GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR AROMATIC COCONUT

THAI AGRICULTURAL STANDARD

TAS 1001-2008

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR

AROMATIC COCONUT

National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

ICS 65.020.20 ISBN 978-974-403-548-6

THAI AGRICULTURAL STANDARD

TAS 1001-2008

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR

AROMATIC COCONUT

National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives

50 Phaholyothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Telephone (662) 561 2277 www.acfs.go.th

Published in the Royal Gazette Vol.125 Section 3D, dated 18 August B.E.2551

UNOFFICAL TRANSLATION

(1)

Ad hoc Sub-Committee on the Elaboration of Standards for Good Agricultural Practices for Aromatic Coconut

1. Director General of the Department of Agriculture (Mr.Suchat Vichitrananda – represented)

2. Representative of the Department of Agricultural Extension (Mrs.Orawan Vichailak)

3. Representative of the Office of Commodity and System Standards, the National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards (Mrs.Oratai Silapanapaporn Mrs.Voranuch Kitsukchit – alternate)

4. Representative of the Horticulture Research Institute, Department of Agriculture (Mr.Somchai Watanayothin)

5. Representative of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University (Associate Professor Chalongchai Babprasert)

6. Representative of the Thai Chamber of Commerce (Mr.Thavee Trakulthong)

7. Representative of the Thai Fresh Fruit Traders and Exporters Association (Mr.Paiboon Wongchotsathid)

8. Representative of the Thai Food Processors’ Association (Ms.Vanida Chiansanoi)

9. Representative of the Thai Fruit and Vegetable Producer Association

10. Representative of the Horticultural Science Society of Thailand (Mr. Narong Chomchalow)

11. Expert, farmer representative and private sector representative (ad hoc basis)

(Mr.Julapun Petchpirun (Expert)

Mrs.Peyanoot Naka (Expert)

Mr.Vorapoj Kusolsongkraokul (Farmer representative)

Mr.Long Thongsamsri (Farmer representative)

Ms.Prayul Wisutapaisarn (Private sector representative)

Mr.Khemtas Manutrangsi) (Private sector representative)

12. Representative of the National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards (Ms.Korwadee Phonkliang ) Secretary 13. Representative of the National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards (Ms.Yaninsiri TinakonAssistant) Assistant secretary

(3)

Aromatic coconut is an agricultural commodity that Thailand has the potential to produce and it has the trend for more exportation. The establishment of aromatic coconut standard is essential to assist the quality improvement in the production. To promote good quality of aromatic coconuts that qualify the standard and the fruit is better accepted by both domestic and international trade therefore the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives deems it necessary to establish a standard for aromatic coconut.

The provisions of this Thai Agricultural Commodity and Food Standard are based upon information from a study project on important characteristic indices of the fruit that are used as criteria in indicating quality, classification and size, of the National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.The provisions of this standard are based upon the following documents:

Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. B.E.2546. Thai Agricultural Standard, Good Agricultural Practices for Food Crops (TAS 9001-2546). National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards.

Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. B.E.2550. Thai Agricultural Standard, TAS 15-2550. Aromatic Coconut. National Bureau of Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards.

Remark: The standard title has been revised from “Thai Agricultural Commodity and Food Standard (TACFS)” to “Thai Agricultural Standard (TAS)” in accordance with the application of the Agricultural Standards Act B.E. 2551 (2008).

NOTIFICATION OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY AND FOOD STANDARDS

SUBJECT: THAI AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY AND FOOD STANDARD: GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR AROMATIC COCONUT

B.E. 2551 (2008)

The resolution of the 1/2551 session of the National Committee on Agricultural

Commodity and Food Standards dated 11 August B.E 2551 (2008), endorsed the Thai Agricultural Commodity and Food Standard entitled Good Agricultural Practices for Aromatic Coconut for the benefit of development of agricultural commodity and food which is safe and in accordance with the standard.

By virtue of the Cabinet Resolution on Appointment and Authorization of the National Committee on Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards dated 5 August B.E 2551 (2008), the Notification on Thai Agricultural Commodity and Food Standard entitled Good Agricultural Practices for Aromatic Coconut is hereby issued as voluntary standard, the details of which are attached herewith.

Notified on 14 August B.E. 2551 (2008)

Mr. Somsak Prissana

Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives

-nanthakul

Chairperson of the National Committee on Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards

TAS 1001-2008

THAI AGRICULTURAL STANDARD GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR AROMATIC COCONUT

1 SCOPE

This Thai Agricultural Standard applies to the production system and its inspection methods on commercial variety of aromatic/fragrant coconut at every step from farm to collecting station in order to obtain the aromatic coconut which is safe and of good quality for consumption.

This standard shall be jointly implemented with TAS 15-2007, Thai Agricultural Standard for Aromatic Coconut

2 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this standard:

2.1 Aromatic/fragrant coconut or Maphrao Num Hom means a dwarf and aromatic mutant cultivar which is mutated from Moo See Kheaw cultivar, scientific name of Cocos nucifera L. of the Arecaceae family.

2.2 Plantation area means an area in which crop is planted to and is not connected to other areas or in case of the area is connected to others, the management of production process system, including input management, maintaining plan establishment, and personnel management in the planting area, is clearly different.

2.3 Fertilizers1

2.4 Hazardous substances, referring to the Hazardous Substances Act B.E. 2535 (1992) mean the following substances:

mean organic, synthetic organic, inorganic substances or micro-organisms, whether they are naturally occurring or synthesised, used for plant nutrients by any method or for chemical, physical or biological changes in soil to nourish plant growth.

- explosives,

- flammable substances,

- oxidizing agents or peroxides, - toxic substances,

- substances causing diseases,

- radioactive substances,

- mutagens,

- corrosive substances,

- irritants,

1 Source: Fertilizers Act ( Vol. 2) B.E. 2550 (2007).

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- other substances, whether chemicals or else, which may be harmful to persons, animals, plants, properties or environment.

2.5 Pesticides means any hazardous substances used in agriculture for which the Department of Agriculture is responsible according to List of Hazardous Substances issued by virtue of the Hazardous Substances Act B.E. 2535 (1992).

