GroundsMy pants are not on fire.

ClaimI am not a liar.

WarrantReasoning by example?Reasoning by analogy?Reasoning by sign?Reasoning by cause and effect?Reasoning by criteria?

GroundsMy pants are not on fire.

ClaimI am not a liar.

WarrantThis involves inferring a conclusion from specific cases.Bobby’s pants caught on fire and he’s a certified liar.Alice’s pants caught on fire and he’s a certified liar.And many others’ pants caught on fire and they are all certified liars.

Reasoning by Example?

GroundsMy pants are not on fire.

ClaimI am not a liar.

WarrantMaking a comparison between two similar cases and infers that what is known about one is also known about the other.Bobby’s twin brother lied and his pants catch fire every time he lies.

Reasoning by Analogy?

GroundsMy pants are not on fire.

ClaimI am not a liar.

WarrantTwo variables are so strongly related to each other that the absence or presence of one indicates the presence or absence of the other.When pants are on fire, the wearer is a liar. When pants are not afire, the wearer is truthful.

Reasoning by Sign?

GroundsMy pants are not on fire.

ClaimI am not a liar.

WarrantOne thing or event in the past will cause another thing or event to happen.Pants catch fire when the wearer tells a lie.

Reasoning by Cause and Effect?

GroundsMy pants are not on fire.

ClaimI am not a liar.

WarrantPreexisting standards are applied to a subject and a judgment is based on how well the subject fits the standard.The sole criterion for detecting liars is if their pants catch fire.

Reasoning by Criteria?

GroundsPeople who graduate with a major in petroleum engineering earn more than those with any other major.

ClaimStudents should major in petroleum engineering.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?Many students go to college to maximize their lifetime income.

Grounds32% of the 2,001 people questioned believe life has evolved over time.

Claim32% of Americans believe life has evolved over time.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?The people questioned were carefully selected to be representative of the nation as a whole.

GroundsEvery person sick with E. coli bacteria ate salad with organic bean sprouts.

ClaimOrganic bean sprouts are the cause of the infections.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?The one and only characteristic shared by all who became sick is probably the cause of the sickness.

GroundsThe driver is under 25 years of age but has a high GPA.

ClaimThe driver gets an insurance discount.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?Drivers who are under 25 but have a B or better GPA tend to be safe drivers.

GroundsWe don’t suffer from abuse of power as much as a nonuse of power.

ClaimThere’s a leadership crisis.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?We live in a vibrant society that is not being led.

GroundsDavid Brooks has a plan to solve the crisis.

ClaimThis leadership crisis is eminently solvable.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?We need a plan to solve the leadership crisis.

GroundsThe leadership crisis is an important problem that should be addressed. The action plan proposed will not create additional problems.

ClaimThe leadership crisis has room for improvement.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?If David Brooks’ four-step process reduces the leadership crisis, the process should be adopted.

GroundsThere are not many problems in the United States today besides the leadership crisis. There are not as many wars, poverty, etc.

ClaimThe leadership crisis in the United States is solvable.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?If we are not “exaggerating our plight,” we can address the real problem which is a leadership crisis. A society without any real, global issues has the time to address its real problems, one of which is a leadership crisis.

GroundsReestablish the lines between public service and private enrichment.

ClaimStrike a blow for social cohesion.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?Acknowledge that privilege imposes duties.

GroundsWe have nonuse of power.

ClaimWe are living during a leadership crisis.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?1. We need to get over the childish notion that

we don’t need a responsible leadership class.

2. The elite we do have has to acknowledge that privilege imposes duties.

GroundsThe lack of leadership in the United States is creating a crisis in implementing improvements to legislation and could be solved by implementing Brooks’ four-step plan which would eliminate future problems.

ClaimThe lack of leadership in the United States could be solved by Brooks’ four-step plan.Warrant

Example? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?If making these four changes would reduce the lack of leadership that is hindering leadership from producing positive results in the United States, then these changes should be implemented.

GroundsWe don’t suffer an abuse of power as much as a nonuse of power.

ClaimWe need to get over the childish notion that we don’t need a responsible leadership class, that power can be wielded directly by the people.Warrant

Example? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?If we follow Brooks’ four-step plan, we can overcome the childish notion that we don’t need a responsible leadership class.

GroundsAmerica was governed best when it was governed by a porous, self-conscious and responsible elite.

ClaimThe leadership crisis in America is eminently solvable.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?Through increased social cohesion, the leadership of a responsible elite and decreased political bigotry, America can once again be a well-led nation.

GroundsU.S. leadership crisis is a nonuse of power. The masses are despondent. The wealthy use public service to enrich themselves. Political bigotry continues. Congress is ineffective.

ClaimThe U.S. leadership crisis is solvable.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?The nonuse of power is solvable. Americans need to get past the idea of direct government. The wealthy must reestablish social cohesion. We must discredit political bigotry. We must reform Congress.

Grounds1. America was governed

best….2. A more conservative

lifestyle is possible (unstated).

3. Americans have been less bigoted politically (unstated).

4. America has had working Congresses (unstated).

ClaimImplement Brooks’ four-part plan.

WarrantExample, analogy, sign, cause and effect, and criteria reasoning could all be used here. Good backing would be necessary.

“Snap Out of It.”

Get the Funk Outta Ma Face

GroundsThe United States is in a funk.

ClaimSnap out of it, America.

WarrantExample? Analogy? Sign? Cause and Effect? Criteria?

What’s the Type of Reasoning?

What If the Warrant Is This?The way to get the funk (effect) outta America’s face is to deal with the things creating the funk (cause).