Glossary-Index - Assets - Cambridge University...

Glossary-Index

adoptionof an heir, 109–10pre- and postmortem, 109–12in the Yüan, 223

affinal tiesreinforced standing in the Sung, 143in the Sung, 65

agnatic group ties, 13–15agnatic kin groups

adoption in the Sung, 109–12in Confucian descent-line system,

144–50in the Sung, 2, 66under Yüan law, 220

agnatic lineagedescent-line system to support, 146under the Yüan, 295

agreement card (ting-t’ieh), 33Ah-Chuang , 245, 246Ahmad, 239, 239n112Ah-Tsang , 246n125an-ch’a ssu , 248n131Anhwei , 136, 249n135Anyang , 228, 248apportionment (po, piao-po), 93assets (tzu-ts’ai chi nu-pi), 55audit (chien-chiao), 96Ayurbarwada (Emperor Jen-tsung,

Buyantu khaghan) (r. 1311–1320),267–8

betrothal gifts (na-cheng), 52. See alsoproperty

black mouths (hei-k’ou), 214bondsmen

chien-min, 54

general (tsa-hu), 55n54government (kuan-hu), 55n54k’o-hu, 55n54

Book of Changes (I-ching), 184book-making industry

during the Sung, 10box

bamboo (ch’ieh), 32bamboo ( fei), 32for incense or perfume (lien), 31

brideprice systemin Mongol society, 201, 204

Buddhism, 21, 26Bukhumu (Pu-hu-mu, 1255–1300), 253Bureau of Military Affairs (shu-mi yuan),

223

caitiffs (lu), 207Case Studies of Sung and Yüan Confucians

(Sung-Yüan hsüeh-an), 160Ch’an Buddhism , 26Chan Hsien-ye (11th cent.), 69Chan Yen-fu (13th cent.), 69chang , 213Chang Fang-p’ing (1007–1091),

163Chang Hsiu-lan (1108–1137), 154Chang K’o (1046–1128), 154–5Chang Kuai-yai, see Chang Yungch’ang-p’ing-ts’ang , 22–3Chang Shih (1133–1180), 162n78,

171n86Chang Tsai (1020–1077), 144–5,

162n78, 171n87Chang Yung (styled Kuai-yai ,

946–1015), 77, 79, 81

329

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Ch’ang-an , 9Ch’ang-chou , 39Ch’ang-sun Wu-chi (?–659), 53Chang-te circuit , 228, 249, 268Chao Hsi-i , 195n159Chao Ju-Yü (1140–1196), 149Chao K’uang-yin (Emperor T’ai-

tsu, r. 960–976), 66Chao Liang-pi (1217–1286), 211Chao Ting (1085–1147), 94Chao Ting-ch’en (b. 1070, c.s.

1091), 174n96Ch’ao Yüeh-chih (1059–1129),

174n96chao-chih , 212ch’ao-kang , 216chao-ling , 216Che , 275Che-hsi , 263Chekiang , 16, 74, 278Ch’en Chih-ch’ao , 68, 69Ch’en Liang (1143–1194), 162, 165Chen Te-hsiu (1178–1235), 87,

149, 159, 162, 165, 167, 183–5, 289chen-chi-pu , 11, 137cheng-ch’ang t’ien , 137Ch’eng-Chu Confucianism , 24, 179,

183, 251, 267–8. See alsoConfucianism; Learning of the Way

ch’eng-fen , 124Ch’eng Hao (1032–1085), 24, 153Ch’eng I (1033–1107), 13, 24–5,

133, 144–5, 153, 161, 163, 171, 186,272

Cheng-ho county , 18Ch’eng-tsung (r. 1294–1307),

253–4, see also TemürCh’eng-tu , 49, 274ch’i (material essence) , 195ch’i (principal wife) , 81n43ch’i ch’u , 45n12, 131–2ch’i chuang-lien chih-tao t’ien-yeh teng

, 137Chi Ling (1081–1135), 157–8Ch’i Sung (Sung official), 105chia , 46–7, 56chia-ch’ü , 221n58chia-chuang , 31n85Chia-yu era (1056–1063), 108Chiang, Madam (1169–1235), 182

Chiang-che branch secretariat (hsing-sheng) , 260

Chiang-hsi branch secretariat (hsing-sheng), 262n180

Chiang-nan East circuit (lu) ,80–1, 101

Chiang-nan West circuit (lu) , 39,84. See also Kiangsi

Chiang-yin prefecture , 39chiao , 38Chia-ting era (1208–1224), 116chia-tzu , 37n107chi-ch’an , 38Chi-chou prefecture , 184n133,

188n145, 194n158ch’ieh (bamboo box) , 32ch’ieh (concubine) , 77n27, 81n43chieh-chiao-fu , 127chien (resolute) , 184ch’ien , 184–5Chien-an county , 18, 160chien-chiao , 96Chien-chou prefecture , see Chien-

ning prefectureCh’ien-fu lun (Discourses by a Man

in Hiding), 49Chien-k’ang circuit , 259chien-min , 54Chien-ning prefecture , 18–24, 68–9,

73, 80, 87, 107, 150, 153, 214commercial publishing in Chien-yang

county, 20Confucian revival in, 18in the Sung, 18–20trade routes through, 20

Chien-ning-fu , see Chien-ningprefecture

Chien-yang county , 18, 20–1, 80, 91,107, 121, 122, 186, 214

chih , 220n57ch’ih , 67chih shu-mi yüan , 160chih-chih era (1321–1323), 213n40chih-yuan era (1264–1294), 265n188Chih-yüan hsin-ko (New statutes of

the chih-yüan era), 211children

brothers’ (chih), 220n57tzu, 88, 220n57

chin , 275n214

Glossary-Index

330






ch’in-ch’i , 98Chin dynasty

attack on the Sung (1126), 16of the Jurchens, 16–17law of, 228

Ch’in state history, 48legal code, 45–6

chin-ch’in , 98ch’ing (unit of land) , 39, 173, 190n147ch’ing (request) , 118Ch’ing dynasty

legal code, 265, 277–8rights of women under, 294

Ch’ing-chiang county , 177Chinggis khan (T’ai-tsu, r. 1206–1227),

17, 204–6 209, 212Ching-hu North circuit (lu) , 88Ching-hu South circuit (lu) , 87ching-li ch’i chia , 172Ch’ing-li era (1041–1048), 173Ch’ing-ming chi , 68, 90n70. See also