2.6 Hygiene means the right manner in accordance with good practice principles such as various conditions and measures in production process necessary to obtain safe produce suitable for consumption.

2.7 Pests mean types and species of plants, animals or micro-organisms that cause damages to plants, plant produce and products of plants.

2.8 Trimmed coconut means the whole or part of its green peel (exocarp) is removed. The nut is then trimmed into tapered cylindrical shape with cone-cover top, or only trimmed on the top part into cone-shape cover.

2.9 Polished/ground coconut means the whole of its white portion (mesocarp) is removed or partly remained at the base. The nut is then trimmed and polished to obtain smooth shell.

3 REQUIREMENTS AND INSPECTION METHODS

Provision concerning requirements and inspection methods for Good Agricultural Practices for aromatic coconut are defined in Table 1.

Table 1. Requirements and Inspection Methods

(Section 3)

Items Requirements Inspection Methods 1.Water sources. Water shall be from a source

that its environment is free from contamination of hazardous substances.

Visual inspection of the environment. If there is any risk, water quality shall be analysed.

2. Plantation area. Area shall be free from hazardous substances that could cause residue or contamination to the produces at harmful level to the consumer.

Visual inspection of the environment. If there is any risk, soil quality shall be analysed.

3. Pesticide application. -If application is required, use it according to the recommendations of the Department of Agriculture, or follow the recommendations in the officially registered labels authorized by the Department of the Agriculture, Ministry

-Examine the pesticide storage location. -Review record on pesticide survey and their control measures. -Visual inspection on the chemical application methods for pest control measures.

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Items Requirements Inspection Methods of Agriculture and Cooperatives. -In case of the produce is for export, do not apply pesticides that are prohibited by the importing country.

-If there is evidence or situation is in doubt whether the pesticide application may be incorrect, the produce shall be sampled for residue analysis.

4. Quality management in the pre-harvest production processes

4.1 Coconut variety preparation

Select good quality plants of the required cultivar from reliable sources.

-Review record on aromatic coconut nursery. -Randomised examination of young leaves and root caps that are still yellow in color by crushing them between fingers which would result in aromatic odour.

4.2 Planting.

Do not plant with other coconut cultivars (except those originally planted on the dike).

Visual inspection on the plantation that no other cultivars are planted.

4.3 Pest control measures and produce damages caused by pests

-Monitoring survey of pest damages in the plantation area such as coconut weevil, rhinoceros beetle, coconut hispine beetle, and other pests, regularly. -Appropriate pest control shall be carried out, when the damage degree is reaching at the economic threshold level. -If pesticide is used, follow section 3. -If pest is found in the harvested produce and/or any damage caused by pests, it shall be culled off.

- Review record on pest survey and its control measures. -Visual inspection on the management of dead trees due to pests and other causes. -Review record on the pesticide application. -Visual inspection of the produce characteristics, and the sorting result.

4.4 Fertilizer application.

-If chemical fertilizers are used, select those which have registered with the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, and follow the recommendation on the label. -Organic fertilizers used shall

-Review record of the purchase and the application of chemical/organic fertilizers. -If there is evidence or

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Items Requirements Inspection Methods obtain fermentation process or have been completely disintegrated. The application method shall be taken good care of in order to prevent contamination from harmful substances or pathogenic micro-organisms at harmful level to the consumers.

situation in doubt whether inferior quality fertilizer may be used, and may be risky on the consumer safety, the fertilizer shall be sampled and analysed.

5. Harvest and postharvest handlings.

5.1 Harvesting fruit age

Harvest the produce at the appropriate age of its type, according to trimming pattern.

Visual inspection of the produce.

5.2 Harvesting Harvesting method shall not affect the produce quality and cause any contamination to the produce.

Visual inspection of the harvesting practices.

5.3 Post-harvest handlings. 5.3.1 Moving and holding of produce in the plantation area

Produce holding, moving within plantation area, and storage should be careful in order to prevent negative effect on the coconut quality.

Visual inspection of the practices on the harvest and moving of produce in the plantation area including produce holding or storage.

6. Storage and transportation of produce.

-Collecting station and vehicles for transporting shall be clean, and do not cause any contamination to the produce. -Transportation practice method shall not cause damages to the produce.

- Visual inspection of the produce collection station and vehicles. - Visual inspection of the transportation practice method.

7. Recode keeping -Keep record data on surveys of pest control measures, the acquiring of fertilizers and their application with full details as exhibited in the sample from of record in Appendix A and B. -Produce which is under storage and transportation process shall be identified for traceability.

- Review record. - Record data indicating origin of the produce.

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4 RECOMMENDATION ON GAP FOR AROMATIC/FRAGRANT COCONUT

The recommendations on good agricultural practices for aromatic coconut are provided as guidance for farmers who will carry out good agricultural practices to produce safe and suitable coconuts for consumption with the details in Appendix C.

TAS 1001-2008

APPENDIX A, SAMPLE

DATA RECOED FORM FOR PEST SURVEY AND CONTROL MEASURES

(Section 7, table 1) Plantation Area Owner's Name, Mr./Mrs./ Miss……………………………………………Family Name Plantation Area Owner's Registration No. or Farmer's I.D. No………………………………………………….Plantation Area No Planting Crop…………………Cultivar....................................Plantation Area Serial No..................Amount of Orchard..............Number of Trees....................... Operation Year………………………Harvesting Period…………………………………..

Production Step

Pest Survey Pesticide Application Other Control

Measures (Specify)

Name of Operating

person

Survey Date

Survey Result Applied Date

Pesticide Names

% ai and

Applied Formula

Applied Ratio

(ml/20l)

Amount of Pesticide Applied/Planting

Plot (kg) Pest List

Not Found

Found(No.)

Pre-harvest Period

Harvest Period

…………..Period

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APPENDIX B, SAMPLE DATA RECORD FORM FOR FERTILIZER NATURE AND ITS APPLICATION

DATA OF FERTILIZER NATURE (Section 7, table 1)

Planting Plot Owner's Name Family Name Registration No. of Planting Plot Owner or Farmer's I.D. No.

