Greeting

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“OLD WORLD” ROUTE to ASIA

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VOYAGES of DISCOVERY

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Spanish Conquests & Explorations

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DISCOVERIES of AMERICA Vikings (10th C.) Columbus 1492 (x4) John Cabot (pre-1500) Italian for the English

St. Lawrence River in Canada

Amerigo Vespucci (pre-1500) Amazon in South America

Pedro Cabral (pre-1500) Portuguese John Smith (1607) Jamestown #1

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EUROPEAN SPRAWL 1492-1542 (50 yrs.)

east coasts of both continents interior regions traversed most powerful empires = overthrown

(Aztecs, Incas) European infiltration

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EUROPEAN SPRAWL Columbus: mainland South America 1498, Central America 1502 Cabot & Portuguese Corte-Real brothers: coast of North America 1502 Cabral & Vespucci: east coast of South America 1502 1515-1520s: Spain (Charles V) = aggressive

Gulf of Mexico Florida, Panama, Yucatan Peninsula

1520s-1540s: deep into North America Florida, Kansas, California

Portuguese in Brazil French up St. Lawrence to “Montreal”

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CONQUESTS over Aztecs, of Mexico

1519-21 Hernan Cortes vs. Montezuma

over Incas 1532-33 Francisco Pizarro

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England & France: NEW BLOOD England –

1570s+ QE1, Bloody Mary, Sp. Armada, …. Prosperity public support, political sanction curiosity, investment Bad Luck: 1580s Roanoke Island’s “Lost Colony” (SW

Raleigh) 20 yrs. of fizzle 1606: James I, 2nd Virginia Colony, Jamestown

shipwreck in Bermuda starvation riots clashes w/locals Richard Hakuyt’s The Principall Navigations (1598-1600) Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1610-11)

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England & France: NEW BLOOD France –

1603 late but more successful Samuel de Champlain – St. Lawrence settlements,

pushed westward while English struggled in Virginia & just landed

in Plymouth

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COLUMBUS(1) left

Palos, Spain (Ferdinand & Isabella) August 6, 1492

arrived San Salvador (their name), Bahamas October 12, 1492 La Navidad settlement

from Santa Maria returned

with 7 natives (Taino Indians from Bahamas) Diego Colon (“Colon” = Spanish “Columbus”)

captured, Christianized/baptized, displayed, translator

1. 1492-932. 1493-963. 14984. 1502-04

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COLUMBUS (2) left

1493 arrived

November 1493 17 ships 1500+ men Diego Colon as translator European food:

wheat, onions, melons, radishes, grapevines, sugar cane, fruit tress

La Navidad settlement =•wiped out•like Jamestown, later

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DOUBLE-SIDE DISCOVERY “wonder” at new world Europeans of Natives (by Columbus)

trees, people, foods,…. Natives of Europeans (by Diego)

cities, fortresses, churches horses, animals nobility & wealth of leaders foods tournaments, bull-fighting

The Tempest 5.1MIRANDA O, wonder! How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world, That has such people in't!

PROSPERO 'Tis new to thee.

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EUROPEAN-IZATION of the AMERICAS fortresses, churches foods (see above) textiles tools weapons religion slavery

= change for the West Indie Natives reshape identities, reorganize lives

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MELTING POT ATLANTIC BASIN = melting pot

1492-1650 European colonists Natives African slaves

new set of social relationships cultural & social relations

influence & exchange went BOTH ways “a many-sided process of influence & exchange” “that ultimately produced a hybrid cultural universe of the Atlantic

world” (5)

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from WONDER to VIOLENCE the “wonder” or awe of Columbus & Colon replaced by violence, struggle

to endure – conquer – outwit (Survivor) “Indian Wars” = violent recoil to Eur. influx

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from WONDER to VIOLENCE death to Europeans:

frontier wars with Natives political in-fighting (Columbus, James Smith)

dissension mutiny riots

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from WONDER to VIOLENCE death to Natives:

wars, clashes disease

small pox, measles, typhus epidemics microbes that Europeans = inured/accustomed to Caribbean 1st, then mainland of Central & South

America

slavery

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from WONDER to VIOLENCE slavery