Collected Decisionsching-piao men-lü , 264Ching-shih ta-tien (Great

Compendium of Statecraft), 276ching-ting sui yu jih ch’ang-chih

, 70Ch’ing-yüan era (1195–1200), 67Ch’ing-yüan t’iao-fa shih-lei

(Classified Laws of the Ch’ing-yüanPeriod), 67

chin-shih , 20, 78, 134n227, 155, 160Chin-ssu lu , 145Cho Wang-sun , 48–9Cho Wen-chün , 48–9chou , 20Chou Ch’u , 40Chou dynasty , 42–4Chou Ping, 80Chou Pi-ta (1126–1204), 165Chou Tun-i , 162n78, 171n86chu , 53chü , 33ch’ü , 221n58ch’u chia , 102Chu Hsi (1130–1200), 8, 18, 20–30,

145–52, 162, 165, 167, 169, 235acceptance of some Sung law and

custom, 185–6

tolerance of remarriage, 185–6on women’s roles in households, 174–9.

See also Learning of the WayChu Hsi’s Family Rituals (Chu-tzu chia-li),

145–6, 257Ch’ü T’ung-tsu, 48chüan , 68, 69n13ch’üan chia , 268Ch’üan-chou , 20, 184n131chuang (to adorn) , 31chuang (to wrap in a bundle), 31–2chuang-lien , 31, 189chuang-lien t’ien , 128Ch’ü-chou county , 248Ch’u-chou prefecture , 157chü-jen , 115n162chün , 79Chün-chou county , 249chün-ch’ü , 255chün fen , 79, 81, 89, 90, 285chung , 36, 117, 118, 120Ch’ung-an county , 18, 22, 68–9, 73,

153Ch’ung-jen county , 84chung-shu sheng (Central Secretariat

in Yüan), 231–2chün-p’ing , 79, 90chün-t’ien , 55n56Chu-shih ssu-niang , 39Chu-tzu chia-li (Chu Hsi’s Family

Rituals), 145–6, 257civil service examinations, 6–8, 10, 268,

290clarified instructions, (shen-ming), 67Classic of Etiquette and Ritual (I-li), 52Classified Laws of the Ch’ing-yüan Period

(Ch’ing-yüan t’iao-fa shih-lei), 67code (lü), 67n4Collected Decisions (Ch’ing-ming chi), 68–75,

77, 79–80, 87, 91–2cases about state preservation of

daughters’ inheritance, 96–7cases of wife’s property within marriage,

128–30inheritance of posthumous heirs,

107legal protection of widow’s private

property, 115–25related to daughters in cut-off

households, 98–104

Glossary-Index

331






Collected Decisions (cont.)treatment at death of dowry property,

136–8Collected Penal Laws of the Great Chou (Ta-

Chou hsing-t’ung), 66commentaries, sub- (shu), 53commentaries (chu), 53complement (p’ei), 184Comprehensive Regulations of the Great Yüan

(Ta-Yüan t’ung-chih), 212–14, 227concubines, 3, 52, 65, 77n27, 81, 81n43,

83n49, 96, 97, 123, 129, 133, 152,153n38, 173, 173n95, 187, 192, 194,195n161, 198, 238, 243, 262, 277

Confucianismcommunal family concept, 197descent-line system of, 43–6, 60Hunan school of, 153husband and wife in family system, 128Learning of the Way, 24–30orthodox concept of marriage and

remarriage, 189–92revival, 24ritual patriline concept, 109, 114training during the Sung, 10widow chastity precept, 126

Confucianism, classicalideals of, 42–3Six Rites of Marriage, 52

Confucians, Sung (Sung-Yüan hsüeh-an),160

coparceners (he-fen jen), 84coparceners (ying-fen jen), 55corporate lineage

descent-line agnatic ideals of, 146foundations for estates, 13–15

culture, Mongolclash with Chinese culture, 201, 204

culture (wen), 25

Dasiman (Dashman), see Ta-shih-mandaughters

division of inheritance with posthumousheir, 110–12

married (ch’u chia), 102returned (kuei chia), 102unmarried (tsai shih), 102

Debates on Salt and Iron (Yen-t’ieh lun), 49decrees

chao-chih, 212

chao-ling, 216descent, patrilineal

Chinese, 42–3descent-line

heir (tsung-tzu), 43–4, 144lesser (hsiao-tsung), 43main (ta-tsung), 43system in the Han, 46–7system of (tsung fa), 14, 43, 46, 144

desires, selfish (shih-su chih ssu-ch’ing), 196director-general (tsung-kuan), 243Discourses by a Man in Hiding (Ch’ien-fu

lun), 49division of property, see inheritancedivorce

amicable (ho-li), 130property rights in the Han, 50Seven Conditions (ch’i ch’u), 131–2under Sung law, 130–4under T’ang and Sung legal codes,

130–4Dorchi (To-erh-ch’ih), 263dowry

donation encouraged under ideas ofConfucian revival, 151–61

in the Han, 48–51under Mongol law, 291relative absence in nomadic societies,

201significance in the Sung, 64–5as women’s property under the Sung, 11

dowry (chia-chuang), 31n85dowry donations

funerary inscriptions about, 162–8under Learning of the Way ideals,

143–4, 198in Southern Sung society, 288

edictsch’ih, 67collections (Pien-ch’ih), 67

elite status, Sung dynastydowries and affinal links, 65–6maintenance of, 4, 6property required for, 64–5

equitable (chün, chün-p’ing), 78, 79essay, biographical (hsing-chuang), 80n38,

183estate, charitable (i-chuang), 146ethics, Confucian, 60

Glossary-Index

332






exile (i-hsiang), 132exogamy

Mongol practice of, 208Extended Meaning of the Great Learning (Ta-

hsüeh yen-i), 268

fa , 88, 128, 195family

ch’üan chia, 268Confucian concept of, 44conjugal unit ( fang), 99, 119cut-off line (hu-chüeh), 58, 97, 98descent-line system in Chou dynasty,