Fertilizer Description

Date of Quantity Source Specific Description Recording Person

2/ Purchase

2/ Specific description of the purchased fertilizer such as manufacturer and type. In case of organic or biofertilizer it is required to indicate manufacturer, fertilizer type as well as the fertilizer manufacturing process

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DATA OF FERTILIZER UTILIZATION

Date Type of Fertilizer Applied Amount Application Method Planting Period 3/

3/

Planting period means fertilizer application during growth and development as well as production period.

TAS 1001-2008

APPENDIX C

RECOMMENDATIONS ON GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR AROMATIC COCONUT

(Section 4)

C.1.Water Source

C.1.1 Water applied to aromatic coconut cultivation should not be obtained from sources where the environment is risk to contamination with any harmful substances and its quality is suitable for agricultural purpose. It shall not be waste water from industrial activities or water that may cause contamination that may cause harm to consumers such as pesticide, heavy metals and pathogenic micro-organisms. If it is necessary to use such water, it shall be clarified that the water has been treated to improve the quality suitable for agricultural purpose.

C.1.2 At the early stage of setting up the agricultural system, water sample and its hazardous substance contamination should be collected at least once and sent to official or standardized laboratory for analysis in accordance with risky condition of the water source. Record details are as shown in the sample of Record Form 1 (Water and soil analysis result). Keep the water analysis report for evidence.

C.1.3 Water source for agriculture should be permanent, and its environment is conserved.

C.2 Plantation Area

C.2.1 Set up the data assigned to the plantation area by indicating name of the cultivation area’s owner, address; name of the plot care-taker (if any), address; plantation area site, map and layout; types of coconut and planting cultivars; history of land use in the past for at least 3 years, and other details as in sample of Record Form 2 (general data of orchard owner).

C.2.2 In case the planting area is near or in an industrial location or in risky area. At the early stage of setting up the agricultural system, soil quality and its hazardous substance contamination should be analyzed at least once in accordance to risky condition of the area. Soil sample is collected and sent to standardized laboratory. Record data is as shown in the sample of Record Form 1 (Water and soil analysis result). Keep the soil analysis report for evidence.

C.2.3 In case the planting area is at risk of air pollution which may affect on produce quality and quantity, responsible organisation such as the Department of Pollution Control for examination should be contacted and coordinated.

C.3 Pesticide Management

C.3.1 If pesticide is used, use it shall be in accordance with the recommendation or refer to the recommendation of the Department of Agriculture or recommendation on the label correctly registered with the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Pesticide application shall be carried out in line with the found pests. Stop applying pesticide before harvest in accordance to the period indicated on the label accompanying each pesticide. Record data in the Record Form is shown in Appendix A.

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C.3.2 Use only pesticides that are legally registered with hazardous substance registered number and label elaborating recommendation for specific plants. Do not apply pesticides that are banned from production, import, export, or in possession in accordance to Hazardous Substances Act B.E. 2535 (1992). In case of production for export do not apply pesticides that have been banned by the trading country partners.

C.3.3 Read recommendation on the label in order to understand the properties of the pesticide and its application method before use.

C.3.4 Entrepreneur and workers who practice in the field of pest control should know: the pests, the selection and application rate of pesticides, the selection of chemical sprayers and their nozzle equipment including the correct spraying method. The sprayer shall be maintained in functional condition at all time. To protect the worker’s body and clothes from pesticide contamination one should wear entirely covered coat with toxic substance protection gears such as mask or nose covering cloth, gloves, cap and boots.

C.3.5 Prepare pesticide with the right concentration. Before application water volume shall be adjusted, and well mixed. Pesticide is sprayed in the morning or evening period while the wind is calm; avoid spraying during strong wind or sunlight. During operation the sprayer shall be over the wind direction all the time. Prepare pesticide in a volume sufficient for the particular application, and do not leave residue in the spraying tank.

C.3.6 When the pesticide is used up, the container should be rinsed with water two to three times before pouring into the spraying tank. Water volume should be adjusted to the required concentration before application.

C.3.7 The empty pesticide container shall be damaged to prevent its reuse. It is then dumped into the site particularly provided for such container, or buried in the ground at sufficient depth that animal is unable to dig it up, and far from water sources. Burning is prohibited.

C.3.8 When pesticide content is not finished in one time, container lid shall be tightly closed and stored in the location provided for pesticides.

C.3.9 All kinds of pesticides applied in the production process are stored in well closed location with good ventilation; safe from children and pets; and rain and sunlight proof.

C.3.10 Separate the pesticide storage location in order to prevent its contamination on produce, food and environment.

C.3.11 Pesticides shall be kept in well closed containers with clearly identified labels and are stored separately from fertilizers, plant growth regulators and various plant supplementary nutrients. After the pesticide container has been opened, its content shall not be transferred out of the original container.

C.3.12 Provide first aid, tools and accidental prevention materials such as eye lotion, clean water, sand and fire extinguisher in the pesticide storage or application location.

C.3.13 Hazardous substances which are banned from production, import, export, or possession in accordance to Hazardous Substances Act B.E. 2535 (1992) shall not be present, stored in the chemical storage site or within the plantation area.

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C.3.14 After every pesticide application the operator shall immediately take shower, shampoo and change clothes which shall be well laundered every time.

C.3.15 Pesticide users should receive training on how to apply the substance correctly.

C.4 Quality Management in the Pre- harvest Process.

C.4.1 Coconut variety preparation

Select quality seedlings that carry characteristics of the required cultivar, and are from the reliable sources; or inspect the seedlings randomly by crushing young leaf and yellow color root cap between fingers which would result in aromatic odour.

C.4.2 Planting

C.4.2.1 Do not plant the required cultivar with others (except for those originally planted on the dike). Other cultivars are noticeable by the following characteristics:

(1) Other cultivars grow faster by looking at the internodes (scars due to the shedding of coconut leaves) which are wider.

(2) When a tree of other cultivar is 5 years old, its stem base is obviously larger than that of the aromatic cultivar.