“the institutional disease of slavery” (6) encomienda

instituted by Spanish crown in 1503 (1503-42) attempt to define the status of American Indians (Natives) based on its previous practice of exacting tribute from Muslims & Jews

during the Reconquest of Muslim Spain land-grant system that gave a tract of land to Spanish colonist (conquistador, chosen by crown)

(land + Indians on it) plantations & mines Indians = labor, gave tribute to their new lord….slavery

like feudalism: they serve the lord the lord instructs (Christianity) & protects them

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from WONDER to VIOLENCE slavery

African slaves 1501 (Hispaniola) declining numbers of Natives

“Thus the destruction of one people [Natives] was accompanied by the displacement and enslavement of another [African slaves]. By that point, the naïve ‘wonder’ of discovery was all but unrecoverable.” (6)

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Indians of North America, c. 1500

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NATIVES = no angels just as violent, mean, savage as Europeans quick to adopt European weapons & tactics not just victims

forwarded their own aims/agendas Aztecs: 1519, threw in with Cortes to overthrow overlord Montezuma New England Pequot Wars: 1637, Mohegans & Narragansetts join w/English

against Pequots Iroquois: used Europeans means to solidify power they had before

“means of consolidating advantages gained before the arrival of the colonists. The Iroquois had begun to organize their famous League of Five Nations before European settlement, but they solidified their earlier victories over other Native peoples by forging canny alliances with the Dutch and then the English in New York.” (6)

“[…] they showed themselves resourceful in resisting, transforming, and exploiting” the European culture (7)

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ORAL LITERATURE EUROPEANS 1492

centralized nation-states agricultural economies 2-3 dozen languages languages = related (lang.

tree) written alphabet Gutenberg’s bible (1452-

55) Caxton’s printing press

(1476) (print culture)

genres: comedy, tragedy, epic, ode, lyrics,…

NATIVES 1492 diversely structured

societies (econ. & pol.) hunting & gathering,

agriculture hundreds of languages languages = not related diverse religious beliefs no written alphabets no writing technologies

(oral culture) “genres”: chants, rituals,

songs, tales

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ORAL LITERATURE ORAL =

no written alphabet at least 8 different Creation Myths oral =

chanted, sung, presented in lengthy narratives oxymoron –

“oral literature” “literature” = “littera” = letter

“orature”

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ORAL LITERATUREORAL = “genres”:

Winnebago trickster tales, Apache jokes, Hopi personal naming & grievance chants, Yaqui deer songs, Yumi dream songs, Piman shamantic chants, Iroquois condolence rituals, Navajo curing & blessing chants, Chippewa songs of great Medicine Society

some WRITTEN traditions: visual records Aztecs: shellwork belts & painted hides, tepees, shields

literary?: 1778 Romanticism redefine literature from medium of expression to kind of expression

from print to creative, imaginative, emotional language

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ORAL LITERATURE translations:

troubles moving from foreign language to another moving from oral tradition to print tradition

oral = performance-based dramatic acting, voice modulation, gesture, pace, pause all these affect understanding, interpretation difficult to transcribe into writing live audience reaction to/from audience known audience author sees/knows audience

(Scop of Anglo-Saxon literature)

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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492 literature expansionism

PRINTING PRESS integral role in European colonialism Columbus’ 1493 letter to court (official Luis de Santagel)

narrates voyage describes vernal West Indies

“…the printing press and the European expansion into America were reciprocal parts of a single engine. Without the ready dispersal of text rich with imagery that stirred individual imagination and national ambition in regard to the West Indies, Europe’s movement westward would have been blunted and perhaps thwarted. The sword of conquest found in the pen, & in the printing press, an indispensable ally.” (11)

Caxton’s printing press (1476)

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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492

2 sides to the conquests 1528 Aztec writing in Spanish lamenting Cortes’

conquest & fall of city

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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492 POLICY vs. PRACTICE:

atrocities = due to miscommunication rather than policy policy:

made in Spain took long time to get to West Indies disconnected to the realities of the situation often outdated/moot by the time they arrived

practice: done in Americas

LITERATURE

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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492 3 functions of this LITERATURE:

1. to inform, influence political policy back home description of the situation – accounts, “postcards”

