(Grammar ) Second Year By: Dhissgiza.com/corse/loghat/l-2.1.pdf · 2020-03-31 · (duck is fatter...
Transcript of (Grammar ) Second Year By: Dhissgiza.com/corse/loghat/l-2.1.pdf · 2020-03-31 · (duck is fatter...
(Grammar )
Second Year By: D.Mona
Chapter ۱ Page ۱۱ (exercises ۳) :
*Identify the word class of each of the following words:
(noun) Nationality (adjective)National
(noun) Pleasure (verb) stink
(adjective) helpless (adjective)Inclusive
(adjective) passionate (noun)Passion
)(noununity (verb)unite
(adjective) measurable un)(nomeasure
(noun) leakage ) (verbleak
(adjective) possible (noun) sanction
(verb) endanger (noun)danger
(adjective) Visible (noun)vision
Chapter ۲ Page ۱۹ , ۲۰ (Exercises ۲) :
*In each of the following sentences,indicate whether the underlined noun is count or non-count.
(count)to make. comment. Ithought it was a strange ۱
you gave to the detective was very information. The ۲count)-(nonmisleading.
(count) at college. music. Jean is studying ۳
count)-(noun. brandy. Ilike ٤
count)-(non,please. brandy. I'll have a ٥
count)-(non . industry. Oil is essential for ٦
(count)gives us milk. A cow. ۷
Ucount)-(nounUis the root of all evil. UMoneyU. ۸
th ۲۰is one of the greatest inventions of the UTelevisionU. ۹ U(count)U century.
(count)Uis usually made of wood. UFurnitureU. ۱۰
count)-(nonUis the key to wealth. UBusinessU. ۱۱
(count)U. UbusinessU. He has a small ۱۲
Chapter ۲ Page ۲۰,۲۱ (Exercises ۳) : *Change the nouns into plural : ۱. Would you give me a loaf of bread, please?
, please?)ould you give me loafs of bread(w
۲. My son-in-law is a good man. law are good men)-in-(My sons
۳. He is a wolf in a sheep's clothing. (They are walfs in sheeps' clothing)
٤. Let me forget the past and turn over a new leaf. (let me forget the past and turn over the new leaves) ٥. A little child needs special Care. (the little children need special care) ٦. What a nice shirt! (what the nice shirts!)
۷. Give this to the secretary, please. (give these to the secretary, please)
۸. A man is physically stronger than a Woman. (the men are physically stronger than the women)
۹. A cow gives us milk. (the cows give us milk)
۱۰. A lion is a dangerous animal. (the lions are dangerous animals)
Chapter ۲ Page ۲۱,۲۲(Exercise ٤):
*Change the following into singular:
۱. When the cats are away, the mice play. (when the cat is away, the mouse play)
۲. Some thieves broke into our house yesterday. (a thief broke into our house yesterday)
۳. Sheep cannot run as fast as the wolves, and so the sheep were easily caught by the wolves. (sheep cannot run as fast as the wolf and so the sheep was easily caught by the wolf)
٤. Oxen are of more value than buffaloes to farmers. (Ox is of more value than buffalo yo farmer)
٥. The feet of men are bigger than those of women.
(the foot of man is bigger than that of woman)
٦. Ducks are fa_er than geese. (duck is fatter than goose)
۷. My daughters-in-law are very nice ladies. law is very nice lady)-in-(my daughter
۸. There are some chairs in the dining-rooms. room)-(there is a chair in the dining
۹. My grandsons are very naughty children. (my grandson is very naughty child)
Chapter ۲ Page ۲۲,۲۳ (Exercise ٥): *Fill in the spaces with ('s),or (') where necessary:
clothes shop. 's . This is a man۱
widding was so great. 's . George ۲
school. ' . Nadia and Nancy go to a girls ۳
life. 's ife is quite different from school l 's . University ٤
next session will be held next Monday. ' . The Cogress ٥
Hamlet? 's . Have you read shakespeare ٦
generosity is unquestionable. ' . egyptions ۷
's Night 's Amidsummer 's . I've read shakespeare ۸Dream.
