Gestão da Água usos do mar.pdf · Pangasius. in the Mekong delta is >1 Mt y-1, highest yields in...

http://gesaq.org/Gestão da Água

J. Gomes Ferreirahttp://ecowin.org/

11 de Dezembro 2018

Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Usos do marPlaneamento espacial marinho, aquacultura, energia

http://ecowin.org/AE2010/

Usos do mar

• Pescas

• Aquacultura

• Energias renováveis

• Planeamento espacial marinho

• Capacidade de sustentação (carrying capacity)

• Síntese

Usos diferentes, harmonização.

Recursos renováveis: sectores e harmonização

Temas

World capture fisheries and aquaculture (2018)

Aquaculture: 80 X 106 t; Capture fisheries for human food: 71 X 106 t.

The state of world fisheries and aquacultureSOFIA 2000 (FAO)

FAO, 2001. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA). Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N.

Aquaculture

Fisheries

106 ton y-1

Aquaculture in 1998 was a fraction of capture fisheries.



Aquaculture continues to grow at an APR of 5.5% per year.

Distribution of production among major fish species


Production (106 ton y-1)

1.1

0.6

1.3

1.3

8.9

1.6

2.2

4.4

1.3

2.3

4.5

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.4

1.7

1.9

1.9

2

2.1

2.4

4

0 2 4 6 8 10

Yellowfin tuna

Blue whiting

Atlantic cod

Largehead hairtail

Anchoveta

Skipjack tuna

Chub mackerel

Chilean jack mackerel

Japanese anchovy

Atlantic herring

Alaska pollock

1996

1998

Capture fishery production by countrySOFIA 2008 (FAO)


Capture fishery production (106 ton y-1)

Chinese fishery data

Watson, R., Pang, L., Pauly, D., 2001. The Marine Fisheries of China:

Development and Reported Catches.Fisheries Centre Research Report

9(2). Univ. British Colombia, Canada.

European Union capture fisheries and aquaculture


1986 1990 1994 1998Aquaculture productionInland production ('000 tonnes) 171 221 241 249Percentage of world total 3.0 2.7 2.0 1.3Marine production ('000 tonnes) 699 717 796 1 085Percentage of world total 20.6 14.5 9.2 8.9Fisheries productionInland production ('000 tonnes) 113 107 104 120Percentage of world total 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5Marine production ('000 tonnes) 6 774 6 067 6 737 6 419Percentage of world total 8.6 7.7 8.0 8.2Fisheries and aquaculture productionCombined total ('000 tonnes) 7 757 7 114 7 878 7 873Percentage of world total 8.3 7.2 7.0 6.7

Relevance of world aquaculture

• 50% of aquatic products originate from aquaculture (SOFIA, 2010)

• 90% of the 68 million tonnes of aquaculture products (105 billion USD)originate from Asia (Sorgeloos, 2010)

• Production of striped catfish Pangasius in the Mekong delta is >1 Mt y-1,highest yields in the world, 350-400 tonnes ha-1 per crop (Sena da Silva, 2010)

• 30 Mt y-1 of extra aquatic products required to feed the planet by 2050(Swaminathan, 2010)

• US predicted expansion from 0.5 to 1.5 Mt y-1 (Olin, 2010)

• Europe: production is 4.2% by volume, 9.1% by value (Sorgeloos, 2010)

Growth of both population and aquaculture will take place in developing nations

Volume and value

FAO Global Aquaculture Conference 2010

Trends in fisheries and aquaculture – SOFIA 2018

Equivalent to the emergence of agriculture 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic period.

y = 0.05x2-201.59x+199,406.86r² = 1.00

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

r² = 0.93

y = 0.05x2+13.55x+215,324.93

Capture fisheries for human consumption

Aquaculture May 2013

Live

wei

ght (

106

tonn

espe

r yea

r)

Year

Data pointsFit

Trends in fisheries and aquaculture : 2010-2035

For projected APR growth in aquaculture and fisheries, 160 million tonnes in Sept 2018.

