi
cG
ranu
lite
GR
MA
Met
amor
phi
cG
rap
hite
mar
ble
GR
SC
Met
amor
phi
cG
rap
hite
sch
ist
GW
GN
Met
amor
phi
cG
rayw
acke
gne
iss
GR
SL
Met
amor
phi
cG
reen
sla
teG
RE
NM
etam
orp
hic
Gre
ensc
hist
GR
EE
Met
amor
phi
cG
reen
ston
eH
OB
ISC
Met
amor
phi
cH
ornb
lend
e-b
iotit
e sc
hist
HO
RN
Met
amor
phi
cH
ornf
els
KY
HO
Met
amor
phi
cK
yani
te h
ornf
els
KY
SC
Met
amor
phi
cK
yani
te s
chis
tM
AG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Mag
netit
eM
AR
BM
etam
orp
hic
Mar
ble
ME
AR
Met
amor
phi
cM
eta-
argi
llite
ME
TCM
etam
orp
hic
Met
acon
glom
erat
eM
ETQ
Met
amor
phi
cM
etaq
uart
zite
ME
ME
Met
amor
phi
cM
etas
edim
enta
ry m
elan
geM
ETS
Met
amor
phi
cM
etas
edim
enta
ry r
ocks
MS
CA
Met
amor
phi
cM
etas
edim
enta
ry a
lcar
eous
MS
NC
Met
amor
phi
cM
etas
edim
enta
ry n
onca
lcar
eous
ME
TVM
etam
orp
hic
Met
avol
vani
c ro
cks
MIS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Mic
a sc
hist
MIG
MM
etam
orp
hic
Mig
mat
iteM
OG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Mon
zoni
te g
neis
sM
YLO
Met
amor
phi
cM
ylon
iteO
LMA
Met
amor
phi
cO
livin
e m
arb
leP
EG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Per
idot
ite g
neis
sP
HY
LM
etam
orp
hic
Phy
llite
PH
LNM
etam
orp
hic
Phy
lloni
teP
LGN
Met
amor
phi
cP
lagi
ocla
se g
neis
s
156
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
PY
SC
Met
amor
phi
cP
yrop
hylli
te s
chis
tP
RG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Pyr
oxen
e gn
eiss
PY
HO
Met
amor
phi
cP
yrox
ene
horn
fels
PR
SC
Met
amor
phi
cP
yrox
ene
schi
stQ
UD
IGN
Met
amor
phi
cQ
uart
z d
iorit
e gn
eiss
QU
PO
GN
Met
amor
phi
cQ
uart
z p
orp
hyry
gne
iss
QU
MIS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Qua
rtz-
mic
a sc
hist
QU
SE
SC
Met
amor
phi
cQ
uart
z-se
ricite
sch
ist
QU
AR
Met
amor
phi
cQ
uart
zite
QU
GN
Met
amor
phi
cQ
uart
zite
gne
iss
RH
GN
Met
amor
phi
cR
hyol
ite g
neis
sS
AG
NM
etam
orp
hic
San
dst
one
gnei
ssS
CH
IM
etam
orp
hic
Sch
ist
SC
QU
Met
amor
phi
cS
chis
tose
qua
rtzi
teS
ER
PM
etam
orp
hic
Ser
pen
tine
SE
MA
Met
amor
phi
cS
erp
entin
e m
arb
leS
EM
EM
etam
orp
hic
Ser
pen
tine
mel
ange
SIG
AS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Sill
iman
ite g
arne
t sc
hist
SIG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Sill
iman
ite g
neis
sS
ISC
Met
amor
phi
cS
illim
anite
sch
ist
SIS
LM
etam
orp
hic
Silt
y sl
ate
SK
AR
Met
amor
phi
cS
karn
SK
GN
Met
amor
phi
cS
karn
gne
iss
SLA
TM
etam
orp
hic
Sla
teS
OA
PM
etam
orp
hic
Soa
pst
one
SP
SL
Met
amor
phi
cS
pot
ted
sla
teS
TGN
Met
amor
phi
cS
taur
olite
gne
iss
STS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Sta
urol
ite s
chis
tS
YG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Sye
nite
gne
iss
TAS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Talc
sch
ist
TOH
OM
etam
orp
hic
Tour
mal
ine
horn
fels
TOS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Tour
mal
ine
schi
stTO
MIS
CM
etam
orp
hic
Tour
mal
ine-
mic
a sc
hist
TRG
NM
etam
orp
hic
Trac
hyte
gne
iss
TRH
OM
etam
orp
hic
Trem
olite
hor
nfel
sTR
MA
Met
amor
phi
cTr
emol
ite m
arb
leU
LTR
Met
amor
phi
cU
ltram
ylon
iteW
OH
OM
etam
orp
hic
Wol
last
onite
hor
nfel
sW
OM
AM
etam
orp
hic
Wol
last
onite
mar
ble
157
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
AG
GL
Sed
imen
tary
Agg
lom
erat
eA
NH
YS
edim
enta
ryA
nhyd
rite
AR
GI
Sed
imen
tary
Arg
illite
AR
KO
Sed
imen
tary
Ark
ose
AR
AR
Sed
imen
tary
Ark
ose
argi
llace
ous
AR
CA
Sed
imen
tary
Ark
ose
calc
areo
usA
RS
IS
edim
enta
ryA
rkos
e si
liceo
usA
SP
HS
edim
enta
ryA
spha
ltB
EN
TS
edim
enta
ryB
ento
nite
BR
EC
Sed
imen
tary
Bre
ccia
CA
LIS
edim
enta
ryC
alic
heC
HA
LS
edim
enta
ryC
halk
CH
ER
Sed
imen
tary
Che
rtC
HO
OS
edim
enta
ryC
hert
ool
itic
CLA
SS
edim
enta
ryC
lays
tone
CLS
IS
edim
enta
ryC
lays
tone
sili
ceou
sC
OA
NS
edim
enta
ryC
oal,
anth
raci
teC
OB
IS
edim
enta
ryC
oal,
bitu
min
ous
CO
NG
Sed
imen
tary
Con
glom
erat
eC
OQ
US
edim
enta
ryC
oqui
naD
IAT
Sed
imen
tary
Dia
tom
iteD
OLO
Sed
imen
tary
Dol
omite
GIL
SS
edim
enta
ryG
ilson
iteG
RAY
Sed
imen
tary
Gra
ywac
keG
RC
AS
edim
enta
ryG
rayw
acke
cal
care
ous
GR
SA
Sed
imen
tary
Gre
ensa
ndG
YP
SS
edim
enta
ryG
ypsu
mH
ALI
Sed
imen
tary
Hal
iteH
EM
AS
edim
enta
ryH
emat
iteIN
LIS
AS
edim
enta
ryIn
terb
edd
ed li
mes
tone
and
sa
ndst
one
INLI
SH
Sed
imen
tary
Inte
rbed
ded
lim
esto
ne a
nd s
hale
INLI
SI
Sed
imen
tary
Inte
rbed
ded
lim
esto
ne a
nd
silts
tone
INS
AS
HS
edim
enta
ryIn
terb
edd
ed s
and
ston
e an
d
shal
eIN
SA
SI
Sed
imen
tary
Inte
rbed
ded
san
dst
one
and
si
ltsto
neIR
ON
Sed
imen
tary
Irons
tone
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
158
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
LIG
NS
edim
enta
ryLi
gnite
LIM
ES
edim
enta
ryLi
mes
tone
LIA
NS
edim
enta
ryLi
mes
tone
are
nace
ous
LIA
RS
edim
enta
ryLi
mes
tone
arg
illac
eous
LIB
IS
edim
enta
ryLi
mes
tone
bitu
min
ous
LIC
RS
edim
enta
ryLi
mes
tone
car
bon
aceo
usLI
CH
Sed
imen
tary
Lim
esto
ne c
hert
yLI
CL
Sed
imen
tary
Lim
esto
ne c
last
icLI
FES
edim
enta
ryLi
mes
tone
iron
-ric
hLI
OO
Sed
imen
tary
Lim
esto
ne o
oliti
cLI
OR
Sed
imen
tary
Lim
esto
ne o
rgan
icLI
PH
Sed
imen
tary
Lim
esto
ne p
hosp
hatic
LIS
IS
edim
enta
ryLi
mes
tone
sili
ceou
sLI
SIC
LS
edim
enta
ryLi
mes
tone
sili
cicl
astic
LIM
OS
edim
enta
ryLi
mon
iteM
AR
LST
Sed
imen
tary
Mar
lsto
neM
UD
SS
edim
enta
ryM
udst
one
MU
SI
Sed
imen
tary
Mud
ston
e si
liceo
usO
OC
AS
edim
enta
ryO
olite
cal
care
ous
OO
FES
edim
enta
ryO
olite
iron
-ric
hO
OP
HS
edim
enta
ryO
olite
pho
spha
ticO
OS
IS
edim
enta
ryO
olite
sili
ceou
sO
RTH
Sed
imen
tary
Ort
hoq
uart
zite
OR
FSS
edim
enta
ryO
rtho
qua
rtzi
te fe
ldsp
athi
cO
RLI
Sed
imen
tary
Ort
hoq
uart
zite
lith
icP
HO
SS
edim
enta
ryP
hosp
horit
eP
OR
CS
edim
enta
ryP
orce
llani
teR
AD
IS
edim
enta
ryR
adio
larit
eR
OS
AS
edim
enta
ryR
ock
Sal
tS
AN
SS
edim
enta
ryS
and
ston
eS
AA
RS
edim
enta
ryS
and
ston
e ar
gilla
ceou
sS
AA
RFS
Sed
imen
tary
San
dst
one
argi
llace
ous
feld
spat
hic
SA
AR
LIS
edim
enta
ryS
and
ston
e ar
gilla
ceou
s lit
hic
SA
AR
QU
Sed
imen
tary
San
dst
one
argi
llace
ous
qua
rtz
SA
CA
Sed
imen
tary
San
dst
one
calc
areo
usS
AC
AFS
Sed
imen
tary
San
dst
one
calc
areo
us
feld
spat
hic
SA
CA
LIS
edim
enta
ryS
and
ston
e ca
lcar
eous
lith
ic
159
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
SA
CA
QU
Sed
imen
tary
San
dst
one
calc
areo
us q
uart
zS
AC
RQ
US
edim
enta
ryS
and
ston
e ca
rbon
aceo
us q
uart
zS
AFS
Sed
imen
tary
San
dst
one
feld
spat
hic
SA
FES
edim
enta
ryS
and
ston
e iro
n-ric
hS
AFE
QU
Sed
imen
tary
San
dst
one
iron-
rich
qua
rtz
SA
LIS
edim
enta
ryS
and
ston
e lit
hic
SA
QU
Sed
imen
tary
San
dst
one
qua
rtz
SH
AL
Sed
imen
tary
Sha
leS
HB
IS
edim
enta
ryS
hale
bitu
min
ous
SH
CA
Sed
imen
tary
Sha
le c
alca
reou
sS
HC
RS
edim
enta
ryS
hale
car
bon
aceo
usS
HFE
Sed
imen
tary
Sha
le ir
on-r
ich
SH
PH
Sed
imen
tary
Sha
le p
hosp
hatic
SH
SI
Sed
imen
tary
Sha
le s
ilice
ous
SID
ES
edim
enta
ryS
ider
iteS
ILS
Sed
imen
tary
Silt
ston
eS
ICA
Sed
imen
tary
Silt
ston
e ca
lcar
eous
SIC
RS
edim
enta
ryS
iltst
one
carb
onac
eous
SIF
ES
edim
enta
ryS
iltst
one
iron-
rich
SU
BG
Sed
imen
tary
Sub
gray
wac
keS
UC
AS
edim
enta
ryS
ubgr
ayw
acke
cal
care
ous
TRA
VS
edim
enta
ryTr
aver
tine
TUFA
Sed
imen
tary
Tufa
TUFF
Sed
imen
tary
Tuff
VO
BR
Sed
imen
tary
Volc
anic
bre
ccia
VO
LCS
edim
enta
ryVo
lcan
icla
stic
MIE
XM
EU
ndiff
eren
tiate
dM
ixed
ext
rusi
ve a
nd
met
amor
phi
cM
IEX
SE
Und
iffer
entia
ted
Mix
ed e
xtru
sive
and
se
dim
enta
ryM
IIGU
ndiff
eren
tiate
dM
ixed
igne
ous
(ext
rusi
ve &
in
trus
ive)
MIIG
ME
Und
iffer
entia
ted
Mix
ed ig
neou
s an
d m
etam
orp
hic
MIIG
SE
Und
iffer
entia
ted
Mix
ed ig
neou
s an
d s
edim
enta
ryM
IINM
EU
ndiff
eren
tiate
dM
ixed
intr
usiv
e an
d
met
amor
phi
cM
IINS
EU
ndiff
eren
tiate
dM
ixed
intr
usiv
e an
d s
edim
enta
ryM
IME
SE
Und
iffer
entia
ted
Mix
ed m
etam
orp
hic
and
se
dim
enta
ry
160
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Sec
ond
ary
cod
eP
rim
ary
litho
log
yS
eco
ndar
y lit