43–6household in Han dynasty, 46–51in Learning of the Way Confucianism,

26, 289nuclear family unit ( fang), 99, 119pre-Sung conception of, 43–4in the T’ang, 53without morals (pu tao chih chia), 126

family propertyin the Han, 46–7Sung state intervention in transmission

of, 99–100under Yüan laws, 261–4

Fan Chung-yen (989–1052), 14,146, 163, 172

Fan Tsu-yü (1041–1098), 176n104Fan Ying-ling (c.s. 1205), 84–5, 87,

107, 123, 125fang , 32, 47, 99, 119, 279n232Fang Ta-ts’ung (1183–1247), 165,

168fa-ssu , 233, 234n97, 257Fa-tu-ma (Fatima) , 246fei , 32fei li , 222, 245fen , 91fen ch’i chu-tzu , 192Feng-ch’eng county , 84n53Feng-hsien hung-kang , 214n49fields

daughter’s (nü-t’ien), 33t’ien, 33

filiality (hsiao), 93Fiscal Intendant (t’i-chü ch’ang-p’ing),

88n60fo ( fang) , 279n232footbinding, 12–13

fu , 20fu ch’eng fu fen , 79n35Fu-chou prefecture (Fukien) , 20, 186fu-jen , 268Fukien , 18–24, 68, 74, 91, 92, 153,

186, 214funds, personal (ssu-fang), 88n63funerary inscriptions (mu-chih-ming), 28

gender rolesin Confucian tradition, 26–30, 143–4influence of Mongol rule on, 1–2in Learning of the Way philosophy, 169

gentry (shih), 4, 6, 67gifts, betrothal (na-cheng), 52government, sacred (sheng-cheng), 216graduates, metropolitan (chin-shih), 20granaries

charitable (i-ts’ang), 22community (she-ts’ang), 23ever-normal (ch’ang-p’ing-ts’ang), 22

Great Compendium of Statecraft (Ching-shihta-tien), 276

Great Learning (Ta-hsüeh), 183

Hai-pei Kuang-tung region (tao) ,262

Ha-la-ha-sun (Kharghasun,1257–1308), 253

Han Ch’iu (d. 1150) , 180Han dynasty , 43, 46–51, 131Han Fei (280–233 b.c.), 44, 45n12Han Fei-tzu , 44, 45n12Han shu , 49Han Yü (768–824), 24Han Yüan-chi (1118–1187),

156–8, 165, 168, 179–80, 190Hangchow , 10, 16, 77, 92, 160, 245he fen jen , 84hei-k’ou , 214Heilungkiang , 278heir

descent-line (tsung-tzu), 43–4established (li-chi), 109mandated (ming-chi), 109posthumous, 109–10

Heng-chou prefecture , 153, 154Ho-chien circuit , 232, 233Ho Jung-tsu (dates unknown), 211ho-li , 130

Glossary-Index

333






Honan , 249HopeiHo-tung county , 252hou , 49household

auxiliary (hsieh-chi hu), 222n62concept in Han dynasty, 46–51in Confucian tradition, 27–8cut-off (hu-chüeh), 58, 99, 127, 220individual (chia), 46–7, 56, 145joint (t’ung-chü kung-ts’ai), 53military households of the Yüan, 217property held in common by head of,

113rights of nuclear family in joint, 99separate woman’s, 195as source of taxes in the Yüan, 217, 221supervisor (ching-li ch’i chia), 172when family line cut off, 97–104women as managers of, 169–74

Hsia state (Hsi Hsia, Western Hsia), 15Sung treaty with, 15Tangut people of, 15

hsiang , 190n147Hsiang-ko (Sangha, d. 1291), 211,

239n111hsiao , 93hsiao tsung , 43Hsiao-tsung (Sung emperor, r.

1163–1189), 107, 108hsi-ch’in , 36n99Hsi-chou , 234Hsieh I (d. 1113), 174n96hsieh-chi hu , 222n62hsien-hsing t’iao-ling , 81hsien-wei , 81n41Hsien-ye hou-jen , 69Hsin-chou , 105hsin-fu chün , 261hsing-chuang , 80n38hsing-pu , 234n97hsing-sheng , 262n180Hsin-kan county , 188, 194hsi-shu , 33Hsiung-nu , 207hsiung-ti chün-fen , 138hsiu-shen , 25hsü , 152Hsü Heng (1209–1281), 210, 253,

267, 268

Hsü Hsüan (916–991), 163Hsü Yüan-chieh (1194–1245),

165, 167Hsüan (Han emperor, r. 73–47 b.c.),

49hsü-hun , 233n94Hu An-kuo (1074–1138), 153Hu Chih-yü (1227–1295), 208,

210, 236Hu Hung (1106–1161), 153Hu Yin (1098–1156), 153–6, 162,

165, 167Hu Ying (Hu Shih-pi , c.s. 1232,

d. ca.1270), 87–8, 123, 126, 129,130, 132

Hua-chou , 241Huai river , 17Huai-nan tzu , 78Huang Kan (1152–1221), 18, 23,

25–6, 123, 126, 133, 165, 168,185–200, 207, 253–4, 262–3,289–90, 294. See also Learning of theWay

Huang T’ing-chien (1045–1105),174n96

Huang Tsung-hsi , 148Huang-yu era (1049–1053), 173Hu-chou , 39, 160hu-chüeh , 58, 97, 98, 146hu-chüeh fa , 58, 99, 127hui , 185Hui-chou circuit , 263hui-hui ta-shih , 235humaneness ( jen), 93Hunan , 74Hung Mai (1123–1202), 36Hupei , 45, 74, 112n150, 112n151hu-pu , 232Hu shih-pa mei , 39

i (duty, what is right) , 85, 147n11i (yielding) , 185I-ching (Book of Changes), 184i-chuang , 146i-chüeh , 133, 251i-hai , 238i-hsiang , 132I-hsing county , 40I-li (Classic of Etiquette and Ritual), 52i-li , 244

