[2004] Wind Turbine Technology- IsTORIE
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Transcript of [2004] Wind Turbine Technology- IsTORIE
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Jules Campbell 24 Feb 2004
Wind Turbine Technology Presented to the Austin Chapter of the:IEEE Power Engineering Society
by
Jules CampbellFellow of the Technical Staff, Motorola SPS
Advocate, American Wind Energy AssociationSenior Member, IEEE
2/24/2004
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Agenda
Brief History of Wind Power Evaluating Wind Power
U.S. & Texas Resources Modern Wind Turbine Technology
Issues with Wind? Is Wind Economical?
Conclusions
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A Brief History of Windpower Photos from
Wind Turbine Technologyby David A. Speara
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First Wind Power Generator
Wind Generator
Dr. Charles Brush
Cleveland, OH
1888 1908
Rotor Diameter: 17m
Power Output: 12 kW
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Early Small Wind Turbine
Jacobs Wind Electric Battery Charger c. 1931
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Early Large Scale Wind Turbines
First Grid Tied turbine
Russia 1931: 30m 100kW
First > 1 MW Turbine
Putnam, VT 1941: 53m -- 1.25MW
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Darrieus VAWT*
Sandia Labs: 17m, experimental
FlowWind 170kW, Altamont Pass, CA
*Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine
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Evaluating Wind Power
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The Air We Breathe
Component Formula Quantity UnitsCumulative
composition(%)
o ecu ar Wt.
(g/22.4l)Mass per
g/m 3Cumulativemass (g/m 3)
Nitrogen N2 78.0840% percent 78.0840% 28.0134 976.52 976.52Oxygen O2 20.9470% percent 99.0310% 31.9988 299.23 1275.75Argon Ar 0.9340% percent 99.9650% 39.948 16.66 1292.41Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0314% percent 99.9964% 44.0003 0.62 1293.02Neon Ne 18.18 ppm 99.9982% 20.179 0.000367 1293.02Helium He 5.24 ppm 99.9987% 4.026 0.000021 1293.02Krypton Kr 1.14 ppm 99.9989% 83.8 0.000096 1293.02Sulfur dioxide SO 2 1 ppm 99.9990% 64.0628 0.000064 1293.02Methane CH4 2 ppm 99.9992% 16.04338 0.000032 1293.02
Hydrogen H2 0.5 ppm 99.9992% 2.01594 0.000001 1293.02Nitrous Oxide N2O 0.5 ppm 99.9993% 44.0128 0.000022 1293.02
Xenon Xe 0.087 ppm 99.9993% 131.3 0.000011 1293.02Ozone O3 0.07 ppm 99.9993% 47.9982 0.000003 1293.02Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 0.02 ppm 99.9993% 46.0055 0.000001 1293.02Iodine I2 0.01 ppm 99.9993% 253.8088 0.000003 1293.02Carbon Monoxide CO trace 99.9993% 28.0149 1293.02Ammonia NH3 trace 99.9993% 17.03061 1293.02
99.9993% 1293.02
Composition of Air (1m 3 = 1000 liters)
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Weather effects on Air DensityDensity of Air vs. Temperature
11001150120012501300
1350140014501500
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Temperature (C)
D e n s i t y
g / m
3
010203040
50607080
-50 0 50 100 150
Temperature (F)
W a t e r
C o n
t e n
t g / m
3
Density of Dry Air Density of Saturated Air Max. Water Content
11Conditions used for
Turbine Rating.
