GERALD AKSHERIAN

ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY OF ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

Generation, Transmission, Distribution

VOLUME I A - F

© Gerald Aksherian, author / publisher, New York 2016

Cover Design and Interior Design by the Author

Cover Photo by © TebNad

ISBN 978-0-692-68430-6

All rights reserved; no part of this publication maybe be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author/ publisher.

Federal Copyright Registration NumberTXu001968666

i

I N T R O D U C T I O N ABOUT THIS DICTIONARY

PREFACE

THE STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DICTIONARY

SOURCES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABOUT THE AUTHOR. AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY and SOME THOUGHTS ON ENGINEERING

TABLE OF CONTENT

Section 1 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MAJOR and DERIVATIVE TERMS............................................. 2

Section 2 LIST OF BIOGRAPHIES........................................................................................................... 7

Section 3 ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................................. 8

Section 4 LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... 19

Section 5 LIST OF GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATIONS in FULL FORMAT............................................... 20

Section 6 LAYOUT OF MAJOR TERMS ON PROTECTION FOR SYSTEMS and EQUIPMENT....... 21

Section 7 GREEK ALPHABET.................................................................................................................. 22

Section 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................... 23

Section 9 LIST OF EQUATIONS ............................................................................................................. 38

Section 10 INDEX ...................................................................................................................................... 1343

Dictionary of terms:

Volume I pages 41- 485

Volume II pages 486-962

Volume III pages 963-1481

1

SECTION ONE

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF MAJOR and DERIVATIVE TERMS

A ACCELERATING, ACCELERATION, AC-

CELERATOR ACCURACY ACTIVE ACTUATOR, ACTUATING

AGING

ALARM ALTERNATING CURRENT ANALYSIS ANGLE , ANGULAR ANODE, ANODIC ARC, ARCING ARMATURE ARRESTER

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION SERVICE CONDITIONS TESTS

ASYNCHRONOUS AUTOMATIC AXIS, AXIAL

GENERAL DIRECT AXIS QUADRATURE AXIS

B BALANCE BATTERY

GENERAL TERMS APPLICATION CAPACITY CHARGE CLASSIFICATION TESTS TYPES VOLTAGE

BOARD, P ANE LBOARD BOX BR ANCH CIRCUIT BR AKE/BR AKING BREADOWN BREAKER BRIDGE BULB BUS

G EN ERAL TERMS BUS, METAL ENCLOSED > 600 V ≤38kV BUS PROTECTION BUS TESTS

BUSHING GENERAL INSULATION and CONSTRUCTION SERVICE CONDITIONS

RATINGS TESTS

BUSWAY

C CABLES, CONDUCTORS

GENERAL TERMS CLASSIFICATION CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PERFORMANCE & CHARACTERISTICS RATINGS RELAYING PROTECTION

CABLE TERMINATIONS

CLASSES RATING SERVICE CONDITIONS TEST

CABLE TESTS CANTILEVER CAPACITANCE CAPACITIVE CAPACITOR

GENERAL TERMS CAPACITOR PROTECTION CAPACITOR SERVICE CONDITIONS CAPACITOR TESTS

CAPACITY CELL CHARACTERISTICS CHARGE CIRCUIT

OPEN CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS CIRCUIT BREAKER

GENERAL TERMS CIRCUIT BREAKER APPLICATION CIRCUIT BREAKER CLASSIFICATION (LV,

MV, HV) CIRCUIT BREAKER RATINGS [MV, HV,

EHV CIRCUIT BREAKER. SERVICE CONDI-

TIONS

CIRCUIT BREAKER, for GENERATOR APPLICATION RATINGS SERVICE CONDITIONS SPECIFICATIONS TEST

CIRCUIT BREAKER, MOLDED CASE TYPES RATINGS APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS TESTS

CIRCUIT BREAKER, POWER, LOW-VOLTAGE AC

TYPES RATINGS SERVICE CONDITIONS TEST

CIRCUIT BREAKER, POWER, LOW-VOLTAGE DC

TYPES RATINGS SERVICE CONDITIONS TEST

CIRCUIT BREAKER TESTS > 1000 V CAPACITANCE CURRENT SWITCHING TESTS CONFORMANCE TEST

DESIGN TEST PRODUCTION TEST TEST AFTER DELIVERY

CIRCUIT SWITCHER GENERAL TERMS CIRCUIT SWITCHER APPLICATION CIRCUIT SWITCHER RATINGS CIRCUIT SWITCHER TESTS

CLASS, CLASSIFICATION CODE COEFFICIENT COIL COMMUNICATION COMMUTATING / COMMUTA-

TION/COMMUTATOR COMPARATOR, COMPARISON COMPARTMENT COMPENSATED; COMPENSATING;

COMPENSATION COMPENSATOR COMPRESSOR CONDUCTION CONDUCTIVITY CONDUCTOR (See CABLES / CON-

DUCTORS) CONDUIT CONNECTION CONNECTOR CONSTANT CONTACT CONTACTOR CONTROL CONTROL SWITCH

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION

CONTROL SWITCHBOARD GENERAL RATINGS SERVICE CONDITIONS TESTS

CONTROL SYSTEM CONTROLLED SOURCE CONTROLLER CONVERSION CONVERTOR COOLANT, COOLER, COOLING, etc. COPPER CORONA COUPLING / COUPLER CREEP / CREEPAGE CURRENT

GENERAL ALTERNATING CURRENT FAULT CURRENT INRUSH CURRENT RATED CURRENT SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT THERMAL CURRENT WITHSTAND CURRENT

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

2

GENERAL TERMS ACCURACY CONSTRUCTION TYPES RATINGS

CURRENT TRANSFORMER TESTS CUTOUT CYCLE

D DAMPER, DAMPING DEAD DEMAGNETIZE DEMAND DENSITY DESIGN DEVICE

GENERAL MECHANICAL SWITCHING DEVICE POWER CORRECTION DEVICES

DIAGRAM DIELECTRIC DIELECTRIC TEST DIPOLE DIRECT CURRENT DIRECT CURRENT, HIGH VOLTAGE (HVDC)

GENERAL (HVDC fundamentals) HVDC OPERATING CONFIGURATION [17a] HVDC PROTECTION

DIRECTION DISCHARGE DISCONNECTOR DISPLACEMENT DISSIPATION DISTANCE DISTORTION DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER DIVIDER DRAWING DRIVE DUCT DUTY, DUTY TYPE DUTY CYCLE

GENERAL DUTY CYCLE RATING DUTY CYCLE TIME

E EARTH EDDY CURRENT EFFECT EFFECTIVE EFFICIENCY • EFFICACY ELECTRIC ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEER ELECTRICITY ELECTRODE ELECTROLYTE ELECTROMAGNETIC ELECTRONIC ELECTROSTATIC ELEMENT EMERGENCY

EMERGENCY SYSTEM

EMISSION ENCLOSURE ENERGY ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ENERGY SOURCES ENGINEER ENGINEERING EQUATION

EQUIPMENT EQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ERROR EXCITATION • EXCITATION SYSTEM • EXCITER

EXCITATION EXCITATION SYSTEMS EXCITER TYPES EXCITER TEST

EXPLOSION

EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE F FACTOR FAILURE FARADAY FAULT FEEDER FERRANTI FERRI… FERRO… FICK FIELD

GENERAL ELECTRIC FIELD ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FIELD STRENGTH MAGNETIC FIELD

FIRE FIRE DETECTION and PROTECTION DE-

VICES FITTING FLASH FLASHOVER FLEMING FLUX FORCE FOUCAULT FOURIER FREQUENCY FRESNEL FUEL FUSE

FUSES, CURRENT LIMITING GENERAL CURRENT LIMITING, ≤ 600 V CURRENT LIMITING > 600 V

FUSES, LOW VOLTAGE FUSE RATINGS, LV FUSE TESTS, LV

FUSES, MEDIUM & HIGH VOLTAGES CLASSES CUTOUT RATINGS SERVICE CONDITIONS TESTS TYPES

G GALVANOMETER GAP GAS GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION

GENERAL RATING SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS SERVICE CONDITIONS SPECIFICATIONS TESTS

GENERATION GENERATOR

GENERAL DIRECT AXIS GROUNDING LOAD LOSSES START VOLTAGE

GENERATOR ASYNCHRONOUS (IN-DUCTION) GENERATOR CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION BY APPLICATION /PER-FORMANCE

CLASSIFICATION BY ELECTRICAL TYPE CLASSIFICATION BY ENCLOSURES AND

COOLING CLASSIFICATION BY SIZE

GENERATOR PROTECTION and DIS-TURBANCES

GENERATOR RATINGS (Capabilities) and PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIS-TICS

GENERATOR SERVICE CONDITIONS GENERATOR, SYNCHRONOUS GENERAL

INSULATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS RATING TURBINE GENERATOR (steam) TURBINE GENERATOR (hydro)

