Grammar book 2
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Transcript of Grammar book 2
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B Y : J A M I L A M I L L E R
3 R D
Grammar Book 2nd Semester
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Conditional
Perfect Tenses
Present
Present Perfect Irregulars
Past
Subjunctive Perfect
Nosotros Command Mono Verbs
Impersonal „se‟ Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandadtos
Informal/Formal
• Affirmative • Negative • Irregular • DOP + IOP
Subjunctive + Irregulars Trigger Phrases
Impersonal Expressions
Expressions of Emotion
Conjunctions of Time
Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
Tan y Tanto
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Conjugation English Translation
ía
ías
ía
Used in relation to would, should, could, must have, or probably
Used to express:
Wonder
Conjecture
Possibility
Probability
Conditional
íamos
íais
ían
Infinitivo Conjugation at end
Subjunctive
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Conditional Irregulars
Irregular form
+ the endings
• ía íamos • ías íais • ía ían
= Conditional irregulares
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Present Perfect
Used to express or describe actions that have happened recently and/or actions that still hold true in the present.
In Ingles
The combination of a helping verb as in English. Ex: I have eaten.
He comido.
Auxillary verb (to
have)
Main verb +
ido o ado
Present perfect
verb
He pagado la cuenta. He pagado
Haber is used as auxillary verb before the main verb like a helping
verb in English.
He hemos
Has Habeis
ha han
Plus the main verb with new ending
Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido
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Present Perfect Irregulars
Abrir- abierto
Cubrir- cubierto
Decir- dicho
Escribir- escrito
Hacer- hecho
Morir- muerto
Poner- puesto
Resolver- resolto
Ver- visto
Volver- vuelto
Ir- ido
Romper- roto
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Past Perfect
• The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.
• The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.
Había habíamos
Habías Habías
había habían
Plus the main verb with new ending
Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido
Ex: (yo) Había vivido. I had lived.
Ex: Juan había abierto las puertas.
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Subjunctive Perfect
We use the present perfect subjunctive when we want to express a reaction to something that has happened (already). We need a conjugation of the verb Haber and a past participle. The only difference is that we conjugate Haber in the present Subjunctive.
Haya hayamos
Hayas Hayáis
haya Hayan
Plus the main verb with new ending
Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido
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Impersonal „se‟
1. Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.
Se vende fruta en la fruteria.
2. When using se, the verb is always in 3rd person. Aqui se había español.
3. Se can be used in all tenses. Se hizo mucho
Se haría mucho.
Se había hecho.
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Saber vs. Conocer
Person, place,
literary work
facts, info, or how to
do something
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Mandatos Informales Tu Commands
Affirmitivo
Conjugate in the tu form and drop the
“s”
Add pronoun if necessary
Put in the tu form, stem change, and
drop the “s”
Di, hav, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven
Regular Irregular
Negativo
Put in the yo form, changes to the opposite vowel
and add on the “S”
Place pronoun before the verb
Tv dishes and add the “s”
Or put the yo form, change to
the appropriate ”s”
Regular Irregular
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Informal Mandatos
INFORMAL (TU) AR ER/IR
Affirmitive: Conjugate the verb in the 3rd person present (ud./el/ella)
______- A
Hablar: habla
______- e
Comer: come
Negative: Yo form, drop the O and add the opposite tú ending
No- ______- EN
Hablar: No hablen
No- ______- AN
Comer: No coman
Informal Commands Irregulars
Decir: Di Hacer: Haz
Ir: ve Poner: pon
Salir: sal Tener: ten Venir: ven
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Formal Mandatos
FORMAL AR ER/IR
Usted/ Ud. Yo form of a verb, drop the O and add the opposite endings:
______- E
Hablar: hable
______- A
Comer: Coma
Ustedes/ Uds. Yo form of a verb, drop the O and add the opposite ending of the third plural form:
______- EN
Hablar: hablen
______- AN
Comer: Coman
Formal Commands Irregulars
1. GO to GA (present tense irregular Yo form verbs)
Vengo- venga Digo- diga
2. CAR, GAR, ZAR verbs require spelling changes to keep the
pronunciation consistent: Pagar- pague
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DOP and IOP Placement
DOP IOP
Lo, la, los, las Me, te, se, nos, os
Ir + Infinitive
• Attach to the end of the infinitive
• Place in front of the conjugated verb
Estar + ing verb
• Attach to the end of –ing verb and add an accent to the 3rd to the last syllable vowel
Commands
• Affirmative: it is attached to the end of command with an accent on first syllable vowel
• Negative: it comes after “no”, before the command
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Nosotros Commands
Yo form of the verb in present tense, drop the O and add the opposite nosotros form ending:
Ar
____-Emos
Hablar: Hablemos
Er/Ir
____-Amos
Comer: comamos
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Mono Verbs
1) if object pronouns are used, they must be attached to the end of affirmative commands, and this will always require a written accent in the nosotros forms
2) the first s of the affirmative reflexive ending is lost
Ex: ¡Comamos afuera esta noche! Irregulars
Are similar to that of other commands including –car, -gar,
-zar… Another irregular: Vámonos- vayamos
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Start with the yo form of the
present indicative
Then drop the o- ending
Then add the opposite vowel
ending.
Present Subjunctive
Mood
Uncertain hypothetical
Reflects
Will and influence, motion, doubt, disbelief, and
denial, indefiniteness, and
nonexistense
Impersonal Expressions
Es bueno que… Es mejor que…
Es importante que…
Es malo que… Es necessario que…
Main Clause (impersonal expression)
Que Main clause Subjuntive sentence
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T Tener > tenga
V Venir> venga
D Decir> diga
Dar> dé
I Ir > vaya
S Ser > sea
H Hacer > haga
E Estar > esté
S Saber > sepa
Irregulares Stem changing
-stays the same in –ar or –er - Does not change in nosotros form
Ir stem changes in nosotros
car que
gar gue
zar ce
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Trigger Phrases
Es bueno que…
Es necesario
que…
Impersonal Expressions
Es mejor que…
Es importante que…
Es malo que…
…cuando …asi que
Conjunctions of Time
…despues de que
…hasta que
…en cuanto
The impersonal phrases come before the subjunctive and the time phrases come after the independent clause to indicate when to use a subjunctive.
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I. Verbs/expressions of will or want
aconsejar que to advise
decir que to tell
dejar que to let, allow
desear que to desire that
es hora que it's time that
es importante que it is important that
es necesario que it is necessary that
esperar que to hope that
es preciso que it is necessary that
evitar que to avoid
II. Verbs/expressions of emotion or feeling
alegrarse de que to be happy that
es bueno que it's good that
es conveniente que it's convenient that
es difícil que it's hard
es extraño que it's strange that
es fácil que it's easy
es increíble que it's incredible that
es inútil que it's useless that (there's no point) es justo que it's fair that
Frequently, the sentences that contain a subjunctive verb are used to express doubt, uncertainty, denial, desire, commands or reactions to the clause
containing the subjunctive verb.
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III. Verbs/expressions of doubt, possibility, opinion
aparecer que to appear, seem that
buscar ... que* to look for
detestar que to hate
dudar que to doubt
es dudoso que it is doubtful that
es imposible que it is impossible that
es improbable que it is improbable that
es posible que it is possible that
es probable que it is probable that
First Clause: Expressions
• hope • Fear • Joy • Pity • Surprise
Second Clause
• Subordinate clause
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Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Singular Masculine
Plural Masculine
Singular Feminine
Plural Feminime
Éste (this) Éstos (these) Ésta (this) Éstas (these)
Ése (that) Ésos (those) Ésa (that) Ésas (those)
Aquél (that “over there”)
Aquéllos (those “over there”)
Aquélla (that “over there”)
Aquéllas (those “over there”
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Tan y Tanto
Como (as…as)
Used with adjectives and
adverbs
Como (as much as/ as many as…
Used with nouns and verbs