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Computing Power in the Wind The mass passing through a 1 x 1 m
2
surfaceis proportional to the speed in m/s Mass = (kg/m 3)* v (m/s)
The Kinetic Energy in the mass is mv2
Therefore, the power/m 2 is proportional to v 3 Power/m 2 = v3 = kg/m 3 * m3/s 3
Power/m 2 = kg * m 2/s 2*1/s*1/m 2 = Joules/s*1/m 2 = W/m 2
1m 3
1m 2
m/s
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Power in the WindWind Power Density vs Wind Speed
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
1 10 100 1000Wind Speed (meters/second)
P o w e r
D e n s i
t y ( W / m
2 )
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
W i n d S p e e
d
( m
i l e s /
h o u r )
Energy Density Miles per Hour
Wind TurbineOp Region
F5
F4
F0
F1
F2
F3
Diesel Locomotive ~ 3MW
3 25
F5 @ 318MPH = 1.7MW/m 2
FujitaScale:
Tornados
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Wind Power Classes
Wind Power Density Speed
(b) Wind Power Density Speed
(b)
(W/m2) m/s (mph) (W/m2) m/s (mph)
1 8.8 (19.7)
Classes of Wind Power Density at 10 m and 50 m (a)
10 m (33 ft) 50 m (164 ft)
In general, sites with a Wind Power Class rating of 4 or higherare now preferred for large scale wind plants. Research
conducted by industry and the U.S. government is expandingthe applications of grid- connected wind technology to areas
with more moder
Wind Power Class
(a) Vertical extrapolation of wind speed based on the 1/7 power law(b) Mean wind speed is based on the Rayleigh speed distribution of equivalent windpower density. Wind speed is for standard sea-level conditions. To maintain thesame power density, speed increases 3%/1000 m (5%/5000 ft) of elevation.(from the Battelle Wind Energy Resource Atlas)
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U.S. & Texas Resources
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1987 U.S. Wind Atlas
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Cummulative Average Wind Energy by State
0200,000400,000600,000800,000
1,000,000
1,200,0001,400,000
N o
r t h
D a
k o
t a
T e x a s
K a n s a s
S o u
t h D
a k o
t a
M o n
t a n a
N e
b r a s
k a
W
y o m
i n g
O k l a h o m
a
M i n n e s o
t a
I o w a
C o
l o r a
d o
N
e w
M e x
i c o
I d a
h o
M i c h i g a n
N e w
Y o r
k
I l l i n o
i s
C a
l i f o r n
i a
W
i s c o n s
i n
M a
i n e
M i s s o u r
i
N e v a
d a
P e n n s y
l v a n
i a
O r e g o n
W
a s
h i n g
t o n
M a s s a c
h u s e
t t s
V i r g
i n i a
W
e s
t V i r g
i n i a
V e r m
o n
t
T e n n e s s e e
H a w a
i i
A l a s
k a
State
C u m
m
u l a t i v e
A v e r a g e
W
i n d
E n e r
M W
Cummulative Average Energy by State
> 90% of Windpower resides inCentral Plains & Rocky Mt
States
U.S. Wind Power Potential
Total U.S. Generation 1999 ~ 775 GW
Wind Energy Power Potential > 1200GW
Data from AWEA &U.S. DOETop 10 States!
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Texas Wind Power & ProjectsRank 2 http://www.awea.org/projects/texas.html
Average Power Output 136,000 MWAnnual Output 1,191,360,000 kWhr Updated: Jan 12, 2004Installed Output 1,293.24 MW% of resource developed 0.95%
Power Purchaser/
User
Nichols Station Southwest Public Service 1992 0.3 Southwest Public Service 1 0.30 Carter
Deleware Mt. Culberson County Oct-95 35 LCRA 112 0.30 Kenetech
Fort Davis Wind Farm Fort Davis American Electric Power Sep-99 6 West Texas Utilities Co. 12 0.50 Zond
Deleware Mt. Culberson CountyAmerican Nat. Wind Power
& Orion EnergyJun-99 30
Reliant Energy, HL&P,LCRA
40 0.75 Zond
Big Spring I Howard County York Research Apr-99 27.72 TXU 42 0.66 Vestas V-47Big Spring II Howard County York Research Jun-99 6.6 TXU / York 1.65 Vestas
Southwest Mesa Crockett County Cielo Wind Power May-99 74.9 American Electric Power 107 0.70 NEG Micon (107)
Hueco Mt. El Paso County Cielo Wind Power Mar-01 1.32 El Paso Electric 2 0.66 Vestas V-4776.7 Austin Energy 59
198.9 Reliant Energy 153
2.6Texas-New Mexico Power
Co2
Woodward Mt. I & II Pecos County FPL Energy Apr-01 159.7 TXU 242 0.66 Vestas V-47
Fort Stockton Pecos County Big Wind LP Jul-01 3.5 Texas - New Mexico Power
Trent Mesa Nolan & Taylor AEP Aug-01 150 TXU 100 1.50 GE Wind (Enron)TXU (31.5MW)
LCRA (48.5MW)
Desert SkyPecos Co near
IraanAEP Dec-01 160
City Public Services of SanAntonio
107 1.50 GE Wind (Enron)
Llano Estacado @ WhiteDeer
Carson Co Shell Wind Energy Nov-01 80 SW Public Service 80 1.00 Mitsubishi
Brazos Wind Ranch Borden& Scurry Cielo Wind Power 4Q 2003 160 TXU & Green Mt. Energy 160 1.00 MitsubishiSweetwater DKR/ Babcock-Brown 4Q 2003 37.5 TXU 25 1.50 GE Wind
1293.2 1369
MWLocation (County)Existing Project or Area Owner Date
Online
Vestas V-47National Wind Power Dec-01 82.5
Bonus, 60m
Manufacturer Number
of Turbines
TurbineRating(MW)
1.30
Indian Mesa Pecos County 125 0.66
King Mt. I, II, & III Upton Co FPL EnergyJul-01 toDec-01
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ModernWind Turbine Technology
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Range of Turbine SizesTurbine Output vs Swept Area for misc. Vendors
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 5000 10000
Swept Area (m^2)
O u t p u
t ( k W )
VestasNeg-MiconMitsubishiGamesa EolicaGE WindBonusFuhrlander SuzlonRePower
Data fromVendor Websites
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Common Turbine Characteristics Upwind Design: into the wind Tower height approximately equal to blade diameter:
Solid or Annular, with rock fill (patented) Concrete Footing,approx. 12-14 in diameter, 14-20 deep.
