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Phrases, Clauses, Conjunctions,And

Related Sentence Structure &

Punctuation

• PLEASE REFER

• TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX

• TO REVIEW

• ALL

• CONCEPTS & TERMS

• In this lesson!

Phrase

• A group of words • with • no • self-contained, • independent • meaning.

Types of phrases

(and clauses)

• Modifying (describing)

• Prepositional (spatial or time)

• Verbal (infinitive, participle, gerund)

• PLEASE REFER TO YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW THE ABOVE CONCEPTS & TERMS!

Clauses

• Every clause

• has

• at least

• a

• subject

• and

• verb.

Sentence

• A sentence is a complete thought.

• It consists of a subject and predicate.

• The predicate is the verb and everything that follows it.

• A sentence is also an independent clause.

?

• How can a dependent clause

• have a subject and verb

• yet

• not

• express a complete thought?

Two Types of Clauses

• Independent Clauses can stand alone as complete thoughts.

• Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone, and they depend on another word group

• In the sentence (an independent clause)

• to complete meaning.

Subordinators

• Two groups of words • CREATE• dependence or subordination:• Subordinating Conjunctions• and• Relative Pronouns.• These two groups of words create

DEPENDENT CLAUSES!

Examples• Examples of SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS & the meanings they

express:• Time: when, since• Reason: because, since, as• Result: that, so that• Condition: if, unless• Contrast: although, whereas• Location: where, wherever• Choice: whether, than

• SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (and relative pronouns)• CREATE DEPENDENT CLAUSES!

• See your text for a complete list of SUBORDINATORS!

“BISAWAWE”is a memory tool for a few subordinating conjunctions

• Because• If• So that• After• When• Although• While• Even though

More subordinators

• Another group of words that create dependent or subordinating clauses is called

• RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

• EXAMPLES:

• Who, which, that, whom, whoever

Examples

• If the bond issue passes, the city will install new sewers.

• In the above sentence, the underlined clause is dependent or subordinate.

• The bold clause is the independent clause which could stand alone:

• The city will install new sewers.

Coordinating Conjunctions

• Coordinating Conjunctions

• connect

• “equal” or

• independent clauses

• with a comma preceding

• the conjunction.

Coordinating Conjunctions“FANBOYS”

• For

• And

• Nor

• But

• Or

• Yet

• So

Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions

Connecting Independent Clauses

• The sky turned gray, and it rained.• Two independent Clauses:• The sky turned gray.• It rained.

• I left early, yet I was late for class.• Two independent Clauses:• I left early.• I was late for class.

TRANSITIONS

• Most transition words or phrases

• Are

• CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

Conjunctive Adverbs

(Several are also known as transition-words)and the Relationships They Express

• Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides• Contrast: however, still, nevertheless, conversely,

nevertheless, instead, otherwise• Comparison: similarly, likewise• Result or Summary: therefore, thus, consequently,

accordingly, hence, then• Time: next, then, meanwhile, finally, subsequently,

indeed, certainly

THE PATTERN:

Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause

NOTETHE PATTERN!

• Independent Clause• Semicolon (;)• Conjunctive Adverb• Comma (,)• Independent Clause.

Independent Clause/Semicolon/Conjunctive Adverb/Comma/Independent Clause

• Examples—

• I am overweight; therefore, I should exercise more.

• I enjoy swimming; however, I don’t get to swim often.

• ANOTHERRULEFOLLOWS!

A comma followsan introductory phrase or clause.

• EXAMPLES

• When I arrive, please be ready!

• Without a doubt, the idea is great!

COMMA SPLICE

• An error that occurs when

• a comma (ONLY)

• is between

• TWO

• INDEPENDENT CLAUSES!

To correct comma splices

• Keep comma and add coordinating conjunction (FANBOY);

• Change comma to period

• AND

• Capitalize the following word;

• OR

• Change comma to semicolon.

Reminder

• Remember to document your

• Study Journal

• to show what you

• have studied!

In Closing

For better understanding--• PLEASE REFER TO • YOUR TEXT’S INDEX TO REVIEW • THE CONCEPTS & TERMS• in• this lesson!

For more study•

Clauses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/clause.htm http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm

Independent clauses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_clause http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_clause.html http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/independent.html

Dependent Clauses http://grammar.uoregon.edu/clauses/dependent.html http://www.kentlaw.edu/academics/lrw/grinker/LwtaDependant_Clauses_and_Phrases.htm

Comma Splices http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_splice http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/csfsro.html http://web.uvic.ca/wguide/Pages/SentComSplice.html http://www.grammartips.homestead.com/splice.html

Fragments http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/fragmentcauses.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_frag.html

Semicolons & Colons http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/colons.htm http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~olson/pms/semicolon.html http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/punct/semicolon.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/g_commacomp.html

Run-On, Comma Splice, Fragment Self-check Quiz http://www.uvsc.edu/owl/tests/run_frag.html

Thanks for your attention!

RebekahMattox@hotmail.com