2. to justify actions real power in those who could grab it time lag of policy (easier to ask forgiveness than permission) Cortes’ 1519 invasion of Mexico to Charles V

3. to document to describe, to testify to to play witness to the events/atrocities “reveal the bloody truths of Europe’s colonial dreams” (12)

Literature & History

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LITERARY CONSEQUENCES of 1492 SUBVERSIVE (to document)

critical of Europe’s treatment of Natives not swayed by the slogans of empire, faith,

wealth (ad populum)

written by non-nobles, lower born New World, not just dependent province of

Europe, but could inform Europe too new ways of living, thinking, believing

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PILGRIMS & PURITANS Puritan vs. Pilgrim –

Puritan = change from within the Church of England

Pilgrim = separatists, break from COE thought COE = completely corrupt SCROOBY, Nottinghamshire: secret congregation

(Scrooby Separatists)

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PILGRIMS & PURITANS Puritan = Pilgrim –

sought to purify Christian belief & practice agreed w/ Martin Luther’s belief that no pope or

bishop had a right to impose any law on a Christian w/o consent

accepted John Calvin’s point in predetermination – election by God of saved & damned

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PILGRIMS & PURITANS Pilgrims’ Route to New World –

persecution, imprisonment in England 1608: to Holland, Netherlands

foreigners, poverty, language, no agriculture but weaving, loss of religious identity)

petition to settle in America, to England’s Virginia Company

English investors commercial as well as religious venture

3x as many secular settlers as Separatists on Mayflower

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PILGRIMS & PURITANS 1620:

Pilgrims land in Plymouth Rock, Plymouth Plantation

William Bradford Mayflower November 1620 1st winter: Wampanoag Indians, leader =

Massasoit

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PILGRIMS & PURITANS 1630:

Puritans land in Massachusetts Bay John Winthrop well-financed trip Arbella

1691: Pilgrim = Puritan

synonymous see similarities above

by the time of the New Charter

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PILGRIMS & PURITANS RELIGION:

Calvinist doctrine of ELECTION God had chosen/elected who will be saved,

damned long before we’re born not that we’re all born damned but that since Adam broke “Covenant of Works”

(live forever in GOE as long as…) saved by “Covenant of Grace”

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PILGRIMS & PURITANS RELIGION:

“Covenant of Grace” (Christ’s redeeming bargain, sealed with His blood) root of the JOY celebration of Incarnation strict requirements of Eucharist (Lord’s Supper) – more important than

Baptism sermons = not to the hopeless unregenerate but to the indifferent emotional appeals

rational understanding vs. emotional saving faith heart vs. mind

rigorous, strict – to be an example to others, to set themselves apart “city on the hill”

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N. AMERICAN LANGUAGES English = late to the game

Massachusetts settlements = younger than Saint Augustine, Jamestown, Santa Fe, Albany, New

York French in Canada Spanish in Florida Dutch in New York (New Netherland, New

Amsterdam before 1664) German in Pennsylvania Scandinavian, Irish, Scottish, African, West

Indian,…

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N. AMERICAN LANGUAGES English & Boston:

the large initial immigration of the 1630s the high articulation of the Puritan cultural ideals the early establishment of a college in Cambridge the early establishment of a printing press in

Cambridge eventually English as the language of literature

& the vernacular

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AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1700 last half of the 17th century (1600s) ENGLISH:

British America, their colonies inter-colonial tool as “13 Colonies” took shape printing press

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AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1700 PRINTING PRESS:

printing of colonial writings – here & in Europe Cambridge, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Annapolis “printing was established in the American colonies

before it was allowed in most of England, where restrictive laws, the last of them repealed as late as 1693,had long confined printing to four locations: London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge. ” (16) see what books = printed insight into literature

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AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1700 COTTON MATHER:

most prolific colonial writer biographies, propriety, histories (“tearful decade” 1688-98 of

New France vs. New England) Puritan

RELIGION: dominant theme Puritanical

self-regarding strict

social issues against executions (Quaker Dissenters in Boston) earliest antislavery tract (Sewell’s The Selling of Joseph)

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AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1700 cross-cultural interactions:

rich array of purposes, varied main ends relations with the Indians (Iroquois)

adventure & exoticism almanacs, governmental publications

MELTING POT

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Greeting

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