(3) Aromatic coconut cultivar has specific characteristics. Inspection of the following items at random: crushing young leaf, produce, peel, or its water; all will produce aromatic odour.

C.4.2.2 The coconut should have planting space of tree x row of 6m x 6m, or 5m x 7m, or 6m x 7m.

C.4.2.3 Management to promote the perfect condition of tree and fruit

(1) Apply fertilizer in accordance with the stage of vegetative growth. To promote fruit development, fertilizer should be regularly applied during early and late rainy season by carrying out in accordance with the recommendation of the Department of Agriculture. Fertilizer application record should be kept as in the sample form of fertilizer application record (Appendix B).

(2) Pruning coconut fronds. All dead fronds should be pruned in order to destroy hiding places of coconut pests.

(3) Regularly apply water during drought period. Heavy raining and flood in planting location cause stunning of tree growth; hence it is immediately required to dig furrows to drain off the water.

(4) If fruit bunch does not sit on the frond and is very fruitful that it is overloaded, the bunch should be tied with rope to next upper frond, or supported with propped wood. If the bunch stalk is broken, water and nutrient supply will be cut off resulting in fruit falling off (generally coconut shall bear about 10 to 15 fruits per bunch).

C.4.3 Pest Control Measures and Produce Damages Caused by Pests

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C.4.3.1 Farmers should know the types and life cycles of important pests as well as their appropriate control measures by taking environment and ecological system into consideration. Important aromatic coconut pests are detailed in Appendix D.

C.4.3.2 Regular survey any damages caused by pests in the plantation area such as coconut weevils, rhinoceros beetle, coconut hispine beetle, and other pests. Monitor different stages of pest from infestation. If the degree of damage is found at economic threshold level, control measures of such pest should be appropriately carried out in accordance with the official recommendations; and record the data as in the sample form in Appendix A.

C.4.3.3 Get rid off the dead aromatic coconut tree whether it stands or falls down, including all the stumps, from the plantation area taking into account that the environment is not damaged. The removal is to destroy breeding place for rhinoceros beetle.

C 4.3.4 If pesticide is applied, it shall be carried out in accordance with Section 3.

C.4.3.5 If any pest is found and/or the produce, is damaged due to pest; it shall be culled off.

C.4.4 Use of Fertilizer

C.4.4.1 Chemical fertilizer application. Use only fertilizers registered with the Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Choose the fertilizer formula suitable for the crop in accordance with the recommendation on the label and that of the Department of Agriculture.

C.4.4.2 Organic fertilizer application. Use organic fertilizer which has been through fermentation process, or other process that would result in a complete decomposition, and reduce the amount of pathogenic micro-organism.

C.4.5 Agricultural Equipment and Tools

C.4.5.1 Provide a list of equipment and tools and their storage.

C.4.5.2 Provide suitable equipment in a sufficient number.

C.4.5.3 Provide storage area proper for equipment and tools, which is secured and easily accessible.

C.4.5.4 Set up a repair and maintenance programme for equipment and tools. Implement and record at each operation accordingly.

C.4.5.5 Examine the conditions of equipment and tools such as chemical sprayer and harvesting equipment before operation. Those required precision in operation, such as pesticide spraying nozzle, should be regularly examined for the accuracy. If there is any deviation it should be repaired or replaced to improve its efficiency as required by the standard.

C.4.5.6 Clean equipment and tools, including containers for produce collecting and moving every time before and after use and before storage.

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C.4.6 Surplus and Waste Management

Clearly separate types of garbage such as paper box, plastic, glass, oil, chemicals and plant waste. There should be sufficient garbage containers with clearly identified type of garbage, and garbage dumping site.

C.5 Harvest and Postharvest Handlings

C.5.1 Harvesting Fruit Age

C.5.1.1 Aromatic coconut shall be harvested at the appropriate age suitable of its type according to trimming pattern as follows:

5.1.1.1 Trimmed coconut has 1 ½ to 2 layers of flesh.

5.1.1.2 Polished coconut has 1 ½ to 2 ½ layers of flesh.

The above mentioned are jointly considered with the following criteria:

(1) Approximately 8 months, or 240 to 250 days old, counting from full bloom of the spadix.

(2) Half of the spikelet end becomes dry in the normal environment.

(3) Randomly, inspect the fruit in order to view the characteristics of the connecting area between the attached calyx and the fruit which is at the middle of the bunch with the following criteria:

- Fruit with approximately 1 ½ to 2 layers of flesh the connecting area is white.

- Fruit with approximately 2 to 2 ½ layers of flesh, white collar of the connecting area begins to fade or fade away or traces can be seen.

(4) If the flesh is more than 2 ½ layers, fibers under the green peel (exocarp), when it is cut opened, are slightly brown.

(5) Observation of number of bunch: if bunch 1is to be harvested, the next younger one bunch 2 should bear fruits of fist size, the third one should be blooming, where certain female flowers are fertilized. As these conditions are met, the coconuts borne on bunch 1 have appropriate maturity stage for harvest.

(6) Tapping sound of the coconut fruit requires expert.

C.5.2 Harvest

C.5.2.1 Harvest should be carefully handled not to affect the produce quality and cause contamination. It should be harvested by bunch tied with a rope, and lowered to the ground.

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C.5.3 Postharvest Handlings

C.5.3.1 Produce collection, holding, storage in the plantation plot and moving to sorting area in the plantation area shall be carried out with care in order to prevent any effect on produce quality.

C.6 Storage and Moving of Produce

C.6.1 Produce containers are separated from those used in moving or transport of pesticides or fertilizers in order to prevent contamination that is hazardous to consumption and causes damages to the produce. In case produce containers cannot be separated from others, they shall be carefully cleaned to prevent contamination.

C.6.2 Collection station shall be clean and hygienic such as away from dirty source and storage site of chemicals, chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. It should have good air ventilation, no heat accumulation; and should be able to protect pathogenic carrier animals including other pets.

