Got Questions? Serving Up a Glass of New Technology Indiana Online Users Group Spring 2004 Program...

Got Questions?Serving Up a Glass of New Technology

Indiana Online Users GroupSpring 2004 Program

May 14, 2004

Trendspotting: Libraries and technology

(or, what do I have to learn now!)

Howard Rosenbaum [email protected]

http://www.slis.indiana.edu/hrosenba/www/Pres/iolug_04/index.html

Rosenbaum: Trendspotting School of Library and Information Science@IU

Trendspotting: Outline

Technology trends in libraries

I. Review: Catching up…

• So, was I close?

II. Moving forward

• Technical trends

• Social trends

III. Staying on the treadmill of change



In November, 1998:



So, was I close?

I said that:

As the number of people on the net increases, the web is becoming a new form of community

Community networks

Digital neighborhoods and virtual communities

Chat rooms

Portals



So, was I close?

There is increasing pressure to bring more of our routine social activities onto the net

Education

Business

Retailing

The home



So, was I close?

Working the web

PICS, P3P

Languages:



So, was I close?

Accessing the web

Convergence: telcos, cable companies and ISPs are competing to control the infrastructure of the net

They want to control the last mile

Controlling the web

Governments are busy writing legislation they hope will lead to a safer net

DMCA, CIPA, ITFA






II. Moving forwards


• Social trends



II. Moving forward: Technical trends

Technical trends: Wireless libraries

Many are installing WLANS

It requires a number of access points

Each has a transmitter, a receiver, an antenna, and a bridge to the wire- based network

A user with a card or wireless adapter can access the WLAN from anywhere within several hundred feet



Wireless technologies



The current standard is IEEE 802.11b (802.11a is intended to replace it)

Older systems use the 2.4GHz band (~3.5Mbps)

New systems use the 5GHz (up to 30Mbps) with less interference

This is Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi Alliance certifies products

A “Wi-Fi Certified”(tm) product interoperates with other certified products, even from different manufacturers



Technical trends: PDAs, handhelds, tablets, cell phones

As the price drops, mobile devices are becoming much more common

As they become more powerful, there is a greater range of uses

Taking advantage of wireless access to access library resources

Libraries can offer a new range of services to wireless patrons



Information delivery to handheld mobile devices presents new challenges

How do we design and develop content for these devices?

How can the web page be optimized for small screens?

Interface design for palm sized computers and cell phones

How do we stream information to cell phones?

WAP? VoiceXML? VoxML? Voice Markup Language?



Sample interfaces developed by ATT



Technical trends: RFID

Radio-Frequency Identification

Small electronic devices that consist of a small chip and an antenna

It provides a unique identifier for that object

Like a bar code, it is scanned to retrieve identifying information

RFID devices work within a few feet (up to 20 feet for high-frequency devices) of the scanner

Now manufactured cheaply enough to be “throwaway”


RFID systems have three parts:

A transponder (RFID tag) that is programmed with information

Active RFID has its own power source (up to 10yrs) , passive does not

A scanning antenna

Puts out radio-frequency signals in a relatively short range (and powers passive RFID)

A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data




A: Shopper enters store and scanners identify her clothing through embedded tags

The store knows where she bought what she is wearing

B: A microchip embedded in credit card talks to the checkout reader

Payment authorization is automatic

C: Checkout counter reader automatically tallies purchases

D: As she removes detergent, the reader in the shelf recognizes the need to restock and alerts the staff



RFID can be used throughout the library



Technical trends: Security

Firewalls: purpose is to protect critical digital data from outside attack

It also allows legitimate users internet access

The best firewall is a standalone web server

Types of firewalls

Packet filtering

Proxy server

Stateful firewall system



Simple firewall architecture



Complex firewall architecture


A firewall examines every data packet passing into or out of the network and make decisions based on

User ID, origin of data, destination of data, content of the data

It can decide to

Let the packets in or out of the network

Reject the incoming or outgoing packets

Alert sender that the message will not be delivered

Alert sysadmin that an attempt to violate the rules has been made




Technical trends: Digital rights management

A set of trusted system technologies and usage rights languages to encode rights into copyrighted works

Controls access to and use and distribution of the work

DRM technology secures content (HTML, PDF, MP3 files) by creating a digital wrapper

It includes an encryption algorithm to decrypt the content

Can have access control, requiring a password or digital certificate to retrieve a decryption key from a specialized server



A DRM-enabled server can track usage and provide information for billing or other systems

With DRM, content can be locked forever, set to allow one-time use, or to limit viewing to a specific time period

DRM may be contained within the OS, program software, or in the hardware of a device

DRM can prevent content duplication via screen captures, forwarding or printing

Some applications can even recall e-mail or files, pulling them completely out of a user's reach



Ianella’s functional architecture for DRM



Ianella’s rights expression architecture for DRM



Technical trends: Web services

W3C: It is set of applications that standardize communication of information across systems, business partners, and customers

They provide a standard means of interoperating between different software applications, running on a variety of platforms and/or frameworks

They can then be combined in a loosely coupled way in order to achieve complex operations

Programs providing simple services can interact with each other to deliver sophisticated added-value service



A web service is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network

It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically WSDL)

Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages

These are typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards

W3C. (2004). Web Services Architecture.


