Gravimetry and geoid modelling in Croatia{ an...
Transcript of Gravimetry and geoid modelling in Croatia{ an...
Gravimetry and geoid modelling in Croatia–
an overview
Lorand Eotvos centenary
Matej Varga, Tomislav Basic
in Budapest, May 15th, 2019
Eotvos’s influence on gravity andmagnetic field research in Croatia
Szabo 2016
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Artur Gavazzi- the pioneer of gravimetry in Croatia
Bio
� Split, 1861 - Zagreb, 1944� mainly physical geographer, but contributed to hidrology, meteorology, oceanography, geodesy� dean of the Faculty of Philosophy (Ljubljana)� member of several academies in Europe� wrote several books
Figure 1: prof. dr. Artur Franovic Gavazzi (Hanzek et al. 2012)
Figure 2: Constants of the Gavazzi’s variometer
Eotvos torsion balance
� supported and financed by Croatians: prof. dr. Karlo Gorjanovic-Kramberger, ban Pavao Rauch� built during 1909 and 1910� Hungarians worked on instrument: Ferdinand Suss (1848–1921), Dezso Pekar (1873–1953), Istvan Rybar (1886-1971)� for that time-period the most accurate Eotvos torsion balance instruments (∼ 1 E)
Measurements
� in 1911 and 1912 performed torsion balance measurements- one of the first gravity field measurements across Croatia� made topographic reductions� Gavazzi communicated intensively with Eotvos, e.g. ”Equations, by which we perform calculations were published, but Eotvos did
write to me some significant changes which simplified our calculations...”� in 2013 published results of 51 measurements of 37 different sites (Gavazzi 1913)
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Artur Gavazzi- the pioneer of gravimetry in Croatia
Bio
� Split, 1861 - Zagreb, 1944� mainly physical geographer, but contributed to hidrology, meteorology, oceanography, geodesy� dean of the Faculty of Philosophy (Ljubljana)� member of several academies in Europe� wrote several books
Figure 1: prof. dr. Artur Franovic Gavazzi (Hanzek et al. 2012) Figure 2: Constants of the Gavazzi’s variometer
Eotvos torsion balance
� supported and financed by Croatians: prof. dr. Karlo Gorjanovic-Kramberger, ban Pavao Rauch� built during 1909 and 1910� Hungarians worked on instrument: Ferdinand Suss (1848–1921), Dezso Pekar (1873–1953), Istvan Rybar (1886-1971)� for that time-period the most accurate Eotvos torsion balance instruments (∼ 1 E)
Measurements
� in 1911 and 1912 performed torsion balance measurements- one of the first gravity field measurements across Croatia� made topographic reductions� Gavazzi communicated intensively with Eotvos, e.g. ”Equations, by which we perform calculations were published, but Eotvos did
write to me some significant changes which simplified our calculations...”� in 2013 published results of 51 measurements of 37 different sites (Gavazzi 1913)
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Artur Gavazzi- the pioneer of gravimetry in Croatia
Bio
� Split, 1861 - Zagreb, 1944� mainly physical geographer, but contributed to hidrology, meteorology, oceanography, geodesy� dean of the Faculty of Philosophy (Ljubljana)� member of several academies in Europe� wrote several books
Figure 1: prof. dr. Artur Franovic Gavazzi (Hanzek et al. 2012) Figure 2: Constants of the Gavazzi’s variometer
Eotvos torsion balance
� supported and financed by Croatians: prof. dr. Karlo Gorjanovic-Kramberger, ban Pavao Rauch� built during 1909 and 1910� Hungarians worked on instrument: Ferdinand Suss (1848–1921), Dezso Pekar (1873–1953), Istvan Rybar (1886-1971)� for that time-period the most accurate Eotvos torsion balance instruments (∼ 1 E)
