GIS as a Planning Support System for the Planning of Harmonious Cities , No. 3

GIS as a Planning Support System

for the Planning of Harmonious Cities

UN-HABITAT Lecture Award2008

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME (UN-HABITAT)

P.O. Box 30030, GPO Nairobi 00100, KenyaTel: +254 (20) 7623120; Fax: +254 (20) 7623477/7624266/7624267email: [email protected]; web site: www.unhabitat.org/

UN-HABITAT Lecture Award Series : ISBN 978-92-1-131925-5This volume: ISBN 978-92-1-132017-6

Anthony Gar-On Yeh

University of Hong Kong

UN-HABITAT Lecture Award Series 3

Professor Anthony Gar-On Yeh, one of the foremost urban planners in Asia, won the 2008 UN-HABITAT Lecture Award which recognizes outstanding and sustained contribution in the field of human settlements.

Professor Yeh is currently Dean of the Graduate School, Head and Chair Professor of the Department of Urban Planning and Design, Director of both the Centre of Urban Studies and Urban Planning and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong. Apart from serving as honorary professor in key universities and research institutes in China, he has served in numerous academic institutions across Asia in various capacities. He has been the Chairman of the Hong Kong Geographical Association, President of the Hong Kong GIS Association and Vice-President of the Hong Kong Institute of Planners. Professor Yeh also holds key positions in international associations including as Vice-President of the Commonwealth Association of Planners (1988-91); as Founding Secretary-General of the Asian Planning Schools Association (1993-present) and Founding Secretary-General of the Asia GIS Association (2003-present); and as Chairman of the Geographic Information Science Commission of the International Geographic Union (1996-04).

Having authored 40 books and monographs and over 200 journal papers and book chapters, Professor Yeh has had, and continues to have, a profound influence on thinking and practice in the field of urban planning. In particular, he has pioneered the application of information technologies to the field of urban and regional studies and continues to make outstanding contributions in this regard in addition to his work on new towns in Asia and urban development and planning in Hong Kong and China. His work has had widespread influence on human settlements research and policy formulation within Hong Kong, China and across the Asia-Pacific region.

The UN-HABITAT Lecture Award

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GIS as a planning support system for the planning of harmonious cities �

GIS as a Planning Support System for the Planning of Harmonious Cities

Anthony Gar-On Yeh

Centre of Urban Studies and Urban PlanningThe University of Hong Kong

United nations HUman settlements Programme (Un-HaBitat)nairobi, 2008

Un-HaBitat lecture award series, no. 3

�� GIS as a planning support system for the planning of harmonious cities

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions, and recommendations of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Governing Council.

This material is copyrighted. Excerpts from the text may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source (© UN-HABITAT) is indicated and that the HS-Net Secretariat is notified (by e-mail, to [email protected]).

Cover design: UN-HABITAT.

Cover photo credits: Image Vortex Services (middle photo) and UN-HABITAT (all other photos).Printing: UNON Print Shop, Nairobi.

Copyright ©: UN-HABITAT.

Nairobi, 2008.

UN-HABITAT Lecture Award Series, No. 3.

HS/1039/08E

ISBN 978-92-1-132017-6 (this volume).

ISBN 978-92-1-131925-5 (UN-HABITAT Lecture Award Series).

An electronic version of this publication is available from the UN-HABITAT website at http://www.unhabitat.org/hs-net

GIS as a planning support system for the planning of harmonious cities �

GIS as a Planning Support System for the Planning of Harmonious Cities

It has long been the des�re of human be�ngs to be harmon�ous w�th the phys�cal env�ronment, soc�ety and �nner self. In Ch�na, the earl�est harmon�ous concept �s yin-yang wh�ch or�g�nates from the Book of Change (I-ching), a Ch�nese book often assoc�ated w�th fortune-tell�ng and Taos�m. It can be dated back 3,000 years to the trans�t�on per�od between the Y�n (�600-��00 B.C.) and Chou dynast�es (��22-256 B.C.). Yin represents softness (weak, subm�ss�ve) and yang represents strength (strong, dom�nant). Wh�le be�ng oppos�te, they work �n harmony. The balance of yin and yang �s needed to create a harmon�ous system. Yin-yang �s often appl�ed to Ch�nese med�c�ne �n wh�ch the balance of the yin and yang w�ll lead to good health. When appl�ed to c�t�es, yin can represent the natural env�ronment and yang the urban development. The balance between urban development and the natural env�ronment w�ll lead to susta�nable c�t�es.

The des�re to str�ke a balance between human l�v�ng and the nature of yin-yang has led to the development of feng-shui (w�nd and water), geomancy �n Ch�na. It can be cons�dered as the earl�est form of landscape arch�tecture and s�te plann�ng, although w�th a lot of superst�t�ous elements �n �t. Feng-shui comes from mult�ple or�g�ns, such as Tao�sm, yin-yang, and the five elements (gold, wood, water, fire, and earth). It has been developed over many centuries by trial and error, through observation and mysticism. It reflects the ancient Ch�nese v�ew of the env�ronment and ecology and a myst�cal comb�nat�on of Ch�nese ph�losoph�cal, rel�g�ous, astrolog�cal, cosmolog�cal, mathemat�cal and geograph�cal concepts (Yan, �963). Although many people argue that feng-shui �s superst�t�ous, some of �ts theor�es and pr�nc�ples are also rat�onal, expla�nable and scientific (Tam, Tso, and Lam, 1999). Feng-shui is used to find the right locat�on for bu�ld�ng a house or v�llage that �s �n harmony w�th �ts env�ronment. Feng-shui can also be computer�zed for s�te select�on (Ch�ou and Kr�shnamurt�, �997). Informat�on about the s�te �s �mportant �n locat�ng a house, bu�ld�ng or v�llage w�th good feng-shui that w�ll br�ng prosper�ty and good health to the people l�v�ng �n �t.