Web services use of reusable application components that dynamically interact with each other on the net using standard protocols

Services include:

Formatting messages using XML

Invoking services via simple object access protocol (SOAP)

Publishing services in Web services description language (WSDL)

Locating services through universal description discovery and integration (UDDI)



One view of web service architectures



Web services in action




Technical trends: Semantic web

Web services will run on the semantic web

The web can reach its full potential when data can be shared and processed by automated tools as well as by people

Programs will share and process data even when they have been designed independently

Data on the web will be defined and linked so that it can be used by machines for automation, integration and reuse of data across various applications



Semantic web

Business applications

Collaborative research

Personal information

management

Agent-based transactions

Digital libraries


Agent-based transactions

There will be customizable programs that will be able to

Collect Web content from diverse sources

Process the information

Exchange the results with other programs

Agents will interact if they are written to process semantic content of web data

They take advantage trust built into the semantic web

Agents’ inference engines can exchange and recognize “proofs” based on inferences and rules



Architecture of the semantic web



Digital libraries and the semantic web

DL, museums and archives are memory organizations

There are technical and social areas of overlap between semantic web and these organizations

They will develop as key foundations for supporting the semantic web

For example: Semantic Web Advanced Development collaboration with the DSpace project

Dspace is a joint project of MIT Libraries and HP

Goal: develop a flexible digital archive to capture and distribute the intellectual output of MIT



Personal information management

Agent based transactions take advantage of semantic web and networked information appliances

Agents will use characteristics of semantic web to manage many of our routine tasks

The devices in our homes will have descriptions of services and functionalities

Our agents can understand these and make use of them

The phone rings and the TV volume is turned down when you pick up



II. Moving forward: Social trends

Social trends: Blogs

This is just-in-time electronic publishing

Began in the late 90s

Now some blogs are on individual machines, others on central servers

Some are individual and others allow collaborative posting

Among the genres of blogs are those that are part of work

Used in education, media, some businesses



Now blogs are using RSS

RSS stands for “Rich Site Summary” or “Really Simple Syndication”

It is based on XML

It is a format for syndicating news and the content of news-like sites

Key parts of a site (ex: headlines) are sent in a bare form, stripped of graphics and layouts

These are incorporated into other websites

Users can read dozens of websites, all on the same page



The content provider codes and validates information about each item in RSS text file

The file contains static information about your site, plus dynamic information about your content

Register it at the various aggregators

Any site can now grab and display your feed regularly, driving traffic your way

An RSS-aware program (news aggregator ) checks your site’s feeds for changes and displays new items

Update your RSS file, and all the external sites that subscribe to your feed will be automatically updated


RSS is also used to share content among sites (syndication)

Sites can harvest each other’s RSS feeds, and automatically display the new stories from the other sites in the network

This drives more traffic throughout

RSS data can also flow into other products and services like PDA’s, cell phones, email ticklers. and even voice updates




Social trends: security

Preventing and detecting unauthorized use of a computer

Includes security of a computer, including OS, security of the networks to which a computer is connected and general Web securityWhitson, G. (2003). Computer security: theory, process and management. Consortium for Computing Sciences in Colleges

A set of procedures, practices, and technologies for protecting Web servers, Web users, and their surrounding organizations

Garfinkel and Spafford (1997). Web Security & Commerce


Computer and net crime is a growing problem

75% of surveyed firms and agencies had security breaches and acknowledged financial losses

CSI/FBI survey (2003)

2437 vulnerabilities reported in 2001 and 4129 in 2002

52,658 documented in 2001 and 82,694 in 2002

CERT/CC (2003)

Attacks on Fortune 1000 companies are increasing at a 64% annual rate of growth

Riptechhttp://www.riptech.com




Schneier , B. (2000). Managed Security Monitoring:Closing the Window of Exposure. Counterpane Security. p2

The window of exposure

When bad stuff happens


Major security issues

Internal network security (75% of attacks are internal)

Copying/deleting files, changing code, sabotage

Lack of skill to implement and maintain security

Malicious code (in applets etc)

Reliability and performance problems

External hacking

Social engineering attacks (information warfare)

Denial of service attacks (brute force attacks)

Natural disasters, accidents, and terrorism



What you want:

The system can function when security measures are in place and downtime is minimized (availability)

Only authorized people access back end data (secrecy)

Data are accessible only to sender and receiver (privacy - confidentiality)

Data are been changed during transmission (integrity)

Data are verified by receiver as coming from sender (authenticity)

Sender knows that receiver is genuine (non-fabrication)

Sender cannot deny he or she sent it (non-repudiation)




Social trends: spam

Millions of people receive dozens of unsolicited commercial e-mails (UCE), known popularly as spam

E-mail addresses posted on Web sites or in newsgroups attract the most spam

Spammers use software harvesting programs such as “robots” or “spiders” to record e-mail addresses listed on Web sites

They crawl personal Web pages and institutional (corporate or non-profit) Web pages

Newsgroups can expose to spammers the e-mail address of every person who posts to the newsgroup


Center for Democracy and Technology study (2003)







II. Moving forwards


• Social trends




What do I have to learn now?

