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1

GRAMMATICAL NOTICES

OF THE

BURMESE LANGUAGE :

.--A, .- ! - : 4. ,; ; 2

BY A. JUDSON. -

I;

M A U L M A I N :

A M E R I C A N B A P T I S T M I S S I O N P U E B B .

THIS work is printed, with a few corrections, from a

manuscript prepared twenty six years ago, when the author

had not a very extensive acquaintanae with the Burmese

language. He would not, however, have consented to pub-

lish it, had he not been satisfied, on a careful examination,

that it exhibits a correct outline of the principles of the

language, however deficient it may be in grammatical de-

tails.

I t is committed to the press, as the most ready way of

meeting frequent applications for the loan of the manu-

~cript , and in the hope of stimulating eome more industrious

and ambitious person to furnish a work that shall deserve to

be called a Grammar of the language ; for the present slen-

der compilation aspires to no higher title, than that of

" Grammatical Notices."

Maulmain, July, 1842.

GRAMMATICAL NOTICES, &c.

- THE ALPHABET.

THE Burmese alphabet consists of ten vowels, 9 and thirty two consonants, qj&:.

9 a, -3 ~j ee, ee, 2 , 00, 3 00,

6 aa, Bj ai, ~ @ 3 , @ au, c@5 au.

m ka, a hka, o ga, w ga, c nga; Q tsa, a, htsa, a dza, q dza, if3 nya; pta, 5 hta, p d a , dg m p a ;

ta, 03 hta, s da, Q da, nu; 0 pa, 0 hpa, a bay bn, (d ma; 03, ya, ra, CO la, 0 wa,

tha, cn ha, la.

According to this arrangement, the first twen- ty five consonants are distributed into five classes.

A*

The letters of the first or rn class are guttur- als, m a p 3 ; those of the second or o class are palatals, m 3 q m 3 ; those of the third or q class are cerebrals, ; those of the fourth or cn class are dentals, s ~ m 3 ; and those of the fifth or o class are labials, @Cp3.

The first letter of each class is a simple articu- ation, smooth and soft ; the third is the same, rough and hard ; the second is the aspirate of the first ; the fourth, according to the Sungskrit sys- tem, whence the alphabet is derived, is the aspi- rate of the third, but according to the Burmese pronunciation, is the same ; and the fifth is the corresponding nasal.

The pronunciation of the cerebrals and the dentals, though different in the Sungskrit, is the same in the Burmese.

Of the seven remaining consonants, five are li-

quids, viz. w, sl, m, 0, and 8 ; s is properly a

sibilant, but pronounced th, and oo is an aspirate.

The cerebrals and the letter 8 are found only in words derived from the Sungskrit or Pali.

The names and powers of the letters are as follows :-

VOWELS.

sa, a short, as in d&a,

sa3, a long, as in father. q, ee, as i inpin

ee, as in Jeet.

, oo, as infood, or u, as in rule.

C, aa, as a in fate. a, ai, as in hair.

j a u , a s o i n m

au, as in audience.

Name. Power. ma:, great ka, ky as in king. a c e curved hka, hk, k aspirated. OC& mlall g% f g, as in good, w @ :, great , g% the same.

d

CY %a, ng, as In rang. o*:, round tsa, ts. aoc88, twisted htsa, hts, ts aspirated. G?, divided dza, dz. q or cu@E:%, bridle dza, the same.

2 or E, nYa9 nY- qGc$:~djy bier-hook ta, t, as in time. $06& duck hta, ht, t aspirated. aq&cm~c/S,crooked breast da, d, as in done. oc4%8, water-dipper da, the same.

no@:, great n% n, as in not. mo6y, abdominous ta, t, as in time. oo;aEcq; elephant-fetter hta, ht, t aspirated. sccg:, little da, d, as in done. ec caadkd, bottorp-inden-

ted da, (formerly written e,) the same.

pcd, small n% n, as in not. O G Q ~ ~ , steep or deep pa, p, as in part. u&:a$, capped hpa, hp, p aspirated. acod@d, top-indented ba, by as in book.

no@:, hump-backed ba, the same.

@, ma, m, in muke.

9 I

Name.

woclSmcrS, supine ya,

q~m3d, crooked ra,

a, la, 0, wa,

=, tha,

m, ha, , great la,

Power.

y, as in young.

t r, as in run, or y, as .

above. 1, as in love. W, as in word. th, soft, as in thin, or t . th, hard, as in this. h, as in home. 1, as in love.

The character * c d e d $8&dj or cm: ~m:m&, is reckoned among the consonants, by

the Burmese. It is placed over the letter, with which it is combined, and has the power of a final cd, divested of its inherent heavy accent (see Ac-

cents ;) thus 5, than.

Compound Consonants are formed by combin- ing one or more of the letters w, q, o, and m under symbolic forms, with simple consonants, ac- cording to €he following table:-

Letter, &ymbol, Name of Junction Igymbol, with o,

Power.

my a. mra or mya. mwa. mywa. mrwa or mywa. hma. hmya. hmra or hyma. hmwa.

The letter 03, in the capacity of an aspirate, is combined with the nasals, and the letters and

0. When combined with w or q, the compound has the power of sh, as sf, shan. 391 has the same power, and sometimes 9 also. is equi- valent to E, and oq to w.

VOWELS combined with CONSONANTS.

Vowels combined 'with consonants,' simple 'or compound, are represented by symbols, according to the following table:--

Vmel, %mbol, Nwne of Jrrrretim Powm Segtdo1, with m,

99

~3 30r7 q m3, 07 ka, gag

R O 4zB:mE c(3 kee. Q q: :m&ec& & kee.

2 L mcq3E:cE cq koo. 1 jScqpE:cE cq koo.

C c EUCOC@ c03 kaa. a \ ~33"S4@6 Ch kai. c @ ~ C-3 ~ c O C @ ~ ccn3 kau. c@5 c-5 C U C O ~ : ~ C ~ @ : ems kau.

The vowel a has no symbol, being understood after every consonant, that is not furnished with the symbol of another vowel, or made final in the syllable. See Final Consonants.

The second symbol of the vowel m is used, whenever the use of the first would convert the consonant into another letter,--also with 8 and C.

The' aymbols of the vowels q and 3, when uni- ted and cornbided with a consonant, have the power of o, as in mte, thua 4,. ko. If they close

. ,

a syllable, b may optionally follow, dthout occa-

sioning any change in the pronunciation, thus 4 and 4 6 are equivalent

The symbol of any vowel may be. combined with a, in which case the compound has the power of the vowel which the symbol represents ; thus & is equivalent to q, 9 to 3 &c.

Wben a consonant ends a syllable or is final, it is distinguished by the mark over it, thus d, or by another consonant subjoined , thus 9.

It sometimes happens, however, that two con- sonants, one placed under the other, are both ini- tials, and therefore come not under the preceding remark, but are to be regarded as a mere abbre- viation; thus 2 3 : is equivalent to 3503:.

A double g is written E, the same as one form of the single. P, with subjoined is com- monly written 9 A double mais written a.

Final consonants generally assume a new and peculiar power, and also modify the preceding vowel. These permutations are exhibited in the following table :-

QI d

so6 en. ~6 e* 995 ik. q S

9306 at-

=$ an- rra8 at. 906 csn, 930s ai.

an= = & a t *

93 an.

$1 ing- 46 ik- rBS ing-

ad ing. ' a d i k . .8' ing.

qt 6ng. q 6 6k. q 6 ~ n g .

cf een. ~6 eet. e6 een.

~3131 oon. csasd oot.

os38 oon.

' ~ 4 ee.

q$ aiog. 3 6 aik. q 6 aing. q05 0.

~ ~ 5 3 C 6 oon. 3~8 8ng. qEl O*

~ @ 8 0. 6c6 een. q & ~ k - ~ d e e t .

% 6ng.

As an appendix to the foregoing table, note- 1. Cerebrals, when final, are the same as den-

t als. 2. The 3d letter of each class is the same 'as

the 1st. 3. The 2d and 4th letters of each class ne-

ver occur as finals, except in some words deriv- ed from the Pali, when they are mute, as gd; from cow, the sky, pionounced as q: .

4. is the same as c6. 5. 6 and d are mute.

6. r ~ ~ 2 before a final, gives the syllable the

same power as (n ; thus ~ 3 4 is pronounced an.

The final syllables, as exhibited above, are com- bined with any consonant simpls or compound, as rod ket, 0116 kyen, k c . without any change in their pronunciation, except in two cases, viz. o before 4, d, 8, or 6, is commonly pronoun-

ced wSt, not ndt, and beforer&, $, 6, c6, or

" w6n or woon, not wan; and consonants com-

pounded with o. as q, 8, kc. before a, d, 6 or 6, are commonly pron~unced kooat, tsooat, &c. and before cdj, $, 6, .d, or ', kooan, tsooan, kc.

