Georgia and the American Experience

Chapter 8:The Civil War, A Nation

in Conflict

Study PresentationAdapted by Ms. Bray

Georgia and the American Experience

Section 1: The Road to WarSection 2: The War on the BattlefieldSection 3: Life for the Civil War SoldierSection 4: Life During the Civil War

Section 1: The Road to War • Essential Question

–What strategies were selected to win the Civil War?

Section 1: The Road to War • What words do I need to know?

–Conscription (drafted in army)

–blockade–blockade runner–King Cotton Diplomacy–strategy

The War Begins : Fort Sumter• April 10, 1861, Major General P.G.T. Beauregard leads Confederate

Forces during bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina

• Federal troops and laborers inside Fort Sumter surrender on April 13• Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia secede from the

Union• President Abraham Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to put down the

rebellion and protect Washington

Assembling Armies

• Most soldiers volunteered at first, but later men were conscripted (drafted to serve in the armies) (Tell 2 people what conscription means.)

• Some men received bounties (money) to sign up; some signed up, received the bounty, then deserted

• Poorer men sometimes accepted money to fight in place of wealthier men who didn’t want to serve

Resources: North and South

• North had more people from which to create and resupply armies

• North had more factories, better railroad system, and most of the nation’s farms and wealth

• South had more experienced military leaders, and were highly motivated to defend their familiar homeland to win independence

Pg. 258 How many states remained in the Union? How many seceded?

Blockade Strategy • Union blockaded all Southern ports to

prevent cotton exports and imports of weaponry from foreign countries

• Privately operated blockade runners successfully slipped past Union ships to ship goods to and from Europe during the war to the South.

• The Union Navy included many ironclads (armored ships)

• What was the purpose of a Union blockade of Southern ports?

• Point to the blockade.

• How important were blockade runners to the South?

Other Wartime Strategies• “Anaconda Plan”: To squeeze Confederacy to death by capturing the

Mississippi River and cutting off Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas ….basically splitting the South in half

• Capturing Richmond, the capital, might have ended the war early, but General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army prevented that for years

Late War Strategy • Destroy Confederate armies on the battlefield• Lay waste to the Southern land, so that civilians would call for an end

to the war• General William T. Sherman’s “Atlanta Campaign” (Burning of

Atlanta) and “March to the Sea” through Georgia was successful in the “lay waste to land” strategy (page 263)

Southern Strategies• Wear down the Union armies, which would

hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war• Use swift raiders to help break the Union

blockade• King Cotton Diplomacy: Temporarily stop

exports to England and France to inspire those nations to help break the Union blockade; France and England instead starting importing Egyptian cotton

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Pg. 263 Using your book and notes, answer these questions. Use the “call-a-friend” help if needed.

Section 2: The War on the Battlefield

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION–What were the major battles that took

place in Georgia?

Section 2: The War on the Battlefield

• What words do I need to know? –Chickamauga –Atlanta Campaign–Emancipation Proclamation

Freeing the Slaves• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation

on September 22, 1862• Document gave the Southern Confederacy a

choice: Quit the war and keep slavery alive or keep fighting and slaves would be forever free

• Deadline was January 1, 1863• The Confederate leaders continued the war

and the slaves were declared free by the United States government in 1863

• REMEMBER! • The Emancipation Proclamation did NOT

outlaw slavery…..it FREED current slaves. • The 13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

outlawed slavery. • KNOW THAT! Tell 2 people now!

• Pg. 267 - 268

The Fall of Fort Pulaski Pg. 268

• More than 100 battles or skirmishes in Georgia; 92 happened in 1864 during the Atlanta and Savannah campaigns

• First battle, April 10, 1862, was at all-brick Fort Pulaski, near Tybee Island

• Rifled cannon used by U.S. Army in warfare for the first time; the Confederates surrendered the fort in less than two days

• No brick American forts were built after this battle

The Battle of Chickamauga pg. 271 • September 1863• Just inside Georgia, seven miles south of

Chattanooga, Tennessee• Chattanooga was major railroad center• Union troops were driven back to Chattanooga;

Confederates did not follow-up on their victory• Union reinforcements later recaptured

Chattanooga • Indian meaning for Chickamaugais “River of Death.”

NORTH WON.

The Atlanta Campaign pg. 273

• Late Spring/Early Summer 1864: Sherman’s Union Army fought series of battles against Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate Army

• Confederates continued to retreat further southward into Georgia• June 1864: Sherman attacked Johnston at Kennesaw Mountain; Sherman

lost but continued toward Atlanta• July 1864: John Bell Hood replaced Johnston, battled Sherman, then

concentrated defenses in Atlanta

The Battle of Atlanta• Sherman surrounded the city and laid siege• Hood wanted to lure Sherman into the city to fight, but that didn’t

work• Fighting continued during July and August 1864• Hood and Atlanta’s citizens finally vacate the city on September 1• Sherman burns the city in mid-November then begins his march

toward Savannah and the sea

Battle of Atlanta

Battle of Atlanta

Sherman’s March to the Sea• Sherman’s Union army destroys

everything in its path, 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah

• A sixty mile-wide area is burned, destroyed, and ruined during a two-month period

• Estimated losses exceeded $100 million • Captured, but did not burn, Savannah in

December 1864• Loaded and shipped $28 million worth of

cotton, stored in Savannah, to the North

• The South lost 75% of its total wealth by the end of the Civil War.

