Grammar and Composition · 4 Key Features Content provided in the form of riddles, games and comic...

Grammar and

5

Composition

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Preface

Noam Chomsky, the father of modern linguistics, proposed the revolutionary idea that all humans were born with an innate acquaintance with grammar which is the foundation for language acquisition. Language, he stated, was learnt by humans by observing, memorising, and internalising grammatical cues.Grammar forms the foundation of our ability to express ourselves in a clear, precise, and articulate manner along with effective language comprehension. It lays down the essential rules that help learners use language in a structured manner.Grammar and Composition Vibes 1–8, published by Eupheus Learning, has been developed on this understanding and addresses the need for a graded, comprehensive, and rule-based grammar series with brief explanations and extensive exercises. Each grammatical concept has been explained using an age-appropriate approach and links to what students would have learnt earlier in the series. Instructional scaffolding strategies have been used to incorporate 21st-century skills such as critical thinking, creativity, and communication in addition to life skills within the series. Further, it matches the linguistic needs for the syllabi of all boards and schools. The series has an unbroken wire frame for learning by providing core, supplemental, and home learning solutions on the same platform. Salient features of this series:• Spiralling gradation of grammar concepts enabling easy comprehension • Easy-to-understand examples using real-life scenarios• Concepts explained using flowcharts and graphic organizers• Exercises to evaluate learners’ understanding of concepts• Let Us Revise pages providing additional practice • Comprehension topics to develop reading skills followed by application exercises • Composition exercises to help learners write independently both within

structure and creatively • Teachers’ Manual with sample lesson plans and answer keys • Learning videos for self-learning and recapitulation of concepts We expect that using Grammar and Composition Vibes 1–8 would ensure that learning is extended beyond the curriculum framework to language acquisition for effective communication.


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Key Features

Content provided in the form of riddles, games and comic strips to engage

learners

Picture Composition to enhance creativity

(an essential 21st-century skill)

Exercises that develop life skills such as map

reading

Let us Revise pages with marks which can be used for evaluation

Graphical representation of content for easy

comprehension and recapitulation


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Contents

Chapter Topics Page Number

1. Sentences Definition; types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative; subject and predicate; phrases and clauses; types of clauses: main and subordinate; types of sentences: simple, compound, complex 7

2. Nouns Types of nouns: common and proper, abstract, collective, gender, singular and plural, countable and uncountable 13

3. Adjectives Types of adjectives: quality, quantity, number, possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, emphatic; degrees of comparison; order of adjectives 18

4. Pronouns Personal pronouns; pronoun case: subjective, objective, possessive; types of pronouns: demonstrative, relative, interrogative 25

Let Us Revise-I 30

5. Articles Using an, an, the; determiners: definition; using this, that, these, those, some, any, few, little, much, many 33

6. Verbs Finite and non-finite verbs; types of finite verbs: infinitive, gerund, participle 38

7. Tenses Types of tenses: simple present, present continuous, present perfect, simple past, past continuous, simple future, past perfect; simple future: going to + verb; future continuous tense 43

8. Adverbs Types of adverbs: manner, place, time, frequency, degree; adverb comparison 48

Let Us Revise-II 53


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Chapter Topics Page Number

9. Prepositions Prepositions of position and movement; prepositions of time, prepositions of agency and manner 55

10. Helping Verbs Modals: using can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to; question tags 59

11. Conjunctions Using and, but, or, because, for, since, while, until, when, though, although, that, so that, unless, if 63

12. Punctuation Full stop; question mark; exclamation mark; comma, apostrophe; speech marks; using capital letters 66

Let Us Revise-III 71

13. Reported Speech Reporting verbs: said and told; Change to reported speech: change in verb tenses, change in pronouns and possessive adjectives, changes in time and space 73

14. Voice Difference between active and passive voice; change of verbs from active to passive voice; use of passive voice 80

15. Vocabulary Phrasal verbs; suffixes; idioms and proverbs 86

Let Us Revise-IV 94

16. Composition Comprehension; notice writing; email writing; informal and formal letter writing 96


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A. Write D for declarative, Imp for imperative, In for interrogative and E for exclamatory.