C.6.3 Equipment and vehicles for moving aromatic coconut shall be clean, able to prevent contamination, and have good heat drainage in order to maintain the quality of aromatic coconut.

C.6.4 Moving practice method shall be hygienically carried out, and not contaminate the produce that would be harmful to the consumers.

C.7 Data Recording

C.7.1 Set up documents of operational steps, a list of various important documents, and record the data for certified inspection of GAP system for aromatic coconut.

C.7.2 Record form and documents should be updated. In case there is more than one production plot, separate the data record individually. Have the worker or recorder sign for every recording.

C.7.3 Data record shall be kept for at least 3 consecutive years of production, or depending on trade partners’ requirement. For traceability purpose, record forms and list of documents which should be prepared are as follows:

C.7.3.1 Data record form for pest survey and control shown in Appendix A

C.7.3.2 Data record form of fertilizer nature and its application shown in Appendix B, with details of date, quantity, fertilizer distributing store/company particularly organic fertilizer including biofertilizer. In case the fertilizer cannot be traced of its source or its source is unreliable, it should be sent to a reliable organization or laboratory for analysis of contaminants such as hazardous substances, heavy metals or pathogenic micro-organisms. The analytical report should be kept for evidence.

C.7.3.3 Document indicates list of equipment and production input storage with details of storage site and method. In case there is no recording of document, there should be storage site management such as label which clearly indicates the list, and separate the production

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inputs from equipment in good partition or grouping, in which are clean, safe and easy to be used.

C.7.3.4 Documents or evidences indicate analytical results of soil, water and various production inputs.

C.7.4 Produce that is being store or moved shall be identified with farmer’s production site and plantation area, and harvesting date. This is to provide convenience in traceability and revolving the produce more efficiently.

C.7.5 There should be data recording indicating production site and harvesting date for traceability or recalling of goods, or tracing harmful causes affecting the consumers.

TAS 1001-2008

RECORD FORM 1, SAMPLE

RESULT OF WATER AND SOIL ANALYSIS

(Section C.1.2,C.2.2) Plantation Area Plantation Area Owner's Registration No. or Farmer's I.D. No………………………………………… Owner's Name Mr./Mrs./Miss…………………………….Family Name……………………………………...

Planting Plot No.

Sample Collection Date Required Details Collector

Name Analysis

Unit's Name Date

Soil Water Sample Submit Analysis Result

N.B.: Keep every water and soil analysis report for evidence.

TAS 1001-2008


General Data of Orchard Owner (PAGE 1/4)

(Section C.2)

Data of Year ...................................................................

Plantation Owner’s Name (Mr./Mrs./Miss) ................................ Family Name ......................... Registered No. of Planting Area owner Area .............. Rai Divided into ................................................................. Planting Plot(s) Address, Village Name ................................... Moo .................... No. ....................................... Street ............................................................... Alley .................................................................. Sub-district ...................................... District .............................. Province ................................ Postal Code .................................. Tel ..................................... Fax ........................................... E-mail .............................................................. Website .............................................................

Contact Person or Representative (Mr./Mrs./Miss) ......................................................... Family Name .......................................... Address, Village Name .......................................... Moo ............. No. ....................................... Street ................................................................ Alley ................................................................ Sub-district ................................................ District ............................. Province ....................... Postal Code ....................................... Tel .................................... Fax ....................................... E-mail .......................................................................... Website .................................................

Signature of Entrepreneur .......................................................

(......................................................)

Signature of Contact Person or Representative ....................................................... (.......................................................)

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General Data of Orchard Owner (PAGE 2/4) (Section C.2)

Name, Planting Area Owner Mr./Mrs./Miss ................................. Family Name ..................... Registered No. of Planting Area Owner Planting Plot Location, No. .................... Moo ......... Sub-district ............................................. District ....................................... Province ........................................... Postal Code ................. Total No. ...................................................... Planting Plot(s) Area .................................... Rai Map of planting plot location, communication route and significant places in the vicinity for travel convenience to the planting plot.

N

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General Data of Orchard Owner (PAGE 3/4) (Section C.2)

Planting Plot No.......................................... Operating Year ...................................................... Planting Plot Location, Moo .............. Sub-district ........................ District ............................... Province .................................................................. Area .................................................... Rai 1.1 Planting Variety Variety ......................... Spacing .............. Planting Amount .......... Planting Date (Plant Age) ..................... Variety ......................... Spacing .............. Planting Amount .......... Planting Date (Plant Age) ..................... Variety ......................... Spacing .............. Planting Amount .......... Planting Date (Plant Age) ..................... Variety ......................... Spacing .............. Planting Amount .......... Planting Date (Plant Age) .....................

1.2 Irrigation System ..................................... Rate of Water Supply .................... Liter/Hour

1.3 Soil Type ............................................................................................................................

1.4 History of the Production Area Utilization Prior to Present Crop Planting of the Past 3 Years Area has never been cultivated Area has been cultivated Crops Cultivated Year 1 ..........................

Year 2 .......................... Year 3 ..........................

1.5 History of Plant Pest Infestation and Control Measure

Name of Plant Pest ......... Infestation Year ....... Infestation Area Percent ......... Control Measure ...... Name of Plant Pest ......... Infestation Year ....... Infestation Area Percent ......... Control Measure ....... Name of Plant Pest ......... Infestation Year ....... Infestation Area Percent ......... Control Measure ....... Name of Plant Pest ......... Infestation Year ....... Infestation Area Percent ......... Control Measure ....... Name of Plant Pest ........ Infestation Year ....... Infestation Area Percent ......... Control Measure ........

1.6 Other Data .......................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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General Data of Orchard Owner (PAGE 4/4) (Section C.2.1)

Planting Plot No. .................................................. Operating Year ............................................

Layout of the planting plot (indicating water source, buildings that exist in the planting plot)

Planting Plot No…………………………….Operating Year…………………………. Layout of Planting Plot (indicating water source, buildings that exist in the planting Plot).

N

TAS 1001-2008

APPENDIX D

RECOMMENDATION ON PESTS NEEDED TOBE UNDERSURVEILLANCE, SURVEY AND CONTROL MEASURES.