GENERATOR TEST GENERAL INSPECTION / TESTS GENERATOR AS-

SEMBLY INSULATION TESTS ROTOR TEST, AC GENERATOR ROTOR TESTS, DC GENERATORS STATOR TESTS, AC GENERATORS TESTS, HYDRO-GENERATORS TESTS, SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

(with cylindrical rotor) GRADIENT GROUND / GROUNDED / GROUNDING (earth, earthed, earthing)

3

GROUND-FAULT GUY

H HALL HARDWARE HARMONIC HAZARDOUS (classified) LOCATIONS

GENERAL HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY DIVISIONS HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS, CLASSIFIED BY ZONES EQUIPMENT, CLASSIFIED MATERIALS, CLASSIFIED PROTECTION, CLASSIFIED TEMPERATURE CLASSIFIED

HEAT HEATER HYSTERESIS

I IMPEDANCE

IMPULSE GENERAL LIGHTNING IMPULSE SWITCHING IMPULSE

INDUCTANCE INDUCTION INDUCTION MACHINE

GENERAL INDUCTION GENERATOR INDUCTION MOTOR TEST & INSPECTION

INDUCTOR INSTANTANEOUS INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

GENERAL TERMS SERVICE CONDITIONS

INSULATING MATERIALS GENERAL INSULATING GASES INSULATING LIQUID INSULATING SOLID

INSULATION GENERAL TERMS INSULATION CLASSES and SYSTEMS INSULATION of CONDUCTORS INSULATION COORDINATION INSULATION LEVEL INSULATION of MACHINES INSULATION TESTS LIGHTNING IMPULSE INSULATION SWITCHING IMPULSE INSULATION

INSULATOR GENERAL BUSHING INSULATORS INSULATOR CLASSES INSULATOR RATINGS (STRENGTH)

INSULATOR TESTS GENERAL POST INSULATOR TESTS SUSPENSION INSULATOR TESTS

INTERLOCK INTERRUPTION

INTERRUPTER, INTERRUPTING ISOKERAUNIC ISOLATED PHASE BUS J JOINT K ------------

L LAMP LAW LEAKAGE LIGHT, LIGHTING, ILLUMINANCE, ILLU-

MINATING, ILLUMINATION GENERAL LIGHTING SYSTEM DESIGN

LIGHTING FIXTURE LIGHTNING GENERAL LIGHTNING IMPULSE LIGHTNING PROTECTION LIGHTNING STROKE

LINE LINEAR, LINEARITY LINK LIQUID LOAD LOADING LOCK, LOCKING, LOCKOUT LOOP LOSS, LOSSES LOW VOLTAGE LOW VOLTAGE POWER SYSTEM LUMINANCE , LUMINOUS

M MACHINE

GENERAL MACHINES, COMPLETE GROUPS MACHINE INSULATION MACHINE TESTS

MACHINES, CLASSIFICATION by AP-PLICATION

MACHINES, CLASSIFICATION by ELECTRIC (Design) TYPES

MACHINES, CLASSIFICATION by (pro-tective) ENCLOSURES

MACHINES, CLASSIFICATION by ENVI-RONMENTAL PROTECTION and COOLING METHODS

MACHINES, CLASSIFICATION by INSU-LATION SYSTEM

MACHINES, CLASSIFICATION by SIZE

MACHINE CONSTRUCTION MAGNET, MAGNETIC, MAGNETISM (also magnetic materials; mag-

netic devices, magnetizing, mag-netization magneto-hydrodynam-ics magnetomotive, electromag-net, etc.)

MAINTENANCE MARKING MATERIAL MEAN (value) MEASUREMENT

GENERAL METHODS (of Measurement) SYSTEMS (of Units, and of Measurements)

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS and ME-TERS MECHANICAL METER (see MEASURING INSTRU-MENTS…) METHOD MOTOR

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION TRACTION MOTOR

MOTORS, CLASSIFICATION by APPLI-CATION

MOTORS, CLASSIFICATION by COOL-ING METHODS

MOTORS, CLASSIFICATION by ELEC-TRIC TYPES

ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS DEFINITE PURPOSE MOTORS

DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS POLYPHASE MOTORS

SINGLE PHASE MOTORS UNIVERSAL MOTORS MOTORS, CLASSIFICATION by ENCLO-

SURE TYPE DESIGNATION DEGREE OF PROTECTION

MOTORS, CLASSIFICATION by ENVI-RONMENTAL PROTECTION

MOTORS, INSULATION CLASS SYSTEM MOTORS, CLASSIFICATION by SIZE

SMALL, FRACTIONAL HP MOTORS MEDIUM, INTEGRAL HP MOTORS LARGE MOTORS

MOTORS, CLASSIFICATION by SPEED CONTROL

MOTOR CONTROL GENERAL MOTOR SPEED CONTROL MOTOR START

MOTOR PROTECTION MOTOR RATINGS MOTOR TEST

N NAMEPLATE NETWORK NEUTRAL

4

NOISE NON NOTCH

O OHM OIL OPERATING OPERATION OPERATIONAL, OPERATOR OVERCURRENT OVERLOAD

P PANEL PARALLEL PARTIAL DISCHARGE PER UNIT PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

PERMEABILITY PHASE PHASE ADVANCER PIEZOELECTRIC PITCH PLATE POLARITY POLARIZATION, POLARIZE, POLAR-

IZED POLE POLYPHASE / POLYPHASE SYSTEM POTENTIAL POWER POWER-ELECTRONICS POWER EQUIPMENT POWER FACTOR POWER GENERATION, POWER PLANT, POWER STATION POWER LINE (OVERHEAD, O/H) GENERAL TERMS LINE CONDUCTORS LINE DESIGN and RATING LINE SAG LINE SPAN LINE STRESS, LOAD, STRENGTH, TEN-

SION LINE SUPPORT STRUCTURES TRANSMISSION LINE

POWER QUALITY POWER SOURCE, POWER SUPPLY POWER SYSTEM GENERAL ALTERNATIVE POWER SYSTEMS

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS and STUDIES POWER SYSTEMS DEVICE FUNCTION

NUMBERS

POWER SYSTEMS OPERATING CON-FIGURATIONS

AC POWER SYSTEMS CONFIGURATION LOW VOLTAGE POWER SYSTEMS CON-

FIGURATION SUBSTATION BUS CONFIGURATION

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY- INSTA-BILITY

PRESSURE PRESSURE LEAK TESTS PRIMARY PROJECT GENERAL TURNKEY PROJECT PROPULSION PROTECTION GENERAL TERMS

COMPARISON and DIRECTIONAL RELAY-ING PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION DISTANCE PROTECTION FUSED PROTECTION GROUND FAULT PROTECTION HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT

(HVDC) PROTECTION OVERCURRENT / SHORT CIRCUIT PRO-

TECTION OVERLOAD PROTECTION PHASE FAULT PROTECTION PILOT PROTECTION SURGE (lightning) PROTECTION VOLTAGE PROTECTION

PROTECTIVE PROTECTIVE DEVICES PROTECTOR PUMP PUSH BUTTON

Q

QUADRATURE QUANTITY

R

RATE /RATED / RATING RATIO REACTANCE REACTIVE REACTOR RECLOSER, RECLOSING RECTIFIER REGULATION REGULATOR RELAY

GENERAL TERMS CLASSIFICATION DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION RATINGS SERVICE CONDITIONS TESTS

RELAY CLASSIFICATION, BY FUNC-TIONS

AUXILIARY RELAY MONITORING RELAY

PROTECTIVE RELAY RECLOSING RELAY REGULATING RELAY SYNCHRONIZING RELAY

RELAY CLASSIFICATION BY INPUT CURRENT RELAY FLOW RELAY POWER RELAY PRESSURE RELAY TEMPERATURE RELAY VOLTAGE RELAY

RELAY CLASSIFICATION BY OPERAT-ING PRINCIPLE

ELECTRICAL; ELECTROMECHANICAL ELECTROMAGNETIC; GAS; STATIC THERMAL; LATCHING; CURRENT BAL-

ANCE PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL; HAR-

MONIC RESTRAINT; QUOTIENT; REPLICA TEMPERATURE; NOTCHING

RELAY CLASSIFICATION BY PERFOR-MANCE CHARACTERISTICS

DIFFERENTIAL; DIRECTIONAL; DIS-TANCE

GROUND; FREQUENCY; REACTANCE UNDER/ OVERCURRENT; POWER; UNDER PHASE; TIME; OVERLOAD, and others.