holo
gy
ALL
UU
ncon
solid
ated
Allu
vium
AS
LOU
ncon
solid
ated
Ash
/loes
s m
ixtu
reC
IND
Unc
onso
lidat
edC
ind
ers
CO
LLU
ncon
solid
ated
Col
luvi
mC
RY
OU
ncon
solid
ated
Cry
otur
bat
eD
IAM
Unc
onso
lidat
edD
iam
icto
nD
IEA
Unc
onso
lidat
edD
iato
mac
eous
ear
thE
OLI
Unc
onso
lidat
edE
olia
n d
epos
itG
LAC
Unc
onso
lidat
edG
laci
al d
epos
itG
LMO
Unc
onso
lidat
edG
laci
al m
orai
ne d
epos
itG
LTI
Unc
onso
lidat
edG
laci
al t
ill d
epos
itG
LFL
Unc
onso
lidat
edG
laci
ofluv
ial d
epos
itG
LLA
Unc
onso
lidat
edG
laci
olac
ustr
ine
dep
osit
GLM
AU
ncon
solid
ated
Gla
ciom
arin
e d
epos
itG
RS
AU
ncon
solid
ated
Gre
ensa
ndG
YS
AU
ncon
solid
ated
Gyp
sum
san
dH
UC
AU
ncon
solid
ated
Hum
an c
ause
/con
stru
cted
LAC
UU
ncon
solid
ated
Lacu
strin
e se
dim
ents
LAH
AU
ncon
solid
ated
Laha
rLA
DE
Unc
onso
lidat
edLa
ndsl
ide
dep
osit
MA
RI
Unc
onso
lidat
edM
arin
e se
dim
ents
MA
RL
Unc
onso
lidat
edM
arl
MIX
EU
ncon
solid
ated
Mix
edM
UC
KU
ncon
solid
ated
Muc
kO
RG
AU
ncon
solid
ated
Org
anic
dep
osits
PE
ATU
ncon
solid
ated
Pea
tR
ES
IU
ncon
solid
ated
Res
iduu
mTA
LUU
ncon
solid
ated
Talu
s d
epos
itTE
PH
Unc
onso
lidat
edTe
phr
a (u
ndiff
eren
tiate
d)
TRA
NU
ncon
solid
ated
Tran
sitio
nal m
arin
e/co
ntin
enta
l d
epos
itsV
OA
SU
ncon
solid
ated
Volc
anic
ash
Ref
eren
ce
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of A
gric
ultu
re (U
SD
A),
Fore
st S
ervi
ce. 2
009.
S
ite g
ener
al: fi
eld
gui
de.
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of
Agr
icul
ture
, For
est
Ser
vice
, Ran
gela
nd M
anag
emen
t S
taff.
57
p.
161
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
8. L
and
form
Geo
mo
rphi
c te
rmP
roce
ss/l
and
form
Co
de
aa fl
owVo
lcan
ic la
ndfo
rmA
AFL
air-
fall
tep
hra
field
Volc
anic
land
form
AFT
Fal
luvi
al fa
nFl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmA
LFA
antic
line
Tect
onic
land
form
AN
TIav
alan
che
talu
sM
ass
was
ting
elem
ent
land
form
AVTA
bac
ksho
re t
erra
ceC
oast
al m
arin
e an
d la
cust
rine
elem
ent
land
form
BAT
E
bad
land
sLa
ndsc
ape
term
and
fluv
ial l
and
form
BA
DL
baj
ada
Land
scap
e te
rm a
nd fl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmB
AJA
bal
dC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmB
ALD
ban
kFl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmB
AN
Kb
arFl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rm a
nd m
icro
feat
ure
BA
Rb
ayC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmB
AYb
each
Coa
stal
mar
ine
and
lacu
strin
e la
ndfo
rmB
EA
Cb
each
rid
geC
oast
al m
arin
e an
d la
cust
rine
elem
ent
BE
RI
bea
ver
Lacu
strin
e su
bp
roce
ssB
EAV
ben
chC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmB
NC
Hb
lock
fiel
dP
erig
laci
al la
ndfo
rmB
LFI
blo
wou
tC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmB
LOW
cald
era
Volc
anic
land
form
CA
LDca
nyon
Land
scap
e te
rmC
AN
Yca
nyon
land
sLa
ndsc
ape
term
CA
LAC
arol
ina
Bay
Coa
stal
mar
ine
land
form
CA
BA
chan
nel
Fluv
ial l
and
form
and
mic
rofe
atur
eC
HA
Nci
nder
con
eVo
lcan
ic la
ndfo
rmC
ICO
cirq
ueG
laci
al e
lem
ent
land
form
CIR
Qcl
iffC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmC
LIF
collu
vial
slo
pe
Mas
s w
astin
g el
emen
t la
ndfo
rmC
OS
Lcr
ater
Volc
anic
land
form
CR
ATcu
esta
Fluv
ial l
and
form
CU
ES
deb
ris fl
owM
ass
was
ting
land
form
DE
FLd
eflat
ion
bas
inE
olia
n la
ndfo
rmD
EB
Ad
elta
Fluv
ial l
and
form
and
land
scap
e te
rmD
ELT
The
land
form
list
in t
he fo
llow
ing
tab
le is
bas
ed o
n H
aski
ns e
t al
. (1
998)
.
162
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Geo
mo
rphi
c te
rmP
roce
ss/l
and
form
Co
de
dep
ositi
onal
str
eam
te
rrac
eFl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmD
ES
T
dep
ress
ion
Com
mon
land
form
DE
PR
dik
eLa
ndfo
rmD
IKE
dra
inag
e ch
anne
l (u
ndiff
eren
tiate
d)
Gla
cial
ele
men
t la
ndfo
rmD
RC
H
dra
wC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmD
RA
Wd
rum
linG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmD
RU
Mea
rth
flow
Mas
s w
astin
g la
ndfo
rmE
AFL
eros
iona
l str
eam
te
rrac
eFl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmE
RS
T
esca
rpm
ent
Com
mon
land
form
ES
CA
eske
rG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmE
SK
Efa
ult
scar
pTe
cton
ic la
ndfo
rmFA
SC
faul
t tr
ace
Tect
onic
land
form
FATR
flood
pla
inFl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmFL
PL
fold
Tect
onic
land
form
FLD
Sfo
red
une
Eol
ian
land
form
FOR
Efr
ost
actio
nP
erig
laci
al s
ubp
roce
ssFR
AC
glac
iate
d u
pla
nds
Land
scap
e te
rmG
LUP
gorg
eC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmG
OR
Ggr
aben
Land
scap
e te
rm a
nd t
ecto
nic
land
form
GR
AB
grou
nd m
orai
neG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmG
RM
Ogu
llyC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmG
ULL
hang
ing
valle
yG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmH
AVA
hills
lop
e b
edro
ck
outc
rop
Mas
s w
astin
g el
emen
t la
ndfo
rmH
IBO
hogb
ack
Fluv
ial l
and
form
HO
GB
inte
rdun
e fla
tE
olia
n la
ndfo
rmIN
FLin
terfl
uve
Com
mon
land
form
INTE
inte
rmon
tane
bas
inLa
ndsc
ape
term
INB
Aka
me
Gla
cial
land
form
KA
ME
kars
tLa
ndsc
ape
term
KR
ST
kett
leG
laci
al e
lem
ent
land
form
KE
TTke
ttle
d o
utw
ash
pla
inG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmK
EO
Pla
har
Volc
anic
land
form
LAH
Ala
keLa
cust
rine
land
form
LAK
Ela
ke b
edLa
cust
rine
land
form
LAB
E
163
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Geo
mo
rphi
c te
rmP
roce
ss/l
and
form
Co
de
late
ral m
orai
neG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmLA
MO
lava
flow
(u
ndiff
eren
tiate
d)
Volc
anic
land
form
LAFL
loes
s d
epos
it (u
ndiff
eren
tiate
d)
Eol
ian
land
form
LOD
E
mea
nder
sca
rFl
uvia
l ele
men
t la
ndfo
rmM
ES
Rm
edia
l mor
aine
Gla
cial
land
form
ME
MO
mes
aFl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmM
ES
Am
onoc
line
Tect
onic
land
form
MO
NO
mor
aine
(u
ndiff
eren
tiate
d)
Gla
cial
land
form
MO
RA
mud
flat
Coa
stal
mar
ine
land
form
MU
FLou
twas
h fa
nG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmO
UFA
outw
ash
pla
inG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmO
UP
Lou
twas
h te
rrac
eG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmO
UTE
oxb
owFl
uvia
l ele
men
t la
ndfo
rmO
XBO
ped
imen
tFl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmP
ED
Ip
erm
afro
stP
erig
laci
al s
ubp
roce
ssP
ER
Mp
oint
bar
Fluv
ial e
lem
ent
land
form
PO
BA
pyr
ocla
stic
flow
Volc
anic
ele
men
t la
ndfo
rmP
YFL
rece
ssio
nal m
orai
neG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmR
EM
Orid
geto
p b
edro
ck
outc
rop
Mas
s w
astin
g el
emen
t la
ndfo
rmR
IBO
rock
gla
cier
Mas
s w
astin
g la
ndfo
rmR
OG
Lro
ck s
lide-
rock
fall
Mas
s w
astin
g la
ndfo
rmR
SR
Fro
tatio
nal s
lide
Mas
s w
astin
g la
ndfo
rmR
OS
Lsa
dd
leC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmS
AD
Dsa
nd b
oil
Mic
rofe
atur
eS
AB
Osa
ndhi
llsLa
ndsc
ape
term
SA
ND
scar
pC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmS
CA
Rse
epC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmS
EE
Psh
ield
vol
cano
Volc
anic
land
form
SH
VO
sink
hole
(u
ndiff
eren
tiate
d)
Sol
utio
n la
ndfo
rmS
INK
slid
eM
ass
was
ting
sub
pro
cess
SLI
Dsl
ough
Com
mon
land
form
SLO
Usl
ump
pon
dLa
cust
rine
land
form
SLP
Oso
lifluc
tion
lob
eM
ass
was
ting
land
form
SO
LO
164
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Geo
mo
rphi
c te
rmP
roce
ss/l
and
form
Co
de
stre
am t
erra
ce
(und
iffer
entia
ted
)Fl
uvia
l lan
dfo
rmS
TTE
sync
line
Tect
onic
land
form
SY
NC
talu
sC
omm
on la
ndfo
rmTA
LUta
rnLa
cust
rine
land
form
TAR
Nte
rmin
al m
orai
neG
laci
al la
ndfo
rmTE
MO
till p
lain
Land
scap
e te
rmTI
PL
valle
y flo
orFl
uvia
l ele
men
t la
ndfo
rmVA
FO
Ref
eren
ce
Has
kins
, D.M
.; C
orre
ll, C
.S.;
Fost
er, R
.A.;
et a
l. 19
98. A
geo
mor
-p
hic
clas
sific
atio
n sy
stem
. Was
hing
ton,
DC
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of
Agr
icul
ture
, For
est
Ser
vice
. 110
p.