1. Ouch! An ant just bit me.

2. What does your father do?

3. We like chocolates.

4. Come here.

5. Are you feeling better?

6. The cake is yummy!

7. Shut the door please.

8. New Delhi is the capital of India.

1. Sentences

Sentences

Declarative(making a statement; providing information)

Example: Meg and Joan are sisters.

Interrogative(asking a question)

Example: When is your birthday?

Exclamatory(expressing a strong feeling)Example: Such a lovely book!

Imperative(giving an order or making a request)

Example: Don’t waste water.

A sentence is a group of words that has a meaning.

Here are the types of sentences.


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subject and predicate

RememberThe part of the sentence which names a person or a thing is called the subject.

The part of the sentence that tells us about the subject is called the predicate.

B. Underline the subjects and circle the predicates in the following sentences.

1. Mandy is on her way to school.

2. Canberra is the capital of Australia.

3. My dad has an excellent handwriting.

4. The sun was shining among the clouds.

5. Alekh was playing tennis with his brother.

6. A.R. Rahman is a famous music composer.

phrases and clausesSometimes a group of two or more words makes sense but may not convey complete meaning. For example:

• in the evening • at midnight • pink and blue

A group of words that conveys partial or incomplete meaning is called a phrase.

In a phrase, either the subject, the verb or both are missing.

• the thin book (verb is missing)

• come fast (subject is missing)

• around the corner (subject and verb are missing)


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A clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a predicate. It may form a sentence or be part of a sentence.

For example:

• Kiara will come today. (Kiara: subject; will come today: predicate)

• Hemant draws pictures. (Hemant: subject; draws pictures: predicate)

C. Look at the underlined words below. Write P if the underlined words form a phrase and C if they form a clause.

1. Ms Brown, who is our class teacher, is very sweet.

2. We are having a literature week at school.

3. There is a bowl of cherries on the table.

4. Tarun is having cream chicken sandwiches.

5. Aashita was reading while her sister was sleeping.

6. This cat sleeps in the park and eats mice.

7. My brother and I will dance this evening.

8. Niti screamed in a loud voice.

9. On Saturday, I will go to sleep early.

10. The cat has green eyes which glow in the dark.


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types of clausesRekha studied hard because she wanted to score well.

There are two types of clauses in this sentence: an independent and a dependent clause.

An independent or main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

For example: Rekha studied hard.

A dependent or subordinate clause expresses a partial thought and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

For example: because she wanted to score well.

A dependent clause is usually combined with an independent clause to form a sentence.

Two independent clauses can also be combined with a conjunction to form a sentence.

For example: I played the guitar and my brother sang.

D. Look at the underlined words below. Put a if the words form an independent clause.

1. The dog barked loudly.

2. I enjoy sitting by the fireplace and reading.

3. What the doctor did was very helpful.

4. The team worked hard and finally broke the tie.

5. You may play outside until the street lights are switched on.


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6. This cat sleeps in the park under the tree.

7. We will do whatever is necessary.

8. Rhea looked up at the sky and spotted an aeroplane.

9. I went home because I was tired.

10. Tiara bought the pink sandals.

11. This is the student who won the race.

12. Farida watered the plants in the front garden.

types of sentences

A sentence that has only one subject and one predicate is called a simple sentence.

For example: Hitesh likes to play football.

A sentence that contains two or more main clauses is called a compound sentence.

For example: Hitesh likes to play football but he does not like to play volleyball.

Now read this sentence.

Lakshita must go home when it gets dark.

The sentence contains two clauses:

• Lakshita must go home (main clause)

• when it gets dark (second or subordinate clause)

A sentence that has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses is called a complex sentence.


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E. Write S for simple sentences, C for compound sentences and Cx for complex sentences.

