Global AIS

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The Age of Revolution

For your reference

Map and Timeline

The Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution: a change in the way people looked for answers to life’s questions.

A transition from blindly believing the Church to using logic to find answers

Remember: What was the Neolithic Revolution?

The change from hunting/gathering to herding/farming.

Scientific Revolution

Age of Reason: a time when math and science were used to make decisions (NOT faith)

Scientific Method: a process of experimentation and observation

Scientific Advancement Example:

Before the Age of Reason, people believed in the Geocentric Theory.

The Earth is the center of universe

Supported by the Church

During the Age of Reason, the Heliocentric Theory was discovered.

The sun is the center of the universe.

Went against the Church’s teachings

Age of Reason

Name What He Did Effect on Society

Descartes Used math and science reasoning instead of faith to find answers

-Introduced the Age of Reason-Used the scientific method

Copernicus Developed the theory that the sun was the center of the universe (heliocentric theory)

His ideas were rejected because he could not prove them.

Galileo Proved the heliocentric theory with a telescope

Proved that the Church was wrong about something

Newton Explained why the heliocentric theory worked (gravity and the laws of motion)

Set up the idea that there were “natural laws” in our world.

Great Scientists of the Scientific Revolution

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment: when society became “enlightened” to the way the world really works (natural laws of science, not divine belief). This movement specially applies to political ideas.

The Enlightenment

Name Ideas

John Locke -All people have certain rights-The government is supposed to protect everyone’s rights-If the government fails to protect people’s rights, the people can overthrow the government

Baron de Montesquieu

-Separate the powers of government

Jean Jacques Rousseau

-”Social Contract” – people should create their own government and laws, but agree to follow them too-Majority rules

Voltaire -Wrote plays, essays, poems criticized the monarchies, Church, and nobility--Inspired people to accept new enlightenment ideas

Enlightenment Writers and Thinkers

John Locke: “What Does the Fox Say” parody

Enlightened Despot: an absolute monarch that used his/her power for the good of the people

Catherine the Great (Russia)

-Expanded Russia’s borders

-Got Russia a warm water port

Enlightened Despots

Impact of the Enlightenment

-Common people became aware of their new rights

-People began to consider revolution as an option to change their government

-The Enlightenment inspired political revolutions.

How the Enlightenment Affected Society

Remember: You CANNOT have a

revolution without

PEASANTS!

This review topic counts for the US Regents as well!

American Revolution

When: Late 1770s

Where: British colonies in America

Goal: to break away from British control

American Revolution Basics

Americans were VERY influenced by European Enlightenment writers

-The Declaration of Independence

--LOCKE: all humans have natural rights and, more importantly, the people have a right to overthrow a bad government

-The US Constitution

--MONTESQUIEU: separation of powers

--ROUSSEAU: “Social contract” between the people and the government and “majority rule”

How the Enlightenment Influenced the American Revolution

It inspired people to have their own revolution

-Since the Americans won, people figured that they had a chance to change their governments as well

The US Constitution became a model for other nations to follow and use

-Remember: Which country established a constitutional monarchy after the Glorious Revolution?

England

Impact of the American Revolution on Other Cultures

French Revolution

When: 1780s and 1790s

Where: France

Goal: wanted a new government to protect them

French Revolution Basics

Unfair Social Class System

-Poorest people paid all the taxes

-Wealthiest people enjoyed all the privileges

Causes of the Revolution

French Social Structure (Pre-Revolution)

1st Estate: Clergy

2nd Estate: Nobles

3rd Estate: Middle Class (Bourgeoisie)

Common WorkersPeasants

.5%

1.5%

98%

Enjoyed all the privileges.

Paid all the taxes.

Economic Problems

-Poor government decisions and bad harvests cause poor people to starve

Enlightenment Ideas

-Let common people realize they had choices about their government

American Revolution

-Showed that it was possible to win a revolution and change the government

Causes of the Revolution Cont’d

Bastille

-French prison, stormed by French citizens

-That event began the French Revolution (July 14, 1789-Bastille Day)

Estates-General

-Legislative body of France (like Parliament or Congress)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

-Similar to the American Declaration of Independence

-Stopped the privileges of the 1st and 2nd estates

Important Concepts of the French Revolution

Radicals

-Wanted great amounts of change, often used violence

-Led by Robespierre

Reign of Terror

-Began with the execution of King Louis XVI

-Tens of thousands of nobles were killed by the guillotine

The Directory

-5 man committee of “moderates”

-Ran France after the Reign of Terror

-Was weak and inefficient

Video Summary

Important Concepts of the French Revolution Cont’d

Revolutions in Latin America

When: Early 1800s

Where: Spanish colonies in America

Goal: To break away from Spanish control

Remember: What were the explorers from Spain who conquered the tribes in Latin America called?

Conquistadors

Latin American Revolutions Basics

Spanish Control: the Spanish government controlled too much of Latin American life

Remember: What is encomienda?

Spanish government gave colonists the right to land and to use natives as slaves

Remember: What kind of people were at the top of the Latin America colonies’ social structure?

Peninsulares (whites born in Europe)

American and French Revolutions: showed that it was possible to defeat an European monarchy

Simoné Bolivar: great revolutionary leader against the Spanish in Latin America

Causes

Spain gave up its colonies in Latin America

Remember: How does that result parallel the American Revolution?

Britain gave up control of the American colonies

New nations were created

Results of the Revolutions in Latin America

Revolution Short Term Effect Long Term Effect

American -Broke away from Britain-Gained independence

-New nation was formed that still exists today

French -Overthrew the monarchy-Gained independence

-Unsuccessful-The monarchy regained power

Latin American -Broke away from Spain-Gained independence

-Sort of successful-Wealthy benefited but the poor people still suffered

Short and Long Term Results of the Revolutions