50

55

60

65

70

75

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Aqua

cultu

re a

nd to

tal (

106

tonn

espe

r yea

r)

Wild capture (10

6tonnesper year)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

% fi

sher

ies

Year

% fisheries FisheriesAquacultureTotal

Fish as a foodWorld per capita supply (average 2003-2005)


China 20-30 kgIndia

2-5 kg



China 30-60 kgIndia

5-10 kg



US imports > 90%

Europe imports

>70%

Total seafood consumption in India andChina alone has grown by approximately20 million tonnes in less than 10 years.Additional consumption by 2025 willincrease this number by 14 million tonnes.



Balance of supply and demand. Non-food uses continue to decrease.

Aquaculture in Europe

• Aquaculture is the most heavily regulated food production sector in Europe(Varadi, 2010)

• Competition for space, access to capital, availability of special services,limited authorised veterinary products (Varadi, 2010)

• Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) – no reference to aquaculture.Benthic biodiversity, fish (in transitional waters); Good Ecological Status inEurope by 2015

• Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) – Fish and ShellfishQuality Descriptor (QD3). Aquaculture is seen only as a pressure. GoodEnvironmental Status by 2020

• Many other parts of the world don’t come close to the EU regulatorypanorama

In all likelihood Europe will add value over volume.

Sustainability and legislation

Environmental, legal, and social pressures

Imports to Europe

If European consumption was at the level of Portugal (57.4 kg y-1 per capita)an extra 27 million tonnes of fish products would be required annually.

Europe imports 74% of its aquatic products. The USA imports 86%

All numbers in millions of USD (SOFIA 2012)

Spain 287 ktMussels, trout, bream

Italy 148 ktMussels, trout, clams

Greece 123 ktBream, bass, mussels

Turkey 249 ktTrout, bream, bass

Israel 20 ktTilapia, carp, mullet

Hungary 17 ktCarp, catfish

Norway 1326 ktSalmon, trout

Netherlands 62 ktMussels, oysters

UK 194 ktSalmon, mussels,

trout

France 163 ktOysters, mussels

Portugal 11 ktTurbot, clams, bream

2-5 kg y-1

5-10 kg y-1

10-20 kg y-1

20-30 kg y-1

30-60 kg y-1

> 60 kg y-1

Per capita consumption of aquatic products (2010)

Ireland 41 ktMussels, oysters, salmon

Iceland 15 ktArtic char, salmon

Denmark 35 ktTrout, eel

Production by nation

Poland 35 ktCarp, trout

Production data (2016)

1 kg of feed

kg of food needed per kg of body mass

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.1 (DW/FW) is a typical value for

state-of-the-art salmon culture. For many other species, the FCR

can be higher , up to about 2.

1 kg of tissue

Fed aquacultureFeed requirements

Finfish aquaculture has the best efficiency in the animal production industry.

Legal frameworks

Country Basic Legislation Authorization System Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA)EU Horizontal directives, MSFD,

WFD, shellfish directivesLicencing, water quality permitting Required

USA Federal and state level Registration with state authorities. May vary among states

Usually required, may vary among states

Canada Oversight by federal, provincial and local authorities.

Federal and provincial governments issue licences

Required

Norway - Aquaculture Act (2005).- EEA agreement

Licence. Regulators may limit number of licences

Required for large aquaculture installations

Chile - Fisheries and Aquaculture Law Permit Required for large aquaculture installations

New Zealand - Resources Management Act (RMA)

Resource consent Required

Asia 90%. Rest of the world: 10% of production

Assymetry in regulatory instruments and requirements for environmentalcompliance on a global scale.

Offshore aquaculture - aquapods

Integrated Multi-Trophic AquacultureVancouver Island, Canada

Scallop lanterns as part of an IMTA setup that includes sablefish, kelp, andsea cucumbers.

Cage farming in NorwayFirst prototype around 1970 (Groentvedt) Sheltered, shallow, near shore site

Cages supplied by Aqualine AS

World’s largests offshore fishfarming site

2010:12 000 ton/year production4 man-yearsemi-exposed to the ocean

Aquaculture in Brazil – Santa Fé do Sul, São PauloTilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Aquaculture in Thailand - Mae Tak reservoir, ChiangraiTilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Chiangrai pond culture, ThailandTilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Cholburee, ThailandIntegrated culture of tilapia and shrimp

Shrimp go in for one week, then the tilapia are added and eat the Azolla.

