Global Tourism 2

8/2/2019 Global Tourism 2

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Giovanna [email protected]


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Tourism and world peace

chapter 4Turgut Var and John Ap


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Tourism contributes to

The promotion of goodwill

Understanding

Peace between the people of differentnations

Vehicle of international understanding


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The World Tourism Conference in1980 recognized tourism as a vital

force for world peace

Tourism has the potential to be thelargest peace movement in the history ofmankind because tourism is amultidisciplinary force involving:

- Cultures - Traditions- Economy - Heritage

- Religion


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There has been very little research onthe relationship between tourism and

peace

Actually, peace is an intangible attribute

and it is very difficult to establish, throughempirical data, the relationship betweentourism and peace


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Two levels of analyses

Socio-cultural level: tourism is consideredas a cultural broker, it provides anopportunity for mutual understanding

Political level: tourism is a promoter ofnational integration and internationalunderstanding and peace.


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Three levels of internationalrelations generated by world tourism

At the non-governmental level privatecitizens of different nations come into

contact; On the public level of international

relations, the different governments

discuss on matters essential to theindustry

On the sector-government level, national

governments meet private investments


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but

despite the negativeaspects the tourism-peace

relationship is onlyconsidered from a single(LIMITED) point of view


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The two main positive aspects of therelationship tourism-peace are

The promotion of cultural exchange as a

means of breaking down the barriersbetween peoples of different nations

The development of greater

understanding between individuals orpeople of different nations resulting fromthis exchange

Summing up


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However

All that glisters is not gold!!


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The positive and negativeimpacts of tourism

chapter 5

Brian Archer and Chris Cooper


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The positive and negative impactsof tourism have to be analysed on

four different levels

Economical

Political

Socio-cultural

Environmental and ecological


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Domestic tourism is a form ofinvisible export.

It redistributes currency spatially

within the boundary of a country


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Tourism is one of the majorresources in outlying regions of a

country

The introduction of a tourist industry in

such areas can have a greater effect onthe welfare of the resident populationthan the same amount of tourism mighthave on the more developed parts of thesame country


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The development of tourismrequires new infrastructures and

facilities such as

Highways Airfields

Hotels

Restaurants Shops


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As tourism keeps on growing

Land in particular isrequired and landprices rise

Residents are leftlandless with only lowpaid work available


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Political effects

Tourism is often considered as animportant force for peace

B U T

Where the discrepancies between touristsand residents are very great the political(and social) consequences may be severe


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As regards employment

Respectable posts inhotels andestablishments are

occupied byforeigners possessingthe necessaryknowledge

The lower paid jobsare reserved forindigenous population

Such discrepancy may cause resentmentand alter international relationships


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Socio-cultural effects

One of the major stimulants to thedevelopment of tourism is the existence ofdifferences between cultures

B U T

This fact may also cause seriousmisunderstandings


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Tourists behave differently duringthe holiday causing problems of

Prostitution

Drugs

Gambling

Vandalism

robbery


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Another problem is the so-calleddemonstration effect

Desire among local people to work harder

or to achieve higher levels of education inorder to emulate the way of life of tourists


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However, local culture and customsmay be exploited to satisfy the

visitors producing what McCannellcalls staged authenticity

All tourists look forauthenticexperiences butwhat they find out,what theyexperience, is onlythe front region


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The back region is protected by theindigenous. What they show is not

the real authentic face of their

culture but simply a stagedauthenticity


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Environmental and ecologicaleffects

Carrying Capacity

Physical Capacity: limit on actual number of

users that can be accommodated in a region ie, number of roads, size of parking lots, etc.

Ecological Capacity: max level of users in anarea, before ecological damage is incurred


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Determining Carrying Capacities

Number of visitors

Quality of resource mgmt design

Number of area residents and their needs Related to quality of life

Number of other users of the resources

ie, industrial users and farmers/ranchers


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Environmental Impacts

Air Pollution

Noise Pollution

Crowding

Vegetation/Wildlife harm

Historic site deterioration


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Mass Tourism vs. Green/Eco

Mass Tourism

Large

Unplanned

Uncontrolled

Poor labor education

Scattered dvlpmt.

$$ to multi-national Benefits?

Alternative

Small Scale

Planned

Controlled

Preservation

Local Development

$$ to local people Shared Benefits

Global Tourism 2

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