PROJECT ABOUTPROJECT ABOUT

GOLDGOLD

MEANINGMEANING

Gold is a chemical element with the Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a dense, soft, malleable, and is a dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal with a bright yellow ductile metal with a bright yellow color and luster that is considered color and luster that is considered attractive, which is maintained attractive, which is maintained without tarnishing in air or water.  without tarnishing in air or water. 

Gold Characteristics

SymbolSymbol: : AuAu Melting point: Melting point: 1,064 °C1,064 °C Electron configuration: Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 [Xe] 4f14

5d10 6s15d10 6s1 Atomic number: Atomic number: 7979 Boiling point: Boiling point: 2,856 °C2,856 °C Atomic mass: Atomic mass: 196.96657 ± 196.96657 ±

0.000004 u0.000004 u

Color of GoldColor of Gold Whereas most other pure metals are gray Whereas most other pure metals are gray

or silvery white, gold is yellow. This color is or silvery white, gold is yellow. This color is determined by the density of loosely bound determined by the density of loosely bound (valence) electrons; those electrons (valence) electrons; those electrons oscillate as a collective "plasma" medium oscillate as a collective "plasma" medium described in terms of a described in terms of a quasiparticlequasiparticle called  called plasmonplasmon. The frequency of these oscillations . The frequency of these oscillations lies in the ultraviolet range for most lies in the ultraviolet range for most metals, but it falls into the visible range for metals, but it falls into the visible range for gold due to subtle gold due to subtle relativistic effectsrelativistic effects that  that affect the affect the orbitalsorbitals around gold atoms. around gold atoms.[24][24][25][25] Similar effects impart a golden hue to  Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic metallic caesiumcaesium..

Common Common colored goldcolored gold alloys such as rose  alloys such as rose gold can be created by the addition of gold can be created by the addition of various amounts of copper and silver, as various amounts of copper and silver, as indicated in the triangular diagram to the indicated in the triangular diagram to the left. Alloys containing palladium or nickel left. Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Less as these produce white gold alloys. Less commonly, addition of commonly, addition of manganesemanganese, , aluminiumaluminium, , ironiron, , indiumindium and other elements  and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications.for various applications.

Isotopes of goldIsotopes of gold

Gold has only one stable Gold has only one stable isotopeisotope, 197Au, which is also its only , 197Au, which is also its only naturally occurring isotope. Thirty-naturally occurring isotope. Thirty-six six radioisotopesradioisotopes have been  have been synthesized ranging in synthesized ranging in atomic massatomic mass from 169 to 205. The most stable of  from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is 195Au with a these is 195Au with a half-lifehalf-life of  of 186.1 days. 186.1 days.

Applications of GoldApplications of Gold

Monetary exchangeMonetary exchange InvestmentInvestment JewelryJewelry MedicineMedicine Food and drinkFood and drink IndustryIndustry ElectronicsElectronics Commercial chemistryCommercial chemistry

Monetary exchangeMonetary exchange

Gold has been widely used throughout the Gold has been widely used throughout the world as a world as a vehiclevehicle for  for monetarymonetary exchange,  exchange, either by issuance and recognition of either by issuance and recognition of gold coinsgold coins or other bare metal quantities, or through gold- or other bare metal quantities, or through gold-convertible paper instruments by establishing convertible paper instruments by establishing gold standardsgold standards in which the total value of issued  in which the total value of issued money is represented in a store of gold reserves. money is represented in a store of gold reserves.

InvestmentInvestment

Many holders of gold store it in form of Many holders of gold store it in form of bullionbullion coins or  coins or barsbars as a hedge against  as a hedge against inflationinflation or other economic disruptions.   or other economic disruptions. 

The The ISO 4217ISO 4217 currency code of gold is  currency code of gold is XAU. XAU.

Modern Modern bullion coinsbullion coins for investment or  for investment or collector purposes do not require good collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, typically fine gold at 24k,

South African South African KrugerandKrugerand, first released , first released in 1967, in 1967,

JewelryJewelry

Because of the softness of Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is pure (24k) gold, it is usually usually alloyedalloyed with base  with base metals for use in jewelry, metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, ductility, melting point, color and other color and other properties. Alloys with properties. Alloys with lower caratage, typically lower caratage, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher contain higher percentages of copper or percentages of copper or other base metals or other base metals or silver or palladium in the silver or palladium in the alloy. alloy. CopperCopper is the most  is the most commonly used base commonly used base metal, yielding a redder metal, yielding a redder color.color.[37][37]

MedicineMedicine

Conceived of as perhaps the most anciently administered medicine (apparently according to one source by shamanic practitioners

Even some modernesotericists and forms of alternative medicine assign metallic gold a healing power.

Some gold salts do have anti-inflammatory properties and are used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions.