Nori in Fujian, China - Porphyra yezoensis

Worldwide production of 600,000 tonnes, feeds demand for Sushi.

Sanggou Bay – December 2016Aquaculture on a different scale

Seaweed, abalone, sea cucumber, oysters, scallops...

Seasonal alternative culture of seaweeds cultivated in low and higher temperature seasons in IMTA model in Sungo Bay

Jun-Oct: cultivating Gracilaria sp

Nov-Jun: cultivating Kelp

Feeding abalone with Gracilaria chouae

脆江蓠饵料组Gracilaria chouae

脆江蓠所饲喂稚鲍的生长速度显著高于龙须菜Comparing with Gracilaria lemaneiformis, SeaweedGracilaria chouae is a better food for abalone during summer season

龙须菜饵料组Gracilaria lemaneiformis

养殖生态类型

• 网箱养殖Cage Culture：美国红鱼、

真鲷、

Sustainability criteria: foundation in classical ecology

Filgueira et al., 2013. Aquaculture Environment Interactions 4, 117-133.

Ecological resilience

Natural variation

Tipping points

Precautionary limits

Ecosystem State of the system Aquaculture activity

Nile tilapiaCentral Thailand

Tilapia cage cultureLaguna de Bay, Philippines

Overstocking and slow water turnover can lead to excess organic material.

Over carrying capacity farmingAn extreme case study of cage farming in

Sandu Bay

Yellow croaker

(Zhang, 2008)

Zhu, 2010

Rapid overstocking…

• Yellow croaker cage farming was started in SanduBay in 1995, 1000 fish cages in Qingshan, 1996.

• 50,000 fish cages in Qingshan, (260, 000 fish cages in the whole Sandu Bay,) 2005

• Carrying capacity research indicated 40% of the cages should be removed in 2005, but things remain unchanged.

Zhu, 2010

Zhu, 2010

Aquaculture growth in Brazil (1994-2009)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Annu

al p

rodu

ctio

n (to

n)

21 % annualized

growth

• Many reservoirs are used for tilapia cultivation – steel cages keep thepiranhas at bay;

• Typical culture practice: stocking density of up to 300 kg m-3, harvest at800 g after a 9 month growth period;

• Carrying capacity is determined as 1/6 of the total allowable phosphorus(30 µg L-1), determined using the Dillon & Rigler (1974) model.

High growth, high impact, fragile assessment

Typical production250 cages per hectare200 kg m-3, 6 m3 cages: 300 ton ha-1 cycle-1

Current global criteria for site selection

• Space availability

• Limits to production

• Habitat destruction

• Coastal eutrophication

• Organic enrichment

• Loss of biodiversity

Environmental basis varies widely

Expansion of aquaculture has historically been a bottom-up process

Licensing or development

Carrying Capacity – a Multidimensional Problem

Production

Ecology

Social

Four pillars for sustainable aquaculture. In the West, the social pillar is limiting.

Governance

Different types of carrying capacityfor aquaculture

Southeast Asia, China

Production

Ecological

Governance

Social

US, Europe,Canada

Types of carrying capacity

Limiting factor

Limiting factor

Different parts of the world see carrying capacity in very different ways.

Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture(the gospel according to FAO)

• Aquaculture should be developed in the context ofecosystem functions and services (includingbiodiversity) with no degradation of these beyond theirresilience;

• Aquaculture should improve human-well being andequity for all relevant stakeholders;

• Aquaculture should be developed in the context ofother sectors, policies and goals.

Three principles

Soto, 2010

EAA: ecosystem balance, social equity, multiple uses

Marine Spatial Planning

• Uses can be attributed in marine areas in a similar way to land areas

• GIS tools have traditionally been used for implementation of spatialplans

• Key differences: significant water movement complicates zoning

• Significant movement of some species in water, particularly pelagicfishery species such as herring, mackerel, anchovy, or sardine, biasplanning towards static uses

• All the challenges of land planning apply, together with a number ofadditional issues

Two major hurdles which are not yet addressed.