The sound of a final consonant is frequently lost or absorbed, in the initial consonant of the follow- ing syllable or word, as 9 9 ~ ekara, not etkara ;

and sometimes modified thereby, as ~&m:, thembau, not thenbau. But these permutations, being dictates of nature, will be naturally acquir- ed without rule.

The Ziglrt neeent . , called d @ S or ce33nS66, . is placed under the letter, thus mS. It is used

with the vowels 6, a, c@, and 4 and the nasal consonants.

The heavy accent : , called 8m8Q 64: (vul-

garly oc6 03 64:) or ~ ~ c o l & ~ is placed after the letter, thus m$t. It is used with the vowels

933, , &, C and 9, and the nasal consonants. This accent is considered as inherent in the vowel d (unless superseded by the light accent,) and

the final consonant 6, when combined with the

vowel 9. In these cases, therefore, it is fre- quently omitted, as superfluous.

for 06

m$

cf for c@3!

J S E o r 4 m$j;cm3E; @ o r 6G C333

o (over a kttw) CYS

w is sometimes represented by its symbol, af- ter &, as - 4 3 : for C W ~ & W ~ : , ~ 0 4 3

for c o d ~ 3 .

& is frequently removed from its natural situp- tion in the line, and placed over the following let- ter, as 3 3 ~ 3 3 for 338~333.

The mark 11 is used to separate sentences, and sometimes, the clauses of a sentence.

The double mark s n is used to divide paragraphs.

PARTS OF SPEECH.

In the Burmese language, there are five parta of speech, viz. Nouns, .i?djectivts, Verbs, .Ud- verbs, and Interjections.

NOUNS.

Nouns are of three kinds, cmmn, which are names of whole species; proper, which are names of individuals, as distinguished from others of the same species ; and personal, commonly called per- sonal nouns, which are names of individuals, rela- tively considered, as speaking, spoken to, and spoken of.

Under common nouns, are included two k i d s of deri~atives, the simple and the compound. Sim- ple derivatives are mostly formed from verbal roots, by affixing cn, as ma&:, light, from me, to be light ; but in composition, the sa is common- ly dropped, as EQ3, for Esso3, supper, or eve- ning food. The same is true of all nouns, whose initial is a syllabic a; and sometimes even when a syllable or word is affi~ed, as o d u for a o c 6 u, a large branch. Compound derivatives will be considered under the head of Verbal Nouns.

B*

NUMBER. A common noun, in its simple state, divested of

all definitive adjuncts, is often a noun of multitude, as qcmmdjco&, nutn is mortal; but the plu- ral of aIl nouns is regularIy formed by affixing 4, pronounced 8, to the singular, as ES) man, qg, tnn. q3:, many, is sometimes used instead of $

GENDER.

Gender is distinguished, sometimes by a differ- ent word, as C W D ~ D : , a man, Q8, tom.. ,- sometimes by the feminine a6x o or ma@, as 9m$:, a priest, (of BOO&) qm$:o, a priestess, a&: a goveina; oE:mccnS, a g o v e n w t ; and sometimes by affuing a:, or 0, or % for the masculine, and o for the feminine, as ca:&:, a dog, c~:Q, a bitch, @A, a cock, @ d o , a

hen, c S : ~ , a gmdn, cf:~, a goose.

CASE. The relations of nouns, expressed, in most lan-

guages, by prepositions or inflections, are here ex- pressed by particles atlixed to the noun, without any inflection of the noun itself, except in some of the personal nouns. The aflixes of case are as follows :--

s@, denoting the agent or subject.

m3:, I ditto; as to, ,&m3:, in regard to ; sometimes qm3:,sometimes q, adversative.

The nominative a x e s are omitted in partici- pial clauses, as i0~c@ccn30m3:, what the teacher said, and frequently in colloquial discourse.

Objective.

4, denoting the object, on which an action ter- minates; sometimes, the object to which a thing is given, or for which, or on account of which a thing is done ; sometimes, the object to which mo- tion is directed

4, towards, unto ; according €0 ; at.

The objective affixes are sometimes understood, as cqco:oT, give water, for cqqco:4.

Possessive. /

4 ot, denoting possession ; very frequently understood.

Dative.

m3:, to ; sometimes objective.

57, for, in order to ; chiefly used with verbal nouns, and verbs used substantively.

Causative.

c@C, because of, on account o f ; sometime# instrumentive.

& ditto, but seldom used in writing.

Instrumentive.

65, by, by means oJ. Connective.

35, with, together with; sometimes instrumen- tive, by means of; sometimes causative, on ac- count of.

Locative.

~ 8 , in, a t , atnong; sometimes possessive.

sd, or 8, ditto. '

93, ditto.; i n presence o f ; as to, concerning, in regard of.

ooS, in.

Ablative.

m, from; nut of; sometimes nominative; sometimes locative ;

y, from; out of; besides; sometimes locative.

Comparative.

*q, aas, lzke as.

ay@, ditto. . 4, ditto. 4% a little like.

Certain verbal affixes, as 0 4 9 cm, CCO, 07, and cq, when affixed to nouns, are merely expletive.

The vocative is expressed by the noun, in a

simple state, divested of a11 affixes. Sometimes in grave discourse, it is indicated by re fixed, as 0 teacher.

Some relations of nouns are expressed by means of secoadary nouns, which take some of the pre- ceding affixes, and are connected with the principal nouns by the sign of the possessive, expressed or understood, as in the following examples:-

=CUT an upper *art ; 9 q S d s ~ u T ~ j 3 or a8 co i i j~ , above, over, or upon the house.

22

=cod , ditto. $ 6 ~ ~ 0 3 9 3 , ditto.

css9&, an under part; &6cs33d93, under the house. c%, a forepart; rf36cq93, bcfow the house.

~pd, a hind part ; &6~+3d93, behind the houte.

mu, an. outside; rf360q3, without the house.

s @ E , ditto ; &Q@E+, ditto.

%&,an inside ; a&& 93, within the house.

93961, ditto; & ~ C Q E : ~ J , ditto.

mga:, aside ; &sa2:y2, by the Irause.

s$:, a near part, nearness ; $87: y3, near

the house.

s ; u E:&y, i n presence of the

gevernor.

=??I, ditto; oE:$q2, ditto.

93E3, an upper port; @ 6 E 3 q , ~ l , the river.

CDCO?~, a Lower part ; @Scq4, down the ~ i v e r .

The following secondary nouns are commonly used without an affix ; and in some instances, are connected with the principal nouns, by instead

of d.

534, apnr t ,por t ia; &63or , 4, for the houak.

~ m d q : , summit, ertremity; S C U & Q ~ C ~

4:, t h r ~ u g h or to the end of life. odco&, a circuit ; &Sodco& round the

house.

o$qE:, ditto; &60$:qE, ditto.

ooc60$:~&, ditto; &b m & ~ $ : ~ E , d i t t o .

od jq i a whole circuit; m x w o f i q : , durirr,.

or throughout the tinte. sg, evenness, n qpordance ; ~s q$%$ or

%qdz)& according to (his) rdll. s O q E : , rncusuremcnt; rnc&F9~Dq&: or 9

qdmq&: , ditto.

n c q s d , an agreeing with; ssqaC XI

cap& or s34sfsacqsc6, ditto.

%q,as much as; aTjgmcjpOFja&, L O . know as much as the teacher. s q , . 4 being with ; ~ j t j s q, wikh the

teacher.

sq, ditto ; ;ocppfjgaq, ditto.

N. B. In some instances, the numeral m is op- tionally substituted for the formative a, as mT 1b8a = p 2 e q .

Some relations of nouns are expressed by means of verbs also, as from qEm& to arrive at, reach, may be formed-

& B q E c s ~ d , (with a continuative affix,) un- to or as far as the house.

m3C00qEcmE, until the lime.

@$jqEqEy (the roat doubled,) through the

country. m 3 co 4 8 4 8, during the time;- in which

cases, 4 or 3% is understood after the noun and sometimes expressed. L

PERSONAL NOUNS. c7, I, masculine or feminine, is used by a per-

son in speaking to himself of himself, and in ad- dressing inferiors.

qg!$fcS, .;a'$&or q L 6 , I , m a s . or fern. is used in addressing equals, and in addressing in- feriors politely.

q$cmS, a snvont, Q$C&U, %SO, or q o , a female servant, O W & C ~ ~ , n disciple, and mo&cdo, a female disciph, axe used as first personals in addressing superiors.

WQ$, I, fern. is of similar import with Q$-o, but not in common use.