Glossary-Index

334






Imperial College (Kuo-tzu chien), 267Imperial University (t’ai hsüeh), 157Important Documents of the Sung (Sung hui-

yao), 67inheritance

in Confucian descent-line system,144–50

daughter’s, 79, 91, 99, 124of daughters without surviving brothers,

97–104division of family property in the Han,

47–8, 78division of family property in the Sung,

78–90division of family property in the T’ang,

79early Yüan law, 217, 220–1equal division among brothers (hsiung-

ti chün-fen), 138equal division (chün fen), 79, 81, 89,

285gender-related under Mongol law,

291–2of husband’s portion ( fu ch’eng fu fen),

79n35under Learning of the Way

Confucianism, 192Mongol levirate marriage practice, 201,

204–6posthumous heirs in the Sung, 109–12right of adopted heir to, 109son’s (tzu ch’eng fu fen), 79, 88n62, 138,

285in the Sung, 227Sung state intervention in issues of,

65–6in T’ang statutes, 54–60, 76–7women’s rights in the Sung, 78–104under Yüan law, 217, 222–7

instructions, clarified (shen-ming), 67i-ts’ang , 22

jen , 93Jen-tsung (r. 1311–1320), see

Ayurbarwadajou , 184, 185judgments

p’an, 59written (shu p’an), 67

Judicial Intendant (t’i-hsing), 80

Jui Yeh (1114–1172), 181n125Jurchens

Chin dynasty of, 16–17invasion ending Northern Sung, 4

kai-chia , 233n94Kaifeng , 9, 16, 234K’ai-p’ing , 256kang , 185kang-muK’ang-ting era (1040–1041), 173Kao K’ang (1097–1153; c.s. 1131),

78–80, 99, 144Kao, Madam, 182K’ao-t’ing shu-yüan , 21Kao-tsung (Sung emperor, r.

1127–1162), 20, 58Khaishan (Emperor Wu-tsung, Külüg

khaghan) (r. 1307–1311), 212,266–7, 275

Kharghasun (Ha-la-ha-sun, 1257–1308),253

Khitan, 1, 15. See also Liao stateKhubilai (Emperor Shih-tsu, Sechen

khaghan) (r. 1260–1294), 210–11,220–1, 229, 231n87, 236–40, 242,245, 253, 265, 257

Kiangsi , 74, 92, 123, 194, 213Kiangsu , 40, 256, 278ko , 67, 212, 214ko li , 213k’o-hu , 55n54k’o-po , 87Kuai-yai, see Chang YungKuang-nan East circuit (lu) , 86Kuang-p’ing circuit , 248Kuang-yün , 31kuan-hu , 55n54Kuan-yin , 39ku-chih , 87kuei , 190, 191kuei chia , 102k’un , 184kung , 196K’ung Ch’i (ca. 1310– after 1365),

292n4kung-shih , 115n162K’ung-tzu chia-yü , 45n12Kung-yang chuan , 45n12Kuo-tzu chien , 267

Glossary-Index

335






Kuo-tzu hsüeh , 253Kwangtung , 136, 262, 292

landattached to a woman, 113bought from wife’s dowry (ch’i chuang-

lien chih-tao t’ien-yeh teng), 137brought along (sui-chia t’ien-t’u), 32cosmetic-case (lien-t’ien), 114divided among all children ( fen ch’i chu-

tzu), 192as dowry, 32, 114, 122, 189, 194equal field (chün-t’ien), 55n56exchange under the Sung, 10–11measure of (chiao), 38measure of (ch’ing), 39, 118, 173measure of (chung), 36, 117, 118, 120measure of (mou), 34, 36, 38, 39, 85measure of (pa), 117n167, 124–5measure of (pu), 38ownership in the Sung, 11registers (chen-chi pu), 137sacrificial (cheng-ch’ang t’ien), 137sustenance (yang-shan t’ien), 136

lawarticles of (lü), 124classified (T’iao-fa shih-lei), 67definite (ting-fa), 89dowry lands (sui-chia t’ien fa), 129fa, 88, 128, 195related to land attached to a woman,

113related to property in the Sung, 65t’iao, 130

law code, Sungcode article (lü), 79code clause (lü), 53codes following Confucian doctrine,

138statutes, regulations, ordinances, and

edicts, 67Sung Penal Laws (Sung hsing-t’ung), 66,

77, 98T’ang law repeated in, 79. See also legal

system, Sunglaw code, T’ang

The T’ang Code, 53–4, 61–3following Confucian doctrine, 138repeated in Sung legal code, 79. See also

legal system, T’ang; The T’ang code

law in the Yüanabsence of code, 210–11development of, 208–9of marriage and property, 208separation of Mongol and Chinese law

(1260–1271), 230–8Law Office (fa-ssu), 233, 234n97, 257law secretary (ssu-fa), 88Learning of the Way (tao-hsüeh), 24–6

adherence to agnatic line, 197–8agenda for women, 28–9Ch’eng-Chu school, 183concern with women’s property within

marriage, 150–69descent-line system, 144–6dowry donations, 151–62enforcement of ideals of, 185–96Huang Kan’s interpretation of, 26as intellectual, religious and social

movement, 25–6lifelong devotion of wife, 197meaning for daily life, 26meaning for women, 26–30as new interpretation, 143–4private academies teaching, 21reasons for emergence of, 197view of family and society, 289violations of, 288women’s household responsibility

under, 288–9women’s property under, 66. See also

Chu Hsi; Huang Kanlegal cases, collected, 69legal system, Sung

challenges and complexities of, 76half-share rule, 76–90laws as written judgments, 67–72, 80laws of inheritance and confiscation,

65, 79laws on confiscation of property, 105–6posthumous heir and regular adoptee,

110protecting orphan girls and boys, 65,

91–2, 95protection of women’s property under,

197remarriage sanctions, 125–7rules for division of property, 288task of judges in, 74–5. See also Collected

Decisions

Glossary-Index

336






legal system, T’anglaws in Sung code, 98statutes on inheritance, 54–60, 62,

76–7, 79legal system, Yüan

Confucian influence on mourningperiod, 257–61

family property under, 261–4related to levirate marriage, 254–7widow chastity under, 264–77women as property under, 261–4

lei-shu , 74levir

defined, 204widow’s role in absence of, 205–6

levirate marriagelenient enforcement under Yüan law

(1276–1294), 245–53outlawed in the Ming and Ch’ing,

277–9restrictions on (1294–1307), 254–7universal application of (1271–1276),

238–44levirate, practice of

Chinese abhorrence of, 207operation in Mongol society, 2–3,

204–6, 292–3li (precedent) , 67, 84, 212, 213, 214li (principle) , 92, 93, 130, 195li (profit) , 85li (unit of distance) , 262Li, Madam (1104–1177), 180–1Li Ao (772–841), 24Li Ch’ung (Later Han dynasty), 50Li Hsin (d. after 1123), 174n96Li Hsiu-chi (fl. late 12th cent.),

