GHG EMISSION ASSESSMENT AND GHG EMISSION …. Workshop Se… · ghg emission assessment and ghg...

GHG EMISSION ASSESSMENT AND

GHG EMISSION FACTOR

DEVELOPMENT FOR POWER SECTOR

BENGKEL SESSION WITH THE POWER

SECTOR IN MALAYSIA - “CLIMATE CHANGE

AND THE POWER SECTOR: MANAGEMENT

OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS”

26 January 2015

2 Copyright © 2015 TNB Research

Outline of Presentation

• GHG Emissions Assessment

– Fact findings, Information Gathering

– Methodology & Assessment

• Questionnaire and Discussion


Aim

• Development of Emission Factor for Power Plant

• Reducing uncertainties

• Proposal to KETTHA

– Emission factor based on technology of power

plants

– GHG emissions assessment

• Participating power plants

• GHG Emissions Measurement

– Ensure sustainability of GHG Inventory

– Monitoring of emissions level in Malaysia


• Review of relevant work and experience in

Malaysia

• International lessons and best practices

• Potential challenges and barriers

• Recommendation for addressing challenges

and barriers

Part 1 : Fact Findings/Info. Gathering

(Obj.: To understand and obtain feedback on

the GHG Emissions Monitoring in Malaysia)

Refer to questionnaire


• Reporting to UNFCCC

– INC

– SNC

– BUR and TNC

– Reporting of GHG Emissions (GHG Inventory)

• Top Down Approach – Total fuel consumption by

sector – e.g. Energy (Power, Transport,

Agriculture, Residential & Commercial, and

Others)

• Methodology: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines

Review of Relevant Work in Malaysia


• Reporting to CDM Baseline Study

– Updating of GHG Emission Electricity

baseline - per unit of power output

– Based on fuel type

– Based on default emission factor by IPCC

• MYCARBON programme

– Corporate reporting – Organisation

• Universities – UTM – conduct GHG emission

factor study for oil palm mills

Review of Relevant Work in Malaysia


• EU: Combustion in Energy & Transformation Industries Combustion

Plants as Point Sources, Emission Inventory Guidebook, 1996

• USA: Estimating carbon dioxide emissions factors for the California

electric power sector, Marnay C. et. al, 2002

• Korea:

– Study A (A study on carbon dioxide emissions from bituminous coal in

Korea, Lee J. et.al, 2013),

– Study B (Greenhouse gas emission factor development for coal-fired

power plants in Korea, Jeon EC. et.al, 2010)

• South Africa: Determination of regional emission factors for the

power sector in Southern Africa, Zhou P. et. al, 2009

• ASEAN and Malaysia’s status: USAID Low Emissions Asian

Development (LEAD) Program Current Challenges and Priorities for

Greenhouse Gas Emission Factor Improvement in Select Asian

Countries, 2013

International lessons and best practices


EU USA

Year 1996 2002

Overview of the study

Covered emissions of SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, NMVOC, CH4, N2O, NH3 and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, and V) from boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines as point source. The contributions of point source emissions released by combustion plants to the total emissions in countries of the Core Inventory Air Emission (CORINAIR90) are based on the combustion in energy and transformation industries.

Calculating average emission factor (AEF) and marginal emission factor (MEF) relating to electricity for both historic and current. The objective was to explore different approaches in estimating emission factors for electricity users in California to be responsible to the net mass of carbon emission over the period covered by the bill. EIA the Energy Information Administration (EIA) has developed factors for estimating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of U.S. coal consumption. Emission Factor for Stationary and Mobile Combustion Source: Emissions Factors & AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors



• The National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors has

been prepared by the Department of Climate Change

and Energy Efficiency and is designed for use by

companies and individuals to estimate greenhouse gas

emissions.

• The Technical Guidelines are available at

http://www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/

national-greenhouseenergy

reporting/publications/technical-guidelines.aspx and

have been designed to support reporting under the

NGER Act 2007.

• The default emission factors listed have been estimated

by the Department of Climate Change and Energy

Efficiency using the Australian Greenhouse Emissions

Information System (AGEIS) and are determined

simultaneously with the production of Australia’s

National Greenhouse Accounts.

• This ensures that consistency is maintained between

inventories at company or facility level and the emission

estimates presented in the National Greenhouse

Accounts. The emission factors are referred to in this

document as National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA)

default emission factors.

Australia - 2012

http://www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/national-greenhouseenergy














Korea South Africa

Year Study A: 2007-2009 2002-2005

Study B: 2010

Overview of study

Development of emission factor was done based on fuel analysis on bituminous coal consumed in Korea between 2007 and 2009. The analysis involved the exhaust gas released from power plants that use bituminous coal in real time, to measure the concentration of CO2 and calculate its emission factor.