RELEASE RELUCTANCE RESISTANCE RESISTIVITY RESISTOR RESONANCE RIPPLE ROTOR ROUTINE TEST RULE

S

SAFETY SATURATION SCADA

GENERAL TERMS… FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS… TEST

SCHEME SECONDARY SELF - SEISMIC

GENERAL SEISMIC QUALIFICATIONS SEISMIC TESTS

SEMICONDUCTOR SERVICE SHIELD, SHIELDING SHORT CIRCUIT SHUNT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM SLIP SOLAR SOLID-STATE SPACE, SPACING SPECIFICATION

5

SPEED STABILITY

INSTABILITY, UNSTABLE…

STABILIZER STANDARDS /CODES /INSTITUTIONS START / STARTER / STARTING STATIC STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)

GENERAL TERMS CHARACTERISTICS AND RATINGS MAIN COMPONENTS MONITORING & PROTECTION

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR TESTS STATION STATOR STRENGTH STRESS STRUCTURE

GENERAL TERMS SUBSTATION RIGID BUS STRUCTURES

STUDIES SUBSTATION

GENERAL TERMS GROUNDING CONNECTIONS for

SUBSTATION PROJECT GENERAL BIDDER CONTRACTOR CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION EQUIPMENT DATA PERMITS AND LOCAL ORDINANCES PROJECT CRITERIA. CIVIL & STRUC-

TURAL PROJECT CRITERIA. ELECTRICAL ENGI-

NEERING / DESIGN PROJECT CRITERIA. MECHANICAL ENGI-

NEERING / DESIGN PROJECT SCOPE PURCHASER SITE DATA TESTING, START-UP and COMMISSIONING

SUPPORT SUPPRESSION SURGE SUSCEPTANCE, SUSCEPTIBLE, SUS-

CEPTIBLENESS SWITCH (air insulated)

GENERAL CLASSES OF SWITCHES DISCONNECTING SWITCHES GROUNDING SWITCH GROUNDING SWITCH TEST SWITCH RATINGS SWITCH, PREFERRED RATINGS SWITCH SERVICE CONDITIONS SWITCH TESTS

SWITCH (gas insulated) GROUNDING SWITCH GROUNDING SWITCH, TESTS of SWITCH RATINGS SWITCH SERVICES CONDITIONS SWITCH TESTS

SWITCHBOARD SWITCHGEAR SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLY

BUS SWITCHGEAR, METAL EN-CLOSED (Group I, Switchgear As-sembly)

BUS SWITCHGEAR, METAL ENCLO-SED. RATINGS BUS SWITCHGEAR, METAL ENCLOSED. SERVICE CONDI-TIONS BUS SWITCHGEAR, METAL EN-CLOSED. TESTS

CONTROL SWITCHBOARD (Group II, Switchgear Assembly)

CONTROL SWITCHBOARD. RATINGS CONTROL SWITCHBOARD. SERVICE CONDITIONS CONTROL SWITCHBOARD. TESTS

POWER SWITCHGEAR METAL EN-CLOSED (Group III Switchgear As-sembly)

POWER SWITCHGEAR, METAL EN-CLOSED. RATINGS POWER SWITCHGEAR, METAL EN-CLOSED. SERVICE CONDITIONS POWER SWITCHGEAR METAL EN-CLOSED TESTS

SWITCHING GENERAL TERMS

SWITCHING DEVICE SWITCHING IMPULSE SWITCHING SURGE

SYMBOLS SYMMETRICAL SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS SYNCHRONISM

SYNCHRONIZATION SYNCHRONIZING SYNCHRONOUS

SYSTEM

T

TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT TENSION TERMINAL TERMINATION TESLA TEST

GENERAL TERMS TEST METHODS WITHSTAND VOLTAGE TEST

THEOREM, THEORY THERMAL

THERMAL CURRENT

THREE THYRISTOR TIME TIMELINE TOLERANCE TORQUE TRANSDUCER TRANSFORMER

GENERAL TERMS TRANSFORMER CLASSIFICATION TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION TRANSFORMER FAILURES TRANSFORMER INSULATION TRANSFORMER LOSSES TRANSFORMERS NON-STANDARD

TYPES TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TRANSFORMER RATINGS TRANSFORMER SERVICE CONDITIONS TRANSFORMER SHORT CIRCUIT CHAR-

ACTERISTICS TRANSFORMERS SPECIALTY TYPES

TRANSFORMER COOLING CLASSES TRANSFORMER TEST

GENERAL TERMS DESIGN TESTS OTHER TESTS ROUTINE TESTS

TRANSIENT

TRIP, TRIP DEVICE, TRIPPING

TURBINE

U

UNIT UNIT SUBSTATION GENERAL TERMS RATINGS SERVICE CONDITIONS

V

VALUE VECTOR VIBRATION VOLTAGE

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FLASHOVER VOLTAGE IMPULSE VOLTAGE OVERVOLTAGE POWER FREQUENCY VOLTAGE STANDARD VOLTAGES / SYSTEM VOLT-

AGE TRANSIENT VOLTAGE VOLTAGE DISTURBANCES VOLTAGE TRESS WITHSTAND VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE REGULATION VOLTAGE REGULATOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (potential

transformer) GENERAL TERMS CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER ACCURACY VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER CONSTRUC-

TION TYPES VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER RATINGS

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTS CONFORMANCE TESTS DESIGN TEST DIELECTRIC TESTS ROUTINE TESTS OTHER TESTS

W

WAVE GENERAL WAVEFORM WAVEFORM, SINUSOIDAL

WINDING WIRE/ WIRING WIRE GAUGE WIRE SYSTEM WITHSTAND

X, Y, Z

39

series resonance frequency..........R15-16 ripple current ..................... .......R16-16

S elastance ................................ S1; S2-26 random failure...............................S3-26 self-induction………................……. S4-26 magnetic field strength…. ............ S5-26 total gravitational force….............. S6-26 bus-conductor thermal expansion.S7-26 conductor wind forces…….............S8-26 bus-conductor resistance….............S9-26 bus conductor span natural frequency…... S10-26 bus short-circuit current force.....S11-26 heat-balance of bus-conductors....S12-26 insulator diameter…………........ . .S13-26 total insulator cantilever load ... .S14-26 insulator wind force………… ....... S15-26 electric susceptibility....................S16-26 magnetic susceptibility.................S17-26 magnetization...............................S18-26 inrush current .............................S19-26 symmetrical grid current .............S20-26 negative sequence component.....S21-26 positive sequence component......S22-26 zero sequence components S23; S24-26

T insulation resistance temperature

coefficient ...........................T1-13 temperature coefficient of

....................resistance T2-13 transformer efficiency......................3-13 K rating of transformer.................T4-13 load current harmonic factor .......T5-13 short circuit current duration.......T6-13 symmetrical current................T7; T8-13 asymmetrical current ....................T9-13 temperature correction factor......

.................T10; T11; T12-13 True power factor .......................T13-13

U No equations

V rms value ............. ..................V1-16 pointing vector ........... ......... V2-16 unit vector.. .V3; V4; V5; V6; . V7-16 vector magnitude ..........................V8-16 vector multiplication .....V9; V10-16 instantaneous voltage .... .......V11-16 step voltage................ .V12-16 touch voltage ..............................V13-16 voltage gradient ..........................V14-16 overvoltage .................................V15-16 voltage imbalance ........... ....V16-16 W period of a waveform ....................W1-7 sinusoidal waveform .....................W2-7 instantaneous value of sinusoidal ...................waveform.....................W3-7

symmetrical sinusoidal ..........................waveform ..........W4-7 wind force..................................... W5-7 wind load............................. . .W6-7 wind pressure......................... .W7-7

XYZ No equations Total 370 equations

41

A

MAIN and DERIVATIVE entries, lists of Graphs, and Biographies ACCELERATING, ACCELERATION, ACCELERATOR ACCURACY ACTIVE ACTUATOR, ACTUATING

AGING

ALARM ALTERNATING CURRENT ANALYSIS ANGLE , ANGULAR ANODE, ANODIC ARC, ARCING ARMATURE ARRESTER

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION SERVICE CONDITIONS TESTS

ASYNCHRONOUS AUTOMATIC AXIS, AXIAL

GENERAL DIRECT AXIS QUADRATURE AXIS

GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATIONS

1 Figure FA-1 AC Circuit Profile

2 Figure FA-2 Alternator. principle of operation

3 Figure FA-3 Fault tree, for protective system of motor, a), b)

4 Figure FA-4 x and j axis

5 Graph GA-1 Test Of Surge Arresters

BIOGRAPHIES

1 BA-1 ACHESON, Edward (Goodrich) 1856–1931

2 BA-2 AMPÈRE André Marie, 1775-1836

3 BA-3 ARAGO Dominique, François Jean (1786-1853)

4 BA-4 ARMSTRONG, William George, 1810-1900

5 -------- AVOGADRO Amedo 1776 -1856 6 BA-5 AYRTON, William Edward, 1847-1908

headspace analysis extended stability analysis

52

the item, presented in the form of a fault tree. [ga] [180/191.16-

05] [42/26.3.2.6] See Figure FA-3 (a) and (b)

headspace analysis Analysis of the gas that exists in a partially filled liquid-containing receptacle that is sealed to the external surrounding atmosphere. An analysis con-ducted for electrical insulation. [180/212.18-32]

