GOVERNMENT UNIT I: THE FOUNDING FATHERS.

G O V E R N M E N TW W W. M R D A LT O N S C L A S S . C O M

UNIT I: THE FOUNDING FATHERS

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STANDARDS

• SS.912.C.1.1: Evaluate, take, and defend positions on the founding ideals and principles in American Constitutional Government.

• SS.912.C.1.2: Explain how the Declaration of Independence reflected the political principles of popular sovereignty, social contract, natural rights, and individual rights.

• SS.912.C.1.3: Evaluate the ideals and principles of the founding documents (Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Federalist Papers) that shaped American Democracy.

• SS.912.C.1.4: Analyze and categorize the diverse viewpoints presented by the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists concerning ratification of the Constitution and inclusion of the Bill of Rights.

• SS.912.C.1.5: Evaluate how the constitution and its amendments reflect the political principles of rule of law, checks and balances, separation of powers, republicanism, democracy, and federalism.

1. What do you know about the current Presidential Race?

2. How many branches of Government are there? What are they?

Vocabulary (Choose one to define):

Vocab Sentence (Use the other in a Sentence):

• Vocab Word #1: None Today• Vocab Word #2: None Today

Warm Up

DAILY QUESTION(ANSWER IN 2-3 SENTENCES)

• Question: Describe the differences between a Dictatorship and a Republic.

• Standard: SS.912.C.1.2: Explain how the Declaration of Independence reflected the political principles of popular sovereignty, social contract, natural rights, and individual rights.

UNIT I: KEY TERMS (CH. 1-4)

1. Government2. Legislative Power3. Executive Power4. Judicial Power5. Constitution6. Dictatorship7. Democracy8. Sovereign9. State10. Autocracy11. Oligarchy12. Representative Government13. Bicameral14. Albany Plan of Union15. Repeal16. Articles of Confederation17. Ratification18. Framers19. Virginia Plan20. New Jersey Plan

21. Connecticut Compromise22. Three-Fifths Compromise23. Federalists24. Anti-Federalists25. Preamble26. Separation of Powers27. Checks and Balances28. Veto29. Judicial Review30. Unconstitutional31. Amendment32. Bill of Rights33. Electoral College34. Cabinet35. Delegated Powers36. Expressed Powers37. Implied Powers38. Reserved Powers39. Exclusive Powers40. Concurrent Powers

KEY CONCEPTS (UNIT LONG)

• Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?• What motivated the Framers of the

Constitution?• Why did the Framers create a republican

form of government?• What is the purpose of checks and

balances and the separation of powers?


• Question: Describe the differences between a Dictatorship and a Republic.

• A dictatorship is ruled by a single person, they have absolute power(authority) to do whatever they want. (Nazi Germany)

• A republic is a representative government where people elect others to represent(vote) for them in government. (Ancient Rome, United Sates)


1. What was the name of the document that established America’s first formal government, and about how long did it last?

2. Who were the Framers, and why are they important?



• Vocab #1: Government• Vocab #2: Sovereign

Warm Up


• Question: List three countries (past or present) and describe their type of government based on our discussion today.


WHAT IS GOVERNMENT

• Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its publics policies.

• Government usually are responsible for three basic kinds of power;• Legislative Power – make laws• Executive Power – execute and

enforce laws• Judicial Power – interpret laws and

settle disputes.

• These powers can lay with 1 person (Dictatorship), a small group (Oligarchy), or an elected government (Democracy/Republic)

WHAT MUST A COUNTRY HAVE?

• In order for a state/nation to be formed it must have some basic things.

1. Population• Must have citizens, size has nothing to

do with it, countries can be large or small.

2. Territory• Land. Without land there can be no

country. Again there is no limits to size.

3. Sovereignty• A supreme and absolute power within

its own territory. They are their own boss. Florida is not sovereign… why?

4. Government• An institution in which society enforces

its public policies.

