Global Cultures Unit 1 Chapter 1
Transcript of Global Cultures Unit 1 Chapter 1
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Global Cultures Unit 1 – Chapter 1
Thinking Geographically
* Basics of Geography
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• Geography – in Greek means “writing about the Earth”
– study the Earth
– Geographer asks:
• WHERE things are found on Earth &
WHY they are there
Geography1.1
Geographers can
occupy many jobs
- Teachers
- Government
- Environment
- Field
- Census data
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2 Main Questions
Geographers Ask:• Where?
• Why?
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Geographers Explain WHERE & WHY
• PLACE
– Specific point on Earth with particular
characteristics How would you describe Florida?
• REGION
– Area of Earth distinguished by cultural & physical
features What region do we live in the U.S.?
• SCALE
– Relationship between the portion of Earth being
studied & Earth as a whole
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TYPES OF GEOGRAPHY
Physical Geography
• Earth’s natural processes and their outcomes.
Human Geography
• Where and why human activities are
located where they are?
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Foundations of Geography
• Cartography – the science of mapmaking
• Map - representation, usually on a flat surface (2D)
1.3
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Geographers Use Maps as a • Reference tool-
• find shortest route, avoid getting lost, learn where something is found
(usually in atlas or road map)
• Communications tool-– depicting the distribution of human activities or physical features, as
well as for thinking about reasons underlying a distribution
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To make a map must decide:
• Map scale
• Map projection
1.3
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• Scale– Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied &
Earth as a whole
• Ratio between distance on a map & actual distance on the earth
• Fraction or Ratio – numerical ratio between distances on the map & Earth’s surface EX. 1/24,000 and 1:24,000
• Written statement – describes map & Earth distances in words EX. 1 inch equals 1 mile
• Graphic Bar – Bar line shows distance
Map Scale
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Scale
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To make a map must decide:
• Map scale
• Map projection
1.3
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•Map Projection– scientific method of
transferring locations on Earth’s
surface to a flat map
– No perfect map projection
•
Map Projections
4 Types of Distortion
• Shape
• Distance
• Relative size
• Direction
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Review 1.1 + 1.3 • Geography
• 2 Questions Geographers Ask?
• Place
• Region
• Scale
• What is the difference between physical &
human geography?
• Cartography
• Map
– 2 ways geographers use maps?
• Map projection
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• The earth is divided into lots of lines called latitude and longitude.
• Grid pattern latitude & longitude lines measured in degrees.
Latitude and Longitude
Longitude
Latitude
1.4
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• Latitude – also called parallels– Lines that begin at 0º (Equator) and run north and
south to 90º (north/south poles)
• Longitude – also called meridians– Lines that begin at 0º (Prime Meridian) and run east
and west go 180º (International Date Line)
Latitude and Longitude
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Latitude and Longitude
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PRIME
MERIDIAN =
Greenwich
Mean Time0° longitude
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Grid Pattern Helps You Find . . .
• Latitude & longitude lines are measured in
degrees.
To plot a location,
you must determine:
1.Latitude lines
2. Longitude lines
Which kind of lines are used
to determine time zones?
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TIME ZONE TELLING TIME• Longitude plays an important role in calculating time
• Telling time using longitude 360° divided by 24 = 15°
• 15° east/west will enter a new time zone– moving east turn clock ahead - moving west turn clock backward
• Greenwich Mean Time = Prime Meridian at 0º
• International Date Line - 180º longitude
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•Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
– Computer system that captures, stores, analyzes, and
displays geographic data
– Multiple THEMATIC LAYERS
of spatial information
Geographical Technologies1.5
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•Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
– System that determines the precise position on Earth
• Global Navigation Satellite systems use satellites, tracking
stations, cell phones, & cell phone towers to pinpoint location
• Latitude / longitude coordinates for navigation
Geographical Technologies
• How is it done?
• Triangulation – use of geometry
• Time it takes to get a signal from a known location X
known rate of signal of speed =
Distance Away from the known location that the signal
was received
Cell phone
tower
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Review 1.4 + 1.5 • Latitude lines are _______ (AKA ) _____
– 0° latitude is __________
• Longitude lines are ______ (AKA )_____
– 0° longitude is _______ (AKA _______)
– 180° longitude is the ________
• How do you plot a location?