Figure FA-3 (a).Motor three-line diagram, protection and control. Fault in motor winding, not cleared [ga]

Fig. FA-3 (b) Fault-tree analysis for motor protection [adopted from source 42 Fig. 26-18, ga]

low-frequency lumped parameter analysis A method of analyzing power transmission and distribution problems. All of the steady-state operating conditions, such as harmonic distortion are adequately addressed with low-frequency analysis [342/4.6.1]

Monte Carlo Analysis A method of analysis to estimate the error caused by the uncertainty regarding phase conductor current on overhead power lines. [50/4.4.4]

network analysis Determination of the state of a net-work characterized by appropriate quantities. Appropriate quantities are, for example, for an electric network: volt-ages, electric currents, powers, and for a magnetic net-work: current linkages, magnetic fluxes, magnetic energy. [180/131,15-01]

operational analysis Economic dispatch, power quality, and security/contingency analysis to deter-mine organization and management for optimum course of power operation with contingency in with-standing sudden emergency conditions and the con-sequences impacting the power system. Procedure uses mathematical and statistical methods to determine the efficiency of operation and the means of improvements. [ga]

power flow analysis Current flow or load flow analysis under faults and no-faults states. It is a numerical analysis of power flow within the network. Uses symmetrical com-ponents, per unit system, and other simplified methods of studies displayed on a single line diagram focusing on as-pects of power parameters as voltage, active and reactive currents, power factors, etc,. An important function of planning engineering department in outlining efficient op-eration and future expansion of the system. [ga]

power system analysis Examines, calculates aspects of power system operation with methods mainly using sym-metrical components and evaluates performance of power systems under a number of prescribed operating condi-tions and contingencies. [ga]

power system stability analysis Calculating emer-gency loading limits, local conditions and increased sag, permissible power transfer levels, loading, reactive power compensation, voltage profile and its stability, contin-gency reserve, frequency stability, stability of the current source, factors contributing into minimizing disturbance to wide areas of the power system, decreasing fault dam-age etc. Also conducting studies on the property on the property of power system having two or more synchro-nous machines remaining in step with one another under a specified set of conditions. The analysis aimed to secure the state and quality of electric power system of being sta-ble, capable of resisting to change, deterioration, or faults. [17a/8201, ga] [17a/28918] [44/125], [ga].

stability analysis The capability of a power system to regain a steady state, characterized by the synchronous operation of the generators after a disturbance due, for ex-ample, to variation of power or impedance.[180] Property of a power system having two or more synchronous ma-chines remaining in step with one another under a speci-fied set of conditions. [44/125] The state and quality of electric power system of being stable, capable of resisting to change, deterioration, or faults. Reliability analysis. [ga].

extended stability analysis Studies and scrutinizes overall stability of the power system beyond the generating station. These studies use data on generator prime mover, their param-eters, generator excitation systems, speed, controls, etc. [ga]

Motor fault, not cleared. Wind-

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short circuit protection at

CB failed

thermal pro-tection at CB

failed

Starter over-load protec-

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upstream overcurrent protection failure

small-signal stability analysis angle support

53

small-signal stability analysis Studies and evaluates the stability of power system under relatively small disturbances, such as transient overvoltage and undervoltages, load imbal-ance, single-phase ground fault, etc. [ga]

transient stability analysis Analyses performance of power system having two or more synchronous generators under spe-cific conditions. The analysis are based on parameters col-lected for transmission network and generators. It consists of steady state stability (examines transients conditions such as faults, switching operation, lightning, etc.) and transient sta-bility (capability of the system to withstand).[44-125; ga]

stat ampere The unit of quantity for electrical current in cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system of units. The sym-bol is statA. It is equal to 3.33 x 10-10 of ampere in SI (Sys-tem International) system of units. [17/1-9]

static analysis Analysis of factors unrelated to the oper-ation of system or equipment, such as environmental fac-tors, analysis of static electricity, of influences of electro-magnetic phenomenon, [ga] See also main entry STATIC

stress analysis Determination of the physical, chemical or other stresses an item experiences under given conditions. [180/191.16-06]

transient analysis Studies and evaluates momentary changes in steady state conditions such as lightning strikes, switching operations, and others. [ga]

transient stability analysis Explores and evaluates the ability of synchronous power generating system in maintaining its stable conditions upon momentary dis-turbances. The study mathematically determines the sta-bility of the system and develops the equation for the first strike of disturbance. [ga]

waveform analysis Determination of one or more pa-rameters of a waveform for rotating machine [180/411.51030]

analog data Data in the form of continuous numerical properties represented by physical variables. Contrast: digi-tal data. Data that represents a variable that is mathemati-cally continuous in the domain of the application such as the measurements of time, velocity, pressure, are all continuous variables, excluding quantum effects. [2/35]

analog device Device operating with variables to represent continuously measured quantities such as voltage, re-sistance, rotation, pressure. See also main entry DEVICE [24]

analog quantity A continuous variable that is typically digitized and represented as a scalar value. [24]

analog signal Continuously changing signal (contrasting to digital signal, signals with changes in increment, step by step). [2/35] [ga]

anchor A specially shaped metal to hold an item such as a wooden pole of overhead line, a power equipment, or a structure to its foundation or to the ground. An anchor for wooden pole will require a metal robe attached to it, a guy, to fasten the pole into the ground. [ga]

ancillary system A secondary, none-essential system in the operation of a power plant such as ventilation and air

conditioning, heating, cranes, elevators, amenities for per-sonnel, compressed air supplies, fire protection system, etc. which play a none-essential, or an auxiliary role in the op-eration of a power plant. [ga]

Anderson bridge An alternating current bridge for meas-uring inductance. It is used for comparison of self-induct-ance with capacitance [2/37]. See main entry BRIDGE

ANGLE, ANGULAR An angle is being formed when a ray turns from an initial position OA, to a terminal position OB. If the turning is clockwise, we have negative angle. If the turning is counterclockwise, we have positive angle [233/149] See also main term PHASE

In geometry, an angle - • For two straight lines - is the angle between the vectors associ-

ated with the lines, respectively. • For a straight line and a plane - is angle of the line and the or-

thogonal projection of the line upon the plane. • For two planes - is the angle for two straight lines perpendicular

to the two planes, respectively. • SI unit of angle is the radian, symbol rad. Other units are degree,

symbol ° • The symbol for minute is ' and the symbol for second is ''. • The term `plane angle’ is used in place of the term `angle’ to

distinguish it from `solid angle’. [180/102-04-14]

1° = 𝜋𝜋180

rad 1' = � 160

�° 1'' = � 1

60� ′

(A4-12) (A5-12) (A6-12)

acute angle An angle numerically smaller than a right angle. [177/4]

adjacent angles Two angles with a common vertex and a common arm. [132/175]

vertex of an angle The apogee of two lines sharing a common end forming an angle. [ga] angle of depression The angle measured in a vertical plane below the horizontal. [132/175]

angle of elevation The angle measured in a vertical plane below the horizontal. [132/175]

angle of protection The vertical plane and a plane through the ground wire within which the line conductors must lie in order to ensure a predetermined degree of protection against direct lightning strokes. [2/38]

angle of rotation (φ) For a point rotating around a fixed axis, quotient of the length travelled by the point and the distance from the point to the axis, taken positive or negative according to whether the rotation is observed to be in the counterclockwise sense or the clockwise sense, respectively for an observer looking in the direction oppo-site to the direction of the axis. The SI unite of angle is radian (rad). Other units accepted for use with SI are de-gree ( º ), minute ( ' ) and second ( '' ). [180/113/01-43][ga] See also above, ANGLE

angle of a waveform The phase of a periodic or ap-proximately periodic waveform. [2/37]

angle support A support located at a point where the route of the overhead power line in the horizontal plan changes substantially in direction. [180/466.06-03]

angular magnetic loss angle

54

angular Having, forming, or consisting of an angle or angles. Measured by an angle or by degrees of an arc. [ahd]

angular acceleration The rate of change of angular velocity. [132/259][ga]

angular displacement The angle through which a body has turned about a particular axis. The angle is pos-itive if it makes a right-hand screw about the positive di-rection of the axis, and it is a vector quantity, though it is often treated as a scalar. [132/259][ga]

angular displacement of a polyphase transformer The phase angle expressed in degrees between the line-to-neutral voltage of the reference identified high-voltage termi-nal and the line-to-neutral voltage of the corresponding iden-tified low-voltage terminal. The preferred connection and ar-rangement of terminal markings for polyphase transformers are those that have the smallest possible phase-angle displace-ments and are measured in a clockwise direction from the line-to-neutral voltage of the reference identified high-voltage terminal. Thus, standard three-phase transformers have angu-lar displacements of either zero or 30°.[19/3.13] See also main entry DISPLACEMENT

angular velocity (θ) The rate of change of angular dis-placement. The unit is rad/s [132/259] [ga]

beam angle The included angle of a ray of light, be-tween those points on opposite sides of the beam axis at which the luminous intensity from a theatrical luminaire is 50% of maximum. For beams with no rotational sym-metry, the beam angle is generally given for two planes at 90 This angle may be determined from a candlepower curve or may be approximated by use of an incident light meter. [189/1-4] 189A/8.6.4.1, ga]

central angle Angle between two radii in a circle. [233/149]

characteristic angle The angle between the phasors representing two of the input energizing quantities of a re-lay which is used for declaration of a measuring relay. [180/447.07-09]

circuit angle In a rectifier connection, the phase angle between the peak of the line to neutral voltage on the AC line side and the simultaneous or next peak of the un-smoothed direct voltage at zero current delay-angle. [180]

commutation margin angle The time interval be-tween the switch having turned off of an inverter and the reversal of the non-sinusoidal voltage on the outgoing valve. [ga]

complementary angles Two angles whose sum is 90° [132 /175]

conjugate angle Two angles whose sum is 360° [132/175]

cut-off angle (of a luminaire)The angle measured up from nadir between the vertical axis and the first line of sight at which the bare source is not visible. [189/1-9][189A/ 10.2.5.1]

delay angle () The phase angle in electrical degrees of alternating current cycle by which the starting point of a periodic value change is delayed. In an alternating cur-rent system with a 2 poles generator, 360° of electrical

