Grammar Book

Gumersindo Bentley

Table of contents• Present tense –ar,-er/-

ir• Stem changers• Irregular “yo”• Saber vs. Conocer• Reflexives• “Se” impersonal• Dipthongs with

accents• Verbs like –ger/-gir, -

vir/-guir, -cer/-cir

• Hace +(time expression)+ que + _______

• Imperfect• Cucharacha• Spock Verbs• Snake/Snakeys• El Futuro• Comparatives/Superlatives

Present tense –ar,-er/-ir

-ar (caminar) -er (comer) -ir (escribir)

Yo Camino Como Escribo

Tú Caminas Comes Escribes

Ello/Ella Camina Come Escribe

Nosotros Caminamos Comemos Escribimos

Ellos/Ellas Caminan Comen Escriben

Ser Vs. Estar

Ser/ Permanent• Description• Origins• Characteristics• Time• Occupation• Relationships• Possession• Events • Dates

Estar/ Temporary• Health• Emotion• Location• Present Condition• -Ar goes to –ando• -er/-ir goes to –endo/-yendo

Irregular “yo”

• Oir-oigo• Poner-pongo• Salir-salgo• Hacer-hago• Tener-tengo

Stem Changers

o-uealmorzar

e-iconsegiur

e-ieempezar

Yo Almuerzo Consigo Empiezo

Tú almuerzas Consigas Empiezas

Èl/ella Almuerza Consiga empieza

Nostros almorzamos Conseguimos Empezamos

Ellos/ellas almuerzan Consigan empiezan

Saber vs. Conocer

Saber• To know a fact or how to do something.

Conocer• To know someone.

Reflexives

• Me Me peino el pelo.• Te Te peinas el pelo.• Se Ella se peina el pelo.• Nos Nos peinamos el pelo.• Se Ellos se peinan el pelo.

Dipthongs with accents

Strong Vowels• Always make their own syllable• o, a, e• Examples

– Hablar– España– Correro

Weak Vowels• Are only their own syllable if they are

surrounded by strong vowels• i/y, u• Examples

– Fútbol– Cine

Verbs like –ger/-gir, -cer/-cir

-ger/-gir• Escoger

– escojo

• Protoger– protejo

-cer/-cir• Conducir

– conduzco

• Producir– produzco

• Traducir– traduzco

Imperfect Tense

• What used to happen or is happening at the time of narration– Los pajaros cantaban

• Describe people in the past tense– Mi mama tenia una cara bonita y era muy amable

• Describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a feeling in the past– Yo pensaba que él era muy tonto

• Express a time of day in the past– Eran las ocho de la noche

• Describing an action that was happening when interrupted by another action– Comíamos cuando el nos llamó

• To set the stage, describe a situation or setting– El sol brillaba nacia un tiempo muyagradable y todos estaban muy

contentos.

Imperfect ending chartir ser ver

iba era veía

ibas eras veías

iba era veía

ibamos eramos veíamos

iban eran veían

Trigger Words:• Nunca• Siempre• A veces• Todos los dias

Cucaracha

• Andar-Anduve• Estar-Estuve• Poder-Pude• Poner-Puse• Querer-Quise• Sabe-Supe• Tener-Tuve

•Venir-Vine•Conducir-Conduje• Producir-Produje•Traduce-Traduje•Traer-Traje•Decir-Dice

Spock Verbs

o Hacer

-Hice/Hiciste/Hizo/Hicimos/HicieronΔ Dar/Ver

-D/V: i/iste/io/imos/ieron

Ir/Ser

-Fui/Fuiste/Fue/Fuimos/Fueron

Snake/SnakeysDecir

Dormi Dormimos

Dormiste

Durmio Durmieron

Pedir

Pedi Pedimos

Pediste

Pidio Pidieron

El futuro• Irregular Future Verbs

-Decir; Dir- To say

-Haber; Habr- There to be [impersonal]; to have [helping verb]