• These four things make up the basics of an independent nation/state.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

• There are many types of governments used throughout history and even in today’s world. Each has their own advantages and disadvantages. We will study the following;• Democracies• Dictatorship• Autocracy• Oligarchy

• Monarchies• Unitary Government• Federal Government• Confederation• Presidential Government• Parliamentary Government.

• There are many commonalities between these different forms of government. Some are nearly identical only differing on a few issues.

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT PROJECT


• Question: List three countries (past or present) and describe their type of government based on our discussion today.• WWII Germany: Dictatorship• Modern U.K.:

Monarchy/Parliament• United States: Republic• North Korea: Dictatorship• More? Examples….


1. What type of government (not a Republic or a Democracy) seems best to you? Why?

2. What are at least (2) things a nation must have?



• Vocab #1: Government• Vocab #2: Dictatorship

Warm Up


• Question: Do you share the same opinion as Thomas Paine, or would you have handled your self different during that time period… why/why not.

• Standard: SS.912.C.1.1: Evaluate, take, and defend positions on the founding ideals and principles in American Constitutional Government.

BACKGROUND TO THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

• Why did the create the declaration?

TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION

• With the French and Indian War leaving a huge financial debt for Great Britain they passed many new taxes and laws for the Colonies.• Why were they taxing the

colonist?

• They began to enact a series of new taxes.

NEW TAXES

• 1764 Sugar Act• 1765 The Stamp Act• 1767 Townshend Acts

TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION

• With all of the new taxes the colonists were furious.• Why would they be mad?• They had taxes passed on them without

being able to have a voice in the British Parliament.

• That is Taxation without representation.• Being taxed without having a voice in the

government.• Being taxed by people 3000 miles away

from them.

COMMON SENSE

• In 1776 Thomas Paine published a pamphlet called Common Sense. It called for the complete independence from Britain.• “Stop squabbling over taxes, and struggle for freedom”

Common Sense Primary Source Homework

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

• Jefferson was chosen to write the Declaration.• July 4, 1776 the

Declaration of Independence was approved.• John Hancock was the

first to sign the Declaration.

COMMON SENSE HW


• Question: Do you share the same opinion as Thomas Paine, or would you have handled your self different during that time period… why/why not.• Share & Discuss answers

• Standard: SS.912.C.1.1: Evaluate, take, and defend positions on the founding ideals and principles in American Constitutional Government.

1. What was the primary goal of the pamphlet Common Sense?

2. What is Taxation without Representation? (describe how it would look in modern society)



• Vocab #1: Executive Power• Vocab #2: Constitution

Warm Up


• Question: Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, who was it written to, and what was its purpose?


DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

• The Declaration has three major sections.1. Preamble (introduction)2. Declaration of Natural Rights3. List of Grievances

PREAMBLE

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of natures god entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

DECLARATION OF NATURAL RIGHTS

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

That to secure these rights, Governments are institution among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,

That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be change for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hate shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, that to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislature.

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and

unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should

commit on the inhabitants of these states:

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses: For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province,

establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule in these colonies:

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments:

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.

RESOLUTION OF INDEPENDENCE BY THE UNITED STATES

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.

PEOPLE WHO SIGNED THE DECLARATION

New Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton Massachusetts: John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat

Paine, Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery Connecticut: Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott New York: William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris New Jersey: Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart,

Abraham Clark Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton,

George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross Delaware: Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of

Carrollton Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin

Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur

Middleton Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (PERFORMANCE BASED 35PTS)

• Using the textbook read pages 40-43.• In pairs answer the

following questions:• Pg 43• #1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7.• I should see both

students handwriting. Treat this as a test grade and put full effort towards answers.


• Question: Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, who was it written to, and what was its purpose?• The main author of the Declaration of

Independence was Thomas Jefferson. (John Hancock was the first to sign it).

• It was written to King George of England.

• Its purpose was to inform the King that they were no longer his colony and they had created a new nation, The United States.