Measurements
� in 1911 and 1912 performed torsion balance measurements- one of the first gravity field measurements across Croatia� made topographic reductions� Gavazzi communicated intensively with Eotvos, e.g. ”Equations, by which we perform calculations were published, but Eotvos did
write to me some significant changes which simplified our calculations...”� in 2013 published results of 51 measurements of 37 different sites (Gavazzi 1913)
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Boris Apsen- outstanding mathematician
Bio
� Moscow, 1894 - Split, 1980� immigrated from Russia to former Yugoslavia in 1921� in 1916 graduated law and economics� in 1931 graduated geodesy at the Faculty of Geodesy
� in 1942 obtained PhD degree with thesis Eotvos’ gravitational variometer and his theory and
application in higher geodesy
� the first doctor of geodetic sciences at the Technical Faculty (former) of University of
Zagreb
� worked as mathematics teacher on university and high-schools� wrote several books in (higher) mathematics which are still considered valuable source of
knowledge in faculty education in Croatia
Figure 3: Boris Apsen (Francula 2007)3
Torsion balance from the Faculty of Geodesy
Was used in research, industry and education during second half of the
20th century
Professors of physical geodesy:
� prof. dr. Nikola Cubranic, 1905-1989� prof. emer. dr. Stjepan Klak, 1920-2000� academic prof. dr. Kresimir Colic, 1938-2000
� prof. dr. Tomislav Basic
� since ∼2000 held in Technical Museum Nikola Tesla (Zagreb)
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of the horizontal variometer (large double balance Eotvos torsion balance) which was held on the Faculty ofGeodesy, Univ. of Zagreb
Compromise loss
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Geomagnetic measurements in Croatia from the beginning of
the 20th century
”From 1902 to 1904, R. Eotvos measured all three rectangular components of
the geomagnetic field at Fruska gora and further to the north, but these data
were never released. Following gravity variation measurements during 1911 and
1912 in Srijem, Gavazzi calculated magnetic declination at 51 points using his
own and previous Eotvos data along with time variation registrations in Pula.”
(Brkic et al. 2003)
12 ° 14 °
16 ° 18 ° 20 °
42 °
43 °
44 °
45 °
46 °
47 °
48 °
Figure 5: Eotvos geomagnetic measurements from 1902 to 1904 5
Gravity field research in Croatia was strongly
influenced by Lorand Eotvos.
”I cannot finish writing this part of the book if I do not thank mr. prof. dr. baron Eotvos and
his associates dr. D. Pekar and dr. Stj. Rybar, who happily helped me on the Physical Institute
in Budapest.” (Gavazzi 1913)
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Gravimetry, geoid modelling andgeomagnetism in Croatia– current
status
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Study area
Figure 6: Topography of the Republic of Croatia
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Croatian Fundamental Gravity Network
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2042
43
44
45
46
47
RP101
RP210
RP215
RP258
RP363
RP389
RP391
RP402
RP5002
RP5004
RP5011
RP525
RP728
RP734
RPR13
HP0002
HP0006
HP0011
HP0017
HP0024HP0028
HP0033
HP0048
HP0055
HP0061
HP0066 HP0068 HP0076
HP0078HP0085
HP0088HP0096
HP0097 HP0115
HP0120
HP0124
HP0133
HP0140 HP0147 HP0153
HP0164HP0166HP0168
HP0184
HP0187
HP0191
HP0196HP0199HP0203HP0206
HP0252
HP0254
HP0258
HP0260
HP0261
HP0263
HP0267
HP0269
HP0277
HP0284