N. B. The plural PfsX (fl is cometimas used far the plural of the first personal. .

S d c d , thou, mas. or fern. is used to a su-

perior; o8: you, mas. to an equal or an inferior; co3Eo6o you, mas. to an inferior ; oE:m, you ; mas. to an inferior, expressive of disapprobation,

or &, you, fern. to an equal or an inlerior ; and 98, you, mas. or fem. to children or persons very inferior.

m&, thw, or you, mas. or fern. is used chiefly in writing, and is irrespective of the relative rank of the parties. g&:, you, mas. or fern. is used in judicial language.

qd, you, mas. or fem. familiar, and us&, ynzr, mas. or fem. disrespectful, are used vocative- ly only. cp18, makes m& and ~ 3 ~ 6 , 038, in the plural.

31, a person, mas. or fem. supplies the place of the third personals, he and she. a&:, that (person or thing,) mas. fern. or

neut. may also be regarded as a third personal. 4oS & qOSd$E, onePs se& i. e nysalL your-

self, or himself, mas.or fern. are of either person, as the connection requires. 88, one's self, mas. or fern. is confined to the

sccond and tbid persons. C

The personal nuuns, 07, m&, & q, m the sin. gular number, not preceded or fobwed bp any adjective or participial adjunct, become C, *, &

3, before the oblique, -pirated &es (except 4,) V ~ Z 4, 954; @+ %&, a 4 dmdar. stood; but when used nominatipely, o r f o h e d 4 9 or by C!! expressed, or by m aspirated a x ,

-- -

66, $, 8, 93, or y, they retain their proper form. Other personal nouns, ending in a nasal are simiIarly inflected.

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives are of three kinds, p~tmomid', verb- al, and numeral.

Adjectives of either kind are prefixed to their nouns, by means of the connective m& or C ~ J ~ P

if singular, and the same, or cx#cn& or CY#

cm2, if plural, or directly &xed. But to this general rule, there are several exceptions, partic- ularly in the pronclminals.

An adjective and noun, united in either way, form a compound word, which admits the piural sax, and the affixes af c a e the same as a aim- ple noun.

PBONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

The following pranominals are prefixed to their nouns, in some cases, with, and in some, without a connective,-cv, $, or $9 being occasionally substituted for or;, before words of time :- & thw, as dq, this m a ; $=&cay thi. h y . mg, lhk. 4, tht9 q q , t M person; q ~ S D 5 3 0 7 ~ Or

~4cspraa7 , t h t t- WE:, that&nfkequent.

s md, i r m a , *ohat ~--oecasionally contract- ed to a, before q, as 9% for ~ m d c q , who ? and to m, before om, as mm9, what thing ? In negative sentences, it combines with the negative particle Q, to signify none,

as moSq~4, there ia no one. s dy what ?-infrequent. s@&, whatcoer. U& what wiiatevw, N . B. U&@S &t t~ ,

is directly prefixed or &xed. mch, indefinite.

*,>t.,

The following pronominals are prefixed to their nouns, with the usual connectives:-

4, such.

aq, ~f t h ~ sort. 438, w&:3q, mh, O f thut smt. - a

ga mdcQ, @y contraction sscQ,) s,)~c& C J ~

4, of what smt ? a@&% of whtmer smt. 634, and its compounds, mch as.

The following, vu. say and ma, some, o~ q3:, 0383:, and 0307:, othw; oS&8:¶ and 9

q:Q, uZZ, are joined to their nouns, according to the general rule, except that when prefixed, the

connective is, in some instances, omitted. o6 as:+ all, is prefixed with a connective.

aqi other, mm3, and 913:4:, a24 and ssctj:, all, the whole, are uniformly affixed,

when affixed to a noun, or a numeral, auxiliary, frequently drops the S, or changes it to 0, as &6cQ:, or 86 ocQ:, the whok house, &Sqq+, or &6c+qoocQ:, aU the three buses. When affixed to a singular noun, the compound occasionally takes the numeral m, om, before it,

nithst~t a change of aeaning, ar m&8qS or m95604:, the t u ~ % h e , ~ c S 3 c n o E : ~ : , the whole ship. 33~536, nuy ? is directly prefixed to

a u m d auxiliaries, or words denoting a part or quantity of a thing, as mqd38:md96 q:, riaD many mangoes ? qd 38: moSjG rn E :, R ~ W

many baskets of mangoes ? 80 much, how much ? &c. are expressed, by

combining pronominals with such nouns as sg , 3~~03d, kc. denoting quantity, as ag, so

mud, moScm3nS, moSylcmnS, IUW m u d ?

Some pronominals are doubled to form a kind of plural, as c Q c I Q ~ ~ ~ , those goods.

Pronominals are frequently used substantively, ihd in that character, admit the noun affixes.

VERBAL ADJECTIVES.

Verbal adjectives are made, by joining verbal .oats to nouns, according to the general rule, as 3 0 3 ~ 3 3 3 ~ or cq@&, on e x c e l h t man ; but 1s the verbal root, when prefixed, is susceptible )f the accidents of verbs, it is more correct to re- ;ard that construction as participial. See under Participial Affixes.

Verbal adjectives are also formed from verbal c*

roots, by prefixing ss, as sco6, new, and by re- duplicating the root, as cm~&:c~3&:, good Such adjectives are commonly affixed to their nouns ; but 9q3:, from q3:, to be many, follows the general rule, as kq3:cmXDT, or ~ T S q3'., many teachers.

The imperfect degree of comparison is some- times made, by shortening and reduplicating the verbal root, as $4, sweetish, from 4, to be meet, @a, bitterish, from a%, to be bitter ; sometimes, by affixing a8 to the root reduplicated, as 354: q:, rather bud; and sometimes, by shortening the root, and affixing reduplicated chiming incre- ments, as sweetish, c$m$m$, saltish.

The comparative degree is made, by means of the secondary noun m a d , or c s s ~ d , and a verb, as & ~ c x ~ @ : c D $ ~ , to be greater than the house, or by a circumlocotion of verbs, as 3538 @:a$, to exceed in greatness, or be greater.

The superlative degree is made, by prefixing S,

and affixing 4: to the verbal root, as m@djq:, 1nost excellent ; and is joined to nouns, according to the general rule, as m@dq:ccuaq, or or '

ssgdq:, the most excellent man.

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES., .

Numerals are generally combined with a word, descriptive of some quality in the noun to which they belong, &d in that state, are joined to nouns, according to the general rule.

If the numeral is less than ten, the auxiliary word is affixed to it (the formative 9, whenever it occurs, being dropped,) as 3dP6q:, or 3 64: cm@, two cup, from ad, a cup, 36, i w q

and sq:, round; if it'is a capital number, as ten, twenty, thirty, kc. two hundred, three hundred, &c. the auxiliary is prefixed to it, as p8aq: j6 30&, or 554:~~33usc333~~1~, tumJy cups ; and if it is a numeral, intervening between the capitals, the auxiliary is both prefixed and af3xed,

as pSs~:jSmoSjSct(:, or racqySaooSj6 q:cu33d, twenty two cups. But in any case in which the auxiliary is prefixed, it may be omit- ted, as aoT=o?:j&ao&, or may 6;o&cm3 mcp, twenty teachers, may be written mcpj6 ad, or j6~uScmaocp, and zocpaoI:j8 ao&jSo?:, or so7 : j 6aod j6o~ :c~~aop , twenty two teacherr,may be written mTf6m& )6oi; or j6;ouSj601:c~~acp

The followiog is a list of the most common nu- meral auxiliaries, arranged alphabetically, with the classes of things to which they are applied .- Nurnerd dtidiaries. Classes of Thing~. SW$, a brute Brute animals, ae ccpdm mimul. ~0336, one monkey.

ac@& t , a fine. Things extended in a line, as of$:36~@3&:, two roads.

P D ~ & : , a circle or Rings, nooses, and such like, ring. as C O ~ $ $ ? ~ C @ S three

rings. m;l, an individual Things which admit no other

thing. word more descriptive, as ~ ~ E c c o : ~ , four b e d d e d y nit03:4Ecl:q,fio chairs. Frequently used also in- stead of a more appropriate numeral auxiliary.

.gg& ahat b $at. Things flat and thin, as q 2 og3dp&, s ir mots.

s7cq3&:, a bar or Things long and straight, or long piece. nearly so, as m 6 Q 9 6

cg>E:, seaen n e t d b .

ssa$:, voice. Words, speech, as om:9 6 sf:, eight words,

so&:, an extended Things long and straight, or line. nearly so, as HOE:, nim

apeari, 3 ~ ~ 3 3 E 5 ten ahips.

sa&, what is rid- Beasts of burden, vehicles of den upon. conveyance, as @&:cn%:,

one horse; og@:jS8:, two carts.

s~03&s(nncertain.) Writings, as 03 4: C Q ~ 6 , three books or writings.