1. Who was the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence?

2. If you were alive during that American Revolution would you have supported the Declaration of Independence, why or why not?



• Vocab #1: Bill of Rights• Vocab #2: Amendment

Warm Up


• Question: Which of the enlightenment thinkers do you think had the best idea, why?

• Standard: SS.912.C.1.5: Evaluate how the constitution and its amendments reflect the political principles of rule of law, checks and balances, separation of powers, republicanism, democracy, and federalism.

Rosseau

ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHIES

• The Enlightenment was an 18th Century movement that began in Western Europe with a focus on reason rather than tradition to solve social dilemmas.• Why is this important

to ‘Americans’ during the 18th century?

ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS

• Many enlightenment thinkers contributed directly or indirectly to the creation of many documents that established America. The Declaration of Independence, The Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution.

• We will focus on the following;• Thomas Hobbes• John Locke• Charles de Montesquieu• Jean Jacques Rosseau.

THOMAS HOBBES

• Author of Leviathan (1660) argued that if humans were left to their own devices, chaos and violence would ensure. • He argued that the best

way to protect life was to give total power to an absolute monarch.

• How do we see this reflected in American Government today?

JOHN LOCKE

• Locke argued in his Second Treatise on Civil Government (1690) that liberty and property also need to be respected.

• He believed that life, liberty, and property were natural rights granted by God and it was the governments duty to respect and protect these rights. • If they did not… then it was the

citizens right to have a revolution.

• How has this influenced the development of America?

CHARLES DE MONTESQUIEU

• A French Philosopher, author of The Spirit of Laws, he advocated for the separation of power into three branches of government.• How do we see this

in America today?

JEAN JACQUES ROSSEAU

• He argued that the only good government was one that was freely formed with the consent of the people (1762).• This “Consent” was

shown in a “Social Contract” which was an agreement between people.• What does this mean?

What are some examples?


• Question: Which of the enlightenment thinkers do you think had the best idea, why?• Discuss as a class, go over

key points of each.


Rosseau

ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS FOLDABLE (30 POINTS PERFORMANCE)

• You will create a foldable including the following information:• What is the Enlightenment?• Describe the Enlightenment, what was it, where did it occur, when did it

occur?

• Thomas Hobbes• Major works + contributions to America system of government.

• Jean Jacques Rosseau• Major works + contributions to America system of government.

• John Locke• Major works + contributions to America system of government.

• Baron de Montesquieu• Major works + contributions to America system of government.

• Which enlightenment thinker is the most important (to America) why?• This is an opinion, describe which Enlightenment thinker had the largest

impact on the foundation of America, and why.

QUIZ REVIEW QUESTIONS (22PTS, FORMATIVE)

ALL ANSWERS SHOULD BE 2-3 SENTENCES MINIMUM

1. Describe Rousseau's idea of a “Social Contract” does this make sense to you? Why/why not?

2. Which enlightenment thinker proposed the idea of separation of powers, how is this idea utilized in America under the Constitution?

3. Describe the difference between a Democracy and a Republic, which system does America use?

4. How did the phrase “Taxation without Representation” contribute to the American Revolution?

5. ESSAY: Describe the causes and effects of the Declaration of Independence.

UNIT I QUIZ

1. Which of the Enlightenment thinkers do you think contributed most to our system of government, and why?

2. In your opinion does a President need to be a strong leader, or a wise leader… why? (Pick one, don’t say both)



• Vocab #1: Three-Fifths Compromise

• Vocab #2: Dictatorship

Warm Up


• Question: If you had to describe the main cause of the American Revolution, what would you say it was and why?

• Standard: SS.912.C.1.3: Evaluate the ideals and principles of the founding documents (Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Federalist Papers) that shaped American Democracy.

