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    GREEK AND ROMAN

    ARCHITECTURE

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    Greek Period

    Denominated as perfect art.

    Between VII B.C.- I A.D.

    Located in poor lands, colonization of other lands.

    Politically from aristocracy to democracy.

    New philosophies: idealism, humanism andrationalism.

    Religion through mythology. They use myths tounderstand the world and educate people.

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    The Greek art looks for theperfection, they introduce the

    beauty canon.

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    3 periods

    Archaic Period (VII B.C.-VI B.C.)

    Classic Period (V B.C.- IV B.C.)

    Hellenistic Period (III B.C.- I B.C.)

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    Archaic Period

    Characteristics:

    Monumental Architecture

    Limestone and marble

    Two orders: Doric and ionic.

    Temple of Poseidon During the Archaic Age the

    Greeks developed the mostwidespread and influential oftheir new political forms, the

    city-state, or polis . Rise of thearistocracies. Greekcolonization of Southern Italyand Sicily begins.

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    Classic Period

    Characteristics:

    Athens centre ofpolitical and

    economical power.Mainly Doric order

    Lighter buildings

    Parthenon the bigconstruction

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    Hellenistic Period

    Characteristics:

    Oriental influences

    Corinthian order

    New architecturaltypes: altars, porticos,theatres

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    Architecture

    Great quality materials as marble, granite orlimestone.

    They knew the arc but the system for buildings

    was architrave: solidity, stability.The temple was the architectural expression.

    Relation between the width and height of the

    columns.Painted decoration in interiors.

    Architecture inspired by the human scale.

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    They look for the harmony which isreflected in the architecture with different

    orders.The Greek orders are: Doric, Ionic and

    Corinthian.

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    Doric Order

    It is the oldest order.

    Its name comes fromthe Dorian civilization.

    Robust order.

    Fluted column, nobase, plain architrave,

    frieze with metopesand triglyphs.

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    Ionic Order

    It is more elegant thanDoric order.

    Used for female

    divines. Its capital

    characterized for thespiral volutes.

    Fluted column,ornamented frieze.

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    Corinthian Order

    It is used in theHellenistic period.

    Its name comes from

    the city of Corinth. Its capital is very

    characteristic, withacanthus leaves.

    It is the most ornate.

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    In the classic period we can find anothertype of order, the caryatid order used inErechtheum.

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    Athena Nike

    The Temple of Athena Nike -part of the Acropolis in the city ofAthens. The Greeks built theTemple of Apollo at Didyma,Turkey (about 300 BC). Thedesign of the temple was knownas dipteral, a term that refers tothe two sets of columnssurrounding the interior section.These columns surrounded a smallchamber that housed the statue ofApollo. With Ionic columns

    reaching 19.5 m (64 ft) high,these ruins suggest the formergrandeur of the ancient temple.

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    The temple

    The house of God.

    It keeps the statue ofGod.

    The ceremonies takeplace out of thetemple.

    The most famoustemple is TheParthenon.

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    Structure of temples

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    The Parthenon and

    most other templesare situated in

    Acropolis.

    Sacred place.

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    The Parthenon

    Dedicated to PalasAtenea.

    Fidias was the

    supervisor.Marble of Pentelico,

    the greatest qualitymaterial.

    Doric order with someionic elements.

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    Parthenon

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    Other buildings

    The change from aristocratic to democracycauses the building of new buildingsdedicated to pleasure, economy, politic,

    education

    Publics buildings around of Agora: the mainsquare.

    Theatres, amphitheatres, circus

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    The Agora

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    The theatre

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    The brothel

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    The domus

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    Roman Period

    Transformation of theGreek art

    Adapt it to their needs

    Very practicalCivilization of warriors

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    Two periods

    1- Republic period (V B.C.-II B.C.)

    2- Imperial period ( II B.C III A.D)

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    Architecture

    Monumental

    Tuscan and composite orders

    Different floor- different order: 1st floor-Tuscan order

    2nd floor-ionic order

    3rd floor-composite order

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    Vitruvius

    MarcusVitruvius 70-90B.C.