To determine EF for CO2 and NOx and was then compared to IPCC default values. It emphasis on CO2. Emission of NOx from coal and diesel power plants combustion. CH4 emission factor from coal mining Involvement of 38 power plants across South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Zambia

This study estimated CO2 emission factors from coal-fired power plants in Korea and compared recorded values with IPCC. The study involves with bituminous coal, anthracite and sub-bituminous coal as fuel. Estimation of CO2 emission factor was measured through the concentration of CO2 gas from stacks and analyzing the coal.



Malaysia Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam)

Year 2013

Overview of study

Main objective is to assist Asian countries to develop and implement framework for sustained low-emission development, six sectors that are recommended for greenhouse gas emission factor improvement in Asian countries are as follows: 1.Methane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation 2.Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from land-use/change, forestry 3.CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation 4.CO2 emissions from mobile combustion 5.CO2 emission from coal and natural stationary combustion 6.Nitrous oxide (NO2) emissions from agricultural soil management

Outcome Malaysia needs to be looking into only two categories which are CO2 emissions from coal combustion and natural gas combustion. Other country that has similarities with Malaysia is Bangladesh, Thailand and Vietnam. No specific plans in developing country specific emission factors for Malaysia from the Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC).

From 15 listed categories, India has the highest score in term of priority needs for country specific EF as India is entitled to 11 categories, Thailand with 10 and Indonesia with 8. Other countries scored less than 6. Categories listed are mainly from GHG emissions from rice cultivation, manure management, mobile combustion, enteric fermentation, coal combustion, LULUCF, natural gas combustion, iron & steel production, emission from peat lands and changes in soil carbon stock


GHG Calculation Guidelines

2006 IPCC Guidelines

for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

• Revised 1996 Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

• IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty

Management in National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories

13 Copyright © 2015 TNB Research © 2014 TNBR. All rights reserved 13

GHG Emissions Sources

Stationary Combustion for Power Generation

Mobile Combustion

Fugitive Emissions


Steps in Identifying & Calculating GHG emissions

Identifying sources

Select calculation approach

Collect data and choose emission factors

Apply calculation tools

Roll-up data to company level


Select a Calculation Approach

Direct measurement CEMS - Monitor concentration, flow rate

Mass Balance

Emissions are calculated based on mass balance or stoichiometric basis specific to a

faculty or process.

Generic Emission Factor The most common approach. Emissions are

calculated by applying documented emission factors.

Site Specific Emission Factor Emission factors are derived from carbon

content of the fuel.

Companies should use the most accurate calculation approach available to them and is appropriate for their reporting context.



GHG Calculation – Fuel Based Approach

GHGs Activity

Data Emission

Factor

Example of activity data: • Fuel consumption • Distance travelled • kWh consumed • Amount of leakage

Emission factor: • Site specific • Country specific • Published value

• Calculation based methods entail the collection of

a) activity data, in the form of the quantity of fuel consumed for combustion purposes, and

b) emission factor data, in the form of information on the characteristics of the fuel combusted and the efficiency of the oxidation process.



Challenges and Barriers

1. Difficulties in predicting the synergistic effects from the performance and composition of the single coals in the blend.

2. Difficulties arise when comparing emissions or environmental performance level of a specific industrial installation to reference information in literature.

3. Analysis on relationship between coal type and emissions.

4. Problems in tracing data.

5. Does not have the intention to develop emission factor thus no strategic plan was prepared.

6. Data on where these fuels were coming from, and their specific characteristics (including heating values and carbon contents) based on their country or region of origin would be needed to further analyse.



1. Coordination within the countries to develop program

based and financial efforts could help to ensure that the

development of emission factors project.

2. Inclusion of relevant institute.

3. Collecting appropriate activity data and analysis of the

fuel should be further developed.

Recommendations



• Identify data requirement

• List of data collected

• Identification of methodology

• Time and resources need

• Process to develop emission factor

• Strength and gaps

Part 2: Methodology and Data

(Obj.: To understand methodology on fuel

analysis)



• Power plants current practice on monitoring of

GHG or pollutants

• To understand the current situation because the

project will involved with data analysis and

collection of sample from the fuel measurement.

– Combustion process

– Fuel content

– Heating Value – Calorific value – quantity of heat

release from combustion

– Flue gas analysis

Part 2


Fundamental of Combustion


Fuel Analysis

• Technical measurement to analyse the content of fuel used for

your power plant combustion?