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Causes

• Taxation without Representation

AMERICAN REVOLUTION KEY FIGURES

American

• George Washington:• Thomas Jefferson• Benedict Arnold:

British

• King George III:• General Charles

Cornwallis:

AMERICAN REVOLUTION KEY BATTLES

• The Battle of Lexington and Concord:• The Battle of

Bunker Hill

• The Battle of Saratoga:• The Battle of

Yorktown:


• Question: If you had to describe the main cause of the American Revolution, what would you say it was and why?• Discuss as a class the major

causes of the American Revolution.


1. What battle of the American Revolution is considered a “turning point”, why?

2. What is the difference between a Patriot and a Loyalist, give an example of each.



• Vocab #1: Representative Government

• Vocab #2: Articles of Confederation

Warm Up


• Question: Describe at least (2) reasons why the Articles of Confederation failed.


THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• The first government utilized by the newly born United States was called the Articles of Confederation. • This was our basis of

government from 1781-1788.• It was also informally

followed from 1777-1781 (during the War for Independence)

ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER THE AOC

• The AoC is ultimately known for being a failed system of government, however a lot was accomplished under its reign.• It won the revolutionary war.• It established the Northwest

Ordinance, creating methods by which new states would enter the Union.

• It negotiated the treaty the ended the Revolutionary War.

• It set the precedent of federalism, where states and central governments shared power.

• However its strengths were nothing… compared to its weaknesses.

WEAKNESSES OF THE AOC

• Under the AoC the Federal Government was a small weak thing. It lacked basic powers needed to be successful in the long run. For examples;• They could not draft soldiers• They could not collect taxes• No Supreme Court to interpret law• No national currency• Needed 100% state approval to

amend the AoC• Need approval from 9/13 states to

pass laws.

• Ultimately the AoC was disregarded and an entirely new document for the foundation of our government was created. The U.S. Constitution.

NOT UNITED

• Even though the Colonies had won their independence, they were hardly a united nation.• By 1780 every state had their

own Constitution or body of laws.• They did this because they were

scared to have any one person hold to much power… Why would they be scared?• They just rebelled from a King.

King George III

FURTHER STEPS TO DIVIDE POWER

• The states also established divided government functions to dilute the source of power.• They had a Governor as well

as a legislature.

FORMATION OF A REPUBLIC

• As each state quickly created their own constitution, they were slow to create a united nation.

• They did all agree however that they were to create a Republic.• A government in which citizens rule

through elected representatives.• What countries have you previously

studied that utilized a republic?

• However, they couldn’t agree on the organization and types of powers this republic would have.

AMERICA’S FIRST ATTEMPT AT GOVERNMENT

• March 1, 1781 The Articles of Confederation was put into effect. Creating the United States.• STATES remained the holders of the

majority of power.• Each state was still basically its

own independent nation held together by a WEAK central government.

• Under the AoC if the central government wanted to do anything they had to get the states approval.• Under the AoC there was a WEAK

central government and almost all powers laid with the states.• Why were they so limited? What

were the people afraid of?

THE CONFEDERATION GOVERNMENT

• 1781-1789 The confederation years• Weaknesses• No strong central government• Couldn’t pass laws unless 9/13

states voted yes.• Couldn’t Amend the AoC unless

13/13 states voted yes.

• Some things it did right…• Expanded foreign trade• Established policies for expanding

westward. (Northwest Ordinance)

GEORGE WASHINGTON’S VIEW ON THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• George Washington described the government as “little more than the shadow without the substance”• What does that mean?• Americans started to

realize they needed a stronger central government.

SHAY’S REBELLION AND THE AOC


• Question: Describe at least (2) reasons why the Articles of Confederation failed.• Many reasons such as;• No power to tax• No national currency• No national military• What else?


1. What does it mean “The Framers wanted to dilute the source of power”?

2. Describe one positive result under the AoC.



• Vocab #1: Federalists• Vocab #2: Framers

Warm Up


• Question: Which plan do you believe makes more sense, the Virginia or the New Jersey plan? Why?