• Which lines are used for time zones?
– Every ______ degrees is a new time zone
– Go west you _________ time; go east you ______ time
• GIS = ____________ which is . . . .
• GPS = ___________ which is . . .
• How do geographers use GIS & GPS?
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LOCATION–Location – a particular place
• Distinctiveness of a particular spot
• How can location be described? Think of places you want to go
1.6
• Think of your favorite
place as a child?
• Sense of Place
• Location can be
described:
– Toponym
– Site
– Situation
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LOCATION–Toponym – name given to a place on Earth
• Person, religion, ancient history, original settlers, or
landscape
• Place names change over time
Lake Zurich – Cedar Lake
• The meanings of regions are
often contested. In Montgomery,
Alabama, streets named after
Confederate President Jefferson
Davis and Civil Rights leader
Rosa Parks intersect.
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Place: a unique location
• Site – unique physical
characteristics of a place
• Characteristics include:
climate, water sources,
topography, soil,
vegetation, latitude, and
elevation
• Lower Manhattan Island
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Cultural Landscape – built environment
means unique locations
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Place: a unique location
•Situation – location of a place relative to other
places/objects
– Helps us find an unfamiliar place &
understanding its importance
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• Region
– An area that contains one or more characteristics• Unifying & unique cultural or physical characteristics
Region - divide into different units1.7
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3 Types of Regions:• FORMAL REGION –
• Region shares the same characteristic – Phenomena's: religion, economic activity, language, government, or cultural trait
• EXAMPLES:_____________________________________
_Illinois + IL counties
Corn Belt
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3 types of regions:• FUNCTIONAL region –
• Area around a node or focal point importance diminishes outward
• Examples - _________________________________
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Functional & formal Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence
of various television stations are examples of functional regions.
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3 types of regions:•Vernacular region (Perceptual)
• Area people believe exists – Based on individual’s perception or feelings
• Examples - _________________________________
What is the “bad side of town?” “The South” has different boundaries
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What Type of Region is this Map?
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What Type of Region is this Map?
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Links between large banks & smaller banks in the 1970’s
What Type of Region is this Map?
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Review 1.6 + 1.7• Location
– Can be described 3 ways . . . .
• Toponymn
• Site
• Situation
• Region
– 3 types of regions are. . . .
• Formal region
• Functional region
• Vernacular region
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Scale is a powerful concept because: We can look at places on a local, regional, national,
or global scaleGLOBAL SCALE – look at something affecting the world
LOCAL SCALE – look at a neighborhood within a city & its unique features
Different scales influence one another
1.8
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TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
GLOBALIZATION• Force or process that
involves the entire world
spread
• Making something
worldwide
• Major corporation found in many countries – Quickly spread thanks to modern technology
– Globalization of the economy
Video
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Globalization
• Benefits of
Globalization• Negative aspects of
Globalization
Video – part 1
Video – part 2
Video – part 3
Video – part 4
Video – part 5
Video – part 6
Video – part 7
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GLOBALIZATION
of the EconomyDiffusion of . . .
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Where do we see Globalization?
• In every aspect of life
– Economics - Culture
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Globalization of the Economy
• What has influenced globalization?
• Advances in communication & transportation technology– Wealthier countries tap into world markets for goods &
take advantage of abundant, cheap labor, & lax policies
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TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
• Decide where to produce
or sell products based on:
– Proximity to
raw materials
– Wages of workers
– Skill-level / education
of workers
– Access to technology (if needed)
• Select best location to
make a profit
•Result: more specialization
in countries
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Globalization of Culture• What created the likelihood of a global culture?
• TECHNOLOGY:
• Internet, fax machines, satellites, & cable TV– Enhanced communications - Uniformity of culture
• Global entertainment companies shape the perceptions & dreams of ordinary people, wherever they live.
– Result: spread of values, norms, & culture tends to promote Western ideas & capitalism $$$.