182Li Kang (1083–1140), 163Li Kou (1009–1059), 163, 171–2,

174n96Liang-che circuit , 157Liao Kang (1071–1143), 162, 163,

168Liao state , 1

Jurchens threaten, 16Khitan of, 1, 15

Liao-yang branch secretariat Li-chi (Record of Rites), 44–5, 52, 109,

131, 132li-chi , 109, 110n145

lien , 31, 33Lien Hsi-hsien (1231–1280),

239lien-chü , 32n94, 34lien-chü chuang , 33lien-fang ssu , 262lien-fei , 32lien-t’ien , 114Lin Hsi-i (ca. 1210–1273), 165,

168Lin Kuang-ch’ao (1114–1178),

165, 168Lin-an fu (prefecture) , 92,

112n150, 112n151Lin-chiang prefecture , 188Lin-ch’uan , 180lineage

effect on women’s inheritance in theSung, 146

tsu, 43–4, 60tsung-tsu ch’in-jen, 268and Yüan marriage and property law,

295ling , 54, 67, 74, 79, 80, 98, 212Liu Ch’ing-chih (1130–1195),

79n33Liu K’o-chuang (1187–1269),

80–4, 92, 115n160, 121, 130, 131,166, 168, 183n129

Liu Kung (styled Kung-fu,1122–1178), 149

Liu Mien-chih (1091–1149),147–8, 150, 152

Liu Tsai (1166–1239), 36, 166,183–4

Liu Tzu-hui (1101–1147), 166,167

Liu Yen (1048–1102), 163Lou Yüeh (1137–1213), 166Loyang , 51, 251lu (caitiffs) , 207lu (circuit) , 216, 219lü , 53, 67n4, 79, 124Lü, Madam, 176Lu Chiu-yüan (1139–1193),

166Lu Tien (1042–1102), 163, 174n96,

172–3Lü Tsu-ch’ien (1137–1181), 25,

145, 156, 158–9, 162, 166, 181

Glossary-Index

337






Lu Yu (1125–1210), 166Lu-shan county , 92

Ma-he-ma (Mohammed), 235Manichaeanism, 21Man-t’ing tseng-sun , 68marriage

changing laws in the Yüan related to,229–54

under Mongol rule, 2–3second (hsü-hun), 233n94women’s property within, 113–25See also levirate marriage; remarriage

marriage lawConfucian transformation of

(1294–1320), 253–4in Learning of the Way morality, 25

marriage, Mongolby inheritance (the levirate), 204–5

Ma-sha , 20Mencius, 43, 109Min, Kingdom of , 21Min river , 18n43ming (intelligence) , 185ming (verse section of inscription) ,

185Ming dynasty

legal code, 265, 277–8rights of women under, 294

ming-chi , 109Ming-chou prefecture , 151–2ming-fen , 146Ming-kung shu-p’an ch’ing-ming chi

, 68. See also CollectedDecisions

ming-li , 54Ministry of Revenue (hu-pu), 232Mohammed (Ma-he-ma), 235money

paper (ting), 275private (se-koi), 279n232

Mongol conquest of Chinaeffect on gender property regime,

290–1ending Southern Sung, 4, 17influence on gender relations, 1–2See also Yüan dynasty

Mongol lawseparation from Chinese law

(1260–1271), 230–8

universal application of the levirate(1271–1276), 238–44

MongolsAfrican model of production and

reproduction, 18threats to Chin dynasty, 17

moralityof Learning of the Way Confucianism,

25–6mou , 34, 36, 38, 39, 51, 85mu-chih-ming , 28Muslim cleric (hui-hui ta-shih), 235

na-cheng , 52Naito Konan (Torajiro,

1866–1934), 4n1Nan-chien prefecture , 122, 154, 162Nan-ching circuit (Kaifeng), 223,

234, 243, 250nang , 32nang-ch’ieh , 32, 33nang-t’o , 32, 33nei , 27, 30Nei-huang , 273New Laws of the Great Yüan (Ta-Yüan hsin-

ko), 211New Statutes of the Chih-yüan Era (Chih-yüan

hsin-ko), 211Neo-Confucianism, see Confucianism;

Learning of the WayNingpo , 152nü ch’eng fu fen , 79nü ch’eng-fen , 93nü shou-fen , 93nü-fen , 91nü-hu , 95, 222, 224nü-kungnumbers

major (ta-shu), 33minor (hsi-shu), 33

nu-pi , 55n54nü-t’ien , 33

official door insignia (ching-piao men-lü),264

Oghul Khaimish, 205ordinance (shih), 67n4Ou-ning county , 18, 136Ou-yang Hsiu (1007–1072), 24,

163, 170

Glossary-Index

338






pa , 117n167, 124–5Pai-hu t’ung , 44n6p’an , 59Pao Hsüan , 50Pao-ting circuit , 247patrilineality

after Mongol conquest of China, 2revival in the Sung of Confucian,

144–50women’s property under, 31

peck (tou), 23n65p’ei , 184Peking (Ta-tu circuit), 235, 240pi , 93pi ssu chi-chü , 44piao-po , 93Pien-ch’ih, 67pien-kuan , 132P’ing-chiang circuit , 260, 275ping-hsü , 231P’ing-luan circuit , 250Ping-pu lang-chung , 154P’ing-yang circuit , 248, 252, 255po , 93Po-hai , 231po-po , 232n91P’o-yang county , 80, 84P’o-yang lake , 80, 81precedents

li, 67, 84, 214tuan-li, 212

prestige title (san-kuan), 157n57principle

censorate principles (t’ai-kang), 216contrary to (fei-li), 245female (k’un), 184li, 92, 93, 130, 195male (ch’ien), 184–5public (t’ien-hsia chih kung-li), 196