1. After I came home from school, I slept for a while.

2. I met the dancer after she had performed on stage.

3. We went to the library and saw Bharti sitting there.

4. The children quickly ran home when the bell rang.

5. I am making a sandwich.

6. Since there are two bags, we need two people.

7. Jai ran quickly but Farhan won the race.

8. I met my friend who was in the hospital.

9. Ananya didn’t feel cold although it was windy.

10. Anand is hungry.

F. Complete the following to make compound or complex sentences.

1. After Atul went to the park, he .

2. Before he began the race, he .

3. Father made some lemonade and .

4. but I couldn't.

5. for I was feeling very hot.

6. Since it was too cold outside, .

7. nor did I watch television.

8. so I went to bed early.


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2. Nouns

Read this passage about Gauri.

My name is Gauri. I live in Chamba with my mother. My village is located in the area where the two rivers, Ravi and Sal meet. Villagers say that there are many forests around us. Many flocks of birds and kinds of animals live in the forest. I have only seen a pack of wolves and a herd of hippos. They also enjoy the peace. Life here is filled with excitement and fun.

In the passage above, the words in colour are nouns. Words that name people, places, animals, or things are called nouns.

Gauri, Chamba, Ravi, and Sal are proper nouns because they are the names of particular people, places, or things.

Village, river, villagers, forests, and animals are common nouns because they are used for classes of people, animals, places, or things.

Peace, excitement, and fun are abstract nouns because they show an action, feeling, or quality.

Pack of wolves, herds of hippos, and flocks of birds are called collective nouns since they are names of groups or collections of people, places, animals, or things.


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A. Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns.

1. Babita is a beautician. She has a lot of creams, lotions, and soaps. Her favourite brand is Beauty Plus.

2. Vidya and her brother Vidyut study in Lord’s School. They have a week-long break for Diwali.

3. The rabbit and the parrot belong to Mrs Manchanda. She loves pets. Their names are Fluffy and Toto.

4. Soma is reading The Chronicles of Narnia. It is a book written by C.S. Lewis.

5. Shikhar visited Egypt with his family last year. He saw the Great Sphinx and many other statues.

6. Drishti and her brother Dharam are going to Singapore by AirAsia.

B. Write the abstract nouns for the following adjectives.

1. angry 6. beautiful 2. brave 7. poor 3. great 8. true 4. wise 9. patient 5. proud 10. kind

C. Tick the correct collective nouns in the following sentences.

1. The bottle was kept on the chest/set of drawers.

2. There is a hive/herd of bees near the window.

3. The bank has been looted by a band/gang of thieves.

4. The results were decided by a pride/panel of experts.

5. Sanchit’s dad has a fleet/flock of ships.

6. The choir/army of singers gave a brilliant performance.

7. Khushi rescued a litter/colony of puppies from the river.


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8. Mehak’s room has a pile/flight of rubbish in the corner.

9. I lost her bunch/deck of keys.

10. The crew/team of sailors is going abroad.

genderD. Match the masculine nouns to the correct feminine nouns.

Column A Column B

1. duke a) niece

2. nephew b) queen

3. waiter c) goddess

4. husband d) landlady

5. god e) witch

6. wizard f) waitress

7. landlord g) madam

8. sir h) duchess

9. king i) wife

E. Circle the nouns with neuter gender and underline the nouns with common gender.

1. student 7. table

2. baby 8. scissors

3. palace 9. parent

4. barn 10. flower

5. guest 11. principal

6. teacher 12. doctor


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numberLet us see how singular nouns can be made plural.

Rules Examples

by adding an s to an existing noun girl - girls

add -es to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -x, -o, -ch, -sh bus - buses tax - taxes

add -s to nouns ending in -o photo - photos

nouns ending in -y, with a consonant before it, take -i in place of -y and add -es in the plural form

baby - babies

nouns ending in -f and -fe, change to -v and then add -es

thief - thieves

some nouns ending in -f only add -s chef - chefs

some nouns form their plurals by adding -en ox - oxen

in compound words, -s is added to the main word

mother-in-law - mothers-in-law

some nouns have singular and plural alike sheep - sheep

some nouns are always in the plural because two parts form a pair

pair of spectacles

F. Fill in the blanks with the plural forms of the nouns in brackets.

1. My (parent) want to spend their (life)

travelling.