• Standard: SS.912.C.1.4: Analyze and categorize the diverse viewpoints presented by the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists concerning ratification of the Constitution and inclusion of the Bill of Rights.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION GRAPHIC ORGANIZER(30PTS PERFORMANCE)

• I will hand out a graphic organizer for you to use to take notes today.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

• 55 Delegates gathered in Philadelphia in May 1787. To revise the AoC• Important people: George

Washington, Benjamin Franklin (Who was 80), James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris (wrote the final draft of the US Constitution), James Madison (called the Father of the Constitution).

SETTING THE STAGE

• The convention was to initially called to revise the AoC, however that is not what ended up happening….• They established rules for how the meetings would

progress.• George Washington was selected to preside over the

meetings.• Each state would have one vote.• Majority vote• No meetings unless 7/13 states were represented.• Doors were to remain closed, and the meetings secret from

the public.

THE VIRGINIA PLAN

• With the rules set, and the convention underway a radical idea came forward.• Edmund Randolph a delegate

from Virginia proposed that the delegates created a strong central national government instead of revising the AoC.• The Virginia Plan was

introduced. • James Madison was the real person

behind this plan.

Edmund Randolph

VIRGINIA PLAN DETAILS

• Two-house legislature• Lower house elected by the

people.• Upper house chosen by the Lower

House.• Number of reps. Per state

dependent on each states population proportional to the country.

• A Chief executive chosen by the legislature• A court system.

THE NEW JERSEY PLAN

• Opposition rose quickly to one of the Virginia Plans key points.• Which point do you think?

• They wanted equal representation instead of being given less power because of a smaller population.

• They also ONLY wanted to amend and revise the AoC, by giving the central government new powers such as taxing and regulation of trade.

THE BIG DECISION

• The convention was at a standstill.• Until they decided to create a

new Constitution or to Amend/Revise the AoC they could not continue.• On June 19th they decided to

work toward a NEW National Government based off of the Virginia Plan.• What big problem did they still

face?• Representation based off

population or state…

THE GREAT COMPROMISE

• Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise.• The lower house (The

house of representatives) would vary according to the states population. (Virginia Plan)• The Upper House (The

Senate) each state would have two members. (New Jersey Plan)

THE THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE

• Another issue then came up, should slaves count toward a states population?• Why would they want to count

the slaves?• Larger representation in the House of

Representatives.

• The North Objected based on the fact that the Slaves were treated as property.• Eventually it was decided that

each slave would count as 3/5 of a person for both Taxation and Representation.

BILL OF RIGHTS

• George Mason of Virginia proposed that a bill of rights be added to the constitution. • It was to ensure that the new

government did not limit peoples rights.

• What are these founding fathers scared of and why?

THE BILL OF RIGHTS 1-5

1. Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

2. The Right of Bear Arms3. Government can not force the quartering of troops.4. Cannot be arrested or searched without probable

cause5. Protections against double jeopardy, no self

incrimination, and due process.

BILL OF RIGHTS 5-10

6. Speedy trial by a jury.7. Jury trial for civil cases8. No excessive bail or fines, or cruel or unusual

punishment.9. The listing of individual rights does not include all of

the rights of the people and the states.10.Any powers that the Constitution does not give to

the US belongs to the states and the people.

AMENDMENT PROCESS

• The AoC had required unanimous approval to be amended. • They had decided that to amend

the new constitution a 9/13 vote would be needed.• Therefore when 9/13 states approved

the Constitution the United States would come into existence.

PLANS AND COMPROMISES BROCHURE


• Question: Which plan do you believe makes more sense, the Virginia or the New Jersey plan? Why?• Personal opinion, we will

discuss a few as a class.


1. Why did the South want to count their slaves towards their population?

2. Why would Northern States agree to the 3/5ths compromise?



• Vocab #1: Federalists• Vocab #2: Preamble

Warm Up


• Question: List the purpose of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd articles of the U.S. Constitution.