-Hacer; Har- To make, do

-Poder; Podr- To put, place, set

-Querer; Querr- to want, love

-Saber; Sabr- To know [fact], know how [+ infinitive]

-Salir; Saldr- To leave, go out

-Tener; Tendr- To have

-Valer; Valdr- To be worth

-Venir; Vendr- To come

E Emos

As

A An

Comparatives/Superlatives

Menos + Adjective + Que

Mas + Adjective + Que

El/La Mas + Adjective + De

El Menos + Adjective + De

Part 2

Table of Contents

• Preterite vs Imperfect• Future vs Conditional• Por• Para• Por vs Para• Commands• DOP

• Present Perfect

• Subjunctive

•Adverbs

• Se Impersonal• Progressives with

Ir/Andar/Seguir

Preterite vs ImperfectPreterite:

Used for past actions that are seen as completed.

Preterite Ar

é amos

aste asteis

ó aron

Preterite Er/Ir

í imos

iste isteis

ío ieron

Imperfect Er/Ir

é amos

aste asteis

ó aron

Imperfect Ar

aba abamos

abas

aba aban

Imperfect:

Used when the past action did not have a definite beginning or end.

Future vs Conditional

• express probability or possibility, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

Future

-é -emos

-ás -án

-á

Conditional

-ía -íamos

-ías -ían

-ía

• Used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.

Por

• Expressing movement along, through, around, by or about• Denoting a time or duration when something occurs• Expressing the cause of an action• Meaning per• Meaning supporting or in favor of• Introducing the agent of an action after a passive verb• Indicating means of transportation

Para

• Meaning for the purpose of or in order to• With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning

for the benefit of or directed to• Meaning to or in the direction of when

referring to a specific place• Meaning by or for when referring to a

specific time

Por vs Para

Para• Meaning for the purpose of or in

order to• With a noun or pronoun as object,

meaning for the benefit of or directed to

• Meaning to or in the direction of when referring to a specific place

• Meaning by or for when referring to a specific time

Por• Expressing movement along, through,

around, by or about• Denoting a time or duration when

something occurs• Expressing the cause of an action• Meaning per• Meaning supporting or in favor of• Introducing the agent of an action after

a passive verb• Indicating means of transportation

Commands• Tú

– Positive: Drop the ‘s’ of the second tú form.• Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

– Negative: Put it in the ‘yo’ form and change the ending to the opposite vowel, add an ‘s’• Irregulars: TVDISHES

• Usted– Put it in the ‘yo’ form and change the ending to the

opposite vowel.– Irregulars: TVDISHES

• Nosotros– Put it in the ‘nosotros’ form, add the opposite ending– Irregulars: TVDISHES

DOP

• The direct object pronouns are: me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las.

• The indirect object pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, les.

• If the IOP is le or les and the DOP is lo, la, los, or las, the le or les changes to se.

Present Perfect

• The present perfect tense is first formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber.“

• add the past participle of the verb you want to use by adding –ado or –ido to the end.

Haber

He Hemos

Has Han

Ha

Subjunctive

• Verb tense that shows emotion or a mood.• Used to express WEDDING:

Wish, want

Emotion

Doubt

Denial

Impersonal expression

Negation, non-existing

God, guess• It is formed the same way as usted commands- ‘yo’ form, opposite

vowel.

Adverbs

• Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.

• Adding –mente is similar to –ly at the end of English adverbs.

• Exceptions to –menteMuy = veryNunca = neverPeor = worsePoco = littleBastante = quiteDemasiado = tooMal = badlyMucho = a lotSiempre = always

Se Impersonal

• The tense when you aren’t really referring to anyone specific are called impersonal expressions.

• In Spanish, you add the pronoun ‘se’ in front of the verb you are using.

• Se is used to avoid specifying the person who is preforming the action of the verb

• When you are using the se impersonal, you always conjugate the verb as “usted” (third person)

Progressives with Ir/Andar/Seguir

• Ir + present participle= slowly but surely ___-ing.

• Andar + present participle= is going around ___-ing.

• Seguir +present participle= is still ___-ing.