Tubular Steel, usually in sections.
Turbine Cut-in speed: approx. 3 m/s Rated speed (for max. power): from 11-15 m/s
depends on rotor diameter and siting in high or low wind speed location.
Cut-out > 25 m/s, except for short bursts Turbine feathers blades and applies breaks Approximately 30 seconds spin down time.
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Wind Farm Electrical Systems
Transformer at base of turbine towers connects to13.8-35kV distribution system within the wind farm.
Distribution feeds a multi-MW sub-station to grid
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Turbine Siting in Arrays
3d
d
5 to 10d
PredominantWind Direction
Turbine Array
Sub-station
XRMR XRMR XRMR
XRMR XRMR XRMR
Distribution Lines
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Rotor Attach Point Nacelle with Canopy Open
Main Shaft & 1 of 4 Yaw Motors Disk Brake & 1.3 MW Generator
Bonus 1.3 MW Nacelle
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Rotor Components
I cant believe I got the whole thing!!
Hub, Blade attach & Spinner Angled fins reduce noise, like airplanes
60 meter diameter
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Suzlon 0.95 MW Drivetrain
Main Drive Shaft & Bearing Disk Brake & Gearbox
0.95 MW Generator
Hydraulic Pump
Rotor Hub
TorqueConverter
CouplingRemoved
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Suzlon 0.95 MW Rotor Hub
Blade Pitch Controllers
Blade Pitch Drive Motor
Blade AttachBolt Holes
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Suzlon 0.95MW Controls
VibrationSensors
VibrationAnalyzers
Controller Cabinets
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Other Technologies Enercon (Germany)
Direct Drive, no RPM step up transmission High Pole Count Ring Generator (e.g. alternator)
The Wind Turbine Company (Washington) Down Wind (self yawed or powered yaw) Two Blade, blade tilting to reduce root stress
Guyed Tower, aim to lower cost. Clipper Wind Turbines (California)
Multiple (8) Generators on common drive
reduced production loss Generator swapping requires smaller crane Not in the field yet, concept or in development
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Other Technologies
Enercon 30 m & 112 m (4.5MW)
The Wind Turbine Company2 Blade, Downwind
Clipper Drive with8 generators
Photos from Vendor Websitesor convention booth
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Desert Sky Photo AlbumSite Plan
Site Control System readout of Turbine Cubic power curve
Turbine Control Panel
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Sommerset, PA
8 - Nordex N-60, 1.3MW Very Quiet Turbines! Built on top of old strip mine
(note dragline in lower right)
l ( )
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Stateline Project (WA-OR)459 x Vestas, V-47 / 660kWCovers 50 sq. mi.BPA Grid
T u r b in e C o n t ro lle r P a n e l
AWEA Tour Group
Field of Dreams
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S h i
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Energy Storage Techniques Pumped Hydro-electric
BPA announced plans for 500MW Wind storage Requires geologic formations & water source
Compressed Air Typically a cavern, or pressure tanks Some (heat of compression) energy lost in
storage. Eliminates compressor losses on Gas turbine
Flywheels? Present-day ~ 4MJ or 1-5 seconds vs need or
hours Batteries?