• Identification of method

• What are the methodology and analysis involved?

• Engagement of outside lab or third party to conduct the

measurement

• List of data collected

• Time and Resources Need

Identify Data Requirement



• Tier 1: fuel combustion from national energy statistics

and default emission factors;

• Tier 2: fuel combustion from national energy statistics,

together with country-specific emission factors, where

possible, derived from national fuel characteristics;

• Tier 3: fuel statistics and data on combustion

technologies applied together with technology-specific

emission factors; this includes the use of models and

facility level emission data where available.

GHG Methodologies


Methodologies

Stationary combustion:

Emission = EFabc * Actabc

where

EF = emission factor

Act = activity (TJ)

a = fuel

b = sector activity

c = technology type


• data on the amount of fuel combusted

• a country-specific emission factor for each gas

• combustion technology

• operating conditions

• control technology

• quality of maintenance

• age of the equipment used to burn the fuel.

Emission factors (EF’s) for combustion

depends on:

Process to develop EF


Process to develop EF

Analysis of Emission Factor

• Net calorific values (NCVs) are a measure of the quantity of heat

liberated assuming that the water in the combustion exhaust gas

remains as a vapor (i.e., the heat contained in the water vapor is not

recovered).

• When calculating CO2 emissions, it is critical that all fuel

consumption data and factors are on the same heating value basis.

• The preferred approach for determining a fuel’s heating value is to

sample the fuel being combusted and complete a chemical analysis

of it.

Emission Factor (EF)= NCV (LHV) x Carbon Content x Oxidation Factor Other factor for EF assessment – combustion condition and etc.


IPCC 2006 Default Emission Factors for Stationary Combustion in the Energy Industries

Emission Factor


Method In Developing EF- Other

Countries

• EU: general EF and specified EF

• USA : elfin model, accounting method from

public data sources, simplified load duration

curve (LDC)

• Korea

– Study A: fuel analysis and gas analysis

– Study B: fuel analysis and flue gas analysis

• South Africa – fuel analysis and flue gas analysis


EU USA

Method General emission factor is a mean value for defined categories of boilers taking into account abatement measures which is primary and secondary. It is only related to the type of fuel used and is applicable for all pollutants considered, except for SO2 and only be used where no specific data are available. Specific emission factor is defined as an individually determined value for boilers taking into account abatement measure (primary and secondary), related to individual fuel characteristic and to technology specific parameters.

-Elfin model to simulate plant operations and estimate emissions for 1990. -accounting method that draws primarily from public data sources (PDS). -used for the 1999 test year, is a spreadsheet that applies a simplified load duration curve (LDC). -An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned).

EF value from the study

No specific EF was measured/calculated. Only methods and equations were derived.

CO2 emissions: Elfin - 26.1 MtC in 1990, PDS - 29.0 MtC, LDC - 29.5 MtC AEF (kgC/kWh): Elfin – 0.110 PDS – 0.105 LDC – 0.108


• Emissions from coal combustion depend on the rank and

composition of the fuel, the type and size of the boiler,

firing conditions, load, type of control technologies, and

the level of equipment maintenance.

• The general equation for emissions estimation is:

E = A x EF x (1-ER/100)

• where:

– E = emissions;

– A = activity rate;

– EF = emission factor, and

– ER =overall emission reduction efficiency, %

US Emission Factor for Coal


Australia


Korea South Africa

Method Based on American Society for Testing and Materials (2011) Standard Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis which involved manual sampling and machine sampling. The samples were then analysed using two methods: Coal Analysis Method and Gas Analysis Method. Coal Analysis method is mainly to calculate the calorific value of the coal samples by using Type-B calorimeter to calculate total calorific value of liquids and solids, consisting of a ‘‘bomb’’ that heats by burning samples. Gas Analysis method is to calculate the concentration of CO2 Non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR).

Phase 1 •inventory of thermal power plants characteristics: age, capacity, technology and operating conditions; followed by determination of EF based on IPCC methodology. •Comparison of fuel based and electricity production. •data on fuel consumption, carbon content and heat value of the fuels are required and also electricity generation to verify plant efficiency. Phase 2 & Phase 3: determination of CO2 and NOx for coal fired and diesel plants based on flue gas measurements.

1. Fuel analysis 2. Flue gas analysis - Analysis of actual CO2

concentration of flue gas

EF value from the study

EF calculated is 93,315 kg/TJ, EF measured from power plant is 97,634 kg/TJ.