The desire to find harmony in society is well embedded in Confucianism, wh�ch l�ke yin-yang and feng-shui, has strong influence over China, Korea and Japan for more than 2,000 years. The concept, zhong yong or the m�ddle road,

2 GIS as a planning support system for the planning of harmonious cities

first appeared in Lun Yu (The Analects of Confucius) and was expla�ned �n deta�l �n Zhong Yong (The Doctrine of the Mean) wh�ch �s one of the four class�cs of Confuc�an�sm. The purpose of the Doctrine of the Mean �s to demonstrate the usefulness of the Confuc�us way (dao) to ga�n harmony �n soc�ety and w�th the �nner self. It gave much emphas�s to the proper behav�our of a gentleman �n soc�ety and the relat�onsh�p among d�fferent groups of people �n soc�ety as exemplified by the Three Mainstays of Social Order (soc�al order between master and worker, parent and ch�ld, husband and w�fe) and Five Bonds of Human Relationships (relat�onsh�ps of master and worker, parent and ch�ld, husband and w�fe, brothers and s�sters, and between fr�ends). By hav�ng good courtesy and manners in accordance with the principles of the five basic relationships, there will be less conflict and society will be harmonious. The concept of the m�ddle road has been used by the rulers of Ch�na as a way of �nformal soc�al control to ma�nta�n soc�al order and harmony �n Ch�na for a long t�me. Although �t has often been cr�t�c�zed for be�ng too compl�ance, nevertheless �t has helped to ma�nta�n soc�al order and harmony �n Ch�nese soc�ety for a long t�me. In urban plann�ng, the need to have a balance w�th nature �s well embedded in the work of Ian McHarg’s influential book, Design with Nature (�969). It �s through better s�te des�gn that we can ach�eve harmony w�th nature. The recent emphas�s on susta�nable development w�th concern for env�ronmental, econom�c and soc�al development to a certa�n extent �s a man�festat�on and a more elaborated and extended vers�on of the search for harmony w�th the env�ronment, tak�ng a m�ddle approach of balanc�ng econom�c development w�th the needs of soc�ety w�thout destruct�on of the env�ronment for future generat�ons (World Comm�ss�on on Env�ronment and Development, �987).

In the West, the urban plann�ng parad�gm has moved away from the technolog�cal approach of the �960s and �970s to a more part�c�patory approach and greater role of c�v�l soc�ety (Douglass and Fr�edmann, �998). Plann�ng dec�s�ons are no longer ma�nly based on the results of urban plann�ng models generated by computers but more on consultat�ons and negot�at�ons w�th d�fferent stake holders �n the plann�ng process. The dom�nant role of urban plann�ng models has d�m�n�shed. They have become one of the tools for support�ng the plann�ng process. Desp�te the d�m�n�sh�ng �mportance and role of plann�ng models and computers �n urban plann�ng, geograph�c �nformat�on system (GIS) �s �ncreas�ngly be�ng used �n urban plann�ng (Yeh, �999). Th�s �s ma�nly because even �n the parad�gm of part�c�patory plann�ng,

GIS as a planning support system for the planning of harmonious cities 3

spat�al �nformat�on and analys�s �s �mportant for fac�l�tat�ng �nformed d�scuss�on and dec�s�on mak�ng. As a computer�zed system for the storage, retr�eval, v�sual�zat�on, analys�s and model�ng of spat�al �nformat�on, GIS can prov�de the textual and v�sual spat�al �nformat�on as well as the results of spat�al analys�s to a�d publ�c d�scuss�ons and del�berat�ons �n the plann�ng process and the mak�ng of plans that are �n harmony w�th development, the env�ronment and soc�ety.

Use of GIS as a Planning Support System in Urban Planning

The development of GIS has a very close relat�onsh�p w�th urban plann�ng. In Design with Nature, McHarg (�969) used blacked-out transparent overlays to �dent�fy s�tes that are �n harmony w�th nature. Hand drawn map overlay analys�s and land su�tab�l�ty mapp�ng �s a bas�c sk�ll �n urban plann�ng (Ste�n�tz et al., �976; Hopk�ns, �977). The concept of map overlay analys�s was computerized by Carl Steinitz of the Department of Landscape Architecture of Harvard Un�vers�ty �nto GRIDS �n �967 and later further developed by Dav�d S�nton (�977) �nto IMGID �n the �970’s. These gr�d-based packages played a key role �n the development of GIS �n �ts �ncept�on stage �n the �970s (Chr�sman, 2006). They la�d the foundat�ons of many spat�al process�ng, stat�st�cal and analyt�cal funct�ons of modern GIS. Apart from these packages, Jack Dangermond, a graduate of landscape arch�tecture �n Harvard Un�vers�ty developed MAGIS (Maryland Automat�c Geograph�c Informat�on System) �n the �970s and founded the Env�ronmental Systems Research Inst�tute (ESRI) �n the late �970s for �ts vector-based Arc/INFO (now called ArcGIS), w�th very strong map overlay and spat�al analys�s funct�ons, wh�ch �s now the leader �n GIS.

In the early days of the development of GIS �n the �960s and �970s, there were very few plann�ng departments that �nstalled GIS because of the�r expens�ve hardware and l�m�ted software and data. The decrease �n the pr�ce of hardware, computer storage and dev�ces, and accompany�ng �mprovement �n the performance of hardware and software (part�cularly the speed of computer processors) and advancement �n the data structure and related algor�thms of vector-based GIS, has made the once expens�ve and t�me consum�ng GIS to be more affordable and workable. S�nce the early �980s, there has been a marked �ncrease �n the �nstallat�on of GIS �n d�fferent levels and departments of urban and reg�onal governments �n the developed countr�es �n Austral�a (Newton and Crawford, �988), Europe (Bardon et al., �984; Campbell, �994),


and North Amer�ca (French and W�gg�ns, �990). W�th the further decrease �n pr�ce and �ncrease �n performance of computer hardware and software, the use of GIS �n urban plann�ng �n the develop�ng countr�es has been �ncreas�ng �n the �990s (Yeh, �99�). GIS �s now more access�ble to planners and �s an �mportant tool and database for urban plann�ng both �n the developed and develop�ng countr�es (Yeh, �999).