165
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
9. P
lant
Lab
els
(Cut
Alo
ng D
ashe
d L
ines
)
166
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
167
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
10.
M
easu
rem
ent
of
Dis
char
ge
at
Sp
ring
s an
d W
etla
nds
1. In
tro
duc
tio
n
Mea
sure
men
t of
dis
char
ge a
t sp
rings
and
wet
land
s, a
lthou
gh
sim
ilar
to s
uch
mea
sure
men
ts in
str
eam
s, p
rese
nts
add
ition
al
chal
leng
es. E
ach
site
is u
niq
ue, s
o th
at a
mea
sure
men
t m
etho
d
that
may
be
app
rop
riate
at
one
site
may
not
be
app
rop
riate
at
anot
her
site
. The
fiel
d in
vest
igat
or m
ust
eval
uate
eac
h si
te a
nd
choo
se t
he a
pp
rop
riate
met
hod
to
use,
and
, if n
eces
sary
, mod
ify
the
met
hod
to
adju
st t
o co
nditi
ons
at t
he s
ite. F
or e
xam
ple
, if
dis
char
ge a
t a
sprin
g or
wet
land
site
is d
iffus
e or
com
ing
from
se
vera
l poi
nts,
a c
hann
el m
ight
be
dug
to
inco
rpor
ate
such
dif-
fuse
flow
into
a s
ingl
e ch
anne
l tha
t ca
n th
en b
e m
easu
red
.
Thes
e in
stru
ctio
ns a
re m
odifi
ed fr
om: R
antz
et
al. (
1982
). A
d-
diti
onal
info
rmat
ion
may
be
obta
ined
from
sou
rces
list
ed in
the
R
efer
ence
s se
ctio
n.
2. P
urp
ose
This
is a
des
crip
tion
of t
echn
ique
s fo
r m
easu
rem
ent
of d
isch
arge
at
sp
rings
and
in w
etla
nds
that
hav
e flo
win
g w
ater
s. T
he s
itua-
tions
and
met
hod
olog
ies
dis
cuss
ed in
clud
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
• C
urre
nt m
eter
.
• Ti
med
ob
serv
atio
n of
floa
ts.
• V
olum
etric
mea
sure
men
t.
• U
se o
f a c
alib
rate
d p
orta
ble
wei
r p
late
.
• U
se o
f a c
alib
rate
d p
orta
ble
Par
shal
l flum
e.
• S
tatic
hea
d c
hang
e p
roce
dur
e.
• V
isua
l est
imat
e.
168
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
3. K
ey S
cien
tifi
c C
onc
epts
, Co
nsid
erat
ions
, and
A
ssum
pti
ons
Mea
surin
g th
e d
isch
arge
of s
ome
sprin
gs a
nd w
etla
nds
can
be
chal
leng
ing
bec
ause
the
am
ount
of d
isch
arge
is s
mal
l, w
ater
s ar
e us
ually
sha
llow
and
bro
adly
and
une
venl
y sp
read
ove
r a
wid
e ar
ea, a
nd a
reas
with
mov
ing
wat
er a
re s
omet
imes
lim
ited
. M
ultip
le o
bse
rvat
ions
are
rec
omm
end
ed t
o q
uant
ify p
reci
sely
th
e hy
dro
logi
c p
erio
d o
r lo
ng-t
erm
dis
char
ge c
hara
cter
istic
s,
bec
ause
dis
char
ge c
hang
es d
iurn
ally
, sea
sona
lly, a
nd a
nnua
lly.
The
way
the
flow
(or
dis
char
ge) i
s m
easu
red
will
var
y d
epen
din
g on
the
site
-sp
ecifi
c fa
ctor
s, t
here
fore
, a v
arie
ty o
f met
hod
s ar
e p
rese
nted
. Tab
le 1
0.1
lists
the
var
ious
inst
rum
ents
rec
omm
end
ed
for
a ra
nge
of d
isch
arge
con
diti
ons.
Tabl
e 10
.1.—
Rec
omm
ende
d m
etho
ds to
mea
sure
dis
char
ge b
ased
on
flow
(S
teve
ns e
t al.
2006
).
Dis
char
ge
(met
ric)
Dis
char
ge
(gp
m)
Inst
rum
ent(
s)
< 1
0 m
L/s
< 0
.16
Volu
met
ric10
to
100
mL/
s0.
16 t
o 1.
6W
eir,
volu
met
ric0.
1 to
1 L
/s1.
6 to
16
Wei
r, flu
me
1 to
10
L/s
16 t
o 15
8W
eir,
flum
e
10 t
o 10
0 L/
s15
8 to
1,5
85Fl
ume
0.1
to 1
m3 /s
1,58
5 to
15,
850
Cur
rent
met
er1
to 1
0 m
3 /s15
,850
to
158,
500
Cur
rent
met
er>
10
m3 /s
> 1
58,5
00C
urre
nt m
eter
Not
e: O
f all
of th
e in
stru
men
ts li
sted
, the
flum
e is
the
larg
est a
nd m
ost d
ifficu
lt to
car
ry. T
here
fore
, it s
houl
d no
t be
carr
ied
into
the
back
cou
ntry
unl
ess
it is
es
sent
ial t
o ob
tain
an
accu
rate
mea
sure
men
t or
if th
e sp
ring
has
a di
scha
rge
mag
nitu
de m
akin
g a
flum
e th
e op
timal
inst
rum
ent.
Han
ging
gar
den
s an
d li
mno
cren
es, i
n p
artic
ular
, pre
sent
a c
hal-
leng
e fo
r m
easu
ring
flow
. Flo
w m
easu
rem
ents
at
a ha
ngin
g ga
r-d
en c
ould
be
take
n at
the
bas
e of
the
wal
l whe
re fl
ow c
oale
sces
in
to a
cha
nnel
. If t
his
is n
ot p
ossi
ble
, pho
to d
ocum
enta
tion
of
the
wet
ted
are
a of
roc
k fa
ce is
an
optio
n. F
or li
mno
cren
es t
hat
do
not
have
out
flow
, the
sta
tic h
ead
cha
nge
met
hod
is u
sed
. For
lim
nocr
enes
tha
t ha
ve a
n ou
tflow
, one
of t
he o
ther
mea
sure
men
t te
chni
que
s d
escr
ibed
in t
he fo
llow
ing
par
agra
phs
wou
ld b
e ap
pro
pria
te.
169
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
If a
sing
le c
hann
el e
xist
s, t
he d
isch
arge
mea
sure
men
t sh
ould
b
e ta
ken
as c
lose
as
pos
sib
le t
o th
e sp
ring
orifi
ce. I
f mul
tiple
ch
anne
ls e
xist
, and
if t
hey
all c
onve
rge
to a
sin
gle
chan
nel,
the
dis
char
ge c
an b
e m
easu
red
in t
he s
ingl
e ch
anne
l as
clos
e as
p
ossi
ble
to
the
confl
uenc
e of
all
of t
he m
ultip
le c
hann
els.
Alte
r-na
tivel
y, t
he fl
ow a
t ea
ch o
rifice
can
be
mea
sure
d.
3.1
Acc
ura
cy o
f D
isch
arg
e M
easu
rem
ents
Acc
urac
y of
a d
isch
arge
mea
sure
men
t is
dep
end
ent
on m
any
fact
ors,
incl
udin
g th
e eq
uip
men
t us
ed, t
he lo
catio
n an
d c
har-
acte
ristic
of t
he m
easu
ring
sect
ion,
the
num
ber
and
sp
acin
g of
m
easu
rem
ents
, the
rat
e of
cha
nge
in s
tage
, the
mea
sure
men
t d
epth
and
vel
ocity
, pre
senc
e of
ice
and
/or
deb
ris, w
ind
, and
(es-
pec
ially
) the
exp
erie
nce
of t
he p
erso
n co
nduc
ting
the
mea
sure
-m
ent
(Tur
nip
seed
and
Sau
er 2
010,
p. 7
9). T
he a
ccur
acy
is o
ften
ev
alua
ted
qua
litat
ivel
y, t
akin
g al
l of t
hese
fact
ors
into
acc
ount
.