CO2 EF is 96.5kg/GJ NOx EF is 0.35 kg/GJ

Fuel analysis (Mg/kJ): 110.1 (ant.), 88.7 (bit.), 98.0 (s) Flue gas (Mg/kJ): 89.7, 82.6, 88.9


Proposed Dev.

EF for power

plant in

Malaysia

Emission Factor - kg CO2, CH4,N2O/TJ

Verification - Tolerance, Correlation Analysis and Comparison with USEPA, IPCC

Mobilization and Data Sampling Primary and Secondary Data

i. Process Analysis • Technology • Combustion

process • Control System

i. Fuel Analysis • Fuel data

ii. Flue gas analysis • Stack gas

GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) EF analysis

1.Technology of power plants – Process of combustion, Engineering – Operating condition, Firing practices and etc. 2.Fuel Analysis: Coal and Natural Gas – CO2, CH4, N2O 3. Stack gas: Emissions Analysis 4. Control system

Coal: Stack gas and coal sampling method • Stack Gas method: CEMS sampling probe, a cooling device, and a lung sampler. – portable in-situ measurement • Fuel analysis method: • CO2 Analysis: (GC-FID)

• Coal Analysis • Element Analysis

• carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), moisture (attached and inherent), ash, and other volatile components.

• Calorific Value Analysis: • heat generation - analyzed using a

calorimeter Natural Gas: Fuel (gas) – Stack gas sampling method • Exhaust gas (Stack Gas) method: Samples

taken using Tedlar Bag. Measured exhaust gas temp., moisture amount, flow velocity, pressure and temperature.

• CH4 and N2O - FID and ECD

Site selection – Coal PP

- Natural Gas PP


Strength and Gaps

1. Characteristics of coals for blending are examined for compatibility.

2. The best way to evaluate emissions and EFs could be to perform

experiments.

3. Estimating GHG emissions at the point of generation is the most

accurate approach.

4. The flue gas analysis showed a higher uncertainty than the fuel

analysis method in emission factor development. This seems to be

because CO2 concentration changes greatly on a case-by-case

basis. Also, the flue gas analysis has more steps than the fuel

analysis, thereby, errors accumulate. Therefore, when the

oxidation rate is high, the fuel analysis is recommended.

5. To provide basic data for developing proper country-specific

strategies for carbon emission reduction, it is necessary to have

accurate estimates of emission amounts.


• The GHG footprint, or

greenhouse gas footprint or

carbon footprint, refers to the

amount of GHG that are emitted

during the creation of products or

services. It is more

comprehensive, which measures

not only carbon dioxide, but

many greenhouse gases.

GHG Assessment - Carbon Footprint

http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://aboutboulder.com/blog/learners-guide-to-evaluating-your-carbon-footprint/&ei=gLq9VJo-zvrxBbifgZAL&psig=AFQjCNEt4udi4INg_8T8MB-Z8S-eYFISMg&ust=1421806592107565


CF Accounting Approach

Setting Organizational Boundary

Setting Operational Boundary

Identifying & Calculating GHG Emissions

Managing GHG Inventory Quality

Verifying GHG Emissions

Reporting GHG Emissions

SOURCE AND SCOPE OF EMISSIONS

Stationary Combustion Mobile Combustion Fugitive Emissions Direct Discharges

Emission Factor

http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=picture+of+ghg&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=FBL4HD8PEFTCVM&tbnid=ao3ZBchtgpH4dM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://goodpost334.blogspot.com/2012/11/philosophy-and-practice-of-reducing.html&ei=GxMrUeirDOWNiAfDm4Bo&psig=AFQjCNE50gC0qHD7ZSLxvfiJml1OkiMaAw&ust=1361862615281154


Way Forward

• Development of Power Sector EF

• Analysis on fuel combustion by the

Malaysia ESI

• GHG Emissions Assessment which based

on carbon footprint methodology to be

conducted


• Table showing the various tech and EF

Guideline

Type of fuel Technology Combustion type and

etc.

Natural gas tCO2

Diesel

Distillate

Coal


THANK YOU

Prepared by :

[RADIN DIANA R. AHMAD]

Office address:

TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.

No. 1, Lorong Air Hitam

Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan

43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan

MALAYSIA

Tel: +603-8922 5000 Ext 5185 / Fax: +603-8926 8828/9

Email: [email protected] / Website: www.tnbr.com.my


Disclaimer. All information contained herein are solely for

the purpose of this presentation only and cannot be used or

referred to by any party for other purposes without prior

written consent from TNB. Information contained herein is

the property of TNB and it is protected and confidential

information. TNB has exclusive copyright over the

information and you are prohibited from disseminating,

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