printing industry, 10, 64, 75production

African model of, 18Eurasian model in the Sung, 65Eurasian model of, 17–18

propertybetrothal gifts in Confucian ritual,

51–2betrothal gifts in the Han, 52betrothal gifts in the T’ang, 77brought with bride, 32

changing laws in the Yüan related to,229–54

common (t’ung-chü kung-ts’ai), 46, 113concept in Confucianism, 197under Confucian family system, 138conjugal, 279n232disposal under Sung law of, 113for elite status in the Sung, 64–5of household in the Han, 47importance in the Sung, 64–5landed, 32–3under Mongol law, 2–3, 290–1movable, 32n94, 34for orphan boys and girls, 65, 91–2, 95own (chi-ch’an), 38personal (ssu-ts’ai), 50private purchases of (ssu-fang chih-tao

wu-yeh), 123redivision, 55n55share ( fen), 91shared under Confucian descent-line

system, 144ts’ai-ch’an, 37n107women inheriting (nü ch’eng fen), 93women receiving (nü shou-fen), 93woman’s private, 32, 129. See also

women’s propertyproperty, private

accumulating for self (pi ssu chi-chü), 44Confucian opposition in marriage to,

150–69of women within marriage, 288tzu-sui chih wu, 129words denoting, 31–3

property lawConfucian transformation of

(1294–1320), 253–4incentive not to remarry, 126–7remarriage in the Sung, 125–7Sung dynasty, 2, 126–7in the T’ang, 53–63

property rightsof widows in the Sung, 143of widows under Yüan law, 217, 222of women in the Sung, 65–6of women in the Yüan, 3women’s defense of, 3See also women’s property rights

pu (unit of land), 38pu (not), 267n193

Glossary-Index

339






pu i , 189pu tao chih chia , 126pu te li nü-hu , 195public-mindedness (kung), 196P’u-ch’eng county , 18P’u-chiang , 182pu-ch’ü , 55n54pu-i chih shen , 87pu-jen chih shen , 93Pu-hu-mu (Bhukumu, 1255–1300),

253P’u-t’ai county , 245pu-te ch’e-keng lun fen , 55n55P’u-t’ien county , 80P’u-yang county , 243, 245

quasi-husband, see chieh-chiao-fu

Record of Rites (Li-chi), 44–5, 52, 131, 132Reflections on Things at Hand (Chin-ssu lu),

145region (tao), 262Regional Investigation Office (lien-fang

ssu), 262regulations, 244

Comprehensive Regulations of the Yüan (Ta-Yüan t’ung chih), 212, 227

ko, 67ting-chih, 212

relativesagnatic (chin-ch’in), 98, 98n101cousins of fourth generation (ssu-ma),

109ch’in ch’i, 98, 98n101

remarriageof divorced and widowed women under

Sung law, 133–4, 142to outsider (kai-chia), 233n94under Sung law, 125–7Sung law encouragement of, 114–34

reproductionAfrican model of, 18Eurasian model of, 17–18

retainers (pu-ch’ü), 55n54room, conjugal ( fang), 32, 47rules, administrative (shih), 67

sacklarge (nang), 32small (t’o), 32

Sangha (Hsiang-ko, d. 1291), 211,239n111

san-kuan , 157n57School for Sons of the State (Kuo-tzu

hsüeh), 253Secretariat, Central (chung-shu sheng),

231–2Secretariat for State Affairs (Shang-shu

sheng), 212, 225, 231n87, 232se-koi , 279n232self-cultivation (hsiu-shen), 25selfishness (ssu), 196se-mu , 260Sengge Ragi , 275–6servile status

under the Sung, 11–12servitude, penal (pien-kuan), 132Shang dynasty , 42Shanghai , 256Shang-kuan, Great Lady

(1094–1178), 156–8, 179–80, 190Shang-kuan Hui , 157n57shang-she , 157Shang-shu sheng , 212, 225, 231n87,

232Shang-tu circuit , 256, 261Shansi , 249, 252, 255Shantung , 245Shan-yin county , 173Shao, Madam (1113–1183), 176, 177Shao Yung (1011–1077), 162n78,

171n86Shao-chou prefecture , 88Shao-hsing era (1131–1162) , 79Shao-hsing prefecture , 94Shao-wu prefecture , 157–8, 180Shao-yang county , 87, 123Shen Chi-tsu (c.s. 1169) , 148–9Shen Kua (1030–1095), 75sheng , 23n65sheng-cheng , 216shen-ming , 67shen-mu , 232–3Shensi , 255Shen-tsung (Sung emperor, r.

1067–1085), 16sheriff (hsien-wei), 81, 81n41she-ts’ang , 23shih (literati) , 4, 6shih (administrative rules) , 67

Glossary-Index

340






Shih Ch’i , 152Shih Hao , 152Shih Ju-i (1110–1174), 176Shih T’ien-tse (1202–1275), 211Shih-chi (Records of the Historian),

48–9shih-huoshih-su chih ssu-ch’ing , 196Shih-tsu (r. 1260–1294). See KhubilaiShih-tsung (Jurchen emperor, r.

1161–1189), 231shu (subcommentaries) , 53shu (purity) , 185shu-p’an , 67, 69n13Shu-fang , 20shu-mi yuan , 223shun , 184, 185Shun-ch’ang county , 122Shun-ti (Yüan emperor) , 276Shun-t’ien circuit , 247slave

nu-pi, 55n54war slave chün-ch’ü, 255

societyEurasian model of, 65Learning of the Way Confucianism and,

30Learning of the Way view of, 289in the Sung, 4, 6–18in the T’ang, 4

ssu , 196ssu-fa , 88ssu-fang , 88n63ssu-fang chih-tao wu-yeh , 123Ssu-k’u , 216. See also Ssu-k’u ch’üan-

shuSsu-k’u ch’üan-shu , 216, 217ssu-ma , 109Ssu-ma Ch’ien (ca. 145–90 b.c.),

207Ssu-ma Hsiang-ju (179–117

b.c.), 48–9Ssu-ma Kuang (1019–1086), 24,

27, 91, 145, 163, 171ssu-ts’ai , 50status responsibilities (ming-fen), 146statutes