THE ROOTS OF THE CONSTITUTION

• The U.S. Constitution was the first document of its kind. However it had many ideas and theories that had been talked, and written about for many, many years dating back to Ancient Greece.• Ancient Greece talked about democracy• Ancient Rome practiced a republic• Magna Carta (1215) limited powers of kings• English Bill of Rights (1689)• Enlightenment Ideas.• John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu.• Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of Laws this book outlined the

separation of powers in government. IMPORTANT*****

SHARED POWERS

• The Constitution created a federal system of government and divided powers between the Federal government, and the States.• Shared Powers• Federalism: sharing of power between the federal and state

governments.• The Federal government could;• Tax, trade, control money, raise an army, declare war, pass laws.• However the states could…

• Pass laws and regular trade inside their borders, establish local governments, schools, and anything else that effected the welfare of their citizens.

• Both Federal and State governments could tax and build roads. (Concurrent Powers)

THE CONSTITUTION

• The constitution was to be;

•“The Supreme Law of The Land”• The final and supreme

authority.

ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT

• Following the ideas set forth by Montesquieu they decided to separate the powers of government.• The Framers established three

parts of the Federal Government. • Legislative• Executive• Judicial• Hand out Unit III.5 Study Guide

(Due when we take exam)

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

• Article I of the Constitution.• Lawmaking branch of the government.

• Composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate.• House is proportional to the population of

each state. (NJ Plan)• The Senate has 2 senators from each

state. (VA Plan)

• The Congress can also;• Collect taxes, make money, regulate trade,

declare war, raise and support an army.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

• They didn’t want a super strong leader.. Why?• Memories of a Tyrant King

• They did know that they needed some form of strong government from their failed government based on the AoC.

• Article II of the Constitution set up the Executive Branch.• Headed by a President• Responsibilities include carrying

out the nations laws and policies, serving as commander in chief of the armed forces, and conducting relations with foreign countries.

JUDICIAL BRANCH

• Article III of the U.S. Constitution• Deals with the court system

of the United States.• The us Supreme Court and

the Federal Courts deal with laws passed by Congress and disputes between states.

CHECKS AND BALANCES

• By splitting the power of the government into three branches each branch has roles and powers that check the other branches.• Example:• Both the House and Senate must approve for something to

become a law. (Legislative)• A president (executive) may veto (cancel) a law passed by

the congress.• The Congress can OVERRIDE the president.

• Another Example• The President picks the members of the supreme court…• HOWEVER the Senate must approve the appointments.

RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION

• Before the Constitution could go into effect 9/13 states needed to Ratify (approve) it.

• Supporters of the Constitution were called Federalists.• George Washington, Benjamin

Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay were Federalists. (All well known important figures)

• Those who opposed ratification of the Constitution were called Anti-federalists.• Their main argument was that the

Constitution took away the rights they had fought to win from Britain.

CHECKS AND BALANCES (HW)(30 PTS FORMATIVE)

• I will pass out and explain this assignment.

HAND OUT UNIT I STUDY GUIDE

• I will hand out the Unit I study guide. This will be due the day of the Exam.


• Question: List the purpose of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd articles of the U.S. Constitution.• Article I: Established the

Legislative Branch• Article II: Established the

Executive Branch• Article III: Established the

Judicial Branch


1. What was the defining characteristic of a Federalist?

2. Describe the purpose and function of Article II of the U.S. Constitution.



• Vocab #1: Anti-Federalist• Vocab #2: Bill of Rights

Warm Up


• Question: Describe the primary reasons for the creation and ratification of the Bill of Rights.


ANTI FEDERALISTS

• The Anti-Federalists opposed the creation of a stronger national government. They argued that the Constitution would threaten a citizens personal liberties, and essentially make the President a King.• This is one of the reasons why a Bill of Rights was

created, to appease the Anti-Federalists.

BILL OF RIGHTS… AGAIN.

• One of the biggest concerns of the Constitutions is that it lacked a Bill of Rights.• Several states announced

that they would not ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights. Why?• To protect individual

freedoms.

