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GOOD GOVERNANCEI. Introduction

II. Definition

World Bank

Governance is defined as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic and social resources. The World Bank has identified three distinct aspects of governance. The form of political regime; The power by which authority is exercised in the management of countrys economic and social resources for development; The capacity of Government to design, formulate and implement policies.

United Nations Development ProgrammeGovernance is the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage countrys affairs at all levels. It comprises mechanism, process and institution through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligation and mediate their differences.

Commission on Global Governance

Governance is the sum of many ways; Individual & Institution, Public & Private, Manage their common affairs, where conflicting and diverse interest may be accommodated and co-operative action may be taken.III. Aim / Destination of Good Governance Dedicated to securing human development.

Effective participation of people in state, civil society & private section authorities.

Ensure that human development is sustainable.

Trustworthy to all living under threat.

Must enable the people to further broad based economic growth and social development. Owned by people

Good Governance promotes a decent society in which the worst off can preserve dignity.

Government accountable to people.IV. Roots of Human Deprivation

Main reasons of human deprivation are rooted in social and politico economic dimensions of governance, Hence, 3 Aspects / Dimensions

A. Good Political GovernanceB. Good Economic GovernanceC. Good Civic GovernanceV.How to Measure Good Governance / ParametersA. Participatory in nature.

B. People fully informed ( TransparencyC. People ( decision makers ( Accountability.

D. Women are equal partners.E. Needs of the poor & disadvantaged are met.

F. Human rights are guaranteed.

G. Needs of the future generations are taken into account.(Sustainable Development)VI.Watchword of Good Governance

A. OwnershipB. DecencyC. Accountability

VII.Three Interlocking Dimensions of Good GovernanceA. Good Political Governance

a.Rule of Law.

b.Accountability and Transparency.

c.Not easily amendable constitution.

d.Free and fair multiparty system and elections.

e.Clear separation of powers among different tiers.

f.Impartial Judiciary.

g.No discrimination ( Cast, Creed, Colour and Genderh.Promotion of peace and harmony.

i.Peoples participation ( Greek ideals ( Agora.

j.Freedom of speech, belief and association.

k.Human Rights.

B.Good Economic Governancea. Securing macro-economic stability (Budget, Inflation, Exchange Rate etc).

b. Removing market distortions.

c. Investment in people and basic infrastructure.

d. Protection of natural environment.

e. Equitable and progressive fiscal system.

f. Predictable rules.

g. Progressive taxation / subsidies.h. Guaranteeing peoples property rights.i. Equitable access to credit and land.

j. Strong economic institutions.

k. Accessible courts, effective bankruptcy laws, sound securities, competition regimes and above all strong Anti Corruption Policies.C.Good Civic Governance

a. Respect for human rights.

b. Care for families and neighbors.

c. Mobilization of people and services towards needy.

d. Empowerment of people.

e. Encouragement of corporate social responsibility ( Principle of self organization comes to play. Self help and self development

Components

i. Determination and self initiative of people.

ii. Govern own lives.iii. Role to protect human rights ( powerful voices Community organizations

f. An independent media.

Good Civic Governance Supports ( Good Political & Good Economic Governance.

VIII.Impact and Cost of Poor Governance

A. People in general remain ( alienated (Economic & Political).

B. Unemployment ( crime violence, poor living.

C. Social cleavages / Social split (Cast, Creed, Ethnicity).

D. Child prostitution ( poverty.

E. Poverty ( vast implications ( limits, decent livings.

F. Crime, violence ( affects the poor, the most.G. Heavily policed societies ( encounters, punishments.

H. Inequality in income and opportunity.

I. Deprivation of basic facilities (health & education).

J. Exclusive of rural areas.

K. Educational inequities.

L. Decline in quality of lives and services.

M. Income and class division.

N. Regulatory mechanism is weak.

O. Average life expectancy and child mortality ( divisions. Plato: A society is deep rooted in two basic percepts; Law one: Everyone is free; Law two: no one can change the first law.Human Development Index (HDI)Human Poverty Index (HPI)

1. Education1. Shorter life span.

2. Health2. Illiteracy

3. Life expectancy3. Lack of access to safe water health & nutrition

Altaf Hussain Ansari)IX. Why Evaluate Governance?

Assessment of the impact of policies/procedures by the stakeholders

Government

Donors

Monitors

Private interests/investors

Scholars/think tanks etc. World Bank Governance Surveys

Public voice and accountability

Political instability

Violence

Government effectiveness

Regulatory burden

Rule of law

Graft ADB Indicators / Approach to Governance assessment

Public Administration Govt. systems Civil services Local governance Public Financial Management-all levels Legal and Regulatory Framework Judicial system Civil Society Civil Services / ADB-Parameters Legality-responsiveness and accountability

Impartiality and Integrity

Efficiency in management and control

Professionalism and stability of Civil Services Capacity development

Legal status of Civil Services