in effect (hsien-hsing t’iao-ling), 81to enforce joint family living, 53–60ko, 213, 214

ling, 212, 54, 67, 74, 79, 80, 98New Statutes of the Chih-yüan Era (Chih-

yüan hsin-ko), 211t’iao, 124, 130t’iao-ko, 212tien, 213

Statutes from the Comprehensive Regulations(T’ung-chih t’iao-ko), 213

statutes and precedents (ko li), 213statutes and precedents, collection of (Ta-

te tien-chang), 212Statutes and Precedents of the Yüan (Yüan

tien-chang), 213–17Su Shih (1036–1101), 164Su Sung (1020–1101), 164, 168succession, testamentary

in the Sung, 108–12in the T’ang, 108

Suchou prefecture , 38sui , 155, 174n97, 240sui-chia t’ien fa , 129sui-chia t’ien-t’u , 32Sung Dynastic History (Sung shih), 148Sung dynasty

commercial expansion during, 9–10economic development during, 8–12elites of, 4, 6–13, 64–5end of Northern, 16features of, 4invasions ending, 4outside threats to, 15–16revival of Confucian patrilineality,

144–50revival of Confucianism during, 24Southern Sung, 16–17. See also law

code, Sung; Learning of the way;legal system, Sung

Sung hsing-t’ung , 66. See also SungPenal Laws

Sung hui-yao (Important Documentsof the Sung), 67

Sung Penal Laws (Sung hsing-t’ung), 66, 77,98

on inheritance of married daughters,99–100

law on cut-off households, 105related to divorced or widowed women,

101Sung shih (Sung Dynastic History),

148

Glossary-Index

341






Sung stateappropriation of private land, 105–6intervention in testamentary succession,

108–12intervention in family inheritance

issues, 104–9intervention in transmission of family

property, 99–104regulation of inheritance of daughters,

101–4threats from non-Chinese states, 15. See

also Sung dynastySung-ch’i county , 18Sung-Yüan hsüeh-an (Case

Studies of Sung and Yüan Confucians),160

superintendent (t’i-chü), 259Superior College (shang-she), 157Szechwan , 77

Ta-Chou hsing-t’ung (CollectedPenal Laws of the Great Chou), 66

Ta-hsüeh (Great Learning), 183Ta-hsüeh yen-i (Extended Meaning

of the Great Learning), 268t’ai hsüeh , 157Tai Liang , 49–50T’ai-ho code (T’ai-ho lü), 206n13, 209–10,

229–30abolition of, 238–9Khubilai abrogates, 210maintained separate Jurchen and

Chinese law, 231T’ai-ho lü , see T’ai-ho codeT’ai-ho era (827–836), 57t’ai-kang , 216T’ai-p’ing temple , 39T’ai-tsu (Chinggis khan, r.

1206–1227), 212. See also Chinggiskhan

T’ai-tsung (T’ang emperor, r.627–649), 53

T’ai-yüan , 258Ta-ming circuit , 249T’ang dynasty

canal system, 9characteristics of society, 4communal living and common

property, 53–63Confucian revival during, 24

land tenure controls, 10price controls and regulated markets

during, 9T’ang lü shu-i (The T’ang Code),

53. See also The T’ang codeThe T’ang Code (T’ang lü shu-i), 53. See also

The T’ang codeThe T’ang code, 53–4, 61–3

articles of, 53–4commentaries and subcommentaries,

53General Principles (ming-li), 54influence of, 53statutes (ling), 54–60

tang-t’i ch’i fu chih i , 190T’ang-yin county , 228tao (the Confucian Way, morality), 25,

150tao (region, Yüan administrative term),

262tao-hsüeh , 24–6. See also

Confucianism; Learning of the Way

Taoist text (Huai-nan tzu), 78tao-t’ung , 25Ta-shih-man (Dashman or

Dasiman), 239n111ta-shu , 33Ta-Tai li-chi , 45n12, 52n42Ta-te tien-chang , 212ta-tsung , 43Ta-tu circuit (Peking), 235, 240Ta-Yüan hsin-lü (New laws of the

great Yüan), 211Ta-Yüan lü-ling (Laws and

statutes of the great Yüan), 211Ta-Yüan sheng-cheng kuo-ch’ao tien-chang

, 213. See alsoStatutes and Precedents of the Yüan;Yüan tien-chang

Ta-Yüan sheng-cheng tien-chang, hsin-chi chih-chih t’iao-li ,214n45

Ta-Yüan t’ung-chih(Comprehensive regulations of thegreat Yüan), 212–14, 227

Te-chou , 255Temür (Emperor Ch’eng-tsung ,

r. 1294–1307), 253–4t’iao , 124, 130

Glossary-Index

342






t’iao-fa shih-lei , 67t’iao-ko , 212t’iao-li , 214n45t’i-chü , 259n172t’i-chü ch’ang-p’ing , 88n60tien , 213, 214n45t’ien , 33t’ien-hsia chih kung-li , 196T’ien-shui (Sung Judge, no dates),

115, 118–20, 126, 191–2t’i-hsing , 80ting , 275ting-chih , 212ting-fa , 89ting-t’ieh , 33ti-yin , 34t’o , 32t’o-chung , 32t’o-chung chuang , 32n92To-erh-ch’ih (Dorchi), 263Töregene, 205tou , 23n65, 38n108tribute scholar (kung-shih), 115n162trousseau list (lien-chü chuang), 33tsa-hu , 55n54Ts’ai Hsiang (1012–1067), 164, 168,

184n133Ts’ai, Madam (1154–1223), 184tsai shih , 102ts’ai-ch’an , 37n107ts’an-chih cheng-shih , 160Ts’ao-chou prefecture , 246n126Tseng Kung (1019–1083), 164tsu , 43–4, 60tsu-chang , 109Ts’ui Yü (d. 1298), 211tsu-jen , 173tsung , 43, 46n17tsung-fa , 14, 144tsung-tzu , 43–4, 144tsung-kuan , 243tsung-tsu ch’in-jen , 268tuan (family name), 269n202tuan-li , 212Tu-ch’ang county , 81Tugh Temür (Emperor Wen-tsung, r.