The Civil War Ends pg. 274• January 13, 1865: Fort

Fisher in North Carolina captured;the last Confederate blockade-running port

• General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Virginia cannot defeat Union General U.S. Grant at Petersburg; he surrenders his army at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865

• Confederate President Jefferson Davis flees and is eventually captured in Irwinville, Georgia

Civil War Prisons• Both North and South had prisons for

captured soldiers; thousands of men on both sides died in these prisons

• Andersonville Prison, in southwest Georgia, was overcrowded, and offered poor food, contaminated water, and poor sanitation; 13,700 Union soldiers are buried there

• Captain Henry Wirtz, Andersonville Prison commander, was later hanged for “excessive cruelty”

• Andersonville is now home to the National Prisoner of War Museum

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Pg. 276. Using your book and notes, answer the following questions. You may use the “call-a-friend” strategy if needed.

Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION– What was life like for the common

soldiers of the Civil War?

Section 3: Life for the Civil War Soldier

• What words do I need to know?–Sutler wagon– rations –common soldier

The Civil War Soldier• Most were under the age of 21; over

250,000 were 16-years-old or younger

• Most came from lower socioeconomic groups; wanted to seek adventure or escape boredom of farm life

• Rations (very rigid portions of food) were generally better for Northern soldiers than Southern soldiers

• Sutler wagons followed troops, and sold soldiers a variety of goods and foods; their items were very expensive, however

Page 278…. Soldiers from both North and South had to

depend on food found in the woods or taken from farms. The term favored by the soldiers was “liberating” chickens, hogs, pies, and eggs. For soldiers with money, hunger pangs could be eased by a visit to the sutler wagons. Though not a part of the military, sutler wagons followed behind the troops and were packed with food, razors, writing papers and pens, sewing needles, and other goods.

Prices, especially those for food, were often double or triple the item’s normal cost. A dozen eggs, for example, could set the soldier back $6, which is expensive even by today’s standards but which was a small fortune to a soldier in Civil War days.

By far the most valuable item, particularly during the summer, was water. Many men on both sides of the battles were felled not by bullets or cannon fire, but by dehydration (lack of water).

Pictures of sutler wagons following soldiers in Civil War and setting up tents from the wagons to sell supplies to the soldiers.

Prices of goods were usually severely over-priced and intended to take advantage of the predicament a soldier was in (desperate need of food or supplies and

unable to attain the supplies any other way).

How do you feel about the sutler wagon drivers?

Uniforms and Supplies• In the early months of the war, troops

wore a variety of uniforms; sometimes armies were hard to tell apart

• The Confederate soldiers eventually wore gray pants or butternut-dyed homemade clothes

• Union soldiers wore blue uniforms, most mass produced in factories

Weaponry • Forty-inch barrel Springfield rifles replaced single-shot, muzzle-loading .54 caliber

rifles• Confederate soldiers often fought with foreign rifles, (why?) but when they

broke, they depended on rifles they could gather from the battlefield• Infantry on both sides carried long fighting blades

Refer to the hand-out called Civil War Firsts for a list of inventions created and put to use out of necessity during this era.

Camp Life• Boredom between battles was common• Men wrote and read letters, played practical jokes (find the practical joke on page 280),

played games, or sang • Many men whittled, carving items out of wood, bone, and other material• Games of baseball were common (Opposing troops would often meet up during a break in

the fighting to sing, play ball, and cook together and then resume fighting the next day.)

• Religious gatherings, including Bible and singing were popular

Black Soldiers pg. 282

• Some 178,985 enlisted men served in black regiments during the Civil War• The 54th Massachusetts, led by Col. Robert Shaw (a white officer) led an

assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina in 1863; the battle proved the value of black troops

• 3,500 black men from Georgia fought in the Union Army • The Confederate government in 1865 passed a law allowing black slaves to

fight in Southern armies; the war ended before a black regiment was organized

Latino Service

• Many immigrants from Spain and Latin America were recruited for the Union Army

• Admiral David Farragut, a Latino, became first U.S. Naval Admiral; he was a hero for capturing Mobile Bay and other ports

• Loreta Velazquez fought for the Confederacy (disguised as a man) and served as a Confederate spy

• Several states contributed entire Latino battalions

• Pg. 283

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Using your book, notes, and concept maps, answer the following questions. Don’t forget you can use the “call-a-friend” strategy if needed.

Ready……..set………..GO!Pg. 284

Section 4: Life During the Civil War

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION–What was life like for civilians during

the Civil War?

Section 4: Life During the Civil War

• What words do I need to know?–hardships–shortages–volunteers

Women in the Civil War• Food, items for clothes, and basic items were in short supply, especially in the South• Staples like flour, coffee, and sugar were very expensive or hard to acquire• Women tried to keep their families fed and sheltered despite the difficulties• Many fought disguised as men; others served as spies; many worked in factories• Female nurses were much valued• TURN TO PAGE 286 AND READ

THE BOTTOM PARAGRAPH

Women of Note

• Phoebe Pember of Savannah helped administer a division in a major Richmond hospital

• Captain Sally Tompkins ran a Southern military hospital

• Clara Barton, a Union nurse supervisor, later founded the American Red Cross

• Mary Boykin Chesnut of South Carolina left a prized written record of the wartime life

Answer the questions using your book, notes, concept map and personal knowledge. Use the “call-

a-friend” strategy if needed. Pg. 288

Children During the War• Most did chores at home to help their families or contribute to the

war effort• Children in the South had basically no public schools (due to school

supplies were needed for the war effort and school buildings were used for soldiers); wealthy families could continue with private tutoring

• Boys as young as 10 served in both armies; thousands of soldiers were between 14- and 16-years-old

• Page 288. Twelve-year-old drummer boy

William Black is considered to be the youngest

wounded soldier in the Civil War.

The Aftermath• 620,000 people died during the war;

about two-thirds died from diseases, wounds, or military prison hardships

• Healing of emotional wounds took far longer than the war itself

• The North or the South would never be the same again

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Pg. 289

Chapter Summary continued….

Pg. 289

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Next….

RECONSTRUCTION