GIS �s one of the formal�zed computer-based �nformat�on systems capable of �ntegrat�ng data from var�ous sources to prov�de �nformat�on necessary for effect�ve dec�s�on mak�ng �n urban plann�ng (Han and K�m, �989). Other �nformat�on systems for urban plann�ng �nclude database management systems (DBMS), dec�s�on support systems (DSS) and expert systems (ES). GIS serves both as a database and tool-box for urban plann�ng (F�gure �). In database-or�ented GIS, spat�al and textual data can be stored and l�nked using the geo‑relational model. This supports efficient data retrieval, query and mapp�ng. Planners can also extract data from the databases and �nput them to other modell�ng and spat�al analys�s programs. When comb�ned w�th data from other tabular databases or spec�ally conducted surveys they can be used to make effect�ve plann�ng dec�s�ons. As a tool-box, GIS allows planners to perform spat�al analys�s us�ng geoprocess�ng funct�ons such as map overlay, connect�v�ty, and buffer (Berry, �987; Toml�n, �990). Of all the geoprocess�ng funct�ons, map overlay �s probably the most useful tool. Th�s �s because planners have a long trad�t�on of us�ng map overlay �n land su�tab�l�ty analys�s wh�ch �s an �mportant component �n urban plann�ng (McHarg, �969; Ste�n�tz et al., �976; Hopk�ns, �977). The �ntegrat�on of mult�-med�a data and the use of web-GIS �n the �nternet/�ntranet env�ronment has �ncreased the

Figure 1 – GIS and Urban Planning


ut�l�ty of GIS �n urban plann�ng. The �ncorporat�on of �mages, v�deos, aer�al photos and sound w�th�n GIS can �ncrease planners’ and dec�s�on makers’ comprehens�on of the plann�ng problem that they are analyz�ng (Fonseca et al., �995). The �ntegrat�on of GIS w�th v�rtual real�ty can enable planners to exam�ne the space that they are plann�ng more real�st�cally (Faust, �995). The Internet/Intranet �s very useful �n commun�cat�ng des�gn �deas (Coyne et al., �996). The use of GIS through the �nternet can also fac�l�tate the d�ssem�nat�on of plann�ng �nformat�on and enhance c�t�zen part�c�pat�on �n the plann�ng process (Yeh and Webster, 2004). Unl�ke the past when c�t�zens had to phys�cally go to the town hall to exam�ne the plans, they can now see them in their offices and homes via the internet at any time. The internet can thus help �n the development of a mult�med�a-based collaborat�ve plann�ng system (CPS) (Sh�ffer, �995).

Database management, v�sual�zat�on, spat�al analys�s, and spat�al modell�ng are the ma�n uses of GIS �n urban plann�ng (Marble and Amundson, �988; Levine and Landis, 1989; Webster, 1993, 1994). GIS is used for the storage of land use maps and plans, soc�o-econom�c data, env�ronmental data, and plann�ng appl�cat�ons. Planners can extract useful �nformat�on from the database through spatial query. Mapping and 3D views and virtual realities are the most powerful v�sual�zat�on tools �n GIS. Maps can be used to explore the d�str�but�on of soc�o-econom�c and env�ronmental data, and d�splay the results of spat�al analys�s and modell�ng exerc�ses. 3D v�ews and v�rtual real�t�es can g�ve a commun�ty a more real�st�c v�ew of the problems that �t �s fac�ng and the l�kely development that w�ll result from the plans. Spat�al analys�s and modell�ng are used for spat�al stat�st�cal analys�s, s�te select�on, identification of planning action areas, land suitability analysis, land use‑transport modell�ng and �mpact assessment. Interpolat�on, map overlay, buffer and connectivity are the most frequently used GIS functions in spatial analys�s and modell�ng. The use of the above funct�ons var�es accord�ng to d�fferent funct�ons and stages of urban plann�ng.

There are many benefits in using GIS in urban planning that include (Royal Town Plann�ng Inst�tute, �992):

• �mproved mapp�ng - better access to maps, �mproved map currency, more effect�ve themat�c mapp�ng and reduced storage cost

• greater efficiency in retrieving information• faster and more extens�ve access to the types of geograph�c �nformat�on


�mportant to plann�ng and ab�l�ty to explore a w�der range of “what-�f” alternat�ves

• �mproved analys�s • better commun�cat�on to the publ�c and staff• improved quality of services, for example speedier access to information

for plann�ng appl�cat�on process�ng

Dec�s�on support systems were developed as a response to the shortcom�ngs of the management �nformat�on systems (MIS) of the late �960s and early �970s. At this time MIS did not adequately support analytical modelling capabilities and fac�l�tate the dec�s�on maker’s �nteract�on w�th the solut�on process. DSS prov�des a framework for �ntegrat�ng database management systems, analyt�cal models and graph�cs, to �mprove dec�s�on-mak�ng processes. They are des�gned to deal w�th �ll- or sem�-structured problems wh�ch are poorly defined, partially qualitative in nature. The decision support system concept was extended to the spat�al context �n the development of spat�al dec�s�on support system (SDSS) (Armstrong and Densham, �990; Armstrong et al.,

Figure 2 – Architecture of a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS)


�986; Densham, �99�; Densham and Rushton, �988) (F�gure 2). SDSS helps dec�s�on makers to make dec�s�ons on d�fferent locat�onal alternat�ves (for example, opt�mal locat�on of serv�ce centres). Because of the lack of analys�s funct�ons �n the past, GIS has not been cons�dered as part of SDSS. Instead GIS was used to generate and store spat�al data wh�ch were then used as �nputs for the analyt�cal models. Results of the analyt�cal models were then d�splayed us�ng GIS. Much research has been done on the use of GIS �n the v�sual�zat�on of the results of the analyt�cal models. Advancements have been made �n �ncorporat�ng analyt�cal models �nto GIS (Magu�re et al., 2005). For example, locat�on-allocat�on and spat�al �nteract�on models have been �ncorporated as a standard funct�on �n ArcGIS. It �s to be expected that �n the future the d�st�nct�on between a GIS and spat�al dec�s�on support system w�ll become less and less.

A parallel development in the planning field is the concept of planning support systems (PSS). A PSS, as first advocated by Harris (1989), is a combination of computer-based methods and models that support the plann�ng funct�ons. PSS not only serve as a dec�s�on support system to dec�s�on makers, they also prov�de the tools, models and �nformat�on used for plann�ng (that �s, the information technologies that planners use to carry out their unique profess�onal respons�b�l�t�es) (Harr�s and Batty, �993). PSS compr�se a whole su�te of related �nformat�on technolog�es (e.g. GIS, spreadsheets, models, and databases) that have d�fferent appl�cat�ons �n d�fferent stages of plann�ng (Batty, �995; Klosterman, �995) (F�gure 3). GIS w�ll form an �mportant component of a PSS because of �ts geoprocess�ng, graph�c d�splay, database and modell�ng capab�l�t�es. However, a PSS cannot cons�st of a GIS alone. It must also �nclude the full range of planners’ trad�t�onal tools for econom�c and demograph�c analys�s and forecast�ng, env�ronmental modell�ng, transportat�on plann�ng, and land use modell�ng. It should also �nclude other technolog�es such as expert systems, dec�s�on support a�ds (e.g. mult�-cr�ter�a dec�s�on analys�s), hypermed�a systems and group dec�s�on support systems. W�th the advancement of GIS, �t �s becom�ng an �ncreas�ngly �mportant component of plann�ng support system (Bra�l and Klosterman, 200�; Geertman and St�llwell, 2003, Yeh et al., 2006).