2. Put the (tomato) in the . (basket)

3. Clean your (foot) with these . (towel)

4. Becky’s cat was chasing . (mouse)


5. The gardener was sweeping the dry . (leaf)

6. The (passer-by) have lost their . (suitcase)

7. Priyanka asked for extra . (paintbrush)

8. The (man) were feeding their . (sheep)

9. The (child) were having fun listening to . (story)

10. The (goose) are near the lake.

G. Write U for uncountable nouns and C for countable nouns.

1. butter 6. money

2. cup 7. oil

3. shoes 8. mangoes

4. water 9. jam

5. girls 10. cheese

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3. Adjectives

My, one, third, fresh, ripe, and some are adjectives. Adjectives are words that describe nouns.

Let us understand the types of these adjectives.

Type of Adjective Function Examples

Adjectives of quality answer the question – of what kind

It looks so fresh and ripe!

Adjectives of number• Cardinal adjectives • Ordinal adjectives

answer the question – how many

I want one apple. (cardinal)I want the third apple on this branch. (ordinal)

Adjectives of quantity answer the question – how much

I will ask Mum to make some apple jam.

Possessive adjectives show belonging This is my apple tree.

I just want one, the third one on the

branch. It looks so fresh and ripe!

Look at my apple tree! How many apples do

you want?

Let me get more for you.

I will give some apples to Mum.

She will make jam.

Read these sentences.


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A. Underline the adjectives in the passage below.

My uncle is a famous person. He is an excellent badminton player. Last year he got two medals and secured the second position in the finals. He is also a wonderful person and often treats me and my little brother to tasty ice creams and delicious sandwiches!

demonstrative adjectives

This and those are used as adjectives here. They point directly to a person or thing.

An adjective that points directly to a noun is called a demonstrative adjective. It answers the question ‘which one’.

B. Fill in the blanks using demonstrative adjectives from the box below.

those these this that

1. shoes belong to Michael.

2. coat is too big for Nancy.

3. Don’t keep toffees to yourself. Pass them around!

This baby is cute. Those sandals are pretty.


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4. I've never liked shirt of yours.

5. Can I help you with bags?

6. His handwriting is like of a young child.

7. What are clothes doing here?

8. Pass me bag please.

9. How much are shoes for?

10. I found photos while I was cleaning the cupboards.

interrogative adjectives

Which, whose, and what are adjectives here. These adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions.

An adjective that asks a question is called an interrogative adjective.

emphatic adjectivesSometimes we use adjectives to emphasize the effect of what we say. For example,

• Vijay built this building with his own hands.

Whose bag is this? Which pen is yours? What time is it?


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• Simran found the very dress she wanted.

Very and own are used as emphatic adjectives.

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct interrogative adjectives or emphatic adjectives.

1. friend are you?

2. Poorvi cooked this with her hands.

3. shirt do you want to buy?

4. happened after I left?

5. city shall we visit next?

6. This is the car that I wanted to buy.

7. is your name?

8. of the desserts did you have?

9. I’d like to have my own bungalow one day.

10. is the matter with you?

degrees of comparison

This building is taller. This is the tallest building.This is a tall building.

Read these sentences.


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Adjectives change their forms when we compare things. Tall in the positive degree becomes taller in the comparative degree and tallest in the superlative degree.