HP0286
HP0290
HP0293
HP0295
HP0301
HP0304
HP0305
HP0310
HP0312
HP0313
HP0316
HP0323
HP0329
HP0331
HP0333
HP0335
HP0341
HP0343
HP0355
HP0358
HP0360
HP0364
HP0380
HP0387
HP0397
HP0399
HP0410
HP0412
HP0415
HP0418
HP0420
HP0502
HP0506
HP0508HP0514
HP0527HP0532
HP0546
HP0548HP0550HP0552HP0555
HP0573HP0576
HP0581HP0584
HP0594
HP0603HP0605
HP0611
HP0621
HP0623
HP0630HP0632
HP0642
HP0651HP0656
HP0662
HP0669HP0671
HP0710
HP0716
HP0720
HP0729
HP0733
HP0741
HP0745
HP0758
HP0760
HP0764
HP0766
HP0774
HP0775
HP0782
HP0789
HP0790
HP0797 HP0804
HP0821
HP0828 HP0830
HP0843
HP0850HP0851
HP0857HP0858
HP0860
HP0869
HP0871
HP0906HP0909
HP0911
HP0917
HP0920
HP0929
HP0933
HP0937
HP0940
HP0942
HP0947
HP0953
HP0956
HP0959
HP0968
HP0970
GT101
GT102
GT103
GT104
GT105
GT106
GT107
GT108
GT109
GT110
GT111
GT112
GT113
GT114
GT115
GT116
GT117
GT118
GT119
GT120
GT121
GT122
GT123
GT124
GT125
GT126
GT127
GT128
GT129
GT130
GT131
GT132
GT133
GT134
GT135
GT136
AGT01
AGT02AGT03
AGT04
AGT05
AGT06
1st order gravity network2nd order gravity network
0. order gravity networkLEGEND
Figure 7: Stations of the Croatian Fundamental Gravity Network (Basic et al.2006, Markovinovic 2009)
Description
� gravity reference system: IGSN71� 0. order: 6 points (1996-2000)� 1st: 36 points (2003) + 23 points (2007-2009)� 2nd: 193 points (2010-2015), adjustment in progress� horizontal gravimetric calibration base, in progress
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Gravity database
12 °
14 ° 16 ° 18 ° 20 °
42 °
43 °
44 °
45 °
46 °
47 °
48 °
Figure 8: Distribution of the points in the database
Description
� ∼ 28,000 points (∼1pt/18 km2)� measurements from 1970s to 1995� database was several times updated,
de-biased, cleaned� estimated accuracy: σpos = ±0.3 m,
σH = ±0.5m, σ∆g = 2 − 4 mGal
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Maps of gravity anomalies- recent updates
(a) Map of free-air gravity anomalies (b) Map of gravimetric terrain corrections
(c) Map of complete Bouguer anomalies (d) Map of Airy-Heiskanen topo-isostatic anomalies 9
Quasi-geoid modelling in Croatia
Stats and info HRG2000 HRG2009 HRG2015 HRG2018
Basic 2000Basic 2009, Basic &
Bjelotomic 2014Bjelotomic 2015 Varga 2018
min [cm] -27.5 -7.8 -11.8 -9.7
max [cm] 24.2 5.8 15.8 12.3
mean [cm] -2.4 -1.2 0.4 0.0
st. dev. [cm] 11.4 3.5 4.7 3.0
comp. method RCR/LSC RCR/LSC KTH RCR/Stokes
no. gravity points 7500 ∼ 29300 ∼ 28000 ∼28000
no. GNSS/lev. 59 59 59 495
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HRG2018: latest gravimetric quasi-geoid model
(e) HRG2018 quasi-geoid model (f) Estimated accuracy
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Geomagnetism in Croatia today
13 ° 14 °
15 ° 16 ° 17 ° 18 ° 19 °
43 °
44 °
45 °
46 °
47 °
Figure 9: Basic Croatian Geomagnetic Network (Brkic et al.2013)
Description
� more than 200 years of geomagnetism in Croatia� 1st Geomagnetic Information Renewal Cycle project from 2004. to 2010.� successful cooperation with Tihany geomagnetic observatory on the
project Joint Croatian-Hungarian Geomagnetic Repeat Station Survey
(Brkic et al. 2013)� gravity anomaly maps (Varga 2014)� recent geomagnetic information models (Brkic 2019)� project in progress: 2nd Geomagnetic Information Renewal Cycle (Brkic et
al. 2018)
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Future ideas
� absolute gravity re-observations
� re-adjust all orders of gravimetric networks
� densify terrestrial gravity database
� shipborne gravimetry
� modernize height reference system
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Thank you!
