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Red dreams

Mars has always been Shangri-La for space buffs. Two new

private missions show that its lure is as strong as ever

The Economist , Jun 1st 2013

ON JULY 20th 1969, when Neil Armstrong and Bu Aldrin !!!1!!! "oot on the #oon, it $a%%ed

hal" a $entur& o" e'traordinar& %rogress in a(iation) *n the si' and a hal" de$ades !!!2!!! the +right

 rothers- Flyer  had staggered into the air near .itt& /aw, North arolina, aero%lanes had shrun

the world, re(olutionised war"are and $reated the modern tra(el industr&) e$hni$al re$ords "or

altitude, s%eed and enduran$e had "allen helterselter)

4or that reason, man& o" those !!!3!!! the two astronauts on their la$andwhite tele(isions $ouldha(e een "orgi(en "or thining that going to the #oon was sim%l& the "irst ste% in a human

e'%ansion into the solar s&stem) !!!5!!! , that had long een the dream o" the s%a$e u""s who made

the #oon missions %ossile) +ernher (on Braun, the genius who designed the aturn 7 #oon

ro$ets8and who had een %lanning #ars e'%editions sin$e the %uli$ation, in 195, o" his oo

:;as #ars%ro<et=8%it$hed a $rewed #ars mission to then>resident ?i$hard Ni'on soon !!!@!!!

Armstrong and ;r Aldrin landed)

But it was not to e) he A%ollo #oon %rogramme was shut down earl&, and the world-s astronauts

ha(e s%ent the %ast 51 &ears %ootling around in lowarth orit) Now, !!!6!!!, s%urred & the rise

o" the u$$aneering, %ri(atese$tor :New %a$e= industr&, whi$h is o""ering a$$ess to the $osmos at

 %ri$es !!!!!! lower than go(ernmenta$ed ro$ets $an manage, the old dream is en<o&ing aresurgen$e) lon #us, whose ro$et "irm %a$eC alread& "lies $argo to the *nternational %a$e

tation D*E, maes no se$ret o" his #artian amitions) wo %ri(atel& run organisations in %arti$ular 

 8*ns%iration #ars, rain$hild o" ;ennis ito, an Ameri$an t&$oon who e$ame the world-s "irst

s%a$e tourist in 2001, and #ars One, run & Bas Lansdor%, a ;ut$h entre%reneur8!!!!!! %lans to

send %eo%le to #ars without rel&ing on the resour$es o" a state)

#r Lansdor% admits that, on hearing aout his %lans, %eo%le-s "irst res%onse is that he must e $ra&)

But oth he and #r ito Dwho started his $areer as an engineer at the Jet >ro%ulsion Laorator&, J>L,

in >asadena, whi$h runs NAA-s unmanned #ars missionsE insist the& are serious) e$hni$al studies

ha(e een done, astronaut a%%li$ations are eing %ro$essed and deals are eing signed with the "irms

that !!!9!!! the s%a$e$ra"t)

Both men are moti(ated & "rustration with go(ernment e""orts, whi$h ha(e gone around in $ir$les8 

and not orital ones8!!!10!! de$ades) *t is the stated %oli$& o" Bara$ Oama-s go(ernment to

send a $rewed mission to #ars in the 2030s) But gi(en the re$ent histor& o" NAA as a %oliti$al

"ootall Dthe Feorge Bushes senior and <unior oth %ro%osed similar missions that went nowhereE,

and gi(en looming $uts to its udget, "ew thin su$h a mission will !!!11!!! ha%%en) As #r ito

 !!!12!!! when he announ$ed *ns%iration #arsG :the wa& we-re going, we-ll ne(er get started)=

ando tal !!!13!!!, there are good reasons "or s$e%ti$ism) ending %eo%le to #ars will e

e'tremel& di""i$ultH "ar harder than sending them to the #oon) 4or one thing, #ars is !!!15!!!"arther awa&) he A%ollo missions too three da&s to get there, ut "light times to #ars are measured