toys while they are away. 's . Don't touch the children۹
room. ' . this is the kids ۱۰
Chapter ۲ Page ۲۸ (Exercise ۲): *Correct whatever is wrong in the following sentences:
live in Assiut. UtheyUag, but . My wife and I are from Soh۱
(we)they
.UherU. Give it to her . It's ۲
(hers)her
children are tall. UourUwife are both short, but all UherU. Ali and ۳
(their)our (his)her
٤. It was me who did it.
.UyourU. My car is newer than ٥
(yours)Your
while shaving. UhisselfU. Ali cut ٦
(himself)hisself
. one another. Ali and Samy don't like ۷
(each other)herone ot
. he . This is John's book. Give it to۸
(him)he
tell lies. which. I don't like people ۹
(whose)which
is standing over there is my uncle. whom. this man ۱۰
(who)whom
Chapter ۳ Page ٥٤,٥٥ (Exercise):
*A verb has been underlined in each of the following sentences. Indicate the form of the verb by selecting one of the choices given:
the piano in a gazz club. plays. He ۱
( )present ( )past ( )infinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing
in the shower again. singing. David is ۲
( )present ( )past ( )infinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing
add policeman. laugh. He was told not to ۳
( )present ( )past ( )infinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing
up after the accident. swelled. His arm ٤
( )present ( )past ( )infinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing
.۱۹۷۰since ٦٪by increased. The population has ٥
( )present ( )past ( )inifinitive ( )-ed ( )-ing
Chapter ۳ Page ٦۲ (Exercise):
*Is the underlined verb a main verb or an auxiliary verb
(main verb)Uthe soup. UhaveU. I will ۱
U(auxiliary verb)Uinvestigating the incidend. UareU. The police ۲
(main verb)Uvery peaceful here. UisU. It ۳
(auxiliary verb)your prother work. does. Where ٤
(auxiliary verb)decided to advertise your job. have. They ٥
(main verb)homework on the way to school. his does. He ٦
(auxiliary verb .. at the weekend? doyou usually do. What ۷main verb)
(main verb). cheese and eggs for breakfast have. I usually ۸
Chapter ٤ Page ۸۰,۸۱ : *Assign the underlind adjectives in each of the following examples to one of the three positions :
door opend slowly. green. The ۱
( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive
. dangerousf water is . This stretch o۲
( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive
voted against the Chairman. presetholders -share. The ۳
( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive
.ill. Jan feels ٤
( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive
than normal pay increase was award to the nurses. larger. A ٥
( )attributive ( )predicative ( )postpositive
Chapter ٤ Page ۱۰٦,۱۰۷,۱۰۸ (Exercise):
*Select the correct order of the adjectives in these sentences.
۱. He invited that ………….lady to dinner.
b) beautiful younga) young beautiful ۲. These are …………….. ptducts.
b) agricultural excellen a) excellent agricultural
۳. Why can't you wear your ……………… dress tonight?
b)silk pink a) pink silk
٤. The boy needs …………….balls for that activity.
b) ten small cotton a) ten cotton small
٥. I've booked that …………… table on the corner.
b) square big a) big square
٦. Mary,s husband gave her a …………… vase.
b) French porcelain a) porcelain French
۷. He broke Mpther's ………………. milk jug.
b)old greena) green old
۸. Who's that ……………. Man over there?
b) silly fat a) fat silly
۹. He's wearing ………….. hat.
b) big old strawa) straw big old
۱۰. Vincent loves his ……………. gloves.
b) lovely warm woolen a) warm lovely woolen
۱۱. My btother wants to meet that ……………… girl.
b) Japanese tall a) tall Japanese
۱۲. What do you plan to do with these ………………… bottles?
b) wine empty a) empty wine
۱۳. That ………………woman needs help.
b) foreign old a) old foreign
۱٤. There are two ……………….dresses in her closet.
b) beautiful reda) red beautiful ۱٥. Jane was surprised by a ………………… mouse.
footed -b) tiny , ugly , quick footed-a) ugly , tiny , quick
Chapter ٥ Page ۱۱۳ (Exercises ۱):
*In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the underlined word is an adverb or an adjective:
(adverb)U, as usual. UlateU. My train arrived ۱ (adjective)Ufilm. UlateU.I'm watching the ۲ (adjective)Ucars. UfastU. My brother loves ۳
(adverb)U. UfastU. He drives too ٤ (adjective)Uught. than I tho UharderU.This exercise is ٥
(adverb)Uin future. UharderU. I hope you'll try ٦ (adverb)U. UdailyU. The Times is published ۷
(adjective)U newspaper. UdailyU. The Time is a ۸ U(adjecctiv)U. You've just ruined my best shirt. ۹
(adverb)Uif you kick them. UbestU. Computers work ۱۰
Chapter ٥ Page ۱۱٤,۱۱٥ (Exercise ۲): *Choose the correct answer: ۱.She shouted ……………… at him.
b) angrily a) angry ۲. He is a …………… worker.
b) carelessly a) careless ۳. If you ask ………………, I will give it to you.
b) nicely a) nice ٤. Be Quiet! I can't think …………... if you are talking.
b) clearlya) clear ٥. Why are you ………………..?
b) angrily a) angry
٦. You are always so …………………, come on!
b) slowly a) slow ۷. Those chocolates look ………….. Can I have one?
b) nicely a) nice ۸. She opened the door ………………
b)slowlya) slow ۹. It is a beautiful ……………… day.
b) clearly a) clear ۱۰. You write so …………….look at these mistakes.
b) carelesslya) careless
Chapter ٥ Page ۱۱۷ (Exercise): *In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the underlined word is an adverb of manner, time, or place.
