GROSS ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS AND TRACHEA BY ATIBA P · GROSS ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS AND TRACHEA BY...

GROSS ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS AND TRACHEA

BYATIBA P.M

GROSS ANATOMY OF THORAX

ANA 202

EsophagusIt is a muscular tube passing between the pharynx in the neck and the stomach in the abdomen.


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EsophagusIt begins at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage, opposite vertebra CVI, and ends at the cardiac opening of the stomach, opposite vertebra TXI.


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EsophagusThe esophagus descends on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the vertebrae, generally in a midline position as it moves through the thorax


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EsophagusAs it approaches the diaphragm, it moves anteriorly and to the left, crossing from the right side of the thoracic aorta to eventually assume a position anterior to it.


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EsophagusIt then passes through the esophageal hiatus, an opening in the muscular part of the diaphragm, at vertebral level TX.


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EsophagusThe esophagus has a slight anterior-to-posterior curvature that parallels the thoracic portion of the vertebral column, and is secured superiorly by its attachment to the pharynx and inferiorly by its attachment to the diaphragm


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Relation to other Structures• Mediastinal

part of the parietal pleura – covers the right side of esophagus

• Thoracic duct –Right side posteriorly


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Relation to other Structures• Thoracic aorta

– left side posteriorly

• Anteriorly –Right pulmonary artery and left main bronchus (below trachea bifurcation)


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Relation to other StructuresImportantly, the esophagus passes immediately posteriorly to the left atrium, separated from it only by pericardium. Inferior to the left atrium, the esophagus is related to the diaphragm.


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Relation to other StructuresStructures other than the thoracic duct posterior to the esophagus include portions of the hemiazygosveins, the right posterior intercostal vessels, and, near the diaphragm, the thoracic aorta.


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Constriction of Esophagus• the junction of the

esophagus with the pharynx in the neck;

• in the superior mediastinum where the esophagus is crossed by the arch of aorta;


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Constriction of Esophagus

• in the posterior mediastinum where the esophagus is compressed by the left main bronchus;

• in the posterior mediastinum at the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm.


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Arterial Supply• Esophageal

arteries arise from the thoracic aorta, bronchial arteries, and ascending branches of the left gastric artery in the abdomen.


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Venous Drainage• Venous drainage

involves small vessels returning to the azygos vein, hemiazygosvein, and esophageal branches to the left gastric vein in the abdomen.


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Lymphatic Drainage• Lymphatic

drainage of the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum returns to posterior mediastinal and left gastric nodes.


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Innervation• Esophageal

branches arise from the vagusnerves and sympathetic trunks.


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TRACHEA

• It is the continuation of the larynx and commences in the neck below the cricoid cartilage atthe level of C6 vertebra, 5 cm above the jugular notch.


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TRACHEA

• The trachea is the continuation of the larynx and commences in the neck below the cricoid cartilage atthe level of C6 vertebra, 5 cm above the jugular notch.


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TRACHEA

• Thetrachea is about 10 cm long and 2 cm in diameter.

• In full inspiration thetrachea may stretch to 15 cm and the bifurcation descend to the level of T6 vertebra.


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Thoracic Part

• It descends into thoracic cavity just anterior to the esophagus and bifurcates in the superior mediastinum with a slight deviation to the right, creating the right and left main bronchus


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Thoracic Part• Superiorly, is a

median structure that runs unpaired down the midline of the boy axis.


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Thoracic Part• Anteriorly, the

aortic arch also descends before turning to the left main bronchus. Others are brachiocephalic trunk and the left common carotid artery.


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Thoracic Part• It is comprised of

approximately 15-20 cartilages which are C-shaped.

• The Carina is a superior pointing ridge on the inner surface at the tracheobronchial bifurcation.


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Blood Supply• Branches from the

inferior thyroid and bronchial arteries form anastomotic networks in the tracheal wall.

• Veins drain to the inferior thyroid vein.


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Lymphatic DrainageLymphatic channels pass to pre- and paratrachealnodes and to inferior deep cervical nodes.


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Nerve Supply

The mucous membrane is supplied by afferent (including pain) fibres from the vagi and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Sympathetic fibresfrom upper ganglia of the sympathetic trunks supply the smooth muscle and blood vessels.


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GROSS ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS AND TRACHEA BY ATIBA P · GROSS ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS AND TRACHEA BY...

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