See
Ran
tz e
t al
. (19
82) a
nd T
urni
pse
ed a
nd S
auer
(201
0) fo
r in
form
atio
n on
fiel
d e
qui
pm
ent
used
for
som
e of
the
met
hod
s d
escr
ibed
in t
he fo
llow
ing
sect
ion.
4. P
roce
dur
e
4.1
Cu
rren
t M
eter
A c
urre
nt m
eter
is a
n in
stru
men
t us
ed t
o m
easu
re t
he v
eloc
ity
of fl
owin
g w
ater
at
a sp
ecifi
c p
oint
in a
cha
nnel
. Sev
eral
typ
es
of c
urre
nt m
eter
s ar
e no
w a
vaila
ble
. Sel
ectin
g w
hich
met
er t
o us
e at
a s
ite w
ill d
epen
d o
n p
urp
ose,
site
con
diti
ons,
and
cos
t.
His
toric
ally
, the
U.S
. Geo
logi
cal S
urve
y (U
SG
S) h
as u
sed
ver
tical
-ax
is c
urre
nt m
eter
s (p
rice
curr
ent
met
er),
whi
ch a
re m
echa
nica
l d
evic
es t
hat
use
spin
ning
cup
s to
mea
sure
the
cur
rent
vel
ocity
(R
antz
et
al. 1
982
pp
. 86–
88).
A s
mal
ler
vers
ion
(pyg
my
met
er) i
s us
ed a
t si
tes
whe
re w
ater
is s
hallo
w, s
uch
as a
sp
ring
or w
etla
nd.
Ad
vanc
emen
ts in
aco
ustic
tec
hnol
ogy
have
led
to
imp
orta
nt
dev
elop
men
ts in
the
use
of a
cous
tic D
opp
ler
curr
ent
pro
filer
s,
acou
stic
Dop
ple
r ve
loci
met
ers,
and
oth
er e
mer
ging
tec
hnol
ogie
s fo
r th
e m
easu
rem
ent
of d
isch
arge
. The
se n
ew in
stru
men
ts, b
ased
on
aco
ustic
Dop
ple
r th
eory
, hav
e th
e ad
vant
age
of n
o m
ovin
g p
arts
, and
in t
he c
ase
of t
he a
cous
tic D
opp
ler
curr
ent
pro
filer
, q
uick
ly a
nd e
asily
pro
vid
e th
ree-
dim
ensi
onal
str
eam
-vel
ocity
p
rofil
e d
ata
thro
ugh
muc
h of
the
ver
tical
wat
er c
olum
n. A
dd
ition
al
info
rmat
ion
on c
urre
nt U
SG
S s
trea
m-g
agin
g pr
oced
ures
, inc
ludi
ng
170
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
info
rmat
ion
on u
se o
f ele
ctro
nic
field
not
eboo
ks a
nd p
erso
nal
dig
ital a
ssis
tant
s (P
DA
s), i
s av
aila
ble
in T
urni
pse
ed a
nd S
auer
(2
010)
.
Cur
rent
met
ers
are
nece
ssar
y in
sp
rings
or
in w
ide
chan
nels
or
high
-dis
char
ge c
hann
els
whe
re fl
ow c
anno
t b
e ro
uted
into
a
wei
r or
a fl
ume.
Mea
sure
men
t lo
catio
ns a
re s
elec
ted
in a
str
aigh
t re
ach
whe
re t
he s
trea
mb
ed is
free
of l
arge
roc
ks, w
eed
s, a
nd
pro
trud
ing
obst
ruct
ions
tha
t cr
eate
tur
bul
ence
and
whe
re a
flat
st
ream
bed
pro
file
occu
rs t
o el
imin
ate
vert
ical
com
pon
ents
of
velo
city
.
The
cros
s-se
ctio
n of
the
cha
nnel
is d
ivid
ed in
to p
artia
l sec
tions
, an
d t
he a
rea
and
mea
n ve
loci
ty o
f eac
h se
ctio
n is
mea
sure
d s
ep-
arat
ely.
A p
artia
l sec
tion
is a
rec
tang
ular
reg
ion
in w
hich
dep
th is
eq
ual t
o th
e d
epth
mea
sure
d a
t th
at lo
catio
n, a
nd fo
r w
hich
wid
th
is e
qua
l to
the
sum
of h
alf t
he d
ista
nces
of a
dja
cent
ver
tical
s. A
t ea
ch v
ertic
al, t
he fo
llow
ing
obse
rvat
ions
are
rec
ord
ed o
n th
e d
ata
shee
t: (1
) the
dis
tanc
e to
a r
efer
ence
poi
nt o
n th
e b
ank
alon
g th
e ta
g lin
e, (2
) the
dep
th o
f flow
, and
(3) t
he v
eloc
ity a
s in
dic
ated
by
the
curr
ent
met
er. T
he v
eloc
ity s
houl
d b
e m
easu
red
at
a d
epth
th
at is
0.6
of t
he d
epth
from
the
sur
face
of w
ater
in t
he c
hann
el.
The
dis
char
ge o
f eac
h p
artia
l sec
tion
is c
alcu
late
d a
s th
e p
rod
uct
of m
ean
velo
city
tim
es d
epth
at
the
vert
ical
tim
es t
he s
um o
f hal
f th
e d
ista
nces
to
adja
cent
ver
tical
s. T
he s
um o
f the
dis
char
ges
of
each
par
tial s
ectio
n is
the
tot
al d
isch
arge
.
Mea
sure
men
ts a
re m
ade
by
wad
ing
in t
he s
trea
m w
ith t
he
curr
ent
met
er a
long
the
tag
line
. The
per
son
wad
ing
the
chan
-ne
l sho
uld
sta
nd d
owns
trea
m o
f the
vel
ocity
met
er. D
etai
led
p
roce
dur
es fo
r us
e of
cur
rent
met
ers
is d
ocum
ente
d in
Ran
tz e
t al
. (19
82) a
nd T
urni
pse
ed a
nd S
auer
(201
0).
Acc
urac
y of
cur
rent
-met
er m
easu
rem
ents
can
be
eval
uate
d u
sing
m
etho
ds d
escr
ibed
by
Sau
er a
nd M
eyer
(199
2). T
heir
stud
y in
di-
cate
d th
at a
ccur
acy
can
rang
e fr
om 2
-per
cent
mea
sure
men
t er
ror
und
er id
eal m
easu
rem
ent
cond
ition
s to
20-
per
cent
mea
sure
men
t er
ror
und
er p
oor
cond
ition
s. U
nder
gen
eral
ly n
orm
al c
ond
ition
s,
stan
dar
d e
rror
s of
mea
sure
men
t ra
nge
from
3 t
o 6
per
cent
.
4.2
Floa
t M
eth
odFl
oats
are
use
ful f
or m
easu
ring
dis
char
ges
at s
prin
gs a
nd
wet
land
s, w
here
wat
er is
sha
llow
and
vel
ociti
es m
ay b
e to
o sm
all
to a
ccur
atel
y us
e a
curr
ent
met
er. F
loat
s ca
n b
e al
mos
t an
y
171
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
dis
tingu
isha
ble
art
icle
tha
t flo
ats,
suc
h as
woo
den
dis
ks; b
ottle
s p
artly
fille
d w
ith w
ater
, soi
l, or
sto
nes;
or
oran
ges.
Flo
atin
g ic
e ca
kes
or d
istin
guis
hab
le p
iece
s of
drif
t m
ay b
e us
ed if
the
y ar
e p
rese
nt in
the
str
eam
. Flu
ores
cent
dye
can
als
o b
e us
ed.
Two
cros
s-se
ctio
ns a
re s
elec
ted
alo
ng a
rea
ch o
f str
aigh
t ch
an-
nel f
or a
floa
t m
easu
rem
ent.
The
cro
ss-s
ectio
ns s
houl
d b
e fa
r en
ough
ap
art
so t
hat
the
time
the
float
tak
es t
o p
ass
from
one
cr
oss-
sect
ion
to t
he o
ther
can
be
mea
sure
d a
ccur
atel
y. A
tra
vel
time
of a
t le
ast
20 s
econ
ds
is r
ecom
men
ded
, but
a s
hort
er t
ime
may
be
used
for
stre
ams
with
suc
h hi
gh v
eloc
ities
tha
t it
is n
ot
pos
sib
le t
o fin
d a
str
aigh
t re
ach
of c
hann
el h
avin
g ad
equa
te
leng
th. T
he d
ista
nce
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o se
ctio
ns is
mea
sure
d w
ith
a m
easu
ring
tap
e, a
nd r
ecor
ded
. The
wid
th a
nd d
epth
of e
ach
chan
nel c
ross
-sec
tion
is m
easu
red
with
a t
ape
mea
sure
and
re-
cord
ed. I
n m
akin
g a
float
mea
sure
men
t, t
he fl
oat
is in
trod
uced
a
shor
t d
ista
nce
upst
ream
from
the
up
stre
am c
ross
-sec
tion
so t
hat
it w
ill b
e tr
avel
ing
at t
he s
pee
d o
f the
cur
rent
whe
n it
reac
hes
the
upst
ream
sec
tion.
A s
top
wat
ch is
use
d t
o tim
e its
tra
vel b
etw
een
the
end
cro
ss-s
ectio
ns o
f the
rea
ch. T
his
pro
ced
ure
is r
epea
ted
3
to 5
tim
es, a
s th
e flo
at is
pla
ced
at
diff
eren
t lo
catio
ns a
cros
s th
e ch
anne
l at
the
upst
ream
cro
ss-s
ectio
n. T
he a
vera
ge v
eloc
ity
of t
he m
easu
rem
ent
is t
hen
calc
ulat
ed. A
n ex
amp
le fi
eld
she
et fo
r us
e w
ith t
his
met
hod
is s
how
n in
tab
le 1
0.2.
The
velo
city
of t
he fl
oat
is e
qua
l to
the
dis
tanc
e b
etw
een
the
end
cr
oss-
sect
ions
div
ided
by
the
time
of t
rave
l. Th
e m
ean
velo
city
in
the
vert
ical
is e
qua
l to
the
float
vel
ocity
mul
tiplie
d b
y a
coef
ficie
nt
who
se v
alue
is d
epen
den
t on
the
sha
pe
of t
he v
ertic
al-v
eloc
ity
pro
file
of t
he s
trea
m, a
nd o
n th
e d
epth
of i
mm
ersi
on o
f the
floa
t w
ith r
esp
ect
to s
trea
m d
epth
. Coe
ffici
ents
of 0
.85
to 0
.88
are
com
mon
ly u
sed
to
conv
ert
the
velo
city
of a
sur
face
floa
t to
mea
n ve
loci
ty in
the
ver
tical
(Tur
nip
seed
and
Sau
er 2
010,
p. 8
5).
The
pro
ced
ure
for
com
put
ing
the
dis
char
ge is
sim
ilar
to t
hat
used
in
com
put
ing
the
dis
char
ge fo
r a
conv
entio
nal c
urre
nt-m
eter
m
easu
rem
ent.
