Globalization A World Without Borders in the 21 st century.
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Transcript of Globalization A World Without Borders in the 21 st century.
Globalization
A World Without Borders in the 21st century
By definition…
emergence of a global society in which events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world.
Forms of globalization
Economic Cultural Political Environmental
Economic Globalization
Economic Globalization
Expansion after communism
Free trade and privatization
Global multinational corporations
– Seek cheapest labor and resources
– Apart of laws and restrictions of any one nation
Tata Group in Great Britain
World Agreements and Organizations
WTO, 1995 – World Trade Organization– Supervises international trade– 151 member nations
Economic Globalization in Asia
Japan “The Economic Miracle”
– Benefited from U.S. investment and trade
– Centered around export-oriented market
‘The Little Tigers’– Hong Kong, Singapore,
South Korea, and Taiwan
Singapore
Economic Globalization in Asia
Post-Mao China– Opened up to foreign
investment– Gradual shift to market
economy– Offered vast, cheap
labor and huge domestic markets
– China joined WTO in 2001
Trading Blocs
European Union– Includes 15 nations– Promotes free trade and
travel– 11 nations adopted the
Euro in 1999– Expectation of European
Political Union OPEC
– Established in 1960– Placed oil embargo on U.S.
in 1973, prices quadrupled
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
OPEC
Cultural Globalization
Cross Cultural Exchanges
Western consumerism becoming global phenomenon– McDonalds– Coca-Cola
Advertisement in Morocco
Cross Cultural Exchanges
Sara/Dara (Iran) Barbie/Ken (U.S.)
Mass Tourism
Largest single industry on planet Now travel and tourism is the largest single
industry on the planet Tourism exposes cultural variations and
diversity of local traditions Tourism leads to revival and transformation
of indigenous cultural traditions
Dubai, UAE
The Internet
Provides mass communication and influence Allows for home office and telecommuting Critics believe its creates English hegemony
Authoritarian Regimes China attempts a firewall to control Internet
information Vietnam and Iraq limit access to foreign servers on
Internet
Political Globalization
Problems and Concerns
Political Impact
High demand on certain product
Trading bloc limits product, sets up trade restriction
Disruption of trade on certain product
Example is oil
Example: 1990 Iraqi invasion of
Kuwait Ineffective UN
sanctions Fear of Iraqi invasion of
Saudi Arabia Coalition led invasion in
1991
Kuwait Oil Field
Environmental Globalization
Urbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversity
Gas emissions and coal burning contributing to global warming
In 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide emissions
Population Issues
5.5 billion people in 1994 11.6 billion people in 2200 population explosion after WWII
– Asia and Africa UN agencies have aided many countries with
family-planning programs China's one-child policy has significantly reduced
growth rate cultures favor larger families
– India
The World in the 21st Century
Problems of 21st century
Poverty Labor servitude
– S. and SE Asia Terrorism
– 9/11/01 Human Rights
– Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2008 Olympics Disease
– Smallpox eradicated– HIV/AIDS identified in
1981 in San Francisco– Effect on Africa
Global Terrorism
Difficult to define terrorism
Terrorist organizations changed over time
– Islamic militants– IRA, neo-nazis
U.S. Department of Defense Definition
The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.
International Response to Global Problems
NGOsRed Cross GreenpeaceAmnesty
InternationalHuman Rights
Watch
GovernmentUnited Nations
Global Society and Women
Women in U.S.
Rise of feminism and equal rights – Roe vs. Wade, 1973 – legalized abortion
Status changed after WWII in industrialized states Birth control
Women in China
Communist states often improve women’s legal status
– Soviet Union and the ‘Kitchen Debate’
have not yet gained true equality One-child policy encourages infanticide or
abandonment of baby girls
Women in Arab/Indian World
Women in Arab and Muslim societies twice as likely as men to be illiterate
Confined to household Most Indian women
illiterate – 75% in 1980s – 57% in 2001
"Dowry deaths"
Movement and Migration
Migration
Since 1960:– 13 million "guest
workers" migrated to western Europe
– 10 million migrants into United States
– 130 million people currently live outside their countries of citizenship
Push-pull factors– Lack of food– Natural disaster– Political oppression– War
Effects
Migrants enrich societies in many ways, but also spark hostility and conflict
Fears that migrants will undermine national identity, compete for jobs
Anti-immigrant movements (xenophobia) lead to violence and racial tension
Future of Globalization
Supporters global economy
efficient, best path to global prosperity
Increased standard of living throughout the world
Critics widens gap between
rich and poor destroys environment threatens local and
traditional crafts and economies