(Section C.4.3)

Pests that affect aromatic coconut which shall be under surveillance, survey and control are as follows:

Period Aromatic Coconut Pests Under Surveillance Survey and Control Measures

November to May

1) Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) Adult is a beetle with glossy reddish brown abdomen. Male beetle has At the mid male’s head has a long horn slightly curved toward posterior end whereas female has a shorter horn, or some do not have one. the egg is round and white. Dorsal of the larva turns brown, the body turns white and mixed with yellow and brown. Brown hairs cover the whole body. Adult stage is very damaging as they eat young shoot tip, chipping the newly born, unfolding, coconut fronds to a form of a triangle. The petiole is broken stunning the tree growth, and resulting in rotting disease later on. Besides, the hole that the beetle has bored will become a hole for weevil to lay its eggs, rhinoceros beetle larvae hatched from eggs will destroy and eventually kill the coconut tree.

- When aromatic coconut fronds are found trace of damage, examine the bark area close to the ground for rhinoceros beetle larvae. Eggs are normally laid in high humidity area. Destroy the stump which harbours larvae by pouring motor oil on it thoroughly, or prevent egg laying by applying lime powder. - Coconut trees of 3 to 5 years old, at the coconut crown place two naphthalene balls between petiole bases (leaf axil) at 4 narrow spaces. Naphthalene stench chases away rhinoceros beetle from hiding in the coconut crown. -When severe rhinoceros beetle infestation is found, pesticides or other official recommended control measures shall be applied.

Natural enemies of this pest are: 1) Larval parasitic insects, Scolia ruficornis Fabricius and Scolia oryctophaga Coquillet. 2) Predatory beetles, Hololeptis sp., Alaus sp. and Mecopus sp. and stink bug, Platymeris rhadamnthus Gerst.

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These predators destroy adult rhinoceros beetles by piercing their proboscis into the neck between the head and thorax and kill the beetles. 3) Rhabdionvirus oryctes virus causes Malaya disease which kills the beetle at larval, pupa and adult stages. 4) Metarrhizium anisopliae, green mold kills all development stages of the beetle.

Year Round

2. Coconut hispine beetle is small in size with flat body. Its head and abdomen is dark brown while thorax is brown in color. Wings of the anterior pair are black with minute grooves along the wing length. The pest lays eggs in single or in row under the folded frond. The egg is of long characteristics and rather flat. Usually the nymph and adult hide in the young shoot area of the unfolding leaves. Larvae feed on internally folded epidermis. When the frond is unfolded, the damaged part is revealed of burning lesion. When frond damages are severe, the frond is broken. Two species of coconut hispine beetles are found in Thailand, they are Brontispa longissima Geotro and Plesispa reichei Chapuis. Natural enemies of this pests are 1) Egg parasitic insects are Ooencyrtus podontiae Gahan and Haeckeliana brontispae Ferriere.

2) Parasitic insects feed on larvae are Pleurotropis detrimentosus Gahan and Asecodes hispinarum Beucek.

When certain portion of pests is found from the survey, or there is heavy infestation; pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied.

Year Round 3. Coconut small weevil

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(Diocalandra frumenti Fabricius). The body is brown. Wings of the anterior pair are of stripe, each has 2 black and dark brown spots. Its mouth is a proboscis. The pest lays eggs on the rotten or very moist lesion. The egg is transparent, white and oval. The larva is white with brown abdomen. This small weevil stuns tree growth and is a carrier of various diseases. It bores into any part of the tree, even the base of the peduncle. This weevil is fond of fermenting odour of coconut trunk. They are found gathering in the lesion area. While the female will lay eggs in lesions in different parts of the tree or drills the trunk and lays eggs in the soft area. When eggs are hatched, larvae will burrow into various parts of the trunk, resulting in rotten lesion and subsequently fruit falling off. Natural enemies of this pest are: 1) Larval parasitic hornet, Spathius apicalis Westwood. 2) Predatory beetle, Plaesius javanus Brichon; and predatory fly, Chrysophilus ferruginosus, Wiedmann.

- Get rid of its propagation site. All dropped leaves shall be burnt at once due to they are harboring places of the insect. Do not make any cut on the trunk and petiole which will be channels for the insect to lay eggs. - When the small weevil infestation is found, cut the dead but moist coconut trunk into round slices of 10cm thick, and bore a 2cm central hole. These are used to lure the weevil. Pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied.

Year Round

4. Asiatic palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver). Adult is reddish brown or blackish brown in color, back of the thorax is reddish brown with dots or stripes. The head has proboscis. Larvae hatched from eggs are white with reddish brown head. Farmers

- When aromatic coconut fronds are found trace of damage, examine the bark area close to the ground for rhinoceros beetle larvae because it is highly humid. Destroy the stump which harbors larvae by pouring used motor oil

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cannot notice the infestation, because the larvae grow within the trunk and feed on it; until the tree is nearly dead, then the symptom is revealed. The beetle lays eggs in the lesion on the trunk or the area that it had drilled holes, or along cracks on the bark. It will drill holes on the soft part of the trunk for laying eggs. When larvae come out from the hatch, they will feed and make tunnel causing rotten lesion within the trunk. When the damage becomes more severe, the tree will wilt or the shoot will collapse. As the tunnel becomes very large, the tree eventually dies due to water and nutrient supply shortage. Natural enemies of this pest are: 1) Larval parasitic hornets, Scolia erratica Smith, and Sarcophaga fuscicauda Bottcher. 2) Tetrapolypus rhynchophori Ewing, predatory mite feeds on larvae.

on it thoroughly, or prevent egg laying by sprinkling lime powder. - Short trees of 3 to5 years old, place two naphthalene balls between petiole bases (leaf axil) at 4 narrow spaces. Naphthalene smell chases away rhinoceros beetle from hiding in the coconut crown. - Apply a mixture of sand and 85% Carbaril WP (wettable powder), its trade name is Sevin to the narrow spaces of folded young fronds. - If the infestation is severe, Pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied..