D. Fill in the blanks with the correct degrees of the adjectives in brackets.

1. The Nile is the (long) river in the world.

2. The red book is (expensive) than the blue book.

3. Mr Pant is the (bad) public speaker.

4. Sam is (intelligent) than Firdaus.

5. Mr Vincent is the (rich) man in this colony.

6. You are looking (good) than before.

7. This road is (busy) in the afternoons.

8. This lesson is (difficult) than the previous one.

9. This box has the (little) marbles in it.

10. Vishnu is the (old) among his brothers.

11. January is (cold) than November.

12. This tree has the (many) apples.

13. The sky was (clear) last week than it is today.

14. The giant wheel was (exciting) than the rollercoaster.

15. This necklace is (beautiful) than that one.

order of adjectivesWe use adjectives to describe a noun, but we do not use these adjectives randomly. We use them in a standard order.


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1. Number

Examples: five, ten

6. Colour

Examples: blue, pink

7. Nationality or Origin

Examples: Indian, urban

2. Quality

Examples: beautiful, soft

5. Age

Examples: old, new

8. Material

Examples: wooden, cotton

3. Size

Examples: huge, tiny

4. Shape

Examples: round, square

9. Purpose

Examples: domestic, sports

E. Rearrange the adjectives in brackets to form sentences with the correct order of adjectives. One has been done for you.

1. Arushi wants (new/two/cute) teddy bears.

2. Atul’s father sold his (blue/sports/old) motorcycle.

3. Grandma planted (pretty/pink/tiny) flowers.

4. Farah ordered (fresh/chocolate/five) milkshakes.

Arushi wants two cute new teddy bears.

Read this flow chart to understand the order of adjectives.


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5. Prakash has a (cotton/square/small) handkerchief.

6. I saw (one/brown/fat) bear in the forest.

7. My school has (big/new/grassy) fields.

8. Shraddha sits on a (wooden/strong/big) chair.

9. There are (tiny/four/grey) pigeons in the balcony.

10. Maya got (rectangular/Japanese/beautiful) boxes from her trip.


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4. Pronouns

Read the sentences.

Hi! How are you? I am Pranati. My mother is a teacher. She teaches science. My father is a doctor. He treats patients. We live in New Colony. It is very nice here.

RememberPronouns are words that are used in place of nouns.

I, me, he, she, him, her, they, them, we, us, you, and it are personal pronouns. They can act as subjects or objects. They also show belonging. Personal pronouns are pronouns that we use in place of names of people, places, and things.

When personal pronouns are used as subjects in sentences, they are in the subjective case. For example: I am a student.

When personal pronouns are used as objects of verbs or prepositions, they are said to be in the objective case. For example: The teacher gave me a medal.

When pronouns express belonging or ownership, they are in the possessive case.

For example: These notebooks are mine.


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Read this table to learn more.

Subjective Case Objective Case Possessive Case

I me mine

you you your

he, she, it him, her, it his, hers, its

we us ours

they them theirs

you whom whose

A. Look at the underlined words below. Write S for subjective case, O for objective case and P for possessive case.

1. Grandmother told us a story.

2. The dog is wagging its tail.

3. We are going to the adventure park on Sunday.

4. Whose slippers are these?

5. Can you please help with these boxes?

6. These robes are hers.

7. Call them back.

8. He is my best friend, Arav.

9. They are nice people.

10. Whom did he marry?

demonstrative pronouns

This is a shoe. These are sandals.


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Demonstrative pronouns point out to the nouns which they refer.

This and these refer to objects that are close to the speaker.

That and those refer to objects that are far from the speaker.

This and that refer to singular objects. These and those refer to plural objects.

B. Fill in the blanks using demonstrative pronouns.

1. is the book that you wanted.

2. shoes here belong to Sulekha.

3. Do you see the painting here? I made .

4. are the names of the selected students: Raj, Rekha, and Upasana.

5. books are too heavy for me to carry.

6. are the names of the finalists on the board there.

7. set of drums is broken.

8. Do you see the fields there? belong to me.

9. chocolates you gave me are very bitter.

10. You need one cup of sugar for cake.

relative pronounsRead the sentences.

• The watchman who has the keys is here.

• I like films that have good songs.