3 Production in a conductor or in a semiconductor of an electric field strength

proportional to the vector product of the current density and the magnetic flux density

cycle corresponds to 360° of mechanical rotation. In a four pole machine however, 2 electrical cycles of voltage are generated in each armature coil per revolution. In which case, each mechanical degree is equivalent to 2 electrical degrees.[ga] See electric angle further down. current delay angle (α ) The phase angle representing the time by which the starting instant of current conduc-tion is delayed by phase control. [180/442.05-42]

dielectric loss angle (𝛿𝛿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) The difference be-tween ninety 90° and the dielectric phase angle. Also known as dielectric phase difference. [327][493]

dielectric phase angle The angular difference in phase be-tween the sinusoidal alternating potential difference applied to a dielectric and the component of the resulting alternating current having the same period as the potential difference. The angle is often symbolized by the Greek θ (theta), the co-sine of which is the power factor. [327]

electric angle An angle that specifies a particular instant in an alternating-current cycle or expresses the phase dif-ference between two alternating quantities; usually ex-pressed in electrical degrees.[327][61/331]

fault-incidence angle The phase angle as measured between the instant of fault inception and a selected ref-erence, such as the zero point on a current or voltage wave. [24]

Hall angle In the presence of a Hall effect3, angle between the induced electric field strength and the electric current density. [180/121.12-84]

impedance angle (θ) Angle the tangent of which is the ratio of the reactance X to the resistance R of an impedance. [180/131.12-50]

θ = 𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎 𝑋𝑋

𝑅𝑅 (A7-12)

internal angle of an alternator The phase difference between the terminal voltage of an alternator and its elec-tromotive force. [180]

line angle The angular change in direction of an over-head line at a support. [180/466.04-05]

load angle characteristic For a synchronous machine the relationship between the rotor displacement angle and the active load for constant values of armature winding voltage and excitation current. [180/411.47-71]

loss angle ( δ delta ) For a capacitor or inductor under periodic conditions, angle the tangent of which is the dis-sipation factor. For dielectric and magnetic materials, other definitions for the loss angle exist. [180/151.15-48]

dielectric loss angle (𝛿𝛿 ) The difference between ninety 90° and the dielectric phase angle. Also known as dielectric phase difference. [327][493]

magnetic loss angle The phase displacement between the fundamental components of the magnetic flux density and the

magnetic field strength. [180][ga]

magnetic loss angle anode

55

magnetic loss angle The phase displacement between the fundamental components of the magnetic flux density and the magnetic field strength. [180][ga]

overlap angle (𝑢𝑢) Part of an alternating voltage cycle, expressed as an angle, during which two consecutive dis-charge paths carry current simultaneously. [180/531.46-04]

phase angle The amount of phase displacement by which the sine wave is shifted. [233/177] The measure of the progression of a periodic wave in time or space from a chosen instant or position.[2/814] In the context of peri-odic phenomena such as wave or sinusoidal alternating current, `phase angle’ is synonymous with phase.[192]

initial phase angle value of the phase of a sinusoidal quantity when the value of the independent variable is zero. For the quantity Am cos (ωt + θ0 ) the initial phase is equal to θ0.

phase angle jump Abrupt change in phase angle of the volt-age caused by voltage drop at circuit fault [ga] [To explore, see bibliography code 3/15-30]

phase angle of an instrument transformer The phase displacement, in minutes, between the primary and secondary values. The phase angle of a current transformer is designated by the Greek letter beta β and is positive when the current leav-ing the identified secondary terminal leads the current entering the identified primary terminal. The phase angle of a voltage transformer is designated by the Greek letter gamma γ and is positive when the secondary voltage from the identified to the unidentified terminal leads the corresponding primary volt-age.[19/3.331]

phase angle correction factor The ratio of the true power factor to the measured power factor. It is a function of both the phase angles of the instrument transformers and the power fac-tor of the primary circuit being measured. [19/3.332]

Phase-angle correction factor makes corrections to phase dis-placement of either the secondary current, secondary voltage, or both, due to the instrument transformer phase-angle (s).For a current transformer, we designate the phase-angle correction factor as KI

KI=𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶( 𝜃𝜃2+ 𝛽𝛽)𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝜃𝜃2) (A8-12)

For a voltage transformer , we designate the phase-angle cor-rection factor as KV:

𝐾𝐾𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶( 𝜃𝜃2− 𝛽𝛽)𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝜃𝜃2)

(A9-12)

When both voltage and current transformers are used, we des-ignate the combined phase-angle correction factor as KIV:

𝐾𝐾𝐼𝐼𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (𝜃𝜃2−𝛽𝛽−𝛾𝛾)𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝜃𝜃2) (A10-12)

𝜃𝜃2 - apparent power factor angle of the measured circuit 𝛽𝛽 - current transformer phase angle 𝛾𝛾 - voltage transformer phase angle

phase angle transducer A transducer used for the measure-ment of the phase difference between two alternating electrical

quantities having the same frequency. [180/313.03-07]

pitch angle The angle between the chord line at a de-fined blade radial location (usually 100 % of the blade ra-dius) and the rotor plane of rotation of a turbine generator. [180/415.04-18]

power angle Is the phase angle between input voltage at no-load, and input voltage under-load The phase an-gle between terminal no-load voltage, and terminal on-load voltage. [ga 171/108] • The same as torque angle of the motor, it always lags for motor action. [195/243]

power factor angle Phase angle between supply volt-age on-load and supply current on-load Phase angle between active (true) power and apparent power. [ga]

quadrantal angle Angles 0°, 90°, 180°, or 360°.

reference angle The acute angle for which the trigono-metric functions have the same absolute values as for a given angle in another quadrant with reference to which the acute angle is called reference angle. 30° is the refer-ence angle of 150° and of 210°. Also referred to as related angle, working angle. [177/307] [233/156]

related angle See reference angle.

shielding angle The complementary angle of the cut-off angle of a luminaire. [180/845.10-31]

solid angle An angle formed by three or more planes in-tersecting at a common point.[ahd] • The three dimensional concept similar to angle in two dimensions, the space shaped like cone. [132/200][ga] • The ratio of the area cut out by a cone on a sphere with centre at the apex of the cone, to the square of the raduius of the sphere. The SI unit for angle is steradian. [180]

specular angle The angle between the perpendicular to the surface and the reflected ray that is numerically equal to the angle of incidence and that lies in the same plane as the incident ray and the perpendicular but on the oppo-site side. [189/1-29] [189A/7.3.1.1]

vertex of an angle The apogee of two lines sharing a common end forming an angle. [ga]

working angle See reference angle.

anion A negatively charged ion.