~ q , (uncertain.) Deities, as q~ : CCO: q, four gods ; also, pagodas, and some other articles.

s c a a 8, a build- Buildings, as &616c?:c&m&, ing. jive houses.

=a$, antervening Whatever occurs, at intends apace. of time or place, as =@

cp&$, r*: revardr.

= ~ @ , a piece-of Wearing apparel, as ssw cloth. ~ 6 0 0 g, ieven coat,.

o 08, a trde or Trees, plants, as mqdo& plant. 9 608, eight mangae bees;

also, thread, hair, kc .

~ u l ; (uncertain.) Deities, ecclesiastics, persons in power, any respectable characters, things immate- rid as aocp&:07:, nine

teachers, 8 & d:, ten duties.

saq~:, what is $at. Things which are flat, as q&mq3t, m e bwrd.

s o d , one o f a Things which are naturally pair. joined in pahs, as

od, two hands.

a ,m& an arm or Weapons, tools, whatever is hand. used by the hand, as C s

+ dj* m d , three guns.

3 3 q v what i s round. Things round or cubical, or . approaching those forms, as

+cco:c;i9 fo.r poci, 358 m%l:q:, jive bozea.

i

so .a&, whut u Things small ia bulk, cam

slender. pared to the length, sc Q6 c q ~ 6 p 8 , six riverr.

z:, a head, Rational beings, as ~ $ c x @ 96 s:, seven merehank

crusd, (uncertain.) Rational behgs,-geherally , ' mankiid or superior beings,

as ~ G C W ~ C Y S Y eight men.

Sometimes the noun itself becomes the nume- raI auxiJiary, or is substituted for a descriptive word, as 83c+a2, nine d lhge8 , 0&:33&&~ ten governors.

Words denoting some part m quantity of a thing are eombiied with numersle, in the s;ame manner as words deecriptive of a qaality, there being no other difference in the cases, excepting that in the latter, the number af individual things merely is ex-ed ; in the hrmor, the number of the p ~ s or quatitie8 of the b g , aa cqj6 pS, er jSp~Scar~ocl, toe cups Df m t e r i

0~~epq6~6mUS, or s ~ a q 6 j 6 ~ 0 ~ bat, t -3 budlea ef paper ; jhd

d q ~ , (003~10, time being understood) literally,.

two days of time. The numeral a, on5 combined with a nume-

ral auxiliary reduplicated, as mqq, cncmd ' cwad, denotes some one, (out of several;) when combined with a numeral auxiliary, and the combination reduplicated, as mqmq, o2ccu3d 0 3 ~ 3 & , it denotes one after another, (whether every one or several;) when combined with a nu- meral auxiliary, and followed by the same nume-

ral, combined with cco, as m;lcmca, ~ ~ 2 ~ 3 0 6

~ C C O , (sometimes reversed,) it denotes a few,

now and then one, here a.nd there one; when combined with a numeral auxiliary, and preceded

by the same numeral, combined with ij, as aQ cmqm~u33&, it denotes some one, indef-

inite. Such combinations may be regarded as pronominal adjectives. They are joined to their nouns, according to the general rule.

Ordinal numerals are of Pali origin,and are pre- fixed to their nouns, as qdkuod:, the second

section. Ordinals are also made by aAixing c@d, to raise, to cardinal numerals, modified

end rm : 6 ~ ~ c @ ~ c x x ~ c + , the second day.

There are a few adjectives, which, on account. of some peculiarity, cannot be placed in either oi' the kregoing classes. Some of them are prefix - ed to their nouns, as ~ m 3 , g r e a t , 333033, extra-

ordinary ; some are either prefixed or affixed, as 933s injnile, SXloE, ordinary ; and some are

affixed, as 0!$8:, every ; moco:, small ; ccnS (honorific; ) LJ, principal, chief among many ;

~ d j Y p r r e , clear, jrcejrom mixture ; q6:, .ingZe,

one aJy, as mc%#:o$, in a single day;

only, no more, used with numerals, as m$, m&:, one od'.

NOUNS USED AbJECTIVELY.

Nouns used adjectively may be distributed in- to h e classes, viz :-

1. Names of races ofmen, of countries, towns, kc. when used to qualify a hhwing noun, as d & s un 4 J h g l i s h ~ sbo86jq, ditto,

D

s~Rdd@&, Errghnd, the country of the En- g b h ; Qy? a Burmese, @mm:, the Bvnuse h y v q e ; tq$q$, Rangoon, the town of Rangoon,

dq$& ditto, qSq$313:9 Or q$q$a=:, a son or native of Rangoon.

2. Common nouns used to qualify a following

noun, as %,gold, goco3:, ngoZden cup; c @ > d the north, c@3dm8, the northern path ; ss ~3

the upper part, (of a country,) %533=3:, an up -ccuntry person. 3. Names of trees, plants, and their parts, which

are only used in combination with a follow- ing noun ; thus h m S q E , the olive, are form-

ed s q & o & , an olive tree, d$j&c$, an nolie

bZossom, 3jq6ci3:, an olive (the frLit), 53q1 ad, an olive kaf.

VERBS.

Verbs are of two kinds, transitive, which ex- press actions that pass from the agent to the ob-

ject, as qdm&, to atAke, qSa@, to h e ; and intrangtive, whiah express being, or some state of being, or an action which io confined to the agent,

as @ 6 ~ & to be, c~sG, to memuin, c ~ J E : m$j, to be good, @=&, to be mined, or in a state of ruin.

Many transitive verbs are formed from intran- sitive ones, by aspirating the initial letter. If the initial is the first letter of either of the five classes of consonants, it is changed for its corresponding aspiite, the second letter of the class, as q33gy to fd, to throw dOm, or cause to fall;

q ~ m & to be ruined, $&$, to ruin ; if the initial is a nasal, or an unclassed letter, it is combined with the letter m, as Bdbg, to be

bent down, p@3s&, to Bend down;

LO be f ~ , c$kb&, to make free=

ACCIDENTS O F VERBS.

The accidents of verbs, expressed in most lan- guages, by inflections, or auxiliary verbs, are here expressed by particles affixed to the verb, with- out any inflection of the verb itself. The verbal affixes are as follows :-

Jssertive d&es.

x@, simply assertive, as %3:w@, be goes; in certain combinations, written cx3.

6, same as a@. q:, simply assertive, in 'negative sentences, m

jq:, he goes not,-chiefly colloquial.

2, present, but scarcely used except substantiw- - l y J as 3aa:Jb66m&, he is going, (see Verbs used substantively,) or in a participial clause, ac- cording to the note below, a~osq@Jbccmznp the business that now is, or tke present bra'ncss, In the substantive construction, it may be com- bined with a preceding future affix, as w:q&, or reduplicated, as ~ p : i ~ @ & ~ b ~ 8 , when he was just about going.

@, past, as w:B, he went, or has gone ; some- times future.

+, future, as 3 3 : $ , he wilt go ; sometimes equi-

valent to the continuative affix q&, which see. u&, future.

or cog3$, future. N. B. The assertive affixes of tense, Jb, @, $,

u s , andm@, occasionally lose their assertive power, and become auxiliary to a continuative, participial, or simply aassrtive affix, in which case

@ becomes 8:.

a$, denoting the continuance of an action, or state of being, during another, as ~ : o @ o D : 37 &, he eats as AC goes ; sohetimes equivalent to qp. qd$, denoting the continuance of an action, or

state of being, during another, but somewhat in- consistent with it, as 3a3:tqdj603:32&, though going, k eats. 98, denoting lst, the completion of an action, or

state of beink prior to another, as 3 a 3 : ~ $ ~ 3 3

s&, having gone, he died ; 2ndly, s~lpposition or conditionality, as qs:$cxo& $he go, he mi22 die.

c d , same as aqE. q, ycns:, qmx, c n y m s o and cn@:m3:, in

some combinations, equivalent to q&. 9, denoting the completion of an action, prior 40

another. mcn&m, frsm tkfirrt of, PS qp:cncn&:m,

from the first of his goiq. c&co&:, though, notwithtanding, as WI

w~co&:ucc~, t-h he go, be cdU not du. D'

':' ditto,-colloquial. mcng:, I mox, or ditto,-infrequent. 9@3. c93&, Ist, that, noting a consequence, se that,

so as to, as cmcra3&qp:m&, he went, SO (hat

he died ; 2nd, that, noting a final end, in- order to,

as C S C S ~ E ~ ~ : ~ & , he went, that be might die. 4, and, as 333:4c3333& he went and died :

sometimes pronounced 4 ; sometimes equiva- lent to 96.

Interrogative Jfizes, (connected with the verbal root, by an assertive affix, cng being commonly abbreviated to x).

&:,-formal, 7 used in connection with an

i j interrogative pronominal, 3 -famiru, ,, md4.a3:m,gi 4 *:,-colloquial, whither does he go ?

i ct9 a Q, a x e d to tie root, nitheot ag intene.-

ing arserhe P8u, aa pee, doer he go ?- rather inhqnent.