Year Round

5.Southern palm weevil (Rhynchophorus vulneratus Panzer). The head is brownish red in color including the upper proboscis, while the lower part is black. The wings are black, wings of the anterior pair have long groove parallel to the body. Upper side of mid wing has black triangle figure on orange background. Eggs which are glossy white with oval shape are laid in hole. Newly hatched larvae are white. As larva becomes more mature, its head

-If coconut tree is found damaged, cut down the tree bored by the weevil as soon as possible. The trunk is cut into sections which are split in order to destroy all the larvae. Caution shall be taken not to make any wound on the trunk or do not plant the tree with the base above the ground. This condition is in favor for the weevil to lay eggs. If the trunk is injured, rub it with used motor oil or dammar.

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colour gradually turns light brown, brown and finally dark brown. Body skin is wrinkled. The larvae live, feed on, grow, and become pupae and adults within the coconut trunk.

- When the larva infests the shoot, pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied.

November to May

6. Nettle caterpillar (Parasa lepida Cramer). Adult is a moth, wings of anterior pair are green with reddish brown color at the edge of the end of wing. The head is green in color, wings of the posterior pair are light brown. Legs and thorax are dark brown. Eggs are laid in adjoining cluster under the leaf. Larva is light yellowish color. When fully developed it becomes yellowish dark green. There is a pair of black dots above the mouth. A purple stripe at the dorsal along the body with 10 pairs of hair nodules. The leaflet is eaten leaving the leaflet petiole. Any part of coconut tree can be damaged without specific choice, causing the tree to stop growing and weakening. When the larvae become mature, they crawl down to become pupae at the fibrous network of light brown stipules and petiole bases or various narrow spaces. Natural enemies of the pest are: 1) Parasitic hornet, Apanteles parasae Rohwer; 2) Parasitic wasp, Chrysis shanghaiensis Smith; and 3) Parasitic fly, Sarcophaga antelope Bottcher; destroy pupae.

- When larvae are found, the damaged leaf should be pruned and burnt. - If pupae are found at the fibrous network of light brown stipules or petiole bases, they should be destroyed. - If the tree is severely infested with these larvae, pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied..

November to May

7. Slug caterpillar (Cania siamensis Tams).

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Adult color is brown mixed with yellow. Its eyes are black. Upper wing color of anterior pair of female are dark brown, particularly the base of posterior pair wings is brown mixed with yellow. Upper anterior pair wings of male are dark brown, its posterior pair and abdomen are brown with yellow. Glossy and light yellow eggs are laid in cluster. Larval body which is covered with white hairs is transparent, its internal organs can be seen of red color. The head hidden under the body is not seen. When it becomes mature, the body color is green camouflage with coconut leaves, but mid dorsal color is pinkish white.

When the tree is found infested, control is carried out with pesticides or other official recommendation methods.

November to May

8. Coconut slug caterpilla (Oxyplax sp.) Adult is a small-sized moth. Wings of the anterior pair are brown with dark brown lines across the wings. The body is light brown. The antennae are bipectinate. Posterior pair wings are also brown, but lighter in color than that of the anterior ones. Slightly flat and elongated oval eggs with smooth and glossy shell are laid in cluster. When larva becomes mature, its body has a color pattern of black alternated with white. The head is black with white stripes. Both sides of the body have 11 pairs of hair nodules, while dorsal of the mid body has 9 pairs.

- When the larva is found, have the damaged leaves cut and burnt. - When the tree is found severely infested, pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied..

November to May

9. Coconut leaf binder (Cephrenes chrysozoma Plotz.) Adult is a semi-nocturnal skipper. Anterior pair wings are brown with the pattern of 4 transparent golden yellow dots. Eggs which are laid in cluster at the end of coconut leaves

When larval infestation is found severe, pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied..

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are covered in brown fibers. Larva is light yellow or light brown in color with dark purple stripe surrounding along the length of both sides of the body. Larval body of the last stage is dark green with dark brown head, and there is a black stripe surrounding along the length of both sides of the body. Leaves are tied with silk into nest. Leaf ends are severed into large nicked lesions, leaving naked petioles. Natural enemies of this pest are: 1)Egg parasitic wasp, Telenomus sp. 2) Larval parasitic hornet, Apanteles agilis Ashm.; and parasitic fly, Palexorista inconspicuoides Bar. 3) Pupa parasitic hornet, Brachymeria euploeae Westwood and parasitic wasp, Xanthopimpla gamsura Kr.

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Year Round

10. Bunch moth (Tirathaba mundella Walker). Adult is a moth. Eggs which are elongated oval are laid on the just opened inflorescence. The newly hatched larva is white in color with brown head which is covered with fine and minute hairs. The just opened spadix both male and female inflorescences are destroyed, particularly the male one . Sometimes young bunch is damaged causing young fruit to drop. Natural enemies of the pest are parasitic hornets (hymenoptera) that destroy the larval stage of Apanteles tirathabae Wilkinson, and Telenomus tirathabae Wilkinson.

- When infestation is found on a short tree, catch and kill the larvae directly are very helpful. - When the case is severe, pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied.. The dropped fruits shall be collected and destroyed in order to prevent the following season infestation.

October to May

11. Coconut case caterpillar (Mahasena corbetti Tams.) The male is a moth with brown wings while female resembles a wingless larva. The body is white mixed with yellow. Eggs are laid in the nest. The larva which is creamy white with brown head, is able to build its body covering case by chewing peel of coconut leaf debris attached on its mother case. These fragments then are mixed with larval own filament generated from its mouth, and are bound into body covering case. When it becomes mature, the head and thorax are reddish brown, abdomen is light yellow or light brown. It usually clings to leaf with its posterior end pointing up, since the case-worm likes to generate filament, hangs its head down, and

- When larval infestation is found light, have the portion that larvae are feeding on pruned and burnt at once. - If the infestation is severe, pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied..