ANODE (ANODIC) By convention for primary and secondary cells and batteries, it is the cell electrode at which an oxida-tion reaction occurs, i.e. the anode is the negative electrode during discharge and the positive electrode during charge [180] For electric and magnetic devices, it is the electrode capable of emitting positive charge carriers to and/or receiv-ing negative charge carriers from the medium of lower con-ductivity. The direction of electric current is from the exter-nal circuit, through the anode, to the medium of lower con-ductivity. In some cases (e.g. electrochemical cells), the term "anode" is applied to one or another electrode, depend-ing on the electric operating conditions of the device. In other cases (e.g. electronic tubes and semiconductor

anode characteristic anodic control

56

devices), the term "anode" is assigned to a specific elec-trode.[180] For a battery cell in a closed circuit supplying a load with power, it is the terminal where from excess nega-tive charge marked minus, (anions, electric current) flow into the direction of the load. Whereas for the load, the anode is the terminal receiving the current from the source, which again will be marked with the sign of minus. In case an open external circuit (no load), anode at the source is the terminal from where anions are flown to the opposite pole and dis-charged. In either case, whether external open or closed cir-cuit, the signs negative or positive both for the source and the load itself, are not changed, the direction of the current flow is reversed [ga]

For a thyristor, it is the electrode by which current enters, when the thyristor is in the ON state with the gate open cir-cuited [2/40] • The electrode where oxidation occurs in an elec-trochemical cell. It is the positive electrode in an electrolytic cell, The current on the anode is considered a positive cur-rent according to international convention; while it is the negative electrode in a galvanic cell. In electro-analytical chemistry. the anodic current is often considered negative [278]. Contrast with cathode. See also main entry CATHODE; and CELL/ anode of a cell

anode characteristic See anode-to-cathode volt-age-current characteristic.

anode circuit A circuit that includes the anode-cathode path of an electron tube in series connection with other elements. [2/40]

anode circuit breaker A device used in the anode cir-cuits of a power rectifier circuit if an arc-back should oc-cur [2/40] A low-voltage power circuit breaker that is de-signed for connection in an anode of a mercury-arc power rectifier unit, that trips automatically only on reverse cur-rent and starts reduction of a current in a specified time when the arc-back occurs at the end of the forward current conduction, and that substantially interrupts the arc-back current within one cycle of the fundamental frequency af-ter the beginning of arc-back. [24]

anode cleaning (reverse-current cleaning) Electrolytic cleaning, or electroplating, in which the metal to be cleaned is made the anode. [2/40]

anode corrosion efficiency The ratio of the actual cor-rosion of an anode to the theoretical corrosion calculated from the quantity of electricity that has passed. [2/40]

anode current Electrode current for anode. See also electrode current under main entry ELECTRODE. [2/367]

anode effect A phenomenon occurring at the anode by excessive emanation of gas in electrolytic furnace charac-terized by failure of the electrolyte to wet the anode, re-sulting in the formation of a more or less continuous gas film separating the electrolyte and anode and increasing the potential difference between them. [2/40][180][ga] A condition in an electrolytic cell that produces an abrupt increase in cell voltage and a decrease in current flow. It is usually caused by the temporary formation of an insu-lating layer on the anode surface. It occurs almost exclu-sively in molten salt electrolysis, such as in aluminum pro-duction. [278]

anode efficiency The current efficiency of a specified anodic process. [2/40]

anode electrode The electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. The direc-tion of electric current is, by convention, opposite to the direction of electron flow, in other words for example, the electrons flow from the anode into an electrical circuit. the anode electrode is positive in a device that consumes power, and the anode electrode is negative in a device that provides power. [192]

anode mix Electrode compound, consisting of anthra-cite, coke and pitch, used to form a self-baking electrode used in industrial electroheat. [180]

anode mud The insoluble residue that derives from the anodic dissolution of an impure metal such as copper dur-ing electrorefining. Also called "anode slime". [278]

anode paralleling reactor A reactor used with rectifi-ers with a set of mutually coupled windings connected to anodes operating in parallel from the same transformer terminal. [19/3.14]

anode power supply The means for supplying power to the plate at a voltage that is usually positive with respect to the cathode. [2/40]

anode scrap That portion of the anode remaining after the scheduled period for the electrolytic refining of the bulk of its metal content has been completed. [2/40]

anode slime Finely divided insoluble metal or com-pound forming on the surface of an anode or in the solu-tion during electrolysis. [2/40]

anode supply voltage The voltage at the terminals of a source of electric power connected in series in the anode circuit. [2/40]

anode thermal capacity The maximum energy in joules which can be supplied to the anode in 20 seconds under the condition specified by the manufacturer (e.g., focal spot, rotation speed of the anode, etc.) [180]

anode-to-cathode voltage The voltage between the anode terminal and the cathode terminal of a thyristor de-vice. It is positive, when the anode potential is higher than the cathode potential, and it is negative when the anode potential is lower than the cathode potential. Synonym an-ode voltage.[2/40]

anode-to-cathode voltage-current characteristic A function in a thyristor, usually represented graphically, relating the anode-to-cathode voltage to the principal cur-rent with gate current where applicable, as a parameter. This term does not apply to bidirectional thyristors. Syno-nym anode characteristic. [2/40]

anode voltage See anode-to-cathode voltage

anodic control A corrosion cell, is said to be under an-odic control if the over-potential of the anodic corrosion reaction is much larger than that of the cathodic corrosion reaction, consequently the corrosion current is over-whelmingly determined the anodic reaction. Contrast with cathodic control and mixed control. [278]

66

insulation withstand

power frequency sparkover test

discharge voltage characteristicsimpulse protect-ive level voltage -time charac-teristics

aging test

contamination testseal integrity radio-influence voltage test

partial discharge

high-current short duration withstand

low-current long-duration withstand

duty-cycle test

temporary overvoltage test

pressure-relief test

short-circuit test

failure-mode test

disconnector testmaximum des-igm cantilever load and mois-ture ingressultimate mechanical strength static

DESIGN TESTS

power frequen-cy sparkover testsfront-of-way impulse protective level discharge-voltage test

RIV test

CONFORMANCE TESTS

current sharing test

discharge-voltage test

partial discharge test

seal tests

power frequency testpower-frequen-cy sparkover test

ROUTINE TESTS discharge

voltage test

duty-cycle testhigh-currentshort-duration test

CERTIFICATION TESTS

TESTS OF SURGE ARRESTERS

GA-1 Tests of Surge Arresters

79

Graph GB-1 BATTERIES (terms, as structured in this dictionary)

APPLICA-TION

BATTERY CAPACITY

BATTERY CHARGE

CLASSIFI-CATION

BATTERY TESTS

VOLTAGE

GENERAL TERMS

Terms on voltages affecting battery performance, on voltage levels, nominal and oper-ating voltages, fac-tors affecting bat-tery performance, etc.

TYPES

Defines the con-struction and chemical al charac-teristics about 30 types of batteries

Defines terms used in a series of test procedures prescribed by local, na-tional, and international standards to ascertain the quality, performance, the adequacy of manufacturing of batter-ies.

87

Graph GB-2 APPLICATION of BATTERIES

[All factors are based on Handbook of Batteries, 2nd Edition, By David Linden. Illustration and design is by the author]

BATTERY APPLICATION

ANALYSIS

1

Battery Type (Primary,

secondary, reserve system) Voltage

Duty cycle

Electrochemical system

Load current and profile

(continuous, non-continuous,

variable, pulse,)

Temperature Requirements

Service Life

Physical Requirements

(Size, shape, weight, terminals)

Shelf life

Cycle of charge-

discharge

Conditions of environment

Safety and Reliability

Operating conditions

Maintenance and resupply

Cost

average voltage BIPM

94

average voltage The voltage averaged during the dis-charge. [239/3.2.1]

charging voltage For a rechargeable battery, it is the voltage supplied to the battery during the charge. The voltage characteristics at charge and discharge. [239/3.2.8]

closed-circuit voltage The cell voltage under a load condition. [239/3.2.1]

cut-off voltage The prescribed voltage at which the dis-charge is considered complete. Note: The cutoff or final voltage is usually chosen so that the useful capacity of the battery is realized. The cutoff voltage varies with the type of battery, the rate of discharge, the temperature, and the kind of service. The term cutoff voltage is applied more particularly to primary batteries, and final voltage to stor-age batteries. [2/263]

end voltage The voltage at the end of discharge, is the one above which most of the capacity of the cell has been already delivered. Also referred to a cut-off voltage de-pending on application requirements. [239/3.2.1]

float voltage The voltage of the secondary battery whose terminals are permanently connected to a source of constant voltage sufficient to maintain the battery approx-imately fully charged, and which is intended to supply power to an electric circuit, if the normal supply is tem-porarily interrupted. [180/482.05-35]

hydrogen overvoltage The activation overvoltage for hydrogen discharge. [239/A-6]

initial voltage The on-load voltage at the beginning of a discharge. [239/A-6]

midpoint voltage The central voltage during a dis-charge of the cell. [239/3.2.1]

nominal voltage Operating voltage of the cell, gener-ally accepted as typical . [239/3.2.1][ga]

open-circuit voltage The cell voltage under a no-load condition, an approximation of the theoretical voltage. [239/3.2.1]

theoretical voltage Function of anode and cathode ma-terials, composition of electrolyte, and the temperature. [239/3.2.1]

volt efficiency For a storage battery, it is the ratio of the average voltage during the discharge to the average volt-age during the recharge. [2/1266]

working voltage A representative of the actual operat-ing voltage of the cell under load. Lower than the open-circuit voltage. [239/3.2.1][ga]

BECQUEREL, Alexandre Edmond (1820-1891) French scien-tist, distinguished for his investigations on electric light, magnetism, diamagnetism (resistance to magnetism), and

fluorescence. The Joule’s law governing heat for solid ma-terials he expanded to cover liquid as well. [101/33] [192]