Figure 3 – Planning Support Systems (PSS)


Use of GIS in Different Functions and Stages of Urban Planning

Urban plann�ng �nvolves many funct�ons, scales, sectors and stages. In general, the functions of urban planning can be classified into general administration, development control, and plan mak�ng. General adm�n�strat�on and development control are relat�vely rout�ne plann�ng act�v�t�es, whereas plan making and non‑routine strategic planning are not frequently carried out. The scale of the plann�ng area covered can range from a whole c�ty, to a sub-region of a city, a district, or a street block. The most frequently involved sectors of urban plann�ng are land use, transport, hous�ng, land development and env�ronment. W�th�n the d�fferent scales of plann�ng, there are d�fferent stages - the determ�nat�on of plann�ng object�ves, the analys�s of the ex�st�ng s�tuat�on, modell�ng and project�on, development of plann�ng opt�ons, select�on of plann�ng opt�ons, plan �mplementat�on, and plan evaluat�on, mon�tor�ng, and feedback. W�th the �ncreas�ng �mportance of part�c�patory plann�ng, publ�c part�c�pat�on occurs �n many stages of urban plann�ng. D�fferent funct�ons, scales, sectors and stages of urban plann�ng have d�fferent uses of GIS.

The use of the data management, v�sual�zat�on, spat�al analys�s and modell�ng components of GIS var�es accord�ng to d�fferent funct�ons of urban plann�ng. Data management, v�sual�zat�on and spat�al analys�s are used more �n rout�ne work of urban planning. Spatial modelling is more frequently applied in strateg�c plann�ng. General adm�n�strat�on ma�nly employs data management and v�sual�zat�on. F�nally, development control mostly uses the v�sual�zat�on and spat�al analys�s funct�ons of GIS. The more rout�ne general adm�n�strat�on and development control work of urban plann�ng �ncludes (Newton and Taylor, �986; Newton et al., �988): management of land use records; themat�c mapp�ng; plann�ng appl�cat�on process�ng; bu�ld�ng control appl�cat�on process�ng; land use management; land ava�lab�l�ty and development mon�tor�ng; �ndustr�al, commercial and retail floor space recording; recreational and countryside fac�l�ty plann�ng; env�ronmental �mpact assessment; contam�nated and derel�ct land reg�sters; land use-transport strateg�c plann�ng; publ�c fac�l�t�es and shops catchment area and access�b�l�ty analys�s; soc�al area and depr�vat�on analys�s. V�sual�zat�on, spat�al analys�s and spat�al modell�ng are the most frequently used GIS functions in plan making. Webster (1993, 1994) discusses the advantages of us�ng the data management, v�sual�zat�on, and spat�al analysis and modelling functions of GIS as scientific inputs to urban planning description, prediction and prescription. There are significant differences �n the degree of use of GIS �n the descr�pt�on, pred�ct�on, and prescr�pt�on

�0 GIS as a planning support system for the planning of harmonious cities

aspects of the plann�ng process. Descr�pt�on �s used more often �n general adm�n�strat�on, whereas pred�ct�on and prescr�pt�on are used more often �n the plan mak�ng. 3D GIS and assoc�ated v�rtual real�ty are now �ncreas�ngly used �n publ�c part�c�pat�on �n order to g�ve the part�c�pant a more real world feel of the �ssues and plans be�ng d�scussed wh�ch can not be ach�eved through abstract maps and plans.

Different scales of planning require different data and techniques. Raster (gr�d) data and GIS are more useful for c�ty-w�de strateg�c plann�ng, because of the large area involved and high resolution is not required. The processing of raster data �s much faster than that of vector data, espec�ally �n map overlay and buffer analys�s. On the other hand, vector data �s generally used for d�str�ct and local act�on area plann�ng because of the need for very h�gh resolut�on analys�s.

There are many appl�cat�ons of GIS �n the land use, transport, hous�ng, land development and env�ronmental sectors. Key examples �nclude s�te select�on and land su�tab�l�ty analys�s. In contrast, network analys�s and route select�on are most frequently used in transport planning, and environmental planning and management use buffer and overlay process�ng. There �s an �ncreas�ng trend �n the �ntegrat�on of modell�ng �n d�fferent sectors of urban plann�ng (Goodch�ld et al., �993).

The role of GIS also var�es �n d�fferent stages of the urban plann�ng process (F�gure 4). For example, GIS �s more useful �n modell�ng and development of plann�ng opt�ons, than �n the determ�nat�on of object�ves, resource �nventory, analys�s of ex�st�ng s�tuat�ons, modell�ng and project�on, development of plann�ng opt�ons, select�on of plann�ng opt�ons, plan �mplementat�on, and plan evaluat�on, mon�tor�ng, and feedback. GIS can only sat�sfy some of the data and techniques that are needed in different stage of the urban planning process. It also has to work with other databases, techniques and models at d�fferent stages of the plann�ng process.

Data collection

GIS, when �ntegrated w�th remote sens�ng, can save t�me �n collect�ng land use and env�ronmental �nformat�on. Remote sens�ng �mages are becom�ng an �mportant source of spat�al �nformat�on for urban areas (Paulsson, �992). They can help to detect land use and land use changes for the whole urban area (Barnsley et al., �993). In part�cular, stereoscop�c pa�r of d�g�tal aer�al

GIS as a planning support system for the planning of harmonious cities ��

photographs can be used to der�ve three d�mens�onal CAD models of bu�ld�ngs for dynam�c v�sual�zat�on of a c�ty, or for d�rect �mport �nto a GIS database.