Iinpdiue @ires.

5, or 44 fv"' person plural, as w:g, Z,t us 8.. @q$*, ditto, preceded by the first personai, as. ~70933&3:@C49?. kt US go, or *lb wzld go.

cm?, imperative proper, as c p : c q , go. m@, a ditto,-infrequent.

je, prohibitory, being prefixed to the verb, as

0333:36, go not.

me, ditto. The simple root also is imperative, as we11 as -

when combined with certain of the euphonic, or qualifying affixes, as o7,cm?, CU, cco, cg, 3 , 3 , qd, co cq2, 3 :, q6 9 06, kc. Some of these affixes are also variously combined with one ano- ther, and with the imperative affixes, to conver the ideas of intreaty, authority, kc.

Preccrtive J ' x e s .

COCX3, may, as C$D:COC=3, may he go. ditto, authoritativelyp as &COW

m&:, be it so. cog& ditto, - i~uent .

C Z I ~ connecting the verb with a subsequent noun, being equivalent to the relative pronoun, in most languages, as @&cmq, the emfling man, or

the man who excels ; c@:cs~@E:, the running horse, or the horse which mns; cCPdCm COG&, the arriving ship, or the ship which ar-

rives ; sometimes contracted to m, as 9

as much as there is ;-commonly omitted after the assertive future affix ~ 6 . cog, ditto.

d u d i a y J&es of Tme. cm:, denoting present continuance, as 333:cm: u&, he i s rtill going; o T : C s : , he b stdl not gone, or he is not yet gone ; sometimes de- noting beside, more than, in addition, as c~cn9:

m ~ ~ d ~ ~ o ~ f i c m : r n ~ , there b not onb ny word, but there is scripture atoo.

3, just past, as W:$CO~, he has just gone ;

frequently written ; very frequently eu- phonic.

q, past indefinite, as %3:qm@, lu went. In negative sentences, prefixed by 0, it becomes yt,

and signifies (not) n#r, as W-8, & MWY

went. 038: and o d : are of similar import. but inkquent - jc, prior-past, or prior-hture,according to the con. nection, ss %3:3@$ L had gme7 .a3:$u& hc d l go, before (another goes.)

&, ditto,-inkequent.

3 8, ditto,--rather infrequent. CQ near future, a60ut to, on the point of, re-

L'

&ing its meaning, ahatever&xes of tense am superadded, as 3 a o : c q s & 7 qj3:qQ or 39:

vgs " is about to go, or is w a r going; sometimes used substantively, though not an as - sertive affix, as qp:q$:@, ditto.

denoting the plural, as ~ B ~ : @ E U @

( they go ;-frequently omitted, and the @ I "PF ( idea of plurality left to be conveyed by

6 4 I the noun a x of number, or gatbered fiom the connection.

&uali&ng 4&a9 (arranged alphabetidy ).

8:. (pm +) nore OF apt&, commonly used

withan assertive future &, as &:o& he wiN drink more or again ; in prohibitwe

sentences, (not) yet, as 0c333d3e&:, d o not drink yet.

op& ""'rely, wholly, (from q$, to come to an

end,) as ~33cq?$@ they are all dead.

cm3&:, with the verb repeated,probably, as c a cm3d:ccuo e, he will probably die.

96, see 9. 36, optative, to whh, derire, as E q & ~ & to

h h lo do; also, to huve a tendency to, as q3: 8633$, to be disposed lo fever.

385 with o prefixed to the root and to itself, and

a continuative affix or clause, commonly q& caoE, expressed or understood,until, as 3: % Q ~ E : ~ E c ~ ~ E ~ G ~ ~ I ~ c ~ ~ & he contin-

ued working, until he went.

GO, causal, (from co, to rend, order,) as 6 cocug, he makes [him] do, 6 6 ~ 0 , let it be ; when affixed to intransitive verbs, equivalent to the aspirated initial, as %&om&, equivalent

to id=& to mke free, from ogdj,&, t{

be free. When used as an imperative or pre- cative, the shade of meaning is frequently deter- mined by an intervening euphonic &x, as

6 601 CQ, m y it be, c@ol cmco, kt it mn. Combined with $, it makes 85.

2, slightly intensive or emphatic,-commonly con- nected with the verb, by a euphonic affix, and sometimes superseding the assertive affix, as @: tag, it C great indeed.

83, intensive,-mostly used before the participial

aflix w3, as Qdg3~~333ir a very excehnt person.

m$:, with the verb Fepeated, mweEy, nothing

a&, to be at iciarrc, as q@8dm&, to be at

leisure .to stay.

4, sometimes euphonic, Cut when repeated ah ter a following verb, partaking of the nature of a continuative, and denoting alternation ; as E& o jcOT4m& to be sinking and appearing

by turns.

cum, denoting .a slight necessity.

&& , ruldmlij, pematureZy, i n~ondh ra i e i~ .

#&, sometimes in conversation 86, potential, to

be ah&, @om $8, to prevaq o m - ) a~

cp:S8~& to-be able 40 go.

@$, aga*ly (from @$, l o red-) M @@$+* to do again.

&, with cd prefixed to the root, and a continua- tive affix, expressed or understood, cuitlbout, as 003:&333:33&, he meat, willrout rating. 8, implying carelessness or faulty as @3#, he

h a g said it (and theefore c o m m i u hims~y;) sometimes euphonic.

9, with u prefixed to the root, and a mntimuative

ax, expressed or understood, bef ie , as 0 q 3 :

903833& he ate, bejocfore going ; combined with

oqEcs~98, until, as Q ~ ~ : ~ O ? & C S J ~ E , mrif lie went ;-sometimes taking a noun as

0%239!& befme g h g .

9, must, as qp:qu &, mnst go ; frequent17

euphonic. q&, to he capap.bli, (in regard to feel&,) as

q & ~ g, to be mf eeEng e q h 10 bfl; OV k cannot bear part.

q6, remining behind, as Bqsrn& to do (it),;

cq?, denoting disapprobation or regret ; some- times euphonic, particularly when used imper- atively.

33, denoting affection or sympathy in the speak-

er, as % 3 : 9 3 ~ & he gueq (I~OS!

%$:. denoting excess (from qv, to exceed), as

C C ~ ) ~ & : ~ $ : L U & to be tuo good.

9, vwy, as @:YX& to be very great.

9 3 , denoting coming to pass, as cm36:935)G to become gooil. To these may be added a number of verbs,

which are occasionally used :o qualify a principal verb, as :-

136, to b~ right, proper, as q33:md~$j. it is righl to i; o ; sometimes passive, in translations from the Pali, particularly when used as an ad- versative to cnd ; frequently euphonic.

9334 to be a t leisure, as %3: D ~ : G C ~ , to be at

leisure to go. t

WDE:, to be good, as % 3 : ~ ~ 1 3 3 E : ~ & it * good to go.

E

3, to be hard, diJfcult, as qba~g, it b at-4 ta obtain.

05, to iry, make trial, as 60833& k (lu 4 w q of trial; sometimes but little more than etylq- nic.

@dY to know how, be skilled in, as E C ~ W &

to know how to do; sometimes depoting the way, custom, usual course, as f S ~ ~ d ~ $ man is morlal.

a$, to be suitubk, as Ern$ cx$, it ir iuitalk to be done. ad, 10 be wordy, deserving of ; as c m q d cue, 10 deaerur to die.

a?, lo remuin, continue, as GC)CU& to continus doing.

q E : , to be re~uctant, averse to, as @&~E:cu& . - ' ta hate to see.

06, to be practicable, as ocp:Gs, it is not poc- ticaBle to go.

to be meel, suita6k,JEt for,as $I 8 & ~ ~ 3 3 9 ? ~

a wonderful aflair. T, similar to 96; frequently euphonia

c m d , to be enough, as 03:cm3dc~3&flm& there is enough to eat.

4 b -6 w @&&3, equivalent to &E a&-

%&. 10 k etiby, as &@=& it i s r o q is do. t5, to dare, as E+&, to dare to do.

3~6, td bl rtlittzble, proper, becoming, as

*=&, it is suitable to say. m, 16 k casy,pkosant, as ~ @ 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 , il b

pleasant to say.

Euphonic J&es.

(arranged alphabetically).

09, when combined with 13, !$$ ; when repeated after a following verb, similar to 4, which see under Qualifying Affixes.

83: or E3:, mostly used before the continuative affix c&m@:, and the assertive future af-

+$& when used for qE. 8; ih C'trtaid combitlations, nutided id &ei# phces. a, mostly used before the participid riflhee,

di&n severat successive participial claudesi @re- cede a noun, in commendatory cfi'scour&

d, conciliator7-polite-respcctEul. co, aher combined with $,a$.