Order in the sea

Basic concept

Strategic and forward-looking

Improves managementof competition, and supports co-existence

Decision-making becomes predictableand consistent

Participatory(not consulting)

Cross-sectoral and multi-interest

Manages activities within limits (sustainable development)

MSP is a robust approach for resource optimization.

What it is What it does

Advantages of Marine Spatial Planning

Authority – who is in charge? Do they have resources? Link between terrestrial and marine planning

Key Challenge 1. Governance

How to make choices on preferred development options? Common units between different industries and sectors

for comparative assessment

Key Challenge 2. How to manage conflict?

What questions / indicators should be used? Cost of data / scientific effort Adaptive management versus stability for business

Key Challenge 3. How to measure success?

Three key challenges for marine spatial planning

Establish Institutional Framework

Public Consultation

Implement

Assess Baseline

and Identify Issues

Vision and Objectives

Monitor and

review

MSP Process

Produce Plan

The Marine Spatial Planning Process

Marine Spatial Planning is a process; it is not a map.

ICES boxes in the Northeast Atlantic

Areas used for fisheries management. The fishery can move...

Landings of mackerel and horse mackerel

Irish Exclusive Economic Zone 2006-2008 (kg nm-2).

Latit

ude

Longitude

Wind farms in the North Sea

A plan for a high voltage grid around the North Sea.

High voltage grid

Wind farms in the North Sea

Wind speed around the Danish coast – one layer of an MSP.

Combination of offshore windfarmsand aquaculture

Potential use of wind turbines and enclosed space forcultivating finfish, shellfish, and seaweeds

Co-use: Offshore wind-farm and aquaculture

Source: BSH

North Sea marine spatial conflicts

Source: BSH

Windfarms

Navigation

Fisheries

Offshore windfarm – single turbine

Source: Ebeling 2012

A turbine costs 15-20 million € and has a height above sea level of 25 mOperators resist co-use due to permitting, safety and insurance concerns

Offshore production platform idea 2015 – launched in 2017?

Nordlaks : An Ocean ship/cage solution to be tested

Closed floating tanks

Legal constraints

Use conflicts

Generation of constraint maps

Geographic area selection

Base map generation

Suitable areas

Yes

No

Physical suitability

Growth and survival

Product quality

Environmental sustainability

Data sources Multi-layer factor generation

Water quality criteria

Sediment quality criteria

Factor suitability ranges

Multi-criteria evaluation

Suitable areas

No

Yes

No suitability

No suitability

Environmental driver data or system-scale

model outputs

Farm-scale carrying capacity

model

Production feasibility

Yes

NoNo business viability

Site selection

Factor suitability

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

Detailed analysis of production, socio-economics, and

environmental effects

Ecological quality criteria

Systemsapproach

for site selection

Every talk needs a

horrendogram!

Silva et al., 2011.

The four orders of coastal governance outcomes

Avoiding the ‘paper park’ syndrome

NationalRegional

Local

First order:Enabling conditions

Formalized mandate with implementing authority

Management plans adopted

Funding secured

Constituencies present at local and national levels

Second order:Changes in behaviour

Changes inbehaviour ofinstitutions andstakeholder groups

Changes inbehaviours directlyaffecting resourcesof concern

Investments ininfrastructure

Third order:The harvest

Some social and/orenvironmentalqualitiesmaintained, restored,or improved

Fourth order:Sustainable coastal developmentA desirable and dynamic balance between social and environmental conditions is achieved

Finaloutcomes

Intermediateoutcomes

Time

Summary

• Fisheries are an important and traditional human activity;

• Aquaculture has replaced fisheries as the main source ofaquatic protein, but fishing (like hunting) will not disappear;

• Aquaculture, like agriculture, needs to be sustainable.Probably only a few species will be cultivated at scale;

• Marine spatial planning is only one of the potentialmanagement tools, and it needs work;

• Carrying capacity and site selection are key for sustainableand harmonious growth of the economy of the sea;

• The distinction is not between wild and farmed fish—it isbetween good and bad fish.

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