Data analysis

GIS can help to store, man�pulate, and analyze phys�cal, soc�al and econom�c data of a city. Planners can then use the spatial query and mapping functions of GIS to analyze the ex�st�ng s�tuat�on of the c�ty. Through map overlay analysis, GIS can help to identify areas of conflict of land development with the env�ronment by overlay�ng ex�st�ng land development on land su�tab�l�ty maps. Environmentally sensitive areas can be identified using remote sensing and other environmental information (Yeh and Li, 1997).

Modelling and projection

A key funct�on of plann�ng �s the project�on of future populat�on and economic growth. GIS can be used for prediction and projection (Longley et al., �994). Spat�al modell�ng of the�r spat�al d�str�but�ons �n space needs to be

Figure 4 – Integration of GIS, Remote Sensing and Other Databases and Models in the Planning Process


undertaken, analysed and evaluated to est�mate the �mpact of ex�st�ng trends of populat�on and econom�c growth. GIS can add�t�onally be used to forecast the future �mpact of development on the env�ronment �f the current trends cont�nue. Th�s can be carr�ed out by the project�on of future demand of land resources from populat�on and econom�c act�v�t�es, modell�ng of the spat�al d�str�but�on of such demand, and then us�ng GIS map overlay analys�s to identify areas of conflict. With the socio‑economic and environmental data stored �n the GIS, env�ronmental plann�ng models have been developed to identify areas of environmental concern and development conflict (Schuller, �992). GIS can also model d�fferent development scenar�os. It can show the modell�ng results �n graph�c form, mak�ng them easy to commun�cate w�th dec�s�on makers (Armstrong et al., �992). Planners can use such �nformat�on to formulate d�fferent plann�ng opt�ons and help gu�de future development so that they avoid such conflicts.

Development of planning options

Land suitability maps are very useful in the development of planning options. They can be used to �dent�fy spaces for future development. The assoc�at�on of spat�al opt�m�zat�on models w�th GIS can help to develop plann�ng opt�ons wh�ch tr�es to max�m�ze or m�n�m�ze some object�ve funct�ons (Chuv�eco, �993). The s�mulat�on of d�fferent scenar�os of development w�th GIS can help in developing planning options (Landis, 1995). The integration of cellular automata w�th GIS can help to generate d�fferent plann�ng scenar�os for susta�nable development by tak�ng env�ronmental constra�nts, development density, and urban form into consideration (Li and Yeh, 2000; Yeh and Li, 200�). The �ntegrat�on of locat�on-allocat�on models w�th GIS can help to find the optimal location of public facilities (Yeh and Cbow, 1996). The use of mult�cr�ter�a dec�s�on analys�s �n GIS can help to cons�der mult�ple cr�ter�a �n der�v�ng d�fferent plann�ng opt�ons (Malczewsk�, �999)

Selection of planning options

The final selection of planning options is increasingly a political process, but planners can prov�de techn�cal �nputs to th�s process by prov�d�ng spat�al �nformat�on and analys�s and 3-D maps and v�rtual real�ty to help commun�t�es �n mak�ng the�r collect�ve cho�ce. The �ntegrat�on of spat�al and non-spat�al models w�th GIS can help to evaluate d�fferent plann�ng scenar�os (Despotak�s et al., �993). The use of GIS w�th mult�-cr�ter�a dec�s�on analys�s can prov�de the techn�cal �nputs �n the select�on of plann�ng opt�ons (Carver

GIS as a planning support system for the planning of harmonious cities �3

�99�; Eastman et al., �993). The compar�son of base-l�ne growth w�th planned growth can help commun�t�es to apprec�ate the advantages of compact development versus dispersed development (Yeh and Li, 2000)

Plan implementation

GIS can be used �n plan �mplementat�on by support�ng env�ronmental �mpact assessment of proposed projects to evaluate and m�n�m�ze the �mpact of development on the env�ronment (Schuller, �992). It can be used effect�vely for the programm�ng and mon�tor�ng of land development (Yeh, �990). The �ntegrat�on of case-based reason�ng and GIS can help to automate the planning office and enable more consistent decision making in development control (Sh� and Yeh, �999).

Plan evaluation, monitoring, and feedback

When used together w�th remote sens�ng, GIS can help to mon�tor the env�ronment. For example, �t can be used to mon�tor land use changes (Yeh and Li, 1997). By overlaying a land development map produced from the analys�s of remote sens�ng �mages on the land use plan, �t can exam�ne whether land development �s follow�ng the land use plan, In add�t�on, GIS can be used to evaluate the �mpact of development on the env�ronment to see whether adjustments of the plan are needed.

Public participation

Publ�c part�c�pat�on �s �ncreas�ngly �mportant �n the plann�ng system. Publ�c Part�c�patory GIS (PPGIS) has been developed to broaden publ�c �nvolvement �n pol�cy mak�ng (Jankowsk� and Nyerges, 200�; S�eber, 2006; Tang and Waters, 2005). The �ncreas�ng access�b�l�ty of �nternet serv�ce has prov�ded a platform for the use of PPGIS to enhance publ�c part�c�pat�on �n plan d�scuss�on, local commun�ty �nformat�on collect�on, and dec�s�on mak�ng support. GIS can be used to help the commun�ty to v�sual�ze and understand the�r commun�ty better (Greene and P�ck, 2006). The use of 3-D v�sual�zat�on can help planners, the publ�c, and dec�s�on makers to compare d�fferent urban des�gns more effect�vely (Batty et al., 200�).


Constraints in the Use of GIS in Urban Planning

The use of the GIS �n urban plann�ng does not depend solely on the advancement �n GIS software and hardware. Th�s may be the least �mportant factor �n determ�n�ng whether GIS �s used �n urban plann�ng �n a c�ty. The status and character of the organ�zat�on, data, state-of-the-art of plann�ng, and staff are more �mportant factors, espec�ally �n develop�ng countr�es (Yeh, �99� and �999).

Organization

No matter how soph�st�cated and advanced �t �s, a dec�s�on support system �s useless �f �t �s not be�ng used by dec�s�on makers. Stud�es on the appl�cat�ons of GIS repeatedly show that staff and organ�zat�onal factors are more �mportant than technology �n successful appl�cat�ons of GIS (Campbell, �994; Campbell and Masse, �995). There are three sets of cond�t�ons that are �mportant for the effect�ve �mplementat�on of GIS: a) an �nformat�on management strategy which identifies the needs of users and takes account of the resources at the d�sposal of the organ�zat�on; b) comm�tment to, and part�c�pat�on �n, the �mplementat�on of any form of �nformat�on technology by �nd�v�duals at all levels of the organ�zat�on; and c) a h�gh degree of organ�zat�onal and env�ronmental stab�l�ty (Masser and Campbell, �99�; Campbell, �994). GIS appl�cat�ons that are most l�kely to be used are those that can deal w�th identifiable problems. More complex applications are less likely to be used than s�mple ones.

