Globalizing Networks of

Communication and Exchange

The Eastern and Western Hemispheres Connect

Key Concept 4.1

New Global Circulation Begins

•New global circulation of goods •Intensification of all existing regional trade networks •Brought prosperity and economic disruption to the

merchants and governments in the trading regions of the:oIndian OceanoMediterraneanoSahara oAnd overland Eurasia.

European Technological Developments

•Developments in cartography and navigation

•Built on previous knowledge developed in the classical,Islamic, and Asian worlds

•New tools:oAstrolabeoRevised maps

•Innovations in ship designs:oCaravels

•Improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns

Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into the Indian Ocean region with the naval voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He, which enhanced Chinese prestige.

Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade with West Africa, and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.

Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.

•Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued and spurred European searches for multiple routes to Asia.

•In Oceania and Polynesia, established exchange and communication networks were not dramatically affected because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean.

European Monopoly Companies and Regional Markets•European merchants’ role in Asian trade was characterized

mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region.

•Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas.

•Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade.

•The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples.

The Columbian Exchange•European colonization of the

Americas led to spread of diseases (smallpox, measles, influenza...)

•These were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations 

•Unintentional transfer of vermin, including rats and mosquitoes

The Columbian Exchange

Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.

The Columbian Exchange•Discovery of American foodsoPotatoesoMaizeoManioc

•Cash cropsoTobaccooSugar

•Domesticated animalsoHorses oPigsoCattle

•Foods brought by African slavesoOkraoRice

•Populations benefited nutritionally

•Physical environment affected through deforestation and soil depletion

Spread and Reform of Religions

•Islam spread to new settings in Afro-EurasiaoSplit between Sunni and Shi'a intensifiedoSufi practices became more widespread

•Christianity continued to spread throughout the world oIncreasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and

theReformation.

•Buddhism spread within Asia

Syncretic and New Forms of Religion

•Vodun in the Caribbean•The cults of saints in Latin America•Sikhism in South Asia

Innovations in Visual and Performing Arts•Renaissance art in Europe•Miniature paintings in the Middle East

and South Asia•Wood-block prints in Japan•Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica

Literacy-> Literature Expanded•Shakespeare•Cervantes•Sundiata•Journey to the West•Kabuki

New Forms of Social Organization

and Modes of Production

Key Concept 4.2

Peasant Labor Intensified

Slavery•Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation

of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.

•The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas.

Forms of Coerced Labor•Chattel slavery•Indentured servitude•Encomienda and hacienda

systems•The Spanish adaptation of the

Inca mit'a

New Political and Economic Elites

•The Manchus in China•Creole elites in Spanish America•European gentry•Urban commercial entrepreneurs in all major port cities in

the world 

Existing Elites•Power of existing elites fluctuated as they confronted new

challenges to their ability to affect the policies of theincreasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.•The zamindars in the Mughal Empire•The nobility in Europe•The daimyo in Japan

Gender and Family Restructuring

•Demographic changes in Africa that resulted from slave trade•Male population declined. Polygamy increased.

•The dependence of European men on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade in that region

•The smaller size of European families

New Ethnic and Racial Classifications

•Mestizo•Mulatto•Creole

State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

Key Concept 4.3

Arts as Displays of Political Power

•Monumental architecture•Urban design •Courtly literature•The visual arts

Religious Ideas to Legitimize Rule

•European notions of divine right•Safavid use of Shiism•Mexica or Aztec practice of human sacrifice•Songhay promotion of Islam•Chinese emperors' public performance of Confucian rituals

Differential Treatment of Ethnic and Religious Groups•Ottoman treatment of non-Muslim subjects•Manchu policies toward Chinese•Spanish creation of a separate “República de Indios”

Bureaucratic Elites, Military Professionals•Recruitment and use of ^ became more common among

rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.•Ottoman devshirme•Chinese examination system•Salaried samurai 

•Tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue forterritorial expansion

Imperial Expansion

•Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia

•Proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in newglobal trade networks

•Affected power in the states in interior West and Central Africa

Land Empires...increased dramatically in size.

New Maritime Empires in Americas

Competition Over Trade Routes

•Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean•Piracy in the Carribean

State Rivalries

•Thirty Years War•Ottoman-Safavid Conflict

Local Resistance•Food riots•Samurai revolts•Peasant uprisings