Dis
char
ge is
com
put
ed b
y m
ultip
lyin
g th
e ar
ea o
f th
e ch
anne
l by
the
mea
n ve
rtic
al v
eloc
ity.
Floa
t m
easu
rem
ents
of d
isch
arge
tha
t ar
e ca
refu
lly m
ade
und
er
favo
rab
le c
ond
ition
s m
ay b
e ac
cura
te t
o w
ithin
+/-
10
per
cent
. W
ind
may
ad
vers
ely
affe
ct t
he a
ccur
acy
of t
he c
omp
uted
d
isch
arge
due
to
its e
ffec
t on
the
vel
ocity
of t
he fl
oats
. If a
non
-un
iform
rea
ch is
sel
ecte
d, m
easu
rem
ent
resu
lts m
ay b
e in
err
or
by
as m
uch
as 2
5 p
erce
nt.
172
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
4.3
Vol
um
etri
c M
easu
rem
ent
The
volu
met
ric m
easu
rem
ent
of d
isch
arge
is t
he m
ost
accu
rate
m
etho
d o
f mea
surin
g sm
all fl
ows
(less
tha
n a
few
gal
lons
per
m
inut
e). T
he t
ime
req
uire
d t
o fil
l a c
onta
iner
of k
now
n ca
pac
ity,
or t
he t
ime
req
uire
d t
o p
artly
fill
a ca
libra
ted
con
tain
er t
o a
know
n vo
lum
e, is
rec
ord
ed. T
he o
nly
equi
pm
ent
req
uire
d, o
ther
tha
n th
e ca
libra
ted
con
tain
er, i
s a
stop
wat
ch.
Vol
umet
ric m
easu
rem
ents
are
usu
ally
mad
e w
here
the
flow
is
conc
entr
ated
in a
nar
row
str
eam
, or
can
be
so c
once
ntra
ted
, so
that
all
the
flow
may
be
div
erte
d in
to a
con
tain
er. E
xam
ple
s of
si
tes
pre
sent
ing
the
opp
ortu
nity
for
volu
met
ric m
easu
rem
ent
of
dis
char
ge a
re a
V-n
otch
wei
r, a
nat
ural
or
artifi
cial
con
trol
whe
re
all t
he fl
ow is
con
fined
to
a no
tch;
or
a cr
oss
sect
ion
of n
atur
al
chan
nel w
here
a t
emp
orar
y ea
rth
dam
can
be
bui
lt ov
er a
pip
e of
sm
all d
iam
eter
, thr
ough
whi
ch t
he e
ntire
flow
is d
irect
ed.
Som
etim
es it
is n
eces
sary
to
pla
ce a
tro
ugh
agai
nst
the
artifi
cial
co
ntro
l to
carr
y th
e w
ater
from
the
con
trol
to
the
calib
rate
d
cont
aine
r. If
a s
mal
l tem
por
ary
dam
is b
uilt,
the
sta
ge b
ehin
d t
he
dam
sho
uld
be
allo
wed
to
stab
ilize
bef
ore
the
mea
sure
men
t is
b
egun
. The
mea
sure
men
t sh
ould
be
mad
e th
ree
or fo
ur t
imes
to
be
cert
ain
no e
rror
s ha
ve b
een
mad
e an
d t
o b
e su
re t
he r
esul
ts
are
cons
iste
nt. S
ever
al c
alib
rate
d c
onta
iner
s of
var
ying
siz
es
shou
ld b
e ta
ken
to t
he fi
eld
site
.
4.4
Por
tab
le W
eir
Pla
teA
por
tab
le w
eir
pla
te is
use
ful f
or d
eter
min
ing
dis
char
ge w
hen
dep
ths
are
too
shal
low
and
vel
ociti
es t
oo lo
w fo
r a
relia
ble
cu
rren
t-m
eter
mea
sure
men
t of
dis
char
ge. A
90-
deg
ree
V-n
otch
Tabl
e 10
.2.—
Exam
ple
field
she
et fo
r use
with
the
float
met
hod.
Flo
at m
etho
d
Rea
ch le
ngth
:
Tria
lT
ime
elap
sed
Velo
city
(rea
ch le
ngth
/tim
e)
#1 #2 #3A
vera
ge v
eloc
ity:
Ave
rage
vel
ocity
x 0
.85:
173
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
wei
r is
par
ticul
arly
sui
tab
le b
ecau
se o
f its
sen
sitiv
ity a
t lo
w fl
ows.
Th
e U
SG
S c
omm
only
use
s th
ree
diff
eren
t si
zes
of w
eir
pla
te;
thei
r re
com
men
ded
dim
ensi
ons
are
give
n in
figu
re 1
0.1.
The
wei
r p
late
is m
ade
of g
alva
nize
d s
heet
iron
, usi
ng 1
0- t
o 16
-gau
ge m
etal
. The
90-
deg
ree
V-n
otch
tha
t is
cut
in t
he p
late
is
not
bev
eled
but
is le
ft w
ith fl
at, e
ven
edge
s. A
sta
ff g
age,
at
tach
ed t
o th
e up
stre
am s
ide
of t
he w
eir
pla
te w
ith it
s ze
ro a
t th
e el
evat
ion
of t
he b
otto
m o
f the
not
ch, i
s us
ed t
o re
ad t
he h
ead
on
the
wei
r. T
he s
taff
gag
e sh
ould
be
inst
alle
d fa
r en
ough
from
th
e no
tch
to b
e ou
tsid
e th
e re
gion
of d
raw
dow
n of
wat
er g
oing
th
roug
h th
e no
tch.
Dra
wd
own
bec
omes
neg
ligib
le a
t a
dis
tanc
e fr
om t
he v
erte
x of
the
not
ch t
hat
is e
qua
l to
twic
e th
e he
ad o
n th
e no
tch.
Con
seq
uent
ly, i
f the
wei
r p
late
has
the
dim
ensi
ons
reco
mm
end
ed in
figu
re 1
0.1,
the
sta
ff g
age
shou
ld b
e in
stal
led
ne
ar o
ne e
nd o
f the
pla
te.
Figu
re 1
0.1.
—P
orta
ble
wei
r pla
te s
izes
.
174
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
To in
stal
l the
wei
r, t
he w
eir
pla
te is
pus
hed
into
the
str
eam
bed
. A
pic
k or
sho
vel m
ay b
e ne
cess
ary
to r
emov
e st
ones
or
rock
s th
at p
reve
nt e
ven
pen
etra
tion
of t
he p
late
. A c
arp
ente
r’s
leve
l is
used
to
ensu
re t
hat
the
top
of t
he p
late
is h
oriz
onta
l and
tha
t th
e fa
ce o
f the
pla
te is
ver
tical
. Soi
l or
stre
amb
ed m
ater
ial i
s p
acke
d
arou
nd t
he w
eir
pla
te t
o p
reve
nt le
akag
e un
der
and
aro
und
it. I
t or
din
arily
req
uire
s on
ly o
ne p
erso
n to
mak
e th
e in
stal
latio
n.
A la
rge
wei
r p
late
of t
he d
imen
sion
s sh
own
in fi
gure
10.
1 ca
n m
easu
re d
isch
arge
s in
the
ran
ge fr
om 0
.02
to 2
.0 ft
3 /s (0
.000
57
to 0
.057
m3 /s
) with
an
accu
racy
of +
/- 3
per
cent
, if t
he w
eir
is n
ot
sub
mer
ged
. A w
eir
is n
ot s
ubm
erge
d w
hen
air
circ
ulat
es fr
eely
ar
ound
all
sid
es o
f the
nap
pe.
The
gen
eral
eq
uatio
n fo
r flo
w o
ver
a sh
arp
-ed
ged
90-
deg
ree
V-n
otch
wei
r is
Q =
Ch5/
2
whe
re Q =
dis
char
ge, i
n cu
bic
feet
per
sec
ond
or
cub
ic m
eter
s p
er
seco
nd,
h =
sta
tic h
ead
ab
ove
the
bot
tom
of t
he n
otch
, in
feet
or
met
ers,
C =
coe
ffici
ent
of d
isch
arge
.
Eac
h w
eir
shou
ld b
e ra
ted
to d
eter
min
e C
by
volu
met
rical
ly m
eas -
urin
g th
e d
isch
arge
cor
resp
ond
ing
to v
ario
us v
alue
s of
hea
d. I
n th
e ab
senc
e of
suc
h a
ratin
g, a
val
ue o
f 2.4
7 m
ay b
e us
ed fo
r C
w
hen
Brit
ish
units
are
use
d, o
r 1.
36 w
hen
met
ric u
nits
are
use
d.
Whe
n th
e w
eir
is in
stal
led
, it
will
cau
se a
poo
l to
form
on
the
upst
ream
sid
e of
the
pla
te. N
o re
adin
gs o
f hea
d o
n th
e no
tch
shou
ld b
e re
cord
ed u
ntil
the
poo
l has
ris
en t
o a
stab
le e
leva
tion.
Th
e he
ad s
houl
d t
hen
be
read
at
half-
min
ute
inte
rval
s fo
r ab
out
3 m
inut
es, a
nd t
he m
ean
valu
e of
tho
se r
ead
ings
sho
uld
be
used
as
the
val
ue fo
r he
ad in
the
eq
uatio
n to
com
put
e d
isch
arge
. Aft
er
the
com
ple
tion
of t
he m
easu
rem
ent,
the
wei
r p
late
is r
emov
ed.
An
onlin
e m
etho
d fo
r ca
lcul
atin
g d
isch
arge
usi
ng a
V-n
otch
wei
r is
ava
ilab
le a
t ht
tp:/
/ww
w.lm
noen
g.co
m/W
eirs
/vw
eir.
htm
.
175
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
4.3
Por
tab
le P
arsh
all F
lum
eA
por
tab
le P
arsh
all fl
ume
is a
noth
er d
evic
e fo
r d
eter
min
ing
dis
char
ge w
hen
dep
ths
are
too
shal
low
and
vel
ociti
es t
oo lo
w fo
r a
curr
ent-
met
er m
easu
rem
ent
of d
isch
arge
. The
por
tab
le fl
ume
used
by
the
US
GS
is a
mod
ified
form
of t
he s
tand
ard
Par
shal
l flu
me
havi
ng a
3-i
nch
(0.0
76 m
eter
) thr
oat.
The
mod
ifica
tion
cons
ists
, prim
arily
, of t
he r
emov
al o
f the
dow
nstr
eam
div
ergi
ng
sect
ion
of t
he s
tand
ard
flum
e. T
he p
urp
ose
of t
he m
odifi
catio
n is
to
red
uce
the
wei
ght
of t
he fl
ume
and
to
mak
e it
easi
er t
o in
stal
l.