BECQUEREL, Antoine Cesar (1788-1878). French physicist, distinguished for his investigative researches and inventions in electricity, electrical measurement, and electrical chemis-try. [192]

BECQUEREL, Antoine Henri (1852-1908) French physicist, Nobel Prize winner, born in Paris. Greatly advanced the use of fluorescent light. Discovered the emission of radiation by certain materials leading to the creation of the foundations of science of radioactivity. [101/33][192][ga]

bell crank hanger A support for a bell crank. [128/8; 24]

benchboard A combination of a control desk and a verti-cal switchboard in a common assembly. [24]

dual benchboard A combination assembly of a benchboard and a vertical hinged panel switchboard placed back to back (no aisle) and 3enclosed with a top and ends.[24]

duplex benchboard Combination assembly of a benchboard and a vertical control switchboard placed back to back and en-closed with a top and ends. Access space with entry doors be-tween the benchboard and vertical control switchboard. [24][ga]

biomass Waste materials like sewage, chip logs, forestry, wasted wood, animal wastes, and other energy yields used by power plants in the production of alternative electric en-ergy. [ga]

BIOT, Jean-Baptiste (1774-1862) Born and died in Paris was a physicist, astronomer and math-ematician. Jean-Baptiste fol-lowed secondary education in humanities in Paris until 1791. He studied engineering at the School of Bridges and Roads in January 1794. He joined the School of Bridges and Roads to complete his training as an engi-neer. He became professor of mathematics. With Félix Sa-vart, his colleague, in 1820 he formulated the Biot-Savart law, showing a connection between electricity and mag-netism by running a current through the wire caused the nee-dle to move. Other works include in polarized light, astron-omy, and meteorites. [192, ga]

Biot-Savart Law The law in magnetism, named after Biot and his colleague Félix Savart for their work in 1820. In their experiments, they showed a connection between elec-tricity and magnetism by starting with a long vertical wire and a magnetic needle some horizontal distance apart. They came up with an equation that says magnetic field strength of a circuit at any point carrying electric current is reflective to vector of magnitude and direction of the source electric current, the distance from the source, and the magnetic per-meability weighting factor. [2/653; 204; 192; ga]

BIPM International Bureau of Weights and measures (French initials - Bureau International des Poids et Mesures). Located outside Paris, has the task of ensuring worldwide unification of physical measurements. Created in 1875. It is the “international” metrology institute, and oper-ates under the exclusive authority of Metric Convention. It

BIOT, Jean Baptist (BB-1)

blackbody Blondel

95

carries out measurement-related research. It takes part in, and organizes international comparisons of national meas-urement standards and performs calibrations for member states. [192, ga]

blackbody In illuminating engineering, it is the locus of points on a chromaticity diagram representing the chroma-ticities of blackbodies having various (color) temperatures. It is also a temperature radiator of uniform temperature, whose radiant exitance in all parts of the spectrum is the maximum obtainable from any temperature radiator at the same temperature. Such a radiator is called a blackbody be-cause it will absorb all the radiant energy that falls upon it. All other temperature radiators may be classed as non-black-bodies In fiber optics, it is a totally absorbing body (which reflects no radiation). In thermal equilibrium, a blackbody absorbs and radiates at the same rate; the radiation will just equal absorption when thermal equilibrium is maintained An ideal material that absorbs all incident radiation. Under thermal equilibrium, a blackbody is a perfect emitter with its emissivity and absorptivity equal to unity. [2/105][ga]

blackout Electric power failure. station blackout Total failure and shut down of electric power

generating station. This may not include the power for needs of the station itself. [ga]

blade The moving contact member that enters or embraces the contact clips of a switch or a special type of fuseholder.

[ga][24] It is the moving contact member of a switching de-vice that enters or embraces the contact clips. In cutout, the blade may be a fuse carrier or fuseholder on which a nonfu-sible member has been mounted in place of a fuse link. When so used the nonfusible member alone is also called a blade in fuse parlance. In distribution cutout the blade may be a nonfusible member for mounting on a fuse carrier in place of a fuse link, or in a fuse support, in place of a fuse holder. Synonym: disconnecting blade. [2/105] It is the mov-ing contact member of a disconnecting blade of a switch or disconnecting cutout, that enters or embraces the contact clips. In distribution cutouts, the blade may be a non-fusible member for mounting on a fuse carrier in place of a fuse link, or in a fuse support, in place of a fuseholder. [2/105] Moving contact member of a switching device that enters or embraces the contact clips. In cutouts, the blade may be a fuse carrier or fuseholder on which a nonfusible member has been mounted in place of a fuse link. When so used, the non-fusible member alone is also called a blade. [2/105]

blade guide An attachment to ensure proper alignment of the blade and contact clip when closing the switch. [24]

blade latch A latch used on a stick-operated switch to hold the switch blade in the closed position. [24]

BLATHY, Otto Titusz Born in 11 Au-gust 1860 – Budapest, died on 26 September 1939. Hungarian elec-trical engineer, co-inventor of modern electric power trans-former, voltage stabilizer, AC watt-hour meter, high efficiency turbo-generator, and a few others. He also invented the very term “transformer.” He attended schools in Tata and in Vienna graduating in 1882 with diploma in machinery. He first experi-mented while working at Ganz Works in 1883. In 1885 the

model of alternating-current power transformer was in-vented by three Hungarian engineers: Zipernowsky Károly, Bláthy Ottó, and Déri Miksa. The invention also known by the initials of their names “ZBD transformer.” It was pre-sented first in the Budapest National Exhibition in 1885. He learnt electrotechnology on his own. Using the Maxwell

equations he in-vented a practical approach of sizing magnetic coils which he used in his calculations for an electrical transformer. He was the first to ex-amine on the heat

dissipation problems of the electric motors.

One of his power transformer was installed in Rome in Oc-tober 1886. The ZBD team also built a power plant with six water turbines and 5000 V working in parallel with the old steam engine generators. The first time in history to connect two power plants with high voltage. [192, including the image]

BLONDEL, André-Eugène August 28, 1863 - November 15, 1938. A French engineer and physicist, inventor of the electrome-chanical oscillograph, an instrument to record instantaneous values of power quantities. He also devised a system of pho-

tometric units of measurement. Pro-fessor of electrotechnology. He was born in Chaumont, Haute-Marne, France. His father was a magistrate from an old family. He was the best student from the town in his year. He went on to attended the École Natio-nale des Ponts et Chaussées (School of Bridges and Roadways) and grad-uated first in his class in 1888.

He was employed as an engineer by the Lighthouses and Beacons

Service until he retired in 1927 as its general first class in-spector. Very early in his life he suffered immobility due to a paralysis of his legs, which confined him for 27 years, but he never stopped working.

His instruments won the grand prize at the St. Louis Expo-sition in 1904. They remained the best way to record high-speed electrical phenomena for more than 40 years when they were replaced by the cathode ray oscilloscope. They helped in a greater understanding of alternating current

In 1892, he published a study on the coupling of synchro-nous generators on a large AC electric grid. This analysis had also been done a little earlier by another electrical engi-neer, P. Boucherot,

In 1894 he proposed the lumen and other new measurement units for use in photometry, based on the meter and the Violle candle. In 1899, he published Empirical Theory of Synchronous Generators which contained the basic theory of the two armature reactions (direct and transverse). It was used extensively to explain the properties of salient-pole ac machines.

BLATHY, Otto T. (BB-2a)

ZBD team [203] (BB-2b)

BLONDEL, Andre (BB-3)

Anderson bridge bridge thyristor converter

100

Anderson bridge An alternating current bridge for measuring inductance. It is used for comparison of self-inductance with capacitance. A six-branch network in which an outer loop of four arms is formed by three non-reactive resistors and the unknown inductor, and an inner loop of three arms is formed by a capacitor and a fourth resistor in series with each other and in parallel with the arm that is opposite the unknown inductor, the detector being connected between the junction of the capacitor and the fourth resistor and that end of the unknown inductor that is separated from a terminal of the capacitor by only one resistor, while the source is connected to the other end of the unknown inductor and to the junction of the capac-itor with two resistors of the outer loop. Normally used for the comparison of self-inductance with capacitance. The balance is independent of frequency.[2/37] The bridge balance equation, is:

Figure FB-3 Anderson bridge [2/37]

R1R5 = R3R2 (B3-33)

𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅3 �𝑅𝑅4 �1 + 𝑅𝑅2𝑅𝑅1� + 𝑅𝑅2� (B4-33)

asymmetric bridge with external commutation "out" An asymmetric half-controlled bridge including a device to interrupt conduction before interruption occurs naturally, in order to improve the power factor. [180]

asymmetric half-controlled bridge A double-way connection in which half of the principal arms are con-trolled and are those arms having a common a.c. terminal, the delay angle of the controlled arms being equal. [180]

balanced bridge transition Bridge transition in which the difference between the currents in the motors and in the resistors is reduced to a minimum before the opening of the bridge connections. Utilized in electric power traction industry. [180]

bridge circuit A circuit of elements that is arranged such that when an electromotive force is present in one branch, the response of a detecting device in another branch can be zeroed by adjusting the electrical constants of the other branches. See also bridge limiter. [2/119]

bridge connection Double-way connection of pairs of arms (branches), the center terminal of which are the a.c. terminals and the outer terminals of like polarity con-nected together, are the d.c. terminals. [35/156]

bridge current The circulating control current in the comparison bridge. Bridge current equals the reference voltage divided by the reference resistor. Typical values are 1 ma and 10 ma, corresponding to control ratios of 1000 ohms per volt and 100 ohms per volt, respectively. [2/199] The reference is to the power source to the bridge instrument. It is the circulating control current in compar-ing elements of the bridge. [2/119] [ga]

bridge duplex system A duplex system based on the Wheatstone bridge principle in which a substantial neu-trality of the receiving apparatus to the sent currents is obtained by an impedance balance. Received currents pass through the receiving relay that is bridged between the points that are equipotential for the sent currents. [2/119]

bridge network, lattice network In circuit theory, it is two-terminal-pair network composed of four loop-con-nected branches, with each terminal pair formed by non-adjacent nodes. [180/131.13-27]

Figure FB-4 [180]

Bridge Network Lattice Network

Other forms of bridge network with resistor configura-tions are given below employing both dc and ac meters. [125/330, ga]

Figure FB-5 Bridge networks [125/330]

bridge rectifier circuit A full-wave rectifier with four rectifying elements connected as the arms of a bridge cir-cuit. [2/119]

bridge thyristor converter (double-way) A bridge thyristor converter where the current between each termi-nal of the alternating-voltage circuit and the thyristor con-verter circuit elements conductively connected to it flows in both directions. The terms single-way and double-way (bridge) provide a means for describing the effect of the thyristor converter circuit on current flow in the trans-former windings connected to the converter. Most thyris-tor converters may be classified into these two general

single-phase bridge Wheatsone bridge principle

105

single-phase bridge A double-way connection with single-phase input. Applied in rectifier schemes. [180]

symmetric half-controlled bridge A double-way connection in which half of the principal arms are con-trolled and are those arms having a common d.c. terminal, the delay angle of the controlled arms being equal. Ap-plied in traction power industry. [180] See also asymmetric half controlled bridge.

temperature compensated power bridge Power meter in which the power calibration is automatically compensated for environmental temperature changes. [35/73]

Thomson bridge An old version of Kelvin bridge. See Kelvin Bridge [2/599] [120/62]

three-phase bridge A double-way connection with three-phase input. Applied in rectifier schemes for electric traction. [180]

transformer bridge An instrument bridge for measur-ing impedance. It is sourced through alternating current. The instrument consists of at least two arms of tapped windings on a transformer, making use of the known ra-tios of the turns and which can therefore have fixed value standards. [35/73]

transformer ratio-arm bridge Used as a test equip- ment for performing power factor and dissipation factor tests on electric power system apparatus. A transformer ratio-arm bridge circuit is used as shown in the simplified diagram below. The circuit consists of a standard refer-ence capacitor (Cs) and the insulation under test (Cx). A special multi-winding transformer is the characteristic feature of the circuit. A voltage is applied to both Cs and

Figure FB-20 Transformer ratio arm bridge

[Reproduced from Internet web “Modules Direct Blog” 494] Cx. The ratio arms, Ns and Nx are adjusted to balance ca-pacitive current, and the variable resistor (Rs) is adjusted to balance resistive current. The null indicator is used to determine when the bridge circuit is balanced. The values of Ns and Nx are used to determine capacitance and the value of Rs correlates to power (dissipation) factor of the test insulation. [418, ga] [76/6.2.3.4.2]

transition bridge A method of changing the transition of motors from series to parallel in which all of the mo-tors carry like currents throughout the transfer due to the

Wheatstone bridge connection of motors and resistors. [2/120]

12-pulse bridge The dc terminals of two 6-pulse bridges with ac voltage sources phase displaced by 30° connected in series for 12-pulse operation. Utilized in high voltage direct current transmission system as 12-pulse converter. [17a/2749][ga]

unbalanced bridge A bridge where unequal resistors are used, where currents and voltage drops of each resis-tor to be determined based on known source current. [21/115]

Figure FB-21 Unbalanced resistance bridge [21/115] R2 RV – R1 RU =0 R2RV = R1RU RU = R 2 R V / R1

(B24-33) (B25-33) (B26-33) Wheatstone Bridge A laboratory instrument for meas-uring resistance with high accuracy. A four arm bridge, has three precision resistors of which one, is adjustable, the fourth resistor connected to the bridge is subject for measurement.[127/331, 2/1278]

Wheatstone bridge principal A substantial neutral-ity of the receiving apparatus to the sent currents is ob-tained by an impedance balance. [2/119]

Figure FB-22 Wheatstone bridge [127/331]

bucket burden

106

Wein bridge oscillator An oscillator whose fre-quency of oscillation is controlled by a Wein bridge. See also oscillatory circuit. [2/1280]

Wein capacitance bridge A four-arm alternating-current bridge characterized by having in two adjacent arms capacitors respectively in series and in parallel with resistors, while the other two arms are normally non-re-active resistors. Normally used for the measurement of capacitance in terms of resistance and frequency. The bal-ance depends upon frequency, but from the balance con-ditions the capacitance of either or both capacitors can be computed from the resistances of all four arms and the frequency. [2/1280]

𝐶𝐶3𝐶𝐶4

= 𝑅𝑅2𝑅𝑅1− 𝑅𝑅4

𝑅𝑅3 (B27-33) C3 C4 = 1

𝜔𝜔2𝑅𝑅3𝑅𝑅4 (B28-33)

𝝎𝝎 - angular velocity in radian per second = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

Figure FB-23 Wein capacitance bridge

Wein inductance bridge A 4-arm alternating-current bridge characterized by having in two adjacent arms in-ductors respectively in series and in parallel with resis-tors, while the other two arms are normally non-reactive resistors. Normally used for the measurement of induct-ance in terms of resistance and frequency. The balance depends upon frequency, but from the balance conditions the inductances of either or both inductors can be com-puted from the resistances of the four arms and the fre-quency. [2/1280]

𝐿𝐿3𝐿𝐿4

= 𝑅𝑅1(𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿+ 𝑅𝑅3)𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 − 𝑅𝑅3𝑅𝑅4

(B29-33)

𝜔𝜔2𝐿𝐿3𝐿𝐿4 = 𝑅𝑅4(𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅3) − 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅2𝑅𝑅1

(B30-33)

𝜔𝜔 - angular velocity in radian per second = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 Figure FB-24 Wein inductance bridge

brightness (L) An attribute of light-source colors by which emitted light is ordered continuously from light to dark in correlation with its intensity. Luminance. [mwd] The term refers to the intensity of sensation resulting from viewing light sources and surfaces. This sensation is determined in part by the definitely measurable luminance defined above and in part by conditions of observation such as the state of adaptation of the eye. In general, the term used alone refers to both luminance and sensation. The context usually indi-cates which meaning is intended. [17/26-5][ga] • Attribute of a visual sensation when an area appears to emit more or less light. [180/845.02-28] [ga] See also main entries LUMINANCE; LIGHT, LIGHTING/ LIGHTING QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS, AND UNITS

brightness (of perceived aperture color) The attribute of area of color of finite size perceived to emit, transmit, or reflect a certain amount of light, no matter whether the light comes from a reflecting, transmitting, or self-luminous object. [189A/ 4.3.1.5.1][ga]

subjective brightness The subjective attribute of any light sen-sation giving rise to the percept of luminous magnitude, includ-ing the whole scale of qualities of being bright, dim, light, bril-liant, or dark. The term brightness is used when referring to the measurable luminance. While the context usually makes it clear as to which meaning is intended, the preferable term for the pho-tometric quantity is luminance, thus reserving the term bright-ness for the subjective sensation. 189/1-30][189A/5.9.10.1]

BROWNE, Sir Thomas (1605-1682) The English philosopher, physician and encyclopedic author, christened the birth of the word electricity in one of his works written in 1646 [ga, 192]

BRUSH Charles Francis (1849-1929) An American inventor.

a pioneer in the commercial

use of electric-ity, holding 50 patents on numerous improvements he made on dynamo and arc lamps used across the United States. In 1876 for Cleveland he de-signed his "dynamo" electrical genera-tor for powering arc lights. US pa-tented dynamo designed by Brush was superior by its simpler design and maintainability. In New York, he set up the central power plant dynamos, powered arc lamps for public light-ing. Beginning operation in December 1880 at 133 West Twenty-Fifth Street, it powered a 2 mile long circuit. Brush produced additional patents refining the design of his arc lights and sold systems to several cities for public lighting, equipped Philadelphia's Wanamaker's Grand Depot with his

BRUSH, Charles Fran-cis (BB-5)

BROWNE, Sir Thomas (BB-4)