&, mostly used before the assertive affix we, abbreviated to m, in connection with the noun affix $4, as 3j3:3333$4, like on he went;

also, before the closing affix $E: , in, which csae,

it is rather intensive, as $1j1:83&:, there am, c e y many.

a&, mostly used before the continuative afEx ~ 3 3 5 .

cm, when combined with $9 dB, which corn- bination is mostly used b2fore the future affix a s ; when repeated after a following v. rb, it denotes corresponAence or recip ocity, as ~ & C L U C ~ : ~ ^ C ~ , (IS (one ) pursues, (lhe elh;r) runs. qd, mostly used with trans:tive.verbs.

Closing J 'xes . I

q, that, noting indication, viz., nomely (from q, t o ray, drclrrr~, m?on,)-used at the close of a sentence, which is the subject of a subse- quent assertion, as dhSL1~@333& nb wys rhat he knolus,-also, after a word which is explanatory of a subsequent word, as Q&:

~ E c Q ~ ~ ~ ~ c o : w & , he gave (him) the titk of ,Verrahenzuu ;-sometimes it takes a

verbal affix, but ought then to be writteq vi, and parsed as a verb.

, used at the close of a simple sentence,

equivalent to the substantive verb am$, to he, the nominative being generally made by ma:, as s ~ ~ ~ m ~ : c ~ ~ E c ~ o ~ c r S c n & : , hb name is J h n g Louk,-sometimes taking CU,

or coqE immediately before it ;-also, at the close of a parenthetic sentence, or a distinct paragraph, closing in me, (commonly abbre- viated to a,) as %s:mcne:, he went,-

sometimes taking ~ 8 , or m, or qdm im- mediately before it. a&, ditto, at the close of a parenthesis or para-

graph. mcn3:, emphatic, or indicative of some emotion,

as cmz~:mcm:ccu@cnm~:, my li~rlr son ia

dead, alus ! oqa:dcnma:, he goes nol in- deed.

qM3:, sometimes equivalent to 03033:.

q&:, ditto, commonly expressive of regret, ps

GStqccopE:, it is so, slur!

g see under Qualifying Affixes.

CCn3&:r intensive,-rcommonly connected with

the verb by another s@x, as @:coc~~&:, it is greu1 indeed !

or my, expletive, after an assertive af3is, as

a.~:cu&m 9, (obsolete.)

The Pbllowing are colloquial only;-

~$5, soliciting acquiescence, as ~~:cU@J& ~ $ 5 , f mill go, shall I? T:CTC$, go, will you7

CCO, or C O ~ : C ~ , slightly emphatic or persistive,

used after the assertive affixes, as f i a & ~ o 3 :

Cm, it i s cerluinly, or I assure you.

u, or col, familiar,-after the assertive Plhxes.

cm3, or c m 3 C m , ditto, sometimes ssdpl&rs&Pf'hg the assertive affix.

an$,,(poa. $.) denoting that the Wofdiv to khich it is affixed, are the word* of the spaak- ar, as ~7uqq:m& 11 +joSdjz:~$d, I d o n ' l btliev~, I s(ry ; whut will (you) &y next, or repeated from the mouth of another' perm as am&m&, ir is , /re anys.

The negative h made bp preffxidg 06' &e mb, #- bed& its m t i o s ; pwer, b tbe

privilege of occasionally dispensing with the as- sertive affixes, or of conveying an assertive power to the root, or to the qualifying and euphonic ,af- fises, the affixes of number, and the auxiliary affixes of tense, all of which, in affirmative sen- tences, require an assertive affix, thus %3:136, he goes, U3a3: or u%?:q:, he goes not, q 3 :

ocu:mS, he is srill going. uqp:c;u:, he k not get pone, 3a3:$&~&, he can go, uq3:8&, he cannot go.

colloquial discourse, a strong negative is sometimes made by affixing $ : 0 3 : to ihe root, or

@q:, contraction of h1~$4:, to an assertive JLir, er ~:I:COZI:, or 3a3:~$$4:, hr gQu not.

VERBS USED SUBSTANTIVELY.

Verbs terminating in the assertive affix CO&

(occasionally changed to 33, C333 or ~332,) are frequently used substantively, and in that char- acter, admit the noun affixes. Verbs tzrminatiag in an assertive affix of tense, are capable of bebg used in the same manner, but the termination

or cm:, is, in some cases, superadded b them for the substantive constntqdon.

Examples.

9:33 q!$m$j or q33:35gm3:y!35& it - 8 is rag111 or k'rie (htrl he goes.

%3:m&c93& ( c a d being a verb,) or 9 3 : 3 , 2 5 ~ + 3 & , - J clf'er he goes.

q 3 : m e q 8 x $ , be k~gocs that he goes.

3a~:m@!j6cm3E, . - (4 or 4 understood,)

adj~: or 33 :~~s =0qE:, ac- cording (1s he gocJs. N . B. When verbs are constructed with a following noun, the posses- sive affix di is commonly omitted, as 333:=&

9348, the pluce o f goijrg, or the pkrec where

he goes, 3 a 3 : c u ~ s a l , the time of going, or when he goes ; ~ ~ : c v $ ~ % o $ , while he goes;

%3:~0$55~@36: , the reuson of going; 3a3:m$g &zq, in the sume 9nonner ar ha

; q 3 3 : ~ 3 ) 3 ~ 3 : 6 5 , by means of going; &c. -

w : $ c ~ ? ~ I , (with the assertive future affix,) in ordtr lo g c .

w: CX)C @e, becuuse he goes.

%2=& $, ditto,-colloquial.

V:S&, by means of going, when b gOe8.

3a3:33&$, with going, when he goes.

q33:~0&5?~$, in accordance with the going. 333:33@~6, 3, or 93, in going, while he goes.

%3:mGm, or 9, fm going.

3a3:33Cj?4, like as he goes.

qa:ccmmyy6, ditto. 333:~0&&, ditto. 3a3:3)64q, n little like, &c

VERBAL NOUNS.

When a verb used substantively, and connected, by the affix 4, with a following noun, whose ini- tial is a syllabic m, drops both the noun affix, and the verbal, and takes the noun into union with it- self, by rejecting or modifying the initial letter, the abbreviated compound becomes a verbal noun of the same import as the original clause, thus 333:33gd95d becomes %3:d, the dime of

going ; c + = @ ~ % o & c+o$, while remain- ing; ~@333&di530, ~ 6 3 % the heginning of speaking.

Several classes of verbal nouns, on account of their frequent occurrence, deserve particular mention.

r / /

1. The rerbal in @&:, fmm so@EZ, ur a& dsed, denotes action or being, in the abstr* ss %3:@6; going, cm3&:@6:, being g o d

2. The verbal in c.p, from ST, a rhhg, rub7 ject, maltcr, denotes the object of an action, dr the place, where a thing is, or is done, as 36md 9 an object of love; C ~ T , a remaining pLce; 8 $ @ 6 ~ , a place of tttro~uinp. away.

3. The verbaI in T, from mq3 or -9, what isjor, commonly written O G ~ , the verbal in 4 or 4, fiom -4, a portion, and the verb$ in 4 (from q!$~s, to ayqwop4-iate,) denote vbsr is for same purpose, as 0390T, what is fm eat..

iw, or to be aka; (324, what is to 86 hwkd a ; GqF, whof is to be done.

4 Tbe verbal in gd or @, mecianra $Q&, fmm agd, whet is saimbk, d e n o t ~ what is fit br, adapted to, or worthy of s o m e w o r p p s e , u m:~aa6, what is good to mt, M;

a * ( ~ b l e ; $3~8, whal is wonderful ; ~$036 Q&, ~ h u t is lovely. But this verbal seems h quently to partake of the nature of an adjective. N. B. The terminations au?: or ow$:, a*

cording to one acceptation, &, o& and

w of similar import with the termination %&, kt medin a bad sense only. Several of these are sometimes combined, as &08, (Q euphonic,) og&c8, figdc8ao$:, what is disgusting.

'Ibe terminations c ~ f ; according to m&r aoceptatim, &p$: or 333$:, and am& form r&ds denoting nearness of accomplishent, oe- casionally taking before them, as cmEouf: orom3&qoof: , .rot is near Bar*; R6cq w&, what is neur sinking; q f u d , near- ,& dke d o l e .

The termination %:, !:$:, m o$:, followed by a verb expressive of opinion, denotes what is likely to take place, sometimes admitting an aflx &tense between itself and the root, as ~ ~ 3 3

cgcrSQ:$:ooEm$, or ccpnSo$ig:$:mE we, he thinks that the abip miU $robg.b# ar- rive.