Bec
ause
the
por
tab
le P
arsh
all fl
ume
has
no d
owns
trea
m d
iver
g-in
g se
ctio
n, it
can
not
be
used
for
mea
surin
g flo
ws
whe
n th
e su
bm
erge
nce
ratio
exc
eed
s 0.
6. T
he s
ubm
erge
nce
ratio
is t
he
ratio
of t
he d
owns
trea
m h
ead
on
the
thro
at t
o th
e up
stre
am h
ead
on
the
thr
oat.
Alth
ough
a s
ubm
erge
nce
ratio
of 0
.6 c
an b
e to
ler-
ated
with
out
affe
ctin
g th
e ra
ting
of t
he p
orta
ble
flum
e, in
pra
ctic
e th
e flu
me
is u
sual
ly in
stal
led
so
that
the
flow
free
ly p
asse
s th
e th
roat
with
out
bei
ng s
low
ed b
y p
ond
ing
bel
ow t
he fl
ume.
Tha
t in
stal
latio
n is
usu
ally
acc
omp
lishe
d b
y b
uild
ing
up t
he s
trea
mb
ed
a co
uple
of i
nche
s un
der
the
leve
l con
verg
ing
floor
of t
he fl
ume.
Fi
gure
10.
2 sh
ows
the
pla
n an
d e
leva
tion
of t
he p
orta
ble
Par
shal
l flu
me.
The
gag
e he
ight
or
upst
ream
hea
d o
n th
e th
roat
is r
ead
in
the
smal
l stil
ling
wel
l tha
t is
hyd
raul
ical
ly c
onne
cted
to
the
flow
b
y a
3/8-
inch
hol
e. T
he r
atin
g fo
r th
e flu
me
is g
iven
in t
able
10.
3.
Whe
n th
e flu
me
is in
stal
led
in t
he c
hann
el, t
he fl
oor
of t
he c
on-
verg
ing
sect
ion
is s
et in
a le
vel p
ositi
on b
y us
ing
the
leve
l bub
ble
th
at is
att
ache
d t
o on
e of
the
bra
ces
(fig.
10.
2). A
car
pen
ter’
s le
vel c
an b
e us
ed fo
r th
at p
urp
ose
if th
e flu
me
is n
ot e
qui
pp
ed
with
a le
vel b
ubb
le. S
oil o
r st
ream
bed
mat
eria
l is
then
pac
ked
ar
ound
the
flum
e to
pre
vent
leak
age
und
er a
nd a
roun
d it
. Aft
er
the
flum
e is
inst
alle
d, w
ater
will
poo
l up
stre
am fr
om t
he s
truc
ture
. N
o ga
ge-h
eigh
t re
adin
gs s
houl
d b
e re
cord
ed u
ntil
the
poo
l has
ris
en t
o a
stab
le le
vel.
As
with
the
por
tab
le w
eir,
aft
er s
tab
iliza
-tio
n of
the
poo
l lev
el, g
age-
heig
ht r
ead
ings
sho
uld
be
take
n at
30
-sec
ond
inte
rval
s fo
r ab
out
3 m
inut
es. T
he m
ean
valu
e of
th
ose
read
ings
is t
he g
age
heig
ht u
sed
in t
able
10.
3 to
ob
tain
the
d
isch
arge
. A c
aref
ully
mad
e m
easu
rem
ent
shou
ld h
ave
an a
ccu-
racy
of +
/- 2
or
3 p
erce
nt. A
fter
com
ple
tion
of t
he m
easu
rem
ent,
th
e p
orta
ble
flum
e is
rem
oved
.
176
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Figu
re 1
0.2.
—W
orki
ng d
raw
ing
of m
odifi
ed 3
-inch
Par
shal
l flum
e.
177
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Gage height (ft)Discharge (ft3/s)Gage height (ft)Discharge (ft
3/s)Gage height (ft)Discharge (ft
3/s)
0.010.00080.210.0970.410.2800.020.00240.220.1040.420.2900.030.00450.230.1110.430.3010.040.00700.240.1190.440.3120.050.0100.250.1270.450.3230.060.0130.260.1350.460.3340.070.0170.270.1440.470.3450.080.0210.280.1530.480.3570.090.0250.290.1620.490.3680.100.0300.300.1700.500.3800.110.0350.310.1790.510.3920.120.0400.320.1880.520.4040.130.0450.330.1980.530.4170.140.0510.340.2080.540.4300.150.0570.350.2180.550.4430.160.0630.360.2280.560.4560.170.0690.370.2380.570.4700.180.0760.380.2480.580.4830.190.0830.390.2590.590.4970.200.0900.400.269
Table 10.3.—Rating table for 3-inch modified Parshall flume.
178
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
4.6
Th
e S
tati
c H
ead
Ch
ang
e P
roce
du
reTh
is m
etho
d m
ay b
e us
ed fo
r a
rela
tive
com
par
ison
val
ue fo
r ch
ange
in e
leva
tion
of s
tand
ing
poo
ls o
r lim
nocr
enes
with
no
outfl
ow. A
sta
ff g
age
is p
lace
d in
the
sta
ndin
g p
ool a
nd r
elat
ive
gage
ele
vatio
n re
cord
ed, o
r ef
fort
s ar
e m
ade
to lo
cate
and
re
cord
an
exis
ting
fixed
poi
nt in
or
near
the
sta
ndin
g p
ool a
nd t
he
vert
ical
dis
tanc
e to
the
poo
l sur
face
rec
ord
ed. P
erio
dic
mea
sure
-m
ents
of c
hang
es in
the
sta
tic h
ead
on
the
staf
f gag
e or
fixe
d
poi
nt a
re r
ecor
ded
.
4.7
Vis
ual
Est
imat
eS
ite c
ond
ition
s, s
uch
as d
ense
veg
etat
ion
cove
r, s
teep
or
flat
slop
e, d
iffus
e d
isch
arge
into
a m
arsh
y ar
ea, a
nd li
mite
d o
r d
ange
rous
acc
ess
som
etim
es d
o no
t al
low
for
a d
irect
mea
sure
-m
ent
of d
isch
arge
by
the
tech
niq
ues
liste
d p
revi
ousl
y. T
ypic
ally
, th
e vi
sual
est
imat
e m
etho
d is
use
d a
long
with
a g
ross
est
imat
e of
flow
vel
ocity
with
a fl
oat
but
is o
nly
reco
mm
end
ed a
s a
last
re
sort
. Dis
char
ge c
lass
is e
stim
ated
bas
ed o
n th
ose
liste
d in
ta
ble
10.
1. P
hoto
grap
hs s
houl
d b
e ta
ken
to r
ecor
d t
he s
urfa
ce
area
wet
ted
or
cove
red
by
wat
er a
nd o
bse
rvat
ions
rec
ord
ed o
n a
dat
ashe
et. A
lso,
it s
houl
d b
e no
ted
if a
noth
er m
etho
d c
ould
be
reco
mm
end
ed t
o m
easu
re d
isch
arge
for
futu
re s
ite v
isits
.
5. D
ocu
men
tati
on
and
Dat
a M
anag
emen
t
The
nam
e, s
eria
l num
ber
(if a
vaila
ble
), ac
cura
cy o
f the
inst
rum
ent
used
to
mea
sure
dis
char
ge, a
nd a
ny o
ther
imp
orta
nt o
bse
rva-
tions
sho
uld
be
reco
rded
. Im
por
tant
ob
serv
atio
ns m
ay in
clud
e th
e m
arke
rs o
f any
rec
ent
high
dis
char
ges,
suc
h as
hig
h w
ater
m
arks
, orie
nted
veg
etat
ion,
or
deb
ris o
n or
ab
ove
the
chan
nel o
r flo
odp
lain
.
All
com
put
atio
n sh
eets
for
dis
char
ge c
alcu
latio
ns s
houl
d b
e ne
at
and
legi
ble
. Err
ors
or m
odifi
catio
ns s
houl
d b
e in
dic
ated
by
a si
ngle
line
dra
wn
thro
ugh
them
(no
eras
ures
or
bla
ckou
ts).
Thes
e co
mp
utat
ions
sho
uld
be
chec
ked
by
an in
dep
end
ent
revi
ewer
. C
opie
s of
com
put
atio
n sh
eets
sho
uld
be
kep
t in
pro
ject
file
s an
d
arch
ived
acc
ord
ing
to r
equi
red
pro
ced
ures
. Ele
ctro
nic
cop
ies
of
com
put
atio
ns s
houl
d b
e ar
chiv
ed in
the
ap
pro
pria
te d
atab
ase.
179
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
6. A
dd
itio
nal I
nfo
rmat
ion
Am
eric
an S
ocie
ty fo
r Te
stin
g an
d M
ater
ials
. 200
7. S
tand
ard
te
st m
etho
d fo
r op
en-c
hann
el fl
ow m
easu
rem
ent
of w
ater
with
th
in-p
late
wei
rs. A
STM
D52
42 -
92(
2007
). W
est
Con
shoh
ocke
n,
PA
. htt
p:/
/ww
w.a
stm
.org
/Sta
ndar
ds/
D52
42.h
tm. (
21 N
ovem
ber
20
11).
Des
ert
Man
ager
s G
roup
. 200
1. P
roto
col f
or h
ydro
logi
c d
ata
to b
e co
llect
ed a
t d
eser
t w
etla
nd s
ites
by
BLM
and
NP
S p
erso
nnel
in
sup
por
t of
the
Cal
iforn
ia D
MG
wat
er s
tud
y. 4
p. h
ttp
://w
ww
.dm
g.go
v/d
ocum
ents
/PR
T_S
prin
gs_D
ata_
Col
lect
ion_
DM
G_0
5240
1.p
df.
(21
Nov
emb
er 2
011)
.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
n of
Sta
ndar
ds.
198
0. W
ater
flow
mea
s-ur
emen
t in
op
en c
hann
els
usin
g w
eirs
and
ven
turi
flum
es—
Par
t 1:
thi
n p
late
wei
rs. I
SO
143
8/1-
1980
(E).
http
://g
lob
al.ih
s.co
m. (
21
Nov
emb
er 2
011)
.
Ob
erg,
K.A
.; M
orlo
ck, S
.E.;
and
Cal
dw
ell,
W.S
. 200
5. Q
ualit
y-as
sura
nce
pla
n fo
r d
isch
arge
mea
sure
men
ts u
sing
aco
ustic
D
opp
ler
curr
ent
pro
filer
s. U
.S. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
Sci
entifi
c In
vest
igat
ions
Rep
ort
2005
-518
3. 3
5 p
. htt
p:/
/pub
s.us
gs.g
ov/
sir/
2005
/518
3. (2
1 N
ovem
ber
201
1).
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of t
he In
terio
r, B
urea
u of
Rec
lam
atio
n. 1
997.
