UNIT 1Mining Education in Rassia

A. fiypsu' 1. Present, Past, Future Simple (lndefinite) gsx yfin' yrto be (6afix) to have (6afix)

2. Xyypxex eryyn6eprfix 6yreqi 3. 3nrufix ogoo 6a exrepceH rlar gaxs yfin yrrfin

xyBl4flan4. Epenxufi 6onon rycraft acyynryyg

Csdse A The First Mining School in Russia.

6. flypsuXyaaax acyynr

Csdse 6. Mining and Geologicat Higher Education inRussia.

B. Cedse B.

lflYP3M

1. Yin yr fo be (6aix), to have (6aix)

tn to be-euaH Present Simpl€ (lndefinite) aex x6ue baTnax xgno3D YrvucrSx x3flooo Acyyx xenoop

1 Aax3 Aaxu

lam (l'm)He is (he's)She is (she's)It te (it's) litsl

r aHtl Toolam (l'm) notHe is not (isn't)She is not (isn't)It is not (isn't)

Am l?ls he?ls she?ls it?

Onon roo1 gex2 gaxu3 aaxu

We are (we're)You are (you're)They are (thev're)

We are not (aren't)You are not (aren't)Thev are not (aren't

Are we?Are you?Are thev?

Togq xaonvnrYes, lam.Yes, he (she. lt) ls.Yes, we (you, they) are.

No, l'm not.No, he (she, it) isn't ('s not).No, we (you, they) aren't ('re not).

Yfin yr to be-ufx Past Simple (lndefinite) Aax f,nrim

Satnax xan6ep Acyyx xen6gp Yryficrsx xsn6eo

' 1*r"He, she, it J

We ''l

You l, *"r"They )

rl?was l

L he, she, it?

1we?Were.{ you?

Lr,eY

' ]was notHe, she, it J (wasn't)

We '1

You !, were notThey J (weren't)

Yfin yr to b*uhn Future Simple (lndefinite) I1sx err.rn

lshall/will ('ll) be

HelShe I will ('ll) beItJWe