Large, Heavy, Toxic Materials
E S T h i
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Energy Storage Techniques PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells)
Reversible Electrolysis-Generation > 50% recovery Hydrogen Storage still an issue
Doesnt compress easily and only Liquefies at~3 K Metal-Hydride powders have promise, but
require heat input for hydrogen liberation Probable synergy between Wind Power needing
hydrogen storage & Fuel Cell Autos needing
hydrogen infrastructure. Or generate Hydrogen & burn in combined cycleGas Turbine/Steam Turbine plant.
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Is Wind Power Economical?
2002 P G i C
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2002 Power Generation Costs
83Geothermal54Coal
1510Solar (thermal)2515Photovoltaic
1510Nuclear
43Natural Gas54Wind
86Biomass104Hydro-electric
Data from The Environment by Raven & Berg
Construction + Generation: Range, Cents/KWhr
Reduced CO 2, toxics
Radioactive WasteAffects Stream Ecology
Polluting !
Earth Friendly!
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Conclusion
Some would sayIf it aint broke, dont fix it!?
I disagree!
P D U S G i S
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Present Day U.S. Generation Sources
70 % of U.S. Energy comes from fossil fuels: large discharges of CO 2, e.g. greenhouse gas. large discharges of air pollutants (e.g. causing unaccountedhealth problems)
Chart from:http://www.balancedenergy.org
(A Coal Industry Consortium)
I O f i l 500MW C l Pl
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Input-Output of a typical 500MW Coal Plant
Gozintas 1,430,000 Tons of Coal 146,000 Tons of Limestone 2.2 Billion Gallons of Water
Gozoutas 3.5 Billion kWhr!
3.7 Million Tons of CO 2 Plus all these
Nasties!!!
Gozoutas (contd) 10,000 Tons of SO 2 10,200 Tons on NO X
500 Tons Small Particulates 220 Tons Hydro-Carbons 720 Tons CO 125,000 Tons Ash 193,000 Tons Sludge As, Pb, Cd, Hg, U, etc. Approx. 65% Waste Heat
Data from:
Union of Concerned Scientists2002
D th Att ib t d t P Pl t !
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Deaths Attributed to Power Plants!
Region holds > 90% of U.S. Wind Resource
>1100 GW !!
D Wi d k ?
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Does Wind make sense? U.S. Electric Generation in 1999 was 775 GW. The Estimated U.S. Wind Resource is 1200 GW!
37.8E15 KWhr annually, or 37.8E19 Joule
1 Million Tons of Oil = 7.8 Million Barrels = 1E15 Joule= 1 peta-Joule
So, The Estimated U.S. Wind Resource isequivalent to: 37.8 Billion Tons of Oil, or
295 Billion Barrels of Oil !! E.U. & US DOE have targeted 20% electrical
generation from Wind by 2020
A k l dg t
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Acknowledgements
American Wind Energy Association Souvenir Calendars for yall! Excellent website information Wind Power Conferences & Project Tours
Texas Renewable Energy IndustryAssoc. Texas Wind pins for yall!
Walter Hornaday, Pres. Cielo Windpower Photos by Author, unless noted.
Li k t U f l I f ti
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Links to Useful Information http://www.awea.org American Wind Energy Association
http://www.ewea.org European Wind Energy Association http://www.nrel.gov National Renewable Energy Lab http://www.nrel.gov/wind National Wind Technology Center http://www.cielowind.com Cielo Windpower, Austin, Tx. Developer
http://www.treia.org Texas Renewable Energy Industry Assoc http://www.bonus.dk Bonus Sturdy & Quiet (< 70 dBA) http://www.gewind.com GE Wind, LVRT, Variable Spd., Quiet http://www.vestas.dk Low Cost, High Volume, noisier http://www.nordex.de Nordex Built like a Beamer, (< 70dBA) http://www.mhi.co.jp/power/e_power/product/idx_nature_wind.html
Mitsubishi Wind Turbines http://www.suzlon.com Suzlon Torque Converter coupling http://www.enercon.de Enercon Direct Drive, noise > 100dBA http://www.neg-micon.dk/cm90.asp?d=1 Neg-Micon http://www.gamesa.es/ingles/nucleos_negocio/gamesa_eolica/presentaci
on/presentacion.htm Gamesa Eolica
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