Grammar Writing Lecture 7

1Carnegie MellonSchool of Computer Science LTI Grammars and Lexicons

Copyright © 2007, Carnegie Mellon. All Rights Reserved.

Grammar WritingLecture 7

11-721

Grammars and Lexicons

Teruko Mitamura

[email protected]/~teruko



Schedule: November 28

• Q/A on Grammar Writing Project

• Q/A sessions by TA

• Equations

• Finish Japanese Grammar exercise (jpn.gra)

• Start a new grammar



*UNDEFINED* and *DEFINED*

• The word *UNDEFINED* and *DEFINED* can be used on the right hand side of an equation.

• *UNDEFINED* makes sure that the left hand side of the equation has no value.

• *DEFINED* makes sure that the left hand side of the equation has a value.

((x1 negation) = *UNDEFINED*)



Assigning Multiple Values• Multiple values can be assigned to a feature.• Use the grater-than sign (>) in place of the equal

sign.• If the following rule applies recursively, the pp-

adjunct function will have several different values at the same time:

(<S> <==> (<S> <PP>) ((x0 = x1) ((x0 pp-adjunct) > x2))) ; This rule should

come last.• Multiple rule is sensitive to rule ordering



Grammar Exercise (Japanese Grammar)

• Free word-order language• SOV language• Case markers determine grammatical relations (ga, wo, ni, de, etc)• Grammar file: jpn.gra• Test files: jpn-test1.lisp/afs/cs/project/cmt-55/lti/Lab/Modules/GNL-721/2007/



Japanese Lexicon nichiyoubi (Sunday) nyuuyooku (New York) hoomuran (home run) itta (went) utta (hit-past) Hideki, Ichiro (person’s name) ga (NOM case) wo (ACC case) ni (Time-on) ni (Loc-to) e (Loc-to) de (Loc-at)



Japanese Examples

Nichiyoubi ni Hideki ga Nyuuyook e itta.Sunday on Hideki NOM New York to go PAST

“Hideki went to New York on Sunday.”

Nichiyoubi ni Nyuuyooku e Hideki ga itta.Hideki ga nichiyoubi ni Nyuuyooku e itta.Hideki ga Nyuuyooku e nichiyoubi ni itta.Nyuuyooku e Hideki ga nichiyoubi ni itta.Nyuuyooku e nichiyoubi ni Hideki ga itta.



Japanese Examples (2)

Hideki ga Nyuuyooku e ittaNyuuyooku e Hideki ga ittaNichiyoubi ni Nyuuyooku e ittaNyuuyooku e nichiyoubi ni ittaHideki ga nichiyoubi ni ittaNichiyoubi ni Hideki ga ittaHideki ga ittaNyuuyooku e ittaNichiyoubi ni itta



Japanese Example

Nichiyoubi ni Ichiro ga hoomuran wo utta.Sunday on Ichiro NOM home run ACC hit-PAST

“Ichiro hit a home run on Sunday.”



Ungrammatical Sentences

• You can’t have two nominatives or accusatives in a sentence. (jpn-test1.lisp)

*Hideki ga nichiyoubi ga itta

*Hideki ga Hideki ga itta

*Hideki ga hoomuran ga utta

*Hideki wo hoomuran wo utta



Japanese Grammar

• Use of recursive rules

(<S> < == > (<NP> <S>)

(<S> < == > (<V>)



Recursive Rules

S

NP S

NP S

N P N P V

Hideki ga Nyuuyooku e itta



Japanese Grammar (2)

• “ni” is ambiguous in Japanese

Time-on, Loc-to

Nichiyoubi ni itta (went on Sunday)

Nyuuyooku ni itta (went to New York)

• “ni” and “e” can be used for Loc-to

Nyuuyooku ni/e itta (went to New York)



Japanese grammar exercise

• Grammar file: /afs/cs/project/cmt-55/lti/Lab/Modules/GNL721/2007/jpn.gra

• Test file:

jpn-test1.lisp




• “ni” is ambiguous in Japanese

Time-on, Loc-to

Nichiyoubi ni itta (went on Sunday)

Nyuuyooku ni itta (went to New York)

• “ni” and “e” can be used for Loc-to

Nyuuyooku ni/e itta (went to New York)




• “de” is Loc-in/Loc-at with action verbs

Nyuuyooku de tabeta (ate in New York)

CMU de tabeta (ate at CMU)

Nyuuyooku de hoomuran wo utta

(hit hoomuran in New York)



Ungrammatical Sentences (2)

“itta (went)” doesn’t take Loc-at/in “de”

*Nyuuyooku de itta (*went in/at New York)

“tabeta (ate)” doesn’t take Loc-to “ni/e”

*Nyuuyooku ni/e tabeta (*ate to New York)

Time expression doesn’t take Loc-at, Loc-to

*Nichiyoubi de/e itta (*went at/to Sunday)

*Nichiyoubi de/e utta (*hit at/to Sunday)

*Nichiyoubi de/e tabeta (*ate at/to Sunday)



Ungrammatical Sentences (3)

• Wrong case marker (jpn-test2.lisp) Nyuuyooku ni/e itta (Loc-to) *Nyuuyooku de itta (Loc-at) Nyuuyooku de tabeta (Loc-at) *Nyuuyooku ni/e tabeta (Loc-to) Nichiyoubi ni itta/tabeta (Time-on) *Nichiyoubi de itta/tabeta (Loc-at) *Nichiyoubi e itta/tabeta (Loc-to)



Japanese grammar exercise

• Grammar file: /afs/cs/project/cmt-55/lti/Lab/Modules/GNL721/2007/jpn.gra

• Test file:

jpn-test2.lisp

• Work on test2 and test-fail2

• Run test1 to see if it is still working



Questions?

Grammar Writing Lecture 7

Documents

Transcript of Grammar Writing Lecture 7