Data

The lack of ava�lable data �s one of the major h�ndrances �n the use of GIS (Yeh, �99�). Th�s �s further compl�cated by the pr�c�ng and general ava�lab�l�ty of spat�al data to the publ�c because of nat�onal secur�ty (Yeh, �998). As a type of �nformat�on system, GIS needs graph�c and textual data �n order to funct�on. There �s no l�fe �n GIS �f there �s no appl�cat�on and there can be no appl�cat�on �f there �s no data. In short, data are v�tal to GIS. In the developed countr�es, a reasonable amount of data that �s needed for sett�ng up a GIS �s collected and read�ly ava�lable thus mak�ng the establ�shment of a GIS relat�vely easy, but, data are not so read�ly ava�lable �n develop�ng countr�es. The most read�ly ava�lable data are those from remote sens�ng, but they are ma�nly l�m�ted to land cover �nformat�on from wh�ch a very l�m�ted amount of �nformat�on can be extracted. Because remote sens�ng �s the predominant method of data collection for GIS, it is not surprising to find


that data conta�ned �n the develop�ng countr�es GIS are dom�nated by those on the phys�cal env�ronment and land cover. Soc�o-econom�c data, wh�ch are v�tal to urban and reg�onal plann�ng, are generally lack�ng and often l�m�ted ma�nly to census data.

Socio‑economic data require field surveys which are expensive and time consum�ng. In a study of �nformat�on systems for plann�ng �n Ghana, Akom (�982) found that there was a lack of up-to-date and rel�able data for planning because some departments were slow in the acquisition of data, and coordination among various departments and institutions in the flow and exchange of information was weak. The lack of financial resources and trained personnel to collect data, and the unavailability of modern and efficient data processing equipments were also cited as inhibiting factors. The relatively low pr�ce of computers today can help to allev�ate some of the hardware constra�nts. However, the main obstacle still lies with inadequate government recognition of the need for stat�st�cal �nformat�on for plann�ng and the w�ll�ngness and ab�l�ty to mob�l�ze resources for �ts collect�on. In many develop�ng countr�es, base maps wh�ch are more essent�al than textual data to GIS are often lack�ng or outdated. There are usually many types of base maps, each comp�led by d�fferent agenc�es w�th d�fferent accuracy and map scales. This makes them difficult to integrate into GIS. Furthermore, there �s generally a lack of a standard�zed geocod�ng system which makes it difficult to link the textual data with the graphic data. It is, of course, difficult to start GIS without the necessary maps, geocoding systems and textual �nformat�on.

It is not only the availability of data which is a problem but the quality too. The currency of data �s very �mportant �n plann�ng because data w�ll be of l�m�ted use �f they are outdated. There �s, unfortunately, a general lack of �nst�tut�onal arrangement to determ�ne, coord�nate, and mon�tor the frequency of data updating by different departments. A fairly large amount of data used for plann�ng �n develop�ng countr�es �s collected by agenc�es over wh�ch the plann�ng agency has l�ttle control (Batty, �990). There �s a general lack of procedure for verifying the quality of the data collected.

There has been a m�sconcept�on that hardware, software and human resources are major constra�nts on the use of GIS �n urban plann�ng �n the develop�ng countr�es. However, the ava�lab�l�ty of up-to-date data �s the most �mportant


bottleneck �n prevent�ng GIS from be�ng used effect�vely �n the develop�ng countr�es. There �s an urgent need to establ�sh an �nst�tut�onal framework to ensure that the required data are regularly collected and updated.

State‑of‑the‑art of planning

The state-of-the-art �n plann�ng �n the develop�ng countr�es has not advanced much �n compar�son to GIS. The sk�lls of planners and the plann�ng system may not be ready to ut�l�ze the data and funct�ons prov�ded by GIS. Planners could employ GIS in conjunction with new planning techniques so that they are better able to d�agnose potent�al problems and assess the des�rab�l�ty of alternat�ve plans. In sp�te of th�s, most planners �n the develop�ng countr�es are not yet aware of the benefits and potential applications of GIS. Furthermore, even though much effort has been spent on data collect�on, comparat�vely l�ttle has been spent on transform�ng data �nto �nformat�on for mak�ng plann�ng dec�s�ons.

Staffing

W�th the rap�d growth of GIS, there �s a general shortage of urban planners w�th sk�lls �n GIS even �n the developed countr�es. Although th�s s�tuat�on has �mproved a lot �n the last two decades w�th �ncreas�ng �ntegrat�on of GIS educat�on �n un�vers�t�es, and somet�mes �n h�gh schools, �n the developed countries, this shortage is still quite prevalent in the developing countries both �n absolute numbers and relat�ve terms, cons�der�ng the�r foreseeable rap�d �ncrease �n urban�zat�on.

In the developed countr�es, GIS tra�n�ng �s often led by teach�ng and research �n the un�vers�t�es. The reverse �s the case �n many develop�ng countr�es where, very often, it is government agencies which buy and use GIS first through fund�ng from �nternat�onal agenc�es. It can be several years later before GIS equipment is installed and courses are offered in universities and other tert�ary �nst�tutes. Tra�n�ng of GIS personnel �s often carr�ed out by software compan�es by e�ther send�ng the�r staff to run short courses on site or sending the operators and users to be trained in their headquarters. GIS courses and tra�n�ng programmes �f ava�lable �n develop�ng countr�es are normally carr�ed out �n the departments of survey�ng, remote sens�ng and geography. There �s a general lack of GIS courses �n plann�ng schools. To use GIS more effect�vely �n plann�ng, planners must be tra�ned not so much �n the operat�on of the system but how to make use of the data and funct�ons


of GIS �n d�fferent processes of plann�ng and plan evaluat�on (Drummond, �995). There may be many books on the techn�cal aspects on GIS, but there �s a general lack of text books to teach planners how to use GIS beyond s�mple mapp�ng and v�sual�zat�on.