W
ater
mea
sure
men
t m
anua
l. 3r
d e
d. h
ttp
://w
ww
.usb
r.go
v/p
mts
/hy
dra
ulic
s_la
b/p
ubs/
wm
m/in
dex
.htm
. (21
Nov
emb
er 2
011)
.
7. R
efer
ence
s
Ran
tz, S
.E. e
t al
. 198
2. M
easu
rem
ent
of s
tage
and
dis
char
ge. I
n:
Mea
sure
men
t an
d c
omp
utat
ion
of s
trea
mflo
w: v
olum
e 1.
U.S
. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey,
wat
er s
upp
ly p
aper
217
5. 3
13 p
. htt
p:/
/pub
s.us
gs.g
ov/w
sp/w
sp21
75/.
(21
Nov
emb
er 2
011)
.
Sau
er, V
.B.;
Mey
er, R
.W. 1
992.
Det
erm
inat
ion
of e
rror
in
ind
ivid
ual d
isch
arge
mea
sure
men
ts. U
.S. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
Op
en-F
ile R
epor
t 92
-144
. 21
p.
http
://w
ater
.usg
s.go
v/so
ftw
are/
ME
AS
ER
R. (
21 N
ovem
ber
201
1).
Ste
vens
, L.;
Klo
epp
el, H
.; S
prin
ger,
A.;
Sad
a, D
. 200
6. T
erre
stria
l sp
rings
eco
syst
ems
inve
ntor
y p
roto
cols
. Coo
per
ativ
e A
gree
men
t N
umb
er C
A 1
200-
99-0
09, T
AS
K#
NA
U-1
18. F
lags
taff
, AZ
: N
atio
nal P
ark
Ser
vice
. 45
p.
180
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Turn
ipse
ed. D
.P.;
Sau
er, V
.B. 2
010.
Dis
char
ge m
easu
rem
ents
at
gagi
ng s
tatio
ns. I
n: U
.S. G
eolo
gica
l Sur
vey
tech
niq
ues
and
met
h-od
s, b
ook
3, c
hap
. A8.
87
p. h
ttp
://p
ubs.
usgs
.gov
/tm
/tm
3-a8
. (21
N
ovem
ber
201
1).
181
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ap
pen
dix
11.
Id
enti
fica
tio
n o
f Fr
eshw
ater
In
vert
ebra
tes
This
ap
pen
dix
has
rep
rese
ntat
ive
dra
win
gs o
f gro
ups
of
aqua
tic m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
s im
por
tant
in s
prin
gs a
nd o
ther
gr
ound
wat
er-d
epen
den
t ec
osys
tem
s. A
sub
stan
tial a
mou
nt o
f tr
aini
ng is
nee
ded
to
iden
tify
man
y m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
sp
ecie
s,
but
iden
tifyi
ng m
ost
grou
ps
(suc
h as
ord
er o
r fa
mily
) and
man
y no
nnat
ive
spec
ies
may
be
acco
mp
lishe
d w
ith m
inim
al t
rain
ing.
Th
ese
des
crip
tions
and
illu
stra
tions
can
faci
litat
e id
entifi
catio
n of
im
por
tant
tax
a in
the
fiel
d. U
sefu
l ref
eren
ces
that
pro
vid
e m
ore
det
ail i
nclu
de
A G
uid
e to
Com
mon
Fre
shw
ater
Inve
rteb
rate
s of
Nor
th A
mer
ica
(Vos
hell
2002
) and
Aq
uatic
Ent
omol
ogy:
The
Fi
sher
man
’s a
nd E
colo
gist
’s Il
lust
rate
d G
uid
e to
Inse
cts
and
Th
eir
Rel
ativ
es (M
cCaf
fert
y 19
81).
At
the
end
of t
his
app
end
ix is
a
“Key
to
Mac
roin
vert
ebra
te L
ife in
the
Riv
er,”
dev
elop
ed b
y th
e U
nive
rsity
of W
isco
nsin
, in
an e
asy-
to-u
se fl
owch
art
form
at.
The
follo
win
g ill
ustr
atio
ns, o
ther
tha
n th
ose
in t
he “
Key
to
Mac
ro-
inve
rteb
rate
Life
in t
he R
iver
,” w
ere
dra
wn
by
Luke
Boe
hnke
.
All
thre
e in
sect
ord
ers
des
crib
ed in
11.
1 to
11.
6 le
ave
the
wat
er
to m
ate
as w
inge
d a
dul
ts. L
arge
sw
arm
s of
mat
ing
may
flies
an
d c
add
isfli
es o
ften
occ
ur w
hen
all t
he in
div
idua
ls o
f a s
ingl
e sp
ecie
s em
erge
at
the
sam
e tim
e. T
he fe
mal
es o
f all
thre
e gr
oup
s fly
up
stre
am a
nd d
rop
the
ir eg
gs o
nto
the
wat
er o
r d
ive
into
the
st
ream
to
atta
ch t
hem
to
rock
s or
leav
es.
182
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
11.1
-11.
2. M
ayfli
es a
re in
sect
s th
at s
pen
d m
ost
of t
heir
lives
in
stre
ams,
em
ergi
ng b
riefly
as
adul
ts t
o m
ate
and
lay
eggs
. Man
y sp
ecie
s ha
ve g
ills
that
are
vis
ible
alo
ng t
he a
bd
omen
. Mos
t m
ayfli
es h
ave
thre
e ta
ils, b
ut s
ome
have
onl
y tw
o ta
ils. M
ayfly
d
iver
sity
dec
lines
as
aqua
tic c
ond
ition
s ar
e d
egra
ded
; may
flies
ar
e p
artic
ular
ly s
ensi
tive
to m
ine
was
te. (
Siz
e: 6
to
25 m
illim
eter
s)
11.3
-11.
4. S
tone
fly n
ymp
hs a
re a
lmos
t al
way
s fo
und
in fl
owin
g w
ater
. Som
e st
onefl
ies
feed
on
othe
r in
vert
ebra
tes
whi
le o
ther
ta
xa e
at d
ead
org
anic
mat
ter
and
hav
e a
pre
fere
nce
for
coar
se
sub
stra
te. S
tone
flies
look
sim
ilar
to m
ayfli
es b
ut a
re s
tock
ier,
ha
ve t
wo
claw
s (r
athe
r th
an o
ne) o
n ea
ch fo
ot, a
nd h
ave
two
tails
in
stea
d o
f the
usu
al t
hree
in m
ayfli
es. T
here
are
no
gills
on
the
abd
omen
. Div
ersi
ty o
f the
se a
nim
als
dec
lines
rap
idly
at
the
first
si
gn o
f hum
an d
istu
rban
ce. (
Siz
e: 1
2 to
40
mill
imet
ers)
183
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
11.5
-11.
6. C
add
isfli
es a
re in
sect
s th
at e
mer
ge t
o m
ate
as w
inge
d
adul
ts. T
hey
use
silk
to
bui
ld c
ases
from
gra
vel,
twig
s, n
eed
les,
or
san
d. T
he la
rva
is c
ater
pill
ar-l
ike
with
thr
ee p
airs
of l
egs,
tw
o cl
aws
at t
he p
oste
rior
(rea
r) e
nd o
f the
ab
dom
en, a
nd a
ten
den
cy
to c
url u
p s
light
ly. T
hey
may
be
foun
d in
a s
tick,
roc
k, o
r le
af
case
, with
the
hea
d s
ticki
ng o
ut. D
iffer
ent
spec
ies
bui
ld d
istin
ct
case
s or
cha
mb
ers,
oft
en o
n or
und
er r
ocks
. Fre
e-liv
ing
cad
dis
fly
larv
ae d
o no
t b
uild
cas
es; m
any
are
pre
dat
ors
and
nee
d t
o m
ove
qui
ckly
to
cap
ture
oth
er a
nim
als
for
food
. Som
e ca
dd
isfli
es a
re
very
sen
sitiv
e to
hum
an d
istu
rban
ce, b
ut o
ther
s ar
e to
lera
nt.
(Siz
e: 1
2 to
40
mill
imet
ers)
11.7
-11.
10. T
hese
four
fam
ilies
of t
rue
bug
s co
mm
only
occ
ur in
w
este
rn N
orth
Am
eric
an s
prin
gs. T
rue
bug
larv
ae lo
ok s
imila
r to
th
e ad
ults
. The
y ca
n b
e d
istin
guis
hed
from
oth
er a
qua
tic in
sect
s b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
com
bin
atio
n of
cha
ract
eris
tics:
mou
thp
arts
are
an
elon
gate
d b
eak
that
fold
s b
ack
und
er t
he h
ead
whe
n no
t fe
edin
g,
win
gpad
s ar
e p
rese
nt o
n th
e th
orax
, thr
ee p
airs
of s
egm
ente
d
legs
with
tw
o cl
aws
on s
ome
of t
hem
, and
no
gills
are
pre
sent
.
184
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
11.1
1-11
.12.
Riffl
e b
eetle
larv
ae a
re s
pec
ially
ad
apte
d t
o cl
ing
to s
moo
th r
ocks
in fa
st-fl
owin
g w
ater
(riffl
es).
Aft
er e
mer
genc
e,
adul
ts fl
y fo
r a
shor
t tim
e b
ut r
etur
n to
wat
er t
o fe
ed in
the
sam
e ha
bita
t as
the
larv
ae. B
oth
larv
ae a
nd a
dul
ts a
re r
athe
r sm
all
and
ten
d t
o d
rift
to t
he b
otto
m o
f a s
amp
le. M
any
bee
tle fa
mili
es
occu
r in
aq
uatic
hab
itats
, but
com
par
ativ
ely
few
cre
nob
iont
ic
spec
ies
exis
t. In
the
Wes
tern
Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
mos
t cr
enob
iont
ic
riffle
bee
tles
are
in t
wo
gene
ra, S
tene
lmis
and
Mic
rocy
lloep
us.
Diff
eren
tiatin
g b
etw
een
thes
e ge
nera
is d
ifficu
lt in
the
fiel
d
bec
ause
ind
ivid
uals
are
sm
all (
less
tha
n 3
mill
imet
ers
long
) and
d
ifficu
lt to
exa
min
e w
ithou
t m
agni
ficat
ion.
The
y ar
e ea
sy t
o se
e in
sam
ple
s, h
owev
er. R
iffle
bee
tles
are
bla
ck o
r d
ark
bro
wn
with
lo
ng, s
pin
dly
legs
. The
y m
ove
slow
ly b
y cr
awlin
g, a
nd t
hey
have
w
eak
swim
min
g ab
ility
. (S
ize:
less
tha
n 3
mill
imet
ers)
11.1
3. L
ong-
toed
wat
er b
eetle
s ar
e co
mm
on in
riffl
es a
nd o
n w
ood
y d
ebris
or
rock
s. A
dul
ts u
se lo
ng, s
harp
cla
ws
to c
ling
to
deb
ris a
nd s
omet
imes
the
y cr
awl o
n th
e b
otto
m o
r al
ong
the
shor
e. T
he b
ody
is d
ull g
ray
or b
row
n an
d o
ften
cov
ered
with
fin
e ha
irs, a
nd t
he h
ead
is m
ostly
with
dra
wn
into
the
tho
rax.
(S
ize:
4 t
o 8
mill
imet
ers)
185
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
11.1
4. M
any
spec
ies
of t
rue
flies
exi
st, b
ut in
sp
rings
, the
re a
re
thre
e m
ain
grou
ps
or fa
mili
es. M
idge
larv
ae (o
r ch
irono
mid
s) a
re
very
sm
all (
up to
6 m
illim
eter
s), o
ften
C-s
hap
ed, w
ith a
seg
men
ted
b
ody
and
a s
pas
tic s
qui
rmin
g m
ovem
ent.
The
y ar
e of
ten
whi
tish
to c
lear
, but
occ
asio
nally
brig
ht r
ed. M
idge
larv
ae h
ave
dis
tinct
he
ads
with
two
smal
l pro
legs
in th
e fr
ont o
f the
bod
y an
d ar
e of
ten
atta
ched
to
deb
ris b
y th
eir
tiny
legs
. Bla
ckfly
larv
ae (o
r si
mul
iids)
ar
e d
umb
-bel
l sha
ped
and
sof
t (u
p t
o 6
mill
i met
ers)
. The
bod
y is
la
rger
at
the
rear
end
, sim
ilar
to t
he s
hap
e of
a b
owlin
g p
in. T
he
dis
tinct
hea
d c
onta
ins
fan-
like
mou
th b
rush
es. B
lack
fly la
rvae
of
ten
curl
into
a “
u” s
hap
e w
hen
held
in y
our
hand
. The
y at
tach
th
emse
lves
to
the
stab
le s
ubst
rate
suc
h as
roc
ks, l
arge
woo
d,
or r
oote
d v
eget
atio
n. C
rane
fly
larv
ae (o
r tip
ulid
s) a
re la
rge
(8 t
o
60 m
illim
eter
s) w
ith a
fles
hy, w
orm
-lik
e, s
egm
ente
d b
ody
with
fin
ger-
like
pro
ject
ions
(gill
s) a
t th
e b
ack
end
. The
y oc
cur
in a
va
riety
of c
olor
s (c
lear
, whi
te, b
row
n, a
nd g
reen
) and
bur
y th
em-
selv
es in
sof
t se
dim
ent.
186
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
11.1
6. A
mp
hip
ods
(or
scud
s) o
ccur
in m
any
sprin
gs a
nd a
re
usua
lly v
ery
num
erou
s. T
hey
are
com
par
ativ
ely
larg
e (u
p t
o 10
m
illim
eter
s lo
ng),
activ
e, a
nd e
asy
to id
entif
y in
a m
acro
inve
rte-
bra
te s
amp
le. A
mp
hip
ods
are
very
fast
sw
imm
ers
that
look
like
sh
rimp
. The
y ha
ve m
any
app
end
ages
tha
t gi
ve t
hem
a fu
zzy
app
eara
nce.
Am
phi
pod
s ca
n b
e co
mm
on in
ver
y d
egra
ded
si
tes.
Isop
ods
(or
sow
bug
s) a
re u
sual
ly fo
und
cre
epin
g th
roug
h le
af li
tter
. The
y ha
ve a
flat
, seg
men
ted
bod
y (6
to
20 m
illim
eter
s)
with
an
“arm
ored
” ap
pea
ranc
e an
d s
even
pai
rs o
f leg
s. U
nlik
e am
phi
pod
s, is
opod
s ar
e fla
tten
ed t
op t
o b
otto
m.
11.1
5. F
latw
orm
s (e
.g.,
Pla
naria
), ro
und
wor
ms
(nem
atod
es),
and
fr
eshw
ater
seg
men
ted
wor
ms
(olig
ocha
etes
, lee
ches
, ear
th-
wor
ms)
are
pro
per
ly c
alle
d w
orm
s, b
ut s
houl
d n
ot b
e co
nfus
ed
with
the
sof
t-b
odie
d la
rvae
of fl
ies.
Nem
atod
es a
nd o
ligoc
haet
es
are
long
, thi
n, a
nd w
rithe
like
sna
kes,
whi
le p
lana
rians
glid
e.
Thes
e an
imal
s d
o no
t ha
ve le
gs.
187
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
11.1
7. O
stra
cod
s (s
eed
shr
imp
) are
the
old
est
know
n m
icro
faun
a an
d h
ave
bee
n ex
tens
ivel
y us
ed in
pal
eocl
imat
e st
udie
s. T
hey
are
smal
l (us
ually
less
tha
n 2
mill
imet
ers
long
), fla
tten
ed a
nim
als
with
a c
alci
tic s
hell
and
an
exte
rnal
mor
pho
logy
tha
t is
sim
ilar
to
a p
lant
see
d. T
hey
are
bro
wn
to p
ale
oliv
e gr
een
or g
ray,
act
ive,
an
d a
re u
sual
ly e
asy
to s
ee in
a s
amp
le b
ecau
se t
hey
cons
tant
ly
mov
e. O
stra
cod
s m
ay o
ccur
in t
he w
ater
col
umn
or o
n th
e su
bst
rate
, and
the
y ar
e us
ually
ab
und
ant
in s
prin
gs.
11.1
8. C
rayfi
sh g
ener
ally
occ
ur o
nly
in la
rge
sprin
gs t
hat
do
not
dry
. In
som
e p
lace
s, n
onna
tive
cray
fish
have
bee
n in
trod
uced
in
to s
prin
gs, w
ith o
ften
dra
mat
ic n
egat
ive
effe
cts
on n
ativ
e p
lant
s an
d a
nim
als.
188
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
11.1
9-11
.20.
Sp
rings
nails
are
sm
all,
bla
ck o
r b
row
n cr
enob
iont
ic
spec
ies
that
hav
e an
op
ercu
lum
(lid
) and
a s
hell
that
op
ens
on
the
right
. Mos
t sp
ecie
s in
sou
ther
n U
.S. d
eser
ts a
re in
the
gen
era
Pyr
gulo
psi
s or
Try
onia
, whi
ch o
ccur
in t
wo
gene
ral b
ody
form
s.
Mos
t P
yrgu
lop
sis
spec
ies
are
roun
d a
nd s
light
ly in
flate
d, w
hile
m
ost
Tryo
nia
spec
ies
are
elon
gate
d. P
yrgu
lop
sis
spec
ies
gene
r-al
ly o
ccur
on
grav
el a
nd c
obb
le s
ubst
rate
s an
d o
n w
ater
cres
s in
are
as w
ith h
ighe
r w
ater
vel
ocity
. Try
onia
sp
ecie
s ar
e us
ually
fo
und
in s
low
cur
rent
s w
ith fi
ne s
ubst
rate
s. (S
ize:
less
tha
n 5
mill
imet
ers)
11.2
1. P
hysi
d s
nails
are
foun
d in
sp
rings
and
, alth
ough
som
e ar
e in
trod
uced
, man
y ar
e na
tive
and
like
ly e
ndem
ic. T
here
is n
o op
er-
culu
m, a
nd t
he s
hell
open
s on
the
left
. (S
ize:
5 t
o 20
mill
imet
ers)
189
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
11.2
2. F
inge
rnai
l cla
ms
are
smal
l and
usu
ally
bur
y th
emse
lves
in
hab
itats
with
fine
sed
imen
t an
d lo
w c
urre
nt v
eloc
ity. T
hey
may
b
e ta
n co
lore
d, b
ut t
hey
are
usua
lly w
hite
and
oft
en t
rans
luce
nt.
Mag
nific
atio
n is
nee
ded
to
diff
eren
tiate
sp
ecie
s, w
hich
pre
clud
es
field
iden
tifica
tion
of s
peci
es. W
hen
pres
ent,
they
are
usu
ally
com
- m
on a
nd c
omp
arat
ivel
y ea
sy to
find
. (S
ize:
2 to
5 m
illim
eter
s w
ide)
11.2
3. R
ed-r
imm
ed m
elan
ia (M
elan
oid
es t
uber
cula
ta) i
s a
mol
-lu
sk t
hat
was
intr
oduc
ed in
to N
orth
Am
eric
a fr
om A
sia
by
the
aqua
rium
tra
de
and
has
bec
ome
wid
esp
read
thr
ough
out
the
Wes
tern
Uni
ted
Sta
tes.
It is
par
then
ogen
ic (r
epro
duc
es a
sexu
-al
ly) a
nd c
an s
urvi
ve lo
ng p
erio
ds
out
of w
ater
. It
can
be
easi
ly
tran
spla
nted
, is
tole
rant
of h
arsh
con
diti
ons,
and
pre
fers
war
m,
slow
wat
er a
nd fi
ne s
ubst
rate
s. R
ed-r
imm
ed m
elan
ia is
eas
y to
id
entif
y b
y its
dis
tinct
ive
shap
e an
d c
olor
. It
is lo
ng a
nd c
onic
al,
with
bod
y w
horls
ter
min
atin
g at
a s
harp
poi
nt. I
ts s
hell
is s
light
ly
scul
ptu
red
and
its
colo
ratio
n is
an
attr
activ
e an
d d
istin
ct m
ottle
d,
retic
ulat
ed m
ixtu
re o
f tan
and
bro
wn.
Bec
ause
the
se m
ollu
sks
are
easi
ly t
rans
por
ted
, car
e sh
ould
be
take
n to
com
ple
tely
cle
an a
nd
insp
ect
field
gea
r to
ens
ure
they
are
not
car
ried
and
intr
oduc
ed
into
oth
er s
prin
gs. (
Siz
e: u
p t
o 25
mill
imet
ers)
190
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
The
follo
win
g “K
ey t
o M
acro
inve
rteb
rate
Life
in t
he R
iver
” w
as
dev
elop
ed b
y th
e U
nive
rsity
of W
isco
nsin
.
191
GD
E:
Leve
l IIn
vent
ory
Fiel
d G
uid
e
Ref
eren
ces
McC
affe
rty,
W.P
. 198
1. A
qua
tic e
ntom
olog
y: t
he fi
sher
man
’s a
nd
ecol
ogis
t’s
illus
trat
ed g
uid
e to
inse
cts
and
the
ir re
lativ
es. B
osto
n,
MA
: Sci
ence
Boo
k In
tern
atio
nal.
448
p.
Vos
hell,
J.R
., 20
02. A
gui
de
to c
omm
on fr
eshw
ater
inve
rteb
rate
s of
Nor
th A
mer
ica.
Bla
cksb
urg,
VA
: McD
onal
d a
nd W
ood
war
d
Pub
lishi
ng C
o. 4
42 p
.