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swings itself with the wind. When it touches the tree, clings to it, and starts feeding the leaf. Larvae chew coconut leaf skin into small fragments before they are brought to cover its body. The damaged leaf generally turns into dry yellow color with shot holes, until all leaves of the tree turn brown. Sometimes larvae will damage leaves leaving leaflet petioles. Natural enemies of the pest are: 1) Egg parasitic hornet, Brachymeria euploeae Westwood; and parasitic insects, Sarcophaga antilope Bottcher, Thrycolyga aberrans Strob, and Sturmia inconspicuoides Bar. 2) Fly destroying larvae, Exorista quadrimaculata Baranor.

Dry to Early Rainy Season

12. Coconut leaf skeletonizer moth (Artona catoxantha Hampson) Adult is a small-sized moth. Anterior pair wings are burnt brown with yellow edges. The male antennae are bipectinate, while female ones are thread type. The egg which is elongated oval, smooth skin and light yellow in color is laid singly under the leaf. The larva is light green and slightly covered with hairs. When mature the whole body is covered with clusters of orange yellow hairs of green tips. The dorsal has a brown or purple stripe lined along the body length. These larvae live under the leaf and

- When this hairy caterpillar is found in great number, use a pole with a hook to shake the leaf at the mid petiole. Once larvae drop to the ground, they are not able to climb up to the tree again. - If the infestation is severe, pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied..

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feed on leaf skin in a long line. They destroy the leaf from the lowest part to the top. The destroyed leaf becomes yellow and dried up eventually. Natural enemies of this pest are: 1) Larval parasitic hornet, Apanteles artonae Wilkinson; 2) Larval parasitic insects, Euplectromorpha veridiceps Ferriere and Neoplectrus nicarinatus Ferriere. 3) Larval parasitic Tachinid flies such as Bessa (Ptychomyia) remota Aldr. and Argyrophylax fumipennis Towns. 4) Larval predatory Ichnemonid wasp, Fislistina (Goryphus) infera Szept.; and beetle, Callimerus arcufer Chapin. 5) Besides, there is a larval destructive fungus, Beauveris bassiana (Botyris necans).

March to December

13. Spotted Grasshopper (Aularches miliaris L.) Big head, the neck is uneven with yellow or orange bumps. Wings are green with yellow dots. A pair of single eyes is located between antenna bases. Antennae are thread type. The black abdomen is taperingly long, and the joint between segments is red or orange. Light yellow egg which is elongated oval, turns dark brown. Grasshoppers which eat leaf ends, damage only halves of leaves. Those

- When infestation is found, have dry leaves piled in a circle about 1 to 2m from the grasshopper cluster. Burn the dry leaves in a circle. When the grasshoppers are affected by heat, they will jump into and die in the bonfire. - When infestation is severe, pesticides or other official recommended control measures may be applied..

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attached to the petiole are not damaged. Natural enemies of this pest are: myna birds; egg parasitic insect, Scelio javanica Roephe; egg predatory beetle larva, Mylabris puslata th., and Entomophthora grylli fungus which causes disease and kills enormous number of the grasshopper. The sick pest climbs up to the plant top where it perches, becomes desiccated and dead.

Seedling Stage

14. Heart Leaf Rot Caused by Pythium sp.fungus in heavy rainfall and high humidity condition. The symptom starts with black decaying lesion on the base of a shoot, and then it spreads to the whole leaf causing the leaflet to turn into brown color. A slight pull will detach this heart leaf. The tree becomes wilt and die eventually. If mature tree is affected, new leaf may still emerge; but will be abnormal with short petiole, and small leaflets emerge particularly at the petiole end.

- When the disease symptom is found at the earlier stage, incise the diseased part, and spray with fungicide. Dig the affected seedlings and destroy by burning in order to prevent further epidemic.

Seedling Stage

15. Helminthosporium Leaf Spot.

Caused by Helminthosporium sp. fungus. The earlier symptom is shown by light yellow spot lesions of pin head size, then turn into reddish brown surrounded by yellow ring. The lesion will spread into round shape with reddish brown spot at the mid lesion, and the edge is dark brown. Eventually these lesions join into one, causing dried leaf. The tree stops growing and dies.

- When any aromatic coconut seedling in the propagation plot is found infected with this leaf spot disease, light filter shall be put on to provide approximately 50% shading. - When the epidemic is severe, fungicides or other official recommended control measures may be applied.

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All Ages of Coconut (Propagation Plot to Plantation Area)

16. Bud rot Caused by phytophthora sp. fungi. The earlier symptom is shown by pale green at the spear leaf, and then turns dry and broken. Examination of crown will find the tissue around the bud rotten and smelt off. In general, the bud rot disease will show the symptom during 3 and 4 months starting from the first appearance of infection, depending upon humidity. In high humidity, the spear leaf becomes pale but the frond will pertain as yellow for several months. There will be no new emerging spears and the remaining fronds, as well as the fruits, will be detached from the tree and the tree will die. If the humidity is low and the fungus have not yet reached to the bud part, the tree will be alive but new emerged spear will be abnormal with short petiole than usual and attached with 2-3 petioles, depending upon the degree of severity.

- When the symptom is found, apply with fungicide or other official recommendation methods. When the tree is found dead due to the bud rot disease, destroy the infected tree by burning.

All Ages of Coconut (Propagation Plot to Plantation Area)

17. Pestalotia Leaf Spot. Caused by Pestalotia palmalum fungus. The symptom is shown by very small lesion spots which appear on leaflets of mature leaf each will be enlarged into a round shape or rather oblong lesion which is gray with brown color at the center. It is surrounded by the very small dark brown rim which is surrounded by another yellow ring. Very small brown spots which are found scattering on that lesion surface will be enlarged further and joined into reddish dry leaflet. In case the epidemic is severe, the lower leaf is completely red and dry resembled characteristic of fire scalded leaf when viewed from a distance.

- When the infected leaf is found, have it pruned and destroyed by burning. Increase potassium fertilizer application in order to increase the tree tolerance to the disease.

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APPENDIX E

UNIT

The units and symbols used in this standard and the units recognized by the International System of Units (le Système International d’Unités) or SI are as follows:

Measurement Unit Symbols

Length milliimeter mm

GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES FOR AROMATIC COCONUT

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