5. There are several other verbals, forpled .h nouas, which being obsolete, or n e w w- a n i n g in their full form, or in any other q- rherztioa, cannot be so satkfkctody a n a l y M aa most of the preceding ; thus the verb4 in q,t:, & d w p &om sq$:, n'w Jeiwg. dww 3*

tihe of action or being, as %J:T$:~& or q,: q$:d, equivalent to 3a3:0&Q6, or 333:0g

4, the time of going, while going. The verbal in $ perhaps from me, just so

much and no more, confines the action or being to what is expressed by the root, as c@~c& +&, or ~ @ 3 q ~ @ ~ & he just speoks, i. e. does no more than speaking.

The particle is of somewhat similar import

with Q, as q&rn3c( j3m& he speaks aUurive- l' merely ; C@ 033 8 953 1 Gc, by means of speaking merely.

The verbal formative y?:, from y ?, to be right, true, is used chiefly in negative sentences, as 8~pd9$:4~&, or ~ c p d ~ $ : o & , (he) knows not the fact of the arrival. It is sometimes used without a verbal root, as q ~ : g$: o & 11 mcp: Y$:~&, (he) knows nothing about God or re& gion.

6. Beside verbal nouns formed from verbs used substantively, there is another kind which may be termed the honorific verbal, formed by combi- ning the verbal root with the adjective C C X ~ . Thig verbal, followed by the verb %3s&, ro do, per-

form, is always used instead of the simple serb,

in speaking becomingly of deities, kings, or any exalted personages, as Q$c& ~338, (&he dri- ty or king) speaks, literally, does dioine or royal yeaking-, ~ ' $c&LJ~ , ite qeoks not.

Most verbal nouns retain the same power of government as their verbs, that is, cause the pre- ceding noun to take the same affix, as their verbs do, as c ~ ~ ~ S ~ C U ~ ~ Q Q X & lte makes a begin-

ning of rehearsing the rat, m 3 d ~ c m 3 c d q a& he rehearse^ the rat , or he does reitearsing

dhe ra t ; but some, particularly the verbal in @:, govern the preceding noun in the possessive, as

a~djbcwm@b:, the rehearsing- of the rat .

ADVERBS.

Adverbs are of nine kinds, viz :- 1. Adverbs proper, as em$, certainly, ~ C W .

m3:, in vain, cu3:cu3:, an intensive before a ne-

gativk, as c\n:cu3:~~63, he soys nothing at all,

36, rather, prefixed to adjectives, formed fmm .verbal roots by reduplication.

2. Pronominal adjectives used to modify a following verb, as m33dqcpmqe:, hoe does

(he) remain ? ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ , (he) remains thus; or combined with a secondary noun and similarly

I applied, as ~ c c o ~ o ~ @ : ~ J @ : ; br kryp

is (it)? m $ m c m ~ n S , properly m$a$cmclr @:cog, (it) is so large. HOW ? in what manna? and thrls, ill this manner, are also expressed, by combining pronominals, lightly accented, with joS, manner, as +joS, how ? m&O5, thus.

3. Adverbs formed ii-om simple or verbs 4

(I) from simple verbs-

--bg prefixing -, s%f@:3~2, to 5e M).

great, s q E 3 a 3 : , go pick; -by affixing 83; as cm3E:s3 , me#; -by reduplication. a i cm3E:cm3&:, well; -by reduplication, with XI or m prefixed, as s

63i@:, W Z ~ ~ O U S ~ mdd, by t u r ~ ;

-by reduplication, with rn prefixed to each member, as & ? ~ ~ 3 8 : , seporatdy ;-

(2) fmm compound verbs-

-by affixing 83, as crn36:@0393, ~ d h t + ;

i b y prefixing to each member, as s3o$s

8 6, penally, by way o j punishment ;

-b prdixing e3 to the first member, md .@

ra the litter, as S C Z O ~ ~ ~ ~ E , quick~tj, s~

@ d m $ : , afectionalely; -by prefixing s or to the first, and redupli-

eating the latter, as s ~ q E @ v @ $ , fust, m q:QSqS, anxioulsZy ;

-by prefixing s to the first, and to the lat- - - ter reduplicated, as =c%:m@E@E, fro- gruntly ;

--by reduplicating both members, as q:q: a$: m$:, extmordi:iariZy ;

--by prefixing s or to each member redu-

plicated, as scq:q:%30$:mf:, ditto, a,

m&co~mqosQns, circuitousl!,; -by prefixing m or o (pron. o and a) to eacb

member, as wcspnfimqrfi, disorde~ly, 0

q$:oqE:, turmrltuously. Under this head, may be classed a few of ano-

malous construction, made up in imitation of some of the above forms, as s y d ~ ~ $ , witliout notice, ~q:mq, as having power, c@~dco$rn@x,

frghtedly, S S C ~ : Q C & : in expc tnnu of pay- ment ; also a few formed from negatives, by aBx- mg chiming increments, as ocm!)&:mq?&:, nd well, u yn u, not handam, not agredk

4. Adverbs formed from verbal roots, by re- duplication, prefixing the negative d, to the first

member, and rn to the second, thus intending to convey both the ideas of affirming and denying, as b i c c ~ d r n c m ~ r / j , just enough and hardy that, ugmg, just reaching and ye t not quite reaching.

5. Adverbs formed from a certain class of compound verbs, by affixing a d , or a$, or @D!

a d , denoting collision, as cT&q&aC6@3& do beliaoe disorderly, a$:c18:d$@d&m$, to make a disturbance.

6. Adverbs formed from nouns by reduplica- tion, dropping the syllabic a, in the latter mem- ber, if it is the initial of the noun, and prefixing it to the former member, if the noun begins with a consonant, as A d , repeatedly, from ~ d , a

time ; -44, of one's own accord, from 934, will, pleasure ; ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 6 : ~ ~ 3 6 : , tens of thou-

ronds, from -cm2E':, ten thousand; ~ 6 s Gg. of various countries, or from country to

country, from (js, a county.

N. B. Adverbs formed from verbs or nouns are sometimes used adjectively, as s~ 6 3 : 83:

~3~3m~/336:04, various reasons, &j@e c ~ x J E : ~ , kings of oariuur countriett.

7. Adverbs formed from nouns, beginning with a syllabic 9, by dropping the m, prefixing m, ,

one, and affixing me:, only, as ~$JW$:, even, ail together, Born m$, evenness, uniJormity.

8. Inconlplete clauses, as amd6 certain-

ly, for am66 64; = q:%@c, exceedingly,

fix mq:@Scl;@~. 9. Adverbial affixes, as follows:-

qg:, only, tnrrely, notlting but, as q4g&:; men only, nothing bul men, %3:33&&:, h. only goes, does nothitlg but go.

08, eucn, slightly emphatic.

8, each, as mcw3nS8, each one, 4.058, ditto;

apiece, as mq8, one apiue.

~ C O , same as 36:. - as:, used to designate an object with some

particularity, as 8 8 ~ 3 : C&~CY@:CO:CU$,

he gives to his youngest son,-particularly- or in distinction Born the others ;-in this sense, used frequently, in connection with q C W ,

or q, after a word explanatory of a subs+ a

quent word, as ~n>3E:#m$j*~cmx@c9, reed-grain, which means merit, cu3Ecm3nS m$:qno@flmg, l t t has the name of Noung Lozrk ;-used also, in asking questions, to designate the point on which the question turns, and frequently repeated after those words or clauses, in successive questions, which are int:nded to be set adversatively, as %I&:

~ C C U ~ , do .you wish lo eat cold fruit or hot?

c ? g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ : ~ ~ ~ : 0 & 3 ~ c m 5 ~ m cm3n ~s~ms~mqmqq:qs3aUS~~03~: )S~:uw~~drnSymccm, ia thy mind dir- tressed, because there is some fault in me, or be- cause there is some cause of concern in lhee?

08, even, slightly emphatic. m d , ditto,-colloquial.

g, (from m g as much as,) frequently pmn. 9 used as an intensive, in negative sentences, as m d q 3 u & there is not so nlucli as unr per-

son, or there is not even one person; 33033

C48(.49, or briefly m39619, (he) oblaSns noth-

ing a t all; C T ( I S ~ ~ @ ~ ~ J C ) ~ , ( h e ) know, not even of the arrival; sometimes expletive,

as R$:CLE:adj31&mpS, to make a disturb- m c e .

cog:, nlso; sometimes used familiarly for the

. continuative affix q& mg:crnrre:, Loth-and, placed after other af-

fixes, and repeated at the close of successive clauses, as c ~ c ~ E c z o ~ : ~ ~ E @ E c o ~ , he sees bath me trnd my son ; in judicial language, equivalent to the pronominal adjective 4, that, as gEcb that dny, qE)e:, in the same mnn- npr. q&, distributive, as ~ N ~ E C X ) ~ : , o basket

a rn,,nth ; sometimes definitive or em*. . r, .,.7', ,,

333, only .