Who and that are relative pronouns.


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A relative pronoun refers back or relates to the noun mentioned before it.

Read about the use of relative pronouns.

who people and sometimes animals

whose people, living things, and non-living things

that people, living things, and non-living things

which living things (excluding people) and non-living things

C. Complete the sentences using who, whose, that, or which.

1. The child was missing has now been found by the police.

2. My friend family is in Australia is getting married this year.

3. The song you had asked me to hear is good.

4. The room was dirty for many days is now clean.

5. Don’t touch pan! It is hot.

6. Geeta, is a famous actor, is my neighbour.

7. of these gifts do you like the most?

8. are those people?

9. doctor did you see?

10. Where’s pen?

interrogative pronounsRead these sentences.

• Whom do you want to meet? • What are these stains?

Whom and what are interrogative pronouns.


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Interrogative pronouns are pronouns that introduce questions.

Who and whom used for persons only Which used for persons and things What used for things only

D. Circle the correct interrogative pronouns in the following sentences.

1. What/Who did you see off at the airport?

2. Who/Which gives you all this advice?

3. Which/Who comb is yours?

4. What/Who did you put into the kettle?

5. Which/Who is your best friend?

6. Who/Which car belongs to Kartik?

7. What/Which is your mother’s name?

8. Who/What wants to play with me?

9. What/Which is this piano doing here?

10. Who/Which is she?

Difference between possessive pronouns and possessive adjectivesA pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. An adjective is used to modify or describe a noun.• This car is Rajni's. If we want to replace the noun (Rajni) with a possessive pronoun, we will write• The car is hers. If we want to replace the noun with a possessive adjective, we will write• This is her car. Some simple possessive pronouns are mine, his, hers, ours, theirs, and yours.Some simple possessive adjectives are my, his, her, our, their, and your.


A. Complete these sentences by adding a subject or predicate. 5

1. Rome .

2. in the sky.

3. Aditi .

4. The earth .

5. saw the thieves running.

B. Write whether these sentences are simple, compound, or complex. 3

1. Sheila and Simi have gone to watch a movie.

2. Is Mother at work?

3. After the taxi arrived, they left for the airport.

4. Nakul is in Mathura but Muskan is in Delhi.

5. He stayed indoors because it was raining.

6. Listen carefully and take notes.

C. Fill in the blanks with suitable nouns. 4

1. An designs buildings.

2. My brother found a of cards.

3. A female fox is called a .

4. is the capital of Spain.

5. My favourite dish is .

6. is the best virtue.

7. Nisha is five six inches tall.

8. The ship was steered by a of sailors.

LET US REVISE-I

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Total Marks: 25


D. Rewrite these sentences by replacing the underlined words with a suitable adjective. 4

1. Narayan lives in a house of great beauty.

2. The baby’s actions were without meaning.

3. The characters in Enid Blyton’s stories are full of magic.

4. After the rain, my cycle was covered with dirt.

5. The employees who have ambition always succeed.

6. The exercise was making me feel very tired.

7. Rita likes to keep her house ordered and arranged.

8. This teacher is liked by many people.

E. Choose the correct forms of the adjectives in the sentences below. 4

1. This route is safest/safer than the other one.

2. Tanya is most sincere/more sincere than her younger sister.

3. A rose is a beautiful/more beautiful flower.

4. Asia is the large/largest continent.

5. Your eye is the delicate/most delicate organ.

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6. Kalpana is the less worried/least worried about the match.

7. Thank you! Your idea was the more helpful/most helpful one.

8. Mount Everest is the high/highest mountain in the world.

F. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns. 5

1. did you see hiding under the table?

2. books are interesting.

3. tree is about a hundred years old.

4. The cat jumped from the ledge and hurt leg.

5. The suitcase was found was full of chocolates.

6. files belong to my grandfather.

7. The thief was caught has been punished.

8. is your car?

9. May go to the class together?

10. I like the stories my mother reads to me.

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