    De Architectura

    Concern mainly witharchitecturalproportion

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    De Architectura

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    Composite order

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    The Romans start using the vault anddome.

    They use arcs and vaults in theirconstructions.

    The introduce concrete but decorated with

    marble or painting.Means of communication: aqueducts,

    bridges, roads

    Octagonal structure for cities.

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    The Forum

    The Roman Forum, the heart of Rome. The citizens of Rome spentthere a good part of their days. You see the great square,surrounded by temples or justice buildings. This place was full ofstatues, altars, arches and columns.

    http://www.maquettes-historiques.net/P6ag.htmlhttp://www.maquettes-historiques.net/P6ag.html

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    A 19th Century rendering of the west end of the Roman Forum showing from left to right;

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    The Temple

    The most famous is The Pantheon(25 BC)

    They are similar to Greek temples with some modifications

    Big base

    Composite order Republic period: Maison Carre in Nimes

    Imperial period: Pantheon in Rome

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    Maison Carre

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    The Pantheon

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    Pl d l ti

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    Built by AgripaRound plan with rectangular portico

    The oldest dome

    Huge building, it rests on a big base

    Light passes through an ocular

    The materials have less importance

    Plan and elevation

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    Basilica

    Rectangular plan Three functions:

    1 Commercial meetings

    2 Romans meetings

    3 Court The basilica of Maxentius

    The basilica began to be

    replaced as a social space for

    interaction by the baths

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    Basilica Maxentius, Rome - reconstruction drawing

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    Pleasure Buildings

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    1. Swimming pool

    2. 2.cold waters

    3. 3.Tepid waters

    4. 4.Hot waters

    5. Either side is palestrae for sports activities surrounded by various assembly rooms.

    PLAN OF DIOCLEATION BATHS

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    Baths

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    Theatre

    h h

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    Amphitheatre

    C

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    Circus

    B h

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    Baths

    H

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    House

    E li t R H

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    Earliest Roman Houses

    Simple Habitation

    Built of wood

    Pointed roof covered with straw

    Square with aperture in the top whichadmitted light and afforded an exit for thesmoke

    Just Vestibulum and one apartment,everything was done here.

    I t

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    Improvements

    Numerous practical improvements wereadopted gradually

    To the atrium added a kitchen, bedroom, a

    chapel, a court, garden colonnadeFoundations of stone made the plain brick

    structures dry

    Marble columns: Columns from ancientGreek edifices were employed

    Mosaic floors

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    At i

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    Atrium:

    Rectangular

    Lights the space and takes the water to theimpluvium

    Vestibulum:

    Uncovered space between street and the square

    Dressing place

    Tablinum:

    It is the main room of the house

    It is used to keep documentsTriclinium or dining room:

    It is at the rear of the building

    At i

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    Atrium

    T bli i

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    Tablinium

    H G d

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    House Garden

    D t d ll

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    Decorated walls

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    WALL TREATMENT

    1st style called

    Incrustation

    Imitating Greek

    flat style

    A hit t l t l Mid 1ST C t B C

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    Architectural style-Mid 1ST Century B.C.

    Villa of miseries

    ORNATE STYLE INTRICATE STYLE

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    ORNATE STYLE INTRICATE STYLE

    ORNATE STYLE 3RD STYLE

    INTRICATE STYLE 4TH STYLE

    MOSAICS:T l t fl i

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    Tesselatum-floor mosaicsStone,terra cotta

    MOSAICS

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    MOSAICSOpus museum-Wall treatment

    Reconstruction of Domus

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    Reconstruction of Domus

    House of a noble was called domus or

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    House of a noble was called domus ormansion, usually stood alone surrounded

    by a garden. Demanded use of marble.

    Houses of the poor were called insulce or

    island. Built with large block and coveredwith continuous roof.

    Mostly they were in Pompeii.

    HADRIAN VILLA

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    Roman Villa early 2nd century

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    NEROS GOLDEN HOUSE

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    NERO S GOLDEN HOUSE

    NEROS GOLDEN HOUSE

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    NERO S GOLDEN HOUSE

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