Conclusion

GIS is quite prevalent in the planning agencies in the developed and developing countr�es (Worrall, �990; Yeh, �99�). Many plann�ng departments that had acquired mapping systems in the past have shifted to GIS in lieu of mapping software (French and W�gg�ns �990). W�th the �ncrease �n user fr�endl�ness and funct�ons of GIS software, and the marked decrease �n the pr�ces and �ncrease �n performance of GIS hardware, GIS �s now an affordable, operat�onal, and effect�ve spat�al plann�ng support system. Recent development �n the �ntegrat�on of GIS w�th plann�ng models, 3-D v�sual�zat�on, v�rtual real�ty and the �nternet w�ll make GIS more useful to urban plann�ng. It can be used �n d�fferent stages of the urban plann�ng process. The advancement of PPGIS, 3-D v�sual�zat�on and web-GIS has made GIS to be �ncreas�ngly useful �n the publ�c part�c�pat�on process of urban plann�ng. Today, the ma�n constra�nts �n the use of GIS �n urban plann�ng are no longer techn�cal �ssues, but the ava�lab�l�ty of data, organ�zat�onal change, and tra�n�ng. If these constra�nts can be removed, GIS w�ll be a more effect�ve plann�ng support system for the planning of harmonious cities no matter how they are defined and what plann�ng parad�gm they are �n.


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Members of the HS-Net Advisory Board2007–2009

(who are also the select�on comm�ttee forthe UN‑HABITAT Lecture Award)

Prof. Winnie MitullahInst�tute of Development Stud�es, Un�vers�ty of Na�rob�,Na�rob�, Kenya

Dr. Graham TippleHS-Net Vice ChairSchool of Arch�tecture, Plann�ng and Landscape, Newcastle Un�vers�ty, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Prof. Samuel Babatunde AgbolaDepartment of Urban and Refional Plann�ng, Faculty of the Soc�al Sc�ences, Un�vers�ty of Ibadan,Ibadan, N�ger�a

Prof. Aloysius MoshaDepartment of Arch�tecture and Plann�ng, Faculty of Eng�neer�ng and Technology, Un�vers�ty of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana

Prof. Suocheng DongInst�tute of Geograph�c Sc�ences and Natural Resources Research, Ch�nese Academy of Sc�ences, Be�j�ng, Peoples Republ�c of Ch�na

Dr. (Ms) Dina K. ShehayebHous�ng and Bu�ld�ng Nat�onal Research Centre (HBNRC), Ca�ro, Egypt

Ms. Paola JironHous�ng Inst�tute, Un�vers�ty of Ch�le, Sant�ago, Ch�le

Prof. Elliot SclarCentre for Susta�nable Urban Development, Columb�a Un�vers�ty, New York, USA

Prof. Alfonso IrachetaProgram of Urban and Env�ronmental Stud�es, El Colegio Mexiquense, Mex�co C�ty, Mex�co

Prof. Richard StrenCentre of Urban and Commun�ty Stud�es, Un�vers�ty of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Mr. A.K. JainDelh� Development Author�tyNew Delh�, Ind�a

Dr. Deike PetersCenter for Metropol�tan Stud�es, Berl�n Un�vers�ty of Technology, Berl�n, Germany


Dr. Belinda YuenSchool of Des�gn and Env�ronment, Nat�onal Un�vers�ty of S�ngapore, S�ngapore

Dr. Jozsef HegedusMetropol�tan Research Inst�tute, Budapest, Hungary

Prof. Louis Albrechts Inst�tute for Urban and Reg�onal Plann�ng, Cathol�c Un�vers�ty of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

HS-Net Secretariat

(Policy Analysis Branch, Monitoring and Research Division,UN-HABITAT)

http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=328

Naison Mutizwa-MangizaChief

Ben C. ArimahHuman Settlements Officer

Inge JensenHuman Settlements Officer

Edlam Abera YemeruHuman Settlements Officer

Nelly W. Kang’etheOffice Assistant

Naomi Mutiso-KyaloSecretary


Human Settlements Global Dialogue Series

The Human Settlements Global D�alogue Ser�es �s a research paper ser�es that prov�des a forum for publ�sh�ng cutt�ng-edge pol�cy or�ented research �n human settlements. The Ser�es �s organ�zed and publ�shed by the Pol�cy Analys�s Branch of UN-HABITAT, wh�ch also serves as the Secretar�at for the Global Research Network on Human Settlements (HS-Net). The purpose of the Ser�es �s to encourage d�alogue and exchange of ideas in the human settlements field. It keeps readers informed and up to date w�th trends and cond�t�ons �n human settlements, but also bu�lds research capac�ty �n develop�ng countr�es. The target aud�ence of the Ser�es �ncludes researchers, academ�c �nst�tut�ons, pol�cy makers, non-governmental organ�zat�ons, as well as UN-HABITAT.

The subject of the Series is confined to the human settlements field, both urban and rural. Draw�ng on UN-HABITAT’s themat�c focus areas, authors are encouraged to explore the follow�ng human settlements top�cs: urban development and management; land and hous�ng; urban env�ronment; water, san�tat�on and �nfrastructure; urban econom�c development and finance; risk and disaster management; social inclusion; and information and mon�tor�ng.

Interested researchers, pol�cymakers and pract�t�oners are encouraged to subm�t papers for publ�cat�on. Please consult the HS-Net webs�te for further �nformat�on on subm�ss�on procedures and gu�del�nes for contr�butors.

All papers subm�tted for publ�cat�on are rev�ewed by human settlements experts selected from w�th�n and outs�de HS-Net’s Adv�sory Board. Some five to ten papers are published annually and are also posted at the HS-Net webs�te.

For more informationand to access electronic versions of the papers,

visit the HS-Net website athttp://www.unhabitat.org/hs-net


Human Settlements Global Dialogue Series:List of Papers

No. Author(s) Title Year of Publication

�. Carole Rakod� and Emmanuel Nkurunz�za

Global�zat�on and urban centres �n Afr�ca

2007

2. W�llem van Vl�et Broad-Based Partnersh�ps as a Strategy for Urban Livability: An Evaluat�on of Best Pract�ces

2008

3. Mona Serageld�n (team leader), Dav�d Jones, Franço�s V�g�er, Elda Solloso, Shannon Bassett, Baladr�shna Menon and alu�s Valenzuela

Mun�c�pal F�nance of Urban Development

2008

4. Mart�n Horak Governance Reform from Below

2008

The UN-HABITAT Lecture Award

The UN-HABITAT Lecture Award is an annual award organized by the Global Research Network on Human Settlements (HS-Net) to recognize outstanding and sustained contribution to research and thinking in the human settlements field. Upon selection, the Award winner will be invited to deliver a thought-provoking lecture during a session of the World Urban Forum or another major international event. The Award winner will also be presented with a commemorative plaque engraved with his/her name and a prize of $10,000.