(manner)U across the rooftops. UsilentlyU.The thief crept ۱ (time)U. UtodayU. I'm not feelimg well ۲
(manner)U.UenigmaticallyU. The teacher smiled ۳ (place)Uafter the match. UhereU. We'll meet ٤
time)(Ucomes to visit. UneverU. My aunt ٥ (time)U. UyesterdayU. We had a birthday part for our son ٦
(place)Usor two weeks. UthereU. We stayed ۷ (time)Umakes mistakes. UalwaysU. She ۸
(manner)Uto catch the bus. UquicklyU. He ran ۹ (time)U.UnowU. Do it ۱۰
Chapter ٦ Page ۱۲۷,۱۲۸,۱۲۹ (Exercise ۲): *For each of the following sentences, choose the best answer: ۱.Mybest friend lives …………… Boretz Road.
b) on c) at a) in ۲. I'll be ready to leave …………….. about twenty minutes.
b) on c) at a) in ۳. Since he met his new girlfriend, Juan never seems to be …………. Home
c) at a) in b) on ٤. The child responded to his mother's demands …………… throwing a tantrum.
c) from b) by h a) wit ٥. I think she spent the entire afternoon ………………. the phone.
c) at b) on a) in ٦. I will wait ………………. ٦:۳۰, but then I'm going home.
c) until from b) at a) ۷. The police caught the thief ……………. The corner of Cascade and Plum Streets.
c) until b) ata) in ۸. My fingers were injured so my sister had to write the note ………….. me.
b) with c) to a) for ۹. I am not interested ………….... buying a new car now.
c) in a) to b) for ۱۰. What are the main ingredients …………….. this casserole?
c) ofa) about b) to ۱۱. My best friend , John, is name………….his great-grandfather.
c) about b) to a) after ۱۲.Grandpa stayed up ……………two in the morning.
c)untila)since b)for ۱۳. You know, my parents have been married…………..forty-nine years.
c) until b) for a) since ۱٤. He usually travels to Philadelphia…………..train.
b) at c) with a) by ۱٥.You frequently see this kind of violence……….. television.
c) onb) in a) with ۱٦. I told Mom we'd be home …………… an hour or so.
c) at b) ina) to ۱۷. I was visiting my best friend …………. the hospital.
c) in b) at a) of ۱۸. The professor ……………South Africa amazed the American students with her stories.
c) in b) of a) from ۱۹. I'll see you …………….. home when I get there.
c) ata) in b) by ۲۰. It's been snowing ……………. Christmas morning.
il b) for c) unt a) since
Chapter ۷ Page ۱۳۷,۱۳۸ (Exercise ۱): *In each of the following sentences a conjunction is underlined. Is it a coordinator or a subordinator? ۱.The proposal could not have been considered
it had been signed by all the members unlessfurther back in May. ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator
Pisa. and. Last year we visited Venive ۲ ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator
ast we l since. Have there been any developments ۳met? ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator
whereas. Conversation used to be entertainment ٤now it's a means of exchanging information. ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator
white wine. or. Mag will drink red ٥ ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator
I do although. I find it very difficult to forgive ٦eventually. ( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator
think but I don't but. Karen's definitely coming ۷Pete can make it.
( )Subordinator ( )Coordinator Chapter ۷ Page ۱۳۹,۱٤۰,۱٤۱(Exercise۳): *Choose the correct answer: ۱.Do you think this is something …………… can be learned.
b) that a) who c) X (the conjunction can be omitted) ۲. Don't go out …………….. you've finished your work.
c) until a) as b) while ۳. Make sure you close all the windows …………. It starts rain.
c) for b) before a) after ٤. I think I know ………….. he left the job.
b) until c) where a) why ٥. …………..I had know how much I would disappoint him, I woudn't have done it.
c) Ifa) Whether b) When ٦. ……………. you see me, get in the car.
b) While c)Whether a) As soon as ۷. My friend John, ……………… lives in California, has a car with a New York license.
c)that b) who a) whose ۸. It's usually quite simple to cross the border between the USA and Canada …………….these two countries have friendly relation.
c) becauseb) and a) yet ۹. ……………... a university professor returns from a sabbatical leave, he should be better qualified.
c) Even b) Whena)Until though ۱۰. She's …………… a snobbish person ……………. nobody like to be with her.
b)such…as c)so…that a) such…that
Chapter ۸ Page ۱٤٦,۱٤۷ (Exercise): *In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the underlined word is pronoun it, dummy it, or anticipatory it.
won't do any good to hide from me. UItU.۱
( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it . UitU. I think you've broken ۲
( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it 's very kind of you to see me at short notice.UItU. ۳
( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it was after midnight when I left the office. UItU. ٤
( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it I'm leaving! –with this place UitU. I've had ٥
( ) pronoun it ( )dummy it ( ) anticipatory it
Prepositions Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).
Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a ۱:۱ translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation.
There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips).
The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:
Prepositions – Time
English Usage Example
• on days of the week on Monday
• in months / seasons
time of day
year
after a certain period of time (when?)
in August / in winter
in the morning
in ۲۰۰٦
in an hour
• at for night
for weekend
a certain point of time (when?)
at night
at the weekend
at half past nine
• since from a certain point of time (past till now) since ۱۹۸۰
• for over a certain period of time (past till now) for ۲ years
• ago a certain time in the past ۲ years ago
• before earlier than a certain point of time before ۲۰۰٤
• to telling the time ten to six (٥:٥۰)
• past telling the time ten past six (٦:۱۰)
• to / till / marking the beginning and end of a period of time from Monday to/till Friday
English Usage Example
until
• till / until in the sense of how long something is going to last He is on holiday until Friday.
• by in the sense of at the latest
up to a certain time
I will be back by ٦ o’clock.
By ۱۱ o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
• in room, building, street, town, country
book, paper etc.
car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
• at meaning next to, by an object
for table
for events
place where you are to do something typical (watch a film,
study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
• on attached
for a place with a river
being on a surface
for a certain side (left, right)
for a floor in a house
for public transport
for television, radio
the picture on the wall
London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
• by, next to,
beside
left or right of somebody or something Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
• under on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else the bag is under the table
• below lower than something else but above ground the fish are below the surface
English Usage Example
• over covered by something else
meaning more than
getting to the other side (also across)
overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over ۱٦ years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
• above higher than something else, but not directly over it a path above the lake
• across getting to the other side (also over)
getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
• through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel
• to movement to person or building
movement to a place or country
for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
• into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house
• towards movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) go ٥ steps towards the house
• onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table
• from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
• from who gave it a present from Jane
• of who/what does it belong to
what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
• by who made it a book by Mark Twain
• on walking or riding on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
• in entering a car / Taxi get in the car
English Usage Example
• off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train
• out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi
• by rise or fall of something
travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by ۱۰ percent
by car, by bus
• at for age she learned Russian at ٤٥
• about for topics, meaning what about we were talking about you
Conjunctions
Cohesive Devices
A variety of useful English Conjunctions exists, which complete this list of the most used Cohesive Devices. Together, they can help to express a cohesive view and easy understandable and readable texts.
There are three basic types of conjunctions:
Definition coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent clauses
subordinating conjunctions used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence
correlative conjunctions used to join various sentence elements which are grammatically equal
Coordinating Conjunctions
Comes usually in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the conjunction (unless both clauses are very short). They join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Whereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a sentence, the purpose of transitional words and phrases usually is to join two 'sentences'.
Examples: We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. [Lyndon B. Johnson] The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your resume by a word and a comma. [Larry Wall]
And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet — are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember them, the acronym FANBOYS can be used.
۱. F = for ۲. A = and
۳. N = nor ٤. B = but ٥. O = or ٦. Y = yet ۷. S = so
Subordinating Conjunctions
Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause.
Examples: If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham Maslow] Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]
Conjunctions Concession • though • although • even though • while
Conjunctions Condition • if • only if • unless • until • provided that • assuming that • even if • in case (that) • lest
Conjunctions Comparison • than
• rather than • whether • as much as • whereas
Conjunctions Time • after • as long as • as soon as • before • by the time • now that • once • since • till • until • when • whenever • while
Conjunctions Reason • because • since • so that • in order (that) • why
Relative Adjective • that • what • whatever • which • whichever •
Relative Pronoun • who • whoever • whom • whomever
• whose • •
Conjunctions Manner • how • as though • as if
Conjunctions Place • where • wherever
Correlative Conjunctions
They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
• as . . . as • just as . . . so • both . . . and • hardly . . . when • scarcely . . . when • either . . . or • neither . . . nor • • if . . . then • not . . . but • what with . . . and • whether . . . or • not only . . . but also • no sooner . . . than • rather . . . than
Conjunctive Adverbs
They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs. Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly.
Similar to And • • also • besides • furthermore • likewise • moreover
Similar to But • • however • nevertheless • nonetheless • still • • conversely • instead • otherwise • rather
Similar to So • • accordingly • consequently • hence • meanwhile • then • therefore • thus