1328–1329, 1330–1333), 275tui-yüeh , 87n59Tui-yüeh chi , 69n13, 87n59T’ung-ch’eng county , 88

T’ung-chih t’iao-ko (Statutes fromthe Comprehensive Regulations), 213–14

t’ung-chü kung-ts’ai , 46, 53, 113Tungusic people (the Jurchens), 16Tunhuang , 57tzu , 88, 220n57tzu ch’eng fu fen , 79, 88n62, 138,

285Tzu-lai circuit , 245tzu-sui chih wu , 129tzu-sui-t’ien , 32, 114, 122, 194tzu-ts’ai chi nu-pi , 55

violation of duty (i-chüeh), 133, 251

wai , 27wai-shih , 172wan , 185wan, i, shu, hui , 185Wang An-shih (1021–1086), 16,

24, 164, 170, 172nn89,91Wang Fu (ca. 90–165), 49Wang Po-ta (d. 1253), 134–5Wang Tzu-yü , 96Wang Wan-shu (1143–1205), 184Wang Yüeh (fl. 904–905), 59–60Wang Yün (1227–1304), 211the Way (tao), 25Wei Ch’u (Yüan official) , 211Wei Liao-weng (1178–1237), 159,

162, 166, 182wen , 25wen-chi , 69Weng Fu (Weng Hao-t’ang , c.s.

1226), 109, 128, 193–4, 198Wen-tsung (r. 1328–1329,

1330–1333), see Tugh Temürwidows

authority over household property, 127chastity under Yüan law, 264–77Chinese women return to natal family,

207–8choices of Mongol women about

remarriage, 205–6law related to remarriage in the Sung,

125–38, 141–2Mongol women remaining in husband’s

household, 207Mongol women under rule of levirate

marriage, 206

Glossary-Index

343






widows (cont.)as property owners in the Han, 50–1property rights under Yüan law, 217,

222responsibilities of, 63, 289role in Learning of the Way, 30remarriage in Sung law, 125–7See also women’s property; women’s

property rightswidows, Mongol

as object of inheritance, 206–7property rights of, 206

wife, principal (ch’i), 81n43wives, Mongol

means to obtain, 201, 204woman ( fu-jen), 268women

agenda in Learning of the Way, 28–30connections for official positions

through, 7defending property rights, 3dowry under Mongol law, 291–2following husbands into exile, 132footbinding for, 12–13as household managers, 29–30; 169–74household responsibility under

Learning of the Way, 288–9inheritance rights under Mongol law,

291–2inheritance under Yüan law, 217, 220as land owners, 38meaning of Learning of the Way for,

26–30, 144property under Confucian ideology, 2as property under Yüan laws, 261–4remarriage if husband disappeared,

132–3responsibility in Learning of the Way,

169–85, 197, 200role in Confucian tradition, 26–7role in Learning of the Way morality,

25–30in Sung elite class, 12, 6Sung property law affecting, 2without property, 3See also widows

women, Mongolfreedoms of, 205marriage practices associated with, 201,

204–5

property after marriage, 206resistance to levirate marriage, 206responsibilities of, 205

women’s propertyafter marriage (Mongol), 206bride’s, 31–6, 61in Chou dynasty, 44–6Confucian concept of, 45in Confucian ideology, 2disposition at death, 134–8in division of property in the Sung,

78–104dowry disposition in divorce, 130–4dowry donation in the Sung, 151–62as dowry property, 11economic significance of, 37–40in the Han, 46–53, 48–9landed property in the Sung, 31–2legal guarantees in late Sung, 80within marriage, 113–25in marriage in the Yüan, 228–9of married women, 33, 36–7under Mongol rule, 2in patrilineal society, 31power of disposal within marriage, 127in revival of Confucian ideal, 150–69in Sung times, 76terms and conceptions in the Sung,

31–40women’s property rights

Learning of the Way questions, 186state support in the Sung for, 95–6before the Sung, 41–6in the Sung, 42, 64–6

Wu Ch’eng (1249–1339), 210Wu county (Suchou), 38Wu Ko (Sung judge, no dates), 92–3Wu-i Mountains , 22, 23, 68–9Wu-tsung (r. 1307–11), see Khaishan

Ya-chou , 92Yang Chieh (late 11th cent.), 164Yang I (974–1020), 164, 167Yang Shi (1053–1135), 162, 164,

168Yang Wan-li (1127–1206), 166yang-shan t’ien , 136Yangtze region , 9, 22, 256Yangtze River , 16–17Yao Shu (1219–1296), 211

Glossary-Index

344






Yeh Miao-hui (1104–1185),160–1

Yeh Shih (1150–1223), 166Yellow River, 17Yen-t’ieh lun (Debates on Salt and

Iron), 49Yesün Temür (Yüan emperor, r.

1323–1328), 214yin , 7, 65Yin-chou prefecture , 256ying-fen jen , 55yü , 188n145Yüan dynasty

absence of legal code during, 3Comprehensive Regulations of the Great

Yüan (Ta-Yüan t’ung chih), 212, 214dynastic history (Yüan shih), 210, 273,

274family and marriage law, 208Huang Kan’s interpretation of

Confucianism during, 26Laws and Statutes of the Great Yüan (Ta-

Yüan lü-ling), 211New Laws of the Great Yüan (Ta-Yüan

hsin-lü), 211Statutes and Precedents of the Yüan (Yüan

tien-chang), 213, 214Yüan shih (Yüan dynastic history),

210, 273

Yüan Shuo-yu (1140–1204), 160,166, 167

Yüan stateChu Hsi’s influence under, 26comparison of laws with Sung, 221–7financial and military organization of,

217influence of Learning of the Way on,

186inheritance law of, 217laws related to women’s property, 294limits on women’s financial autonomy

under, 292link between woman and her property

in, 193marriage laws under, 292–4new laws on marriage and property,

290reinstatement of civil service exams,

290widow chastity rule, 293–4

Yüan tien-chang (Statutes andPrecedents of the Yüan), 213–17

Yüan Ts’ai (fl. 1140–1195), 91,113n157, 120–1, 176n105, 191

Yüan-chou circuit , 216Yüan-yu era (1086–1093), 108Yüeh-chou , 173yü-shih t’ai , 248n131

Glossary-Index

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