“We have struggled for liberty and made costly sacrifices… and there are still many among us who value liberty too much to relinquish… the rights of man for the dignity of government.”

FEDERALIST PAPERS (HW)

• I will hand out a reading packet and go over the directions with you.


• Question: Describe the primary reasons for the creation and ratification of the Bill of Rights.• The Anti-Federalist were worried

that a powerful Central government would trample peoples rights.

• They wanted a Bill of Rights to guarantee peoples freedom from the government.


1. Which group was in support of the Constitution, the Federalist or the Anti-federalists?

2. Describe one check/balance the Executive Branch has on the Judicial Branch.



• Vocab #1: Unconstitutional• Vocab #2: Judicial Review

Warm Up


• Question: Describe how its possible that the U.S. Constitution has been shaping our country for over 200 years.


RATIFICATION

• In 1790 the U.S. Constitution was ratified.• 1791 Bill of Rights was

added to the Constitution.

THE CONSTITUTION

• These goals guided the Framers as they created the constitution.• To Form a more perfect Union• To establish justice• To insure domestic tranquility• To provide for the Common

Defense• To Promote general Welfare• To secure the Blessings of

Liberty.

DISCUSSION

• How did the Constitution Last 200 years?• What are its strengths• What are its weaknesses• Do we need a new constitution, why/why not?

AMENDMENT PROCESS

• To propose Amendments;• The House and Senate by approve by a 2/3rds vote to

amend the Constitution. • Amendments do not require a presidential signature

(why?)

• To ratify Amendments;• 3/4ths of the legislature must approve it.

• History of Amendments;• THOUSANDS have been proposed, but only 33 have

received a 2/3rds vote, and only 27 have been ratified.

Major Principles of the Constitution

Popular sovereignty People are the source of the government’s power.

Republicanism People elect their political representatives.

Limited Government The Constitution limits the actions of government by specifically listing powers it does and does not have.

Federalism In this government system, power is divide between national and state governments.

Separation of Powers Each of the three branches of government has its own responsibilities.

Checks and Balances Each branch of government holds some control over the other two branches

Individual Rights Basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.

The Federal System

Enumerated Powers• Regulate Trade• Coin money• Provide an army and navy.•Conduct foreign affairs.•Set up federal courts.

Concurrent Powers• Enforce the laws•Establish Courts•Collect Taxes• Borrow Money• Provide for the General Welfare.

Reserved Powers• Regulate trade within the state.•Establish local government systems.•Conduct Elections•Establish public school systems.

National Government State GovernmentBoth Governments

TEST REVIEW QUESTIONS(22PTS FORMATIVE)

1. ESSAY: Are these people in the image breaking the law? Explain yourself.

2. Describe the differences between a Federalist and an Anti-Federalist.

3. Explain how the system of checks and balances is designed to protect us from corruption, provide at least two examples.

4. Describe/list at least 3 amendments (not in the bill of rights)

5. How did the Great Compromise contribute towards our current system of government?

POSSIBLE ESSAY QUESTIONS

• Why did the Articles of Confederation fail, provide at least 3 examples.

• What motivated the Framers of the Constitution, what was the original purpose of their gathering?

• Why did the Framers create a republican form of government, what alternatives were there, and why would they not use these?

• What is the purpose of checks and balances and the separation of powers, who proposed this idea, and how was it implemented in our system of government?

• Describe the conflict between the Federalist and Anti-Federalists, how was this resolved?

• Describe the benefits and disadvantages of the Virginia and New Jersey plans, how was this conflict resolved?

UNIT I EXAM

• When you are finished turn it in up front and begin working on the Unit II Vocabulary Packet.

• Up next Unit II: Rights and Responsibilities

GOVERNMENT UNIT I: THE FOUNDING FATHERS.

Documents

Transcript of GOVERNMENT UNIT I: THE FOUNDING FATHERS.