Food and drinkFood and drink

Gold can be used in food and has the Gold can be used in food and has the E numberE number 175. 175.

Gold leafGold leaf, flake or dust is used on and in , flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods, notably sweets and some gourmet foods, notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient. Gold flake drinks as decorative ingredient. Gold flake was used by the nobility in was used by the nobility in medieval Europemedieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks, in the  as a decoration in food and drinks, in the form of leaf, flakes or dust, either to form of leaf, flakes or dust, either to demonstrate the host's wealth or in the demonstrate the host's wealth or in the belief that something that valuable and rare belief that something that valuable and rare must be beneficial for one's health.must be beneficial for one's health.

Most of the gold leaf used for sweet and Most of the gold leaf used for sweet and facial products.facial products.

IndustryIndustry

Gold Gold soldersolder is used for joining the components of  is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or or brazingbrazing

Gold can be made into Gold can be made into threadthread and used in  and used in embroideryembroidery. .

Gold produces a deep, intense red color Gold produces a deep, intense red color when used as a coloring agent in when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glasscranberry glass. .

Gold is a good reflector of Gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiationelectromagnetic radiation such as  such as infraredinfrared and  and visible lightvisible light as well as  as well as radio wavesradio waves. .

  McLarenMcLaren uses gold foil in the engine  uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its compartment of its F1F1 model . model .

ElectronicsElectronics

Gold is highly Gold is highly conductiveconductive to  to electricity, and has been used for electricity, and has been used for electrical wiringelectrical wiring in some high- in some high-energy applications  energy applications 

For example, gold electrical For example, gold electrical wires were used during some of wires were used during some of the the Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project's atomic 's atomic experiments experiments

Commercial chemistryCommercial chemistry

Gold is attacked by and dissolves Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium or sodium cyanidecyanide, to form the salt , to form the salt gold cyanide—a technique that has gold cyanide—a technique that has been used in extracting metallic gold been used in extracting metallic gold from ores in the from ores in the cyanide processcyanide process. . Gold cyanide is the Gold cyanide is the electrolyteelectrolyte used  used in commercial in commercial electroplatingelectroplating of gold  of gold onto base metals and onto base metals and electroformingelectroforming. .

Cultural historyCultural history

Egyptian hieroglyphsEgyptian hieroglyphs from as early as  from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, 2600 BC describe gold,

Gold artifacts found at the Gold artifacts found at the Nahal KanaNahal Kana cave cemetery dated during the 1980s,   cave cemetery dated during the 1980s, 

new methods for extracting gold on a new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by large scale were developed by introducing introducing hydraulic mininghydraulic mining methods,  methods,

especially inespecially inHispaniaHispania from 25 BC  from 25 BC onwards and in onwards and in DaciaDacia from 106 AD  from 106 AD onwards. One of their largest mines onwards. One of their largest mines was at was at Las MedulasLas Medulas in  in León (Spain)León (Spain), ,

Gold miningGold mining in world in world The city of The city of JohannesburgJohannesburg

 located in  located in South AfricaSouth Africa was  was founded as a result of the founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold RushWitwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the  which resulted in the discovery of some of the discovery of some of the largest gold deposits the largest gold deposits the world has ever seen world has ever seen

Other major producers are Other major producers are the United States, the United States, Australia, Russia, and Australia, Russia, and PeruPeru, , as well as, as well as, GhanaGhana, , Burkina FasoBurkina Faso, , MaliMali, Indonesia , Indonesia and Uzbekistan. Mines in and Uzbekistan. Mines in South DakotaSouth Dakota and  and NevadaNevada supply two-thirds of gold  supply two-thirds of gold used in the United States. In used in the United States. In South America, South America,

Gold miningGold mining in india in india

Karnataka : Kolar, Raichur.

Andhra Pradesh : Chitoor.

Jharkhand : Singhbhum.

ConsumptionConsumption

The consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry

India is the world's largest single consumer of gold, as Indians buy about 25% of the world's gold, purchasing approximately 800 tonnes of gold every year, mostly for jewelry. India is also the largest importer of gold; in 2008, India imported around 400 tonnes of gold. Indian households hold 18,000 tonnes of gold which represents 11% of the global stock and worth more than $950 billion.

PricePrice Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy

weight and by grams. When it is alloyed with other weight and by grams. When it is alloyed with other metals the termmetals the termcaratcarat or  or karatkarat is used to indicate the  is used to indicate the purity of gold present, purity of gold present,

The price of gold is determined through trading in The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and derivatives markets, the gold and derivatives markets,

  the price of gold was left to find its free-market the price of gold was left to find its free-market level. Central banks still hold historical gold level. Central banks still hold historical gold reserves as a store of value although the level has reserves as a store of value although the level has generally been declining.  generally been declining. 

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Parinith Parinith University University

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