Verbal affixes are used adverbially, when placed after an adverbial or noun affix. The same is true of noun affixes, when placed after a verbal or adverbial affix.

The noun affix m2: is sometimes used empha-

tically after another noun affix, as c n q d q r n a : ~$&u?xcco~, can y o u indeed bear the beating? also repeated after successive clauses, intended to be set adversatively, as C@ s~ @& 8 m?: @& ~3mpSn cqobtjm~:w@&$E, on t h ~ landy it (r easy t o ore ; in the tualer, we cannot occ.

INTERJECTIONS. A few of the most common are as follows:--

-& ah! expressive of pain. s u S y WJUSCN; m~dQ:cm:, motirm! den

noting surprize or distress. SIN&, s3%dcm:, alus ! expressive of pain. -4, 9 qcm:, oh! ulus ! denoting sorrow or

distress. as:, pron. eh, yes ! expressive of assent. cm, don't, clisapprobatory-prohibitive.

~q cW, an haa ! contemptuous. C9;3=, Cm:Cm:, yes! q3-a that's right. csa3 o ! of various applications.

C S X - 3 , o! expressive of satisfaction. CS~, oh! q, o! vocative, or indicative of pain. 6 ~ 3 , there now! expressive of disapprobation.

cw?, here ! take it ! m3:m3:, threatening. m d , wontlerful! rather ironical or disapprobatory. '

333 8, well done ! cm, haa ! a familiar vocative, rather disrespectfut

C W ~ , there ! pointing to an object.

APPENDIX. NUMERALS.

Cardinal. Ordinal.

6 , or , e, me, o ~ o , first,

9 8, J, twos second, q:, i), three, CYX~CN, third, cm:, 5, four, ~qa, fourth,

GI :, 3, five, Of$p', Mh, ~ 3 3 0 3 , 0, six, a s ~ 3 , sixth,

3 6 , seven, 3.383 0, seventh, 36, O, eight, SCJJ, eighth,

@, Q, nine, q o u , ninth, 03300S, 3 0 , ten, 3 3 3 0 , tenth, o>;aoSmS, 3 3, elmen, c m ~ s m ~ , e l m m * , m a o o j j 6,3 J , rtuelve, kc. $szau, t ~ e y t h .

j 6 3 3 d , JO, t ( ~ ~ n @ / ~

* a d , po, thirty, kc.

cncp, 300, onc hundred, 0 3 ~ ~ 3 & , 3000, onc thousand, 03~3536:~ 30000, ten thourand, ad${ 300000, one hundred thoward ,

am$:, 3000000, one mi&,

C n q C p , 30000000, idn *I).

ab

One half is expressed by 0300% placed after the noun of dimension or quantity, as cx;1~332cx od, halfa yoozuna; one and a half, two and a

half, &c. by 03,~6, kc. placed before, and 3 af- ter, as ( n ~ . J @ ) 3 9 . one yoozunlr a ~ t d a half, 3& 049933, two yoozunas and a half, kc. One and a quarter, k c . is expressed by prefixing my &c. and affixing oj8d, connected to the noun,

by $, as m ~ p 3 3 ~ c n 8 d, one yoozuna and a quurter, &c. All fractions, except one half, are commonly expressed by the help of r~q , a COC Zection; thus q:qc~$mq, one ilrird, cm:qq& mq, one quarter, ~ 7 : q ~ E ~ $ i : q , t / troej j th*

TIME.

The true epoch of Burman time is the annihi- lation of Gaudama, the last Boodh or deity, which is placed five hundred and forty-four years before Christ; but the vulgar epoch is placed eleven hundred and eighty-two years later, or six hun- dred and thirty-eight years after Christ.

Time is measured by lunar months, consisting of twenty-nine and thirty days alternately. TweM lunar months make .a common year, and e v q

third year admits an intercalar month of thirty days. The names of the months are as follows:-

&q:, JpriZ, (nearly,) mo?&:o;lid, October,

"q$, My, cn$c303Eq$:, XOV~CT.

SY$~ June, 3 d c d , Decem ber,

07 4, Julyy 634~6, JUYLULI y, 07cd &, Jugust, 4$$, Februa y, ccn5xm&:, September, mcd 6:, ,?larch.

&q: consists of twenty-nine days, m q $ of thirty, and so on. In leap-year, tne month 07 4 is repeated, under the name of ?&O~O~CJ!$,

second Jtily.

A month is distinguished into two parts, the waning, ma!$:, and the wane, C@~CC%$-

The full moon, COGS, falls on the fifteenth of the 4

waxing, after which a new count of days begins, and the change or disappearing of the moon, co cad, falls on the fourteenth or fifteenth of the wane.

The days of worship are the eighth of the. waxing, the full, the eighth of the wane, and the change..

Time is also divided into weeks, or periods ot reven days, which are, of course, independent d

the Iunar arrangement, and follow the same order, that obtains in all other parts of the world, vie.

Ac$. Sunday, @-JE~uc~ : , Thur8dt.y. m$a, onda day, c ~ a n S @ 3 , fiw, =?$I, Tuesday, O C ~ , Saturhy, qay:, Wednesady.

The day and the night are each divided into four periods, which as they terminate, are desig- nated by their appropriate beat of drum. The single beat, mgdd3:, accords with 9 o'doct,

morning or evening; the double beat, S6bU"S&:, accords with 12 o'clock ; the triple beat, q:%& a:, with 3 o'clock; and the quadruple beat, cm: q"S&:, with 6 o'clock.

A natural day is also divided into sixty equal parts, called pa$ which are again subject to va- rious subdivisions, seldom used but in astrological works.

WEIGHTS.

rp&c~; the seed of the a b m precatorius, mark- ed (c,), as q, cmg(:.

ca:@:, the seed of the adenanthera paroninn, double the weight of the above, marked 'tbo mm&

8 g & c ~ : , or 4 cg:@: make one b great, mark- ed ('), as 3, ~ b .

6 ~ E c Q : , or 3 c a:@: make one b small, mark- ed the same.

4 b great, or 5 b small make one u d , marked

('1, as 3, mod.

4 a d make one q8, marked (?), as 5, mq&. 100 make one 8 ~ 0 3 ~ marked (71, or (7),

as 51, or 37, ~ Q X X X I .

N. B. The term La& is substituted for 83553, in connection with any capital number above ten, as s ~ a n S ~ S a u S for SmspEmoS, twenty pikthuhs. Tkn p ik lhds is written s2 &cn3~&,

or ~ 1 o S 8 3 ~ 3 . Also,

2 b great make one q: great, marked (11)~ a 3 my:.

8 9: great make one q8. 2 3 small make one q: small, marked as above 10 y: small make one q b .

MEASURES OF LENGTH.

9 ~ ~ 6 or cod&, a jinger's b r e a d 4 marked ('1, as 5, ms6.

8 356 make one qd, marked ('1, as 9. 12 one q 3 , marked (I), as 31.

q3 one ~0236, marked ('), as 5. 4 cm3E one c6. 7 6m3& one 033, marked (q), as 37. 1000 m3 one 46. 6400 m:, one q@p.

Also,

20 cn9 make one zmm. 20 p m one c m 3 ~ .

4 ~03333 one 01 qd. 4, 019& one u;1093. '8: B. According to the royal cubit, which

measures 19 1-2 English inches, a yoozqna is 13 1-2 English miles.

MEASURES O F CAPACITY.

om&, or q !$ :OX, a srnoll measure, marked ('), as 3, mom&.

4 om& make one 68, marked (' ), as 5. G$ one 0803.

2 o a d one 8 03, marked (O), as 9. 2 805 one 2. 2 2, or 16 62 one d:, marked (r), as 6.

POSTCRIPT.

Notwithstanding the notice in the preface, the work has been so long in passing through the press, that a great part has been re-written, The following corrigenda and udhndo also have oc- curred :-

Page 8, line 10, for modq, read ~ ~ 0 5 9 .

10, 3, for WOE, -WOF 10 6, ditto.

15, 4, For rn8 c333,--cu8: C X ~ ~

16, 14, ditto.

23, 6, for 0 $ ~ 6 : , -O$:T~.

23, between odq: and me, insert the following items :-

5503:, s t tad ; 4&03:, instead of self.

sq, likeness; qqG:q, in like msnner.

mcm3c6, about so much, (obsolete);

EC~XY~@:CO& to be about ar large ar a ma%

Page 24, line 1 9 for co& read qfcc&

Page 42, line 2, for mag:, read 3~&4. Page 47, instead of the present definition of

d d j , read thus :- d d j , (from ~ U S , to be still, quiet,) to be quiet,

unmoved, though the occasion calls for exertion, as cqa80Scu&, to remain unmooed

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