We have to learn lots and quickly

The sociotechnical environment is changing around us at what seems like an increasing pace

These changes provide new opportunities for us

To improve services to patrons

To provide new options in our work, hopefully to improve it

The challenge is to integrate serious life-long learning into the job



What could the future hold?

Developing a digital reference service that incorporates live web-based reference interviews

Learning how to develop and manage digital libraries

Having the skills and understanding to create and manage complex database driven websites

Understanding how to negotiate with vendors over digital rights management issues

Creating and updating a library blog with an RSS feed

Being able to lock down the library’s computing infrastructure



What could the future hold?

Delivering a range of library services through a wireless network

And delivering it to a net-enabled wrist phone

Using RFID tags to manage circulation and other functions

Creating a set of web services to support library consortia

Understanding how the library can take advantage of the semantic web


Sources

Image sources:

Slide 4: http://ibrary.spt.tec.sc.us/handouts/hist-techn.htm

Slide 7: http://www.win2biz.com/eng/wireless.htm

Slide 9: http://ww.zid.tuwien.ac.at/zidline/zl08/wlan.html

Slide 10: http://www.notthefly.com/Home/home.html

Slide 11: http://www.ad.nl/images/wifi,1.jpg

Slide 12: http://www.geekculture.com/joyoftech/joyarchives/543.html

Slide 14: http://www.edgereview.com/ataglance.cfm?Category=handheld&ID=337

Slide 15: http://www.research.att.com/~yatin/publications/docs/ cscw/ui.html

Slide 17: http://www.rfidasia.com/htmdocs/rfid_systems/systems.htm

Slide 18: http://www.mindfully.org/Technology/RFID-Things-Forbes18mar02.htm

Slide 19: http://www.library.com.tw/product/rfid201

Slide 20: http://www2.infinit.com/.../2001/ 11/20011123-141345.html

Slide 21: http://www.unwiredonline.net/support.htm


Sources

Image sources:

Slide 24: http://www.kcoyle.net/drm_basics1.html

Slide 25: http://www.projectcool.com/security/ Article/7868

Slide 26: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june01/iannella/06iannella.html

Slide 27: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june01/iannella/06iannella.html

Slide 28: http://cheltenhamtownship.org/library/libtech.htm

Slide 29: http://www.hirschgift.com/library10.htm

Slide 30: www.konekta.net/sr/wservices/

Slide 31: http://www.exmlsystems.com/TechnologyInsight.htm

Slide 32: http://www.business2.com/articles/mag/0,1640,38627|3,00.html

Slide 36: http://www.icot.or.jp/FTS/REPORTS/H14-reports/H1503-AITEC-Report3/AITEC0203R2-images/006.gif

Slide 38: http://2world.com/staging/aime/products/webpassport/

Slide 39: http://chronotope.com/chronotope/2003/02/06.php


Sources

Image sources:

Slide 40: http://www.geekculture.com/joyoftech/joyarchives/535.html

Slide 43: http://www.faganfinder.com/search/rss.shtml

Slide 44: http://www.netls.org/.../News%20127/127%20final.htm

Slide 45: http://www.fcol.com/network_security.htm

Slide 47: homepage.mac.com/ronsbell/Blogs/B380834556

Slide 48: http:/ww.itportal.it/special/sicurezza/crearevirus/

Slide 49: http://www.stanford.edu/~ravp/

Slide 50: http://www.pro-j.com/gulmece/karikatur/bilgisayar/spam.jpg

Slide 50: http://www.goring-by-sea.uk.com/images/spam.gif

Slide 51:http://www.cdt.org/speech/spam/030319spamreport.shtml

Slide 52: http://www.loa-cnr.it Projects.html

Slide 53: http://www.prairienet.org/~yamada/ssitehistoryindex.html

Slide 54: http://www.epicski.com/.../DrylandTraining/Dryland8.htm


Got Questions?Serving Up a Glass of New Technology

Indiana Online Users GroupSpring 2004 Program

May 14, 2004

Trendspotting: Libraries and technology

(or, what do I have to learn now!)

Howard Rosenbaum [email protected]

http://www.slis.indiana.edu/hrosenba/www/Pres/iolug_04/index.html

Got Questions? Serving Up a Glass of New Technology Indiana Online Users Group Spring 2004 Program...

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