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RESULT OF GLOBALIZATION
•People have more similarities &
less differences
• What are the benefits &
drawbacks to globalization?
• Conflict?
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Culture• Culture: way of life for a group of people
• People care about culture & they take care of it.
– Religious Practices - Dance
– Traditions during holidays
– Speaking a second language at home
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People who want to keep
their culture:
• Increased political conflict
• Intolerance toward others
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• People are being pulled in opposite directions by
two factors – globalization and local diversity
– Globalization – force or process that involve the
entire world and result in make something worldwide
– Local Diversity – maintaining individual
differences within a local community or culture
Haggis
McDonalds
variety
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Extinction of Culture …?• As more people become aware of a global culture, and wish to
PRESERVE THEIR CULTURE . . . LOCAL DIVERSITY
1) There are fewer differences & more similarities among people
around the world
2) Local culture (characteristics) are threatened.
Geographers notice that people are being pulled in opposite
directions between
_______________ & ____________ ______________
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Review 1.8
• Globalization
• Transnational corporations
• How do we see globalization in our lives?
• When TNC decide locations for a plant or
selling, they pick a location based on . . .
• Local diversity
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SPACE: Distribution of Features•Space
– Physical gap or interval between 2 objects
• Arrangement of people & activities found in space
• Try to understand why those
people & activities are
distributed as they are.
1.9
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SPACE: Distribution of Features•DISTRIBUTION
– Arrangement of a feature in space
• 3 properties of distribution:
– DENSITY
– CONCENTRATION
– PATTERN
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• Density– frequency (#) something occurs in space
SPACE: Distribution of Features
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Density
Densityis number of items or
frequency in an area
It remains the same no
matter how the items
are distributed
* Which box has the highest
density?
* Which box has the lowest
density?
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SPACE: Distribution of FeaturesConcentration
– spread of a feature over space
Dispersed(scattered)
Clustered(grouped)
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Concentration
* Which box best illustrates
the concept of clustered?
* Which box best illustrates
the concept of dispersed?
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Illinois Population Density
Density and Concentration
of Baseball Teams, 1952 &
2007
The changing distribution
of North American
baseball teams illustrates
the differences between
density and concentration.
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– Pattern– Arrangement of objects in space
• Geometric or Regular pattern: Linear, circular, linear
• Irregular pattern: Random
Did you ever wonder why Midwest
cities follow a grid pattern?
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•Connection – relationship among people &
objects across space
– More rapid connections reduced the distance between places
•Hearth (Node)
• place of origin
•Diffusion• process which a characteristic spreads from one place to another
– Movement of any characteristic
Connections between places
Question:
What are the HEARTHS of
civilization?
1.10
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HEARTH* The source area of any innovation. The source area from
which an idea, crop, artifact, or good is diffused to other areas.
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Diffusion• Two Types of Diffusion
– Relocation Diffusion – spread through physical movement from one place to another
– Expansion Diffusion – spread from node / hearth through various means
•Hierarchical Diffusion – spread from persons of authority / power to other persons
•Contagious Diffusion – rapid, widespread diffusionthroughout the population
•Stimulus Diffusion – spread of an underlying principle / “changed idea”
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Relocation Diffusion•Relocation Diffusion spread by
physical movement– People migrate for political, economic, and environmental reasons
* List two of your own examples of
relocation diffusion
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Expansion Diffusion•Contagious
•Hierarchical
•Stimulus
* List one example of contagious diffusion
* List one example of hierarchical diffusion
* List one example of stimulus diffusion
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Stimulus
Diffusion
Because Hindus believe cows are
holy, cows often roam the streets in
villages and towns. The McDonalds
restaurants in India feature veggie
burgers.
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Diffusion of Walmart
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Review 1.9 + 1.10 • Distribution
– 3 kinds of distribution
• Density
• Concentration
• Pattern
• Hearth
• Diffusion
– 2 types of diffusion
• Relocation diffusion
• Expansion diffusion
– 3 types of expansion diffusion
• Contagious diffusion
• Hierarchical diffusion
• Stimulus diffusion