Matej Varga, PhD
Post-doc researcher and teaching assistant
Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb
Zagreb, Croatia
References i
References
Basic, T. (2000). Detaljni model geoida Republike Hrvatske HRG2000. Izvjesca
Drzavne geodetske uprave o znanstveno-strucnim projektima, 11–22.
Basic, T. (2009). Unique transformation model and new geoid model of the republic
of croatia. In 1. cropos konferencija. (URL)
Basic, T., & Bjelotomic, O. (2014). HRG2009: New High Resolution Geoid Model for
Croatia. In Gravity, Geoid and Height Systems (pp. 187–191). Springer. (DOI:
10.1007/978-3-319-10837-7 24)
Basic, T., Markovinovic, D., & Rezo, M. (2006). Osnovna gravimetrijska mreza
Republike Hrvatske. Geodetski list, 60(2), 73–91. (URL)
Bjelotomic, O. (2015). High Resolution Geoid Modelling of Croatia (PhD thesis).
Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb.
Brkic, M. (2019). Monitoring geomagnetic information in the territory of Croatia.
Geofizika, 36(1). (DOI: 10.15233/gfz.2019.36.3)
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References ii
Brkic, M., Basic, T., & Verbanac, G. (2003). Geomagnetism in Croatia: a Historical
Overview. Geodetski list, 57(3), 183. (URL)
Brkic, M., Pavasovic, M., Varga, M., & Grgic, M. (2018). 2nd Geomagnetic
Information Renewal Cycle in the Republic of Croatia–First Results. Kartografija i
geoinformacije: casopis Hrvatskoga kartografskog drustva, 17(30), 4–15. (DOI:
10.32909/kg.17.30.1)
Brkic, M., Vujic, E., Sugar, D., Jungwirth, E., Markovinovic, D., Rezo, M., . . .
Posloncec-Petric, V. (2013). Basic Geomagnetic Network of the Republic of
Croatia 2004 - 2012, with Geomagnetic Field Maps for 2009.5 epoch (M. Brkic,
Ed.). Zagreb, Croatia: State Geodetic Administration. (In Croatian)
Francula, N. (2007). Kratki zivotopisi preminulih dobitnika priznanja HGD-a te
pocasnih i zasluznih clanova njegovih prethodnika. In Spomen-knjiga povodom 55
godina Hrvatskog geodetskog drustva 1952 - 2007 (pp. 114–138).
Gavazzi, A. (1913). O tezi u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji. Rad Jug. akad. znan. umjetn. knj.,
148(I-II). (URL)
Hanzek, B., Kren, T., & Vucetic, M. (2012). Geoznanstvenik Artur Gavazzi:
nepoznato (rijetko ili nikad objavljeno) o poznatome. Prirodoslovlje - casopis
odsjeka za prirodoslovlje i matematiku Matice hrvatske, 12(1-2), 3–48. (URL)
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References iii
Markovinovic, D. (2009). Gravimetrijski referentni sustav Republike Hrvatske (PhD
Thesis). Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. (In Croatian)
Szabo, Z. (2016). The history of the 125 year old Eotvos torsion balance. Acta
Geodaetica et Geophysica, 51(2), 273–293. (DOI: 10.1007/s40328-015-0126-4)
Varga, M. (2014). Geomagnetic Anomalies over the Territory of the Republic of
Croatia. Geodetski list, 68(3), 173–184. (URL)
Varga, M. (2018). The Application of Crustal Models in Regional Modelling of the
Earth’s Gravity Field (PhD thesis). Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. (DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.11800.08963/2)
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