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in months) hat would reIuire an !!!1@!!! reliale s%a$e$ra"t) he (ast distan$e im%oses a

$ommuni$ation dela&, too) !!!16!!!the A%ollo astronauts $ould tal to their groundased

$ontrollers more or less in real time, #artian astronauts would "a$e dela&s o" u% to 50 minutes

 etween asing a Iuestion and getting an answer)

And s%ending months in dee% s%a$e would e'%ose a $rew to a $hun& dose o" radiation) *n"ormation"rom the Curiosity ro(er-s "light to #ars, !!!1!!! in Science, suggests a $rew $ould e'%e$t a

radiation dose $lose to the ma'imum li"etime limit "or NAA-s astronauts) *" the sun !!!1!!! one

o" its regular tem%er tantrums, nown as $oronal mass e<e$tions, whi$h %rodu$e huge ursts o"

ionising radiation, that limit !!!19!!! "ar e'$eeded)

 :here is nothing te$hni$all& in"easile aout ito-s %lans,= sa&s ?oert urin, who runs the #ars

o$iet&, whi$h loies "or human tri%s to #ars, and who has s%ent de$ades thining aout e'a$tl&

how su$h missions might e e'e$uted) #r ito-s team has %lent& o" te$hni$al nous, as well as a deal

with NAA to de(elo% te$hnolog&) *t %lans to re$&$le as mu$h it as %ossile "rom the *, whose

li"esu%%ort s&stems !!!20!!! reliale "or more than a de$ade)

1. a) put b) stepped c) set d) landed

2. a) since b) from c) that d) which

3. a) watch b) to watch c) watched d) watching

4. a) Therefore b) Indeed c) So d) Likewise

. a) after b) later c) since d) from

!. a) although b) though c) despite d) unlike

". a) more b) further c) far d) high

#. a) announcing b) has announced c) ha$e been announced d) ha$e

announced

%. a) will be built b) is to be built c) will build d) going to

build

1&.a) since b) from c) during d) for

11.a) ne$er b) alwa's c) actuall' d) not

12.a) said it b) got it c) told d) put it

13.a) aside b) apart c) awa' d) astra'

14.a) too b) high c) much d) too much

1.a) merel' b) barel' c) scarcel' d) utterl'

1!.a) (owe$er b) e$ertheless c) *hereas d) +espite

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1".a) has published b) to publish c) has been published d) ,ust

published

1#.a) ha$e b) had had c) were to ha$e d) be to ha$e

1%.a) had been b) would c) might be d) had

2&.a) ha$e pro$ed themsel$es b) ha$e themsel$es pro$ed

c) are pro$ed themsel$esd) ha$e been themsel$es pro$ed

ke' 

1. a) put b) stepped c) set d) landed

2. a) since b) from c) that d) which

3. a) watch b) to watch c) watched d) watching

4. a) Therefore b) Indeed c) So d) Likewise

. a) after b) later c) since d) from

!. a) although b) though c) despite d) unlike

". a) more b) further c) far d) high

#. a) announcing b) has announced c) ha$e been announced d) ha$e

announced%. a) will be built b) is to be built c) will build d) going to

build

1&. a) since b) from c) during d) for

11. a) ne$er b) alwa's c) actuall' d) not

12. a) said it b) got it c) told d) put it

13. a) aside b) apart c) awa' d) astra'

14. a) too b) high c) much d) too much

1. a) merel' b) barel' c) scarcel' d) utterl'

1!. a) (owe$er b) e$ertheless c) *hereas d) +espite

1". a) has published b) to publish c) has been published d) ,ustpublished

1#. a) ha$e b) had had c) were to ha$e d) be to ha$e

1%. a) had been b) would c) might be d) had

2&. a) ha$e pro$ed themsel$es b) ha$e themsel$es pro$ed

  c) are pro$ed themsel$esd) ha$e been themsel$es pro$ed