Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
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Transcript of Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
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© Yann Arthus-Bertrand / Altitude
Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems,
and Dependent Communities
Nathan Bindoff
7 October 2017, Lautoka, Fiji
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Multiple lines of robust
evidence support the
conclusion that many
aspects of the climate
system have changed.
Warming in the climate system is unequivocal
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The oceans have warmed.
0-700 m
temperature
trend, 1971-2010
Zonal average
Human influence on the
climate system is clear
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Changes in key physical and biogeochemical properties and processes, including the deep ocean and
relevant ocean regions, modes of variability, teleconnections and their feedbacks on the climate system
A global view of oxygen loss over the past 50 years, largely fueled by warming, yields 2%loss, but much greater regional losses.
Multiple mechanisms drive oxygen loss in the open ocean and generate climate feedbacks
OCEAN DEOXYGENATION
Schmidtko et al. 2017; Levin, 2018
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Changes to resource ratios are usually ignored
Changes to resource ratios shape ecosystems (long history in ecology)
Key example: Fe/N ratio shaping success (or not) of nitrogen fixing algae
Ward et al. (2013; Limnol. Oceanogr.)
Resource ratios are changing in the north Pacific (and perhaps elsewhere …)
Kim et al. (2014; Science)
We need to think about relative changes and the impacts on the productivity and ecosystems
1 2
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Catches and livelihood
Loss of USD 10 billion in revenue per year, 35% more than loss of catches.
Lam et al. (2016). Sci. Rep.
Projected impacts on fish stocks and
fisheries
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Human communities (wellbeing)
Nutrition
Countries that are highly dependent on seafood-sourced micro-nutrient (e.g., omega-3-fatty acid, zinc) are projected to have largest decrease in catches under climate change.
Golden et al. (2016) Nature.
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Reefs at risk in the western pacific. Reefs at risk revisited. Burke et al 2011
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Worst affected SIDS by the consequences of
climate change by share GDP: Pacific Region.
(UN-OHRLLS)
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Chapter 5: Outline
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
2. Changing Oceans and Biodiversity
3. Changing Marine Ecosystem Services and Human
Wellbeing
4. Solutions and Governance
5. Synthesis
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© Yann Arthus-Bertrand / Altitude
www.climatechange2013.orgFurther Information