The Award seeks to stimulate global dialogue on human settlements issues and capture and disseminate new thinking and trends in addressing the multi-faceted challenges of sustainable human settlements. Furthermore, the Award is designed to enhance the visibility of the Habitat Agenda and of human settlements issues in general. It also keeps UN-HABITAT up to date with current research and thinking on human settlements thereby enriching the content of the Global Report on Human Settlements.

The Lecture Award is open to any individual with an outstanding and sustained track record of research in the human settlements field, both urban and rural. The ideal candidate will:

a) Have made a significant and original contribution to human settlements research, thinking and practice;

b) Have a sustained record of research and publication in reputable refereed journals, or in the form of books and book chapters;

c) Have a substantive reputation, evidenced by widespread peer recognition, either globally or regionally;

d) Be engaged in innovative research on current human settlements issues; and

e) Be a citizen or permanent resident of a country in the region designated for the Lecture Award for the relevant calendar year.

Institutions or individuals can nominate candidates for the award. Individuals may also nominate themselves. The HS-Net Advisory Board, composed of experienced researchers in the human settlements field, serves as the selection committee for the award.

The theme for the lecture may be related to the theme of an upcoming Global Report on Human Settlements, or it may be a topical issue, as determined by the Award winner in consultation with the HS-Net Advisory Board. The lecture is widely disseminated through various media, and a written copy of the lecture is posted at the HS-Net website.

For further information, and to nominate candidates,visit the HS-Net website at http://www.unhabitat.org/hs-net

The Global Research Network on Human Settlements HS-Net

HS-Net is a network of individuals, networks and institutions engaged in human settlements research. HS-Net seeks to promote global dialogue, collaboration and exchange of information on human settlements conditions and trends and the implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the targets of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on slums, water and sanitation.

UN-HABITAT’s research based flagship reports, the Global Report on Human Settlements and The State of the World’s Cities report (published biennially) are the main vehicles for global reporting and dissemination of the agency’s monitoring and substantive research results. The research on substantive issues and policies required for the Global Report on Human Settlements, the larger of the two flagship reports, is based on partnerships with research institutions all over the world. To strengthen this partnership, UN-HABITAT launched HS-Net in November 2004.

The main objectives of HS-Net are to advise UN-HABITAT on the contents and organization of its Global Report on Human Settlements. As part of its key activities, the network advises UN-HABITAT on the publication of the Human Settlements Global Dialogue Series, where experts are able to publish cutting-edge policy oriented research on human settlements. HS-Net also coordinates the UN-HABITAT Lecture Award, an annual award given for outstanding and sustained contributions to human settlements research. Lectures delivered by the Award winners are posted on the HS-Net website and are also published in hard copy in the UN-HABITAT Lecture Award Series. The lectures are also disseminated through DVDs. In addition, HS-Net shares information on human settlements trends and conditions through its website and enables its members to engage in dialogue through the HS-Net blog.

The key organs of HS-Net are its members, Secretariat and Advisory Board. HS-Net members share information on new and ongoing research in human settlements and contribute to global dialogue through e-discussions hosted by HS-Net. The Policy Analysis Branch of UN-HABITAT serves as the Secretariat of HS-Net. The Advisory Board consists of experienced researchers in the human settlements field representing the various geographical regions of the world. The Advisory Board is primarily responsible for advising UN-HABITAT on its Global Report on Human Settlements. The Board also reviews papers submitted for the Human Settlements Global Dialogue Series, serves as the selection committee for the UN-HABITAT Lecture Award and defines the strategic focus and activities of HS-Net in consultation with the Secretariat.

Visit the HS-Net website at http://www.unhabitat.org/hs-netVisit the Global Report on Human Settlements website at

http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs

GIS as a Planning Support System

for the Planning of Harmonious Cities

UN-HABITAT Lecture Award2008

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME (UN-HABITAT)

P.O. Box 30030, GPO Nairobi 00100, KenyaTel: +254 (20) 7623120; Fax: +254 (20) 7623477/7624266/7624267email: [email protected]; web site: www.unhabitat.org/

UN-HABITAT Lecture Award Series : ISBN 978-92-1-131925-5This volume: ISBN 978-92-1-132017-6

Anthony Gar-On Yeh

University of Hong Kong

UN-HABITAT Lecture Award Series 3

Professor Anthony Gar-On Yeh, one of the foremost urban planners in Asia, won the 2008 UN-HABITAT Lecture Award which recognizes outstanding and sustained contribution in the field of human settlements.

Professor Yeh is currently Dean of the Graduate School, Head and Chair Professor of the Department of Urban Planning and Design, Director of both the Centre of Urban Studies and Urban Planning and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong. Apart from serving as honorary professor in key universities and research institutes in China, he has served in numerous academic institutions across Asia in various capacities. He has been the Chairman of the Hong Kong Geographical Association, President of the Hong Kong GIS Association and Vice-President of the Hong Kong Institute of Planners. Professor Yeh also holds key positions in international associations including as Vice-President of the Commonwealth Association of Planners (1988-91); as Founding Secretary-General of the Asian Planning Schools Association (1993-present) and Founding Secretary-General of the Asia GIS Association (2003-present); and as Chairman of the Geographic Information Science Commission of the International Geographic Union (1996-04).

Having authored 40 books and monographs and over 200 journal papers and book chapters, Professor Yeh has had, and continues to have, a profound influence on thinking and practice in the field of urban planning. In particular, he has pioneered the application of information technologies to the field of urban and regional studies and continues to make outstanding contributions in this regard in addition to his work on new towns in Asia and urban development and planning in Hong Kong and China. His work has had widespread influence on human settlements research and policy formulation within Hong Kong, China and across the Asia-Pacific region.

GIS as a Planning Support System for the Planning of Harmonious Cities , No. 3

Documents

Transcript of GIS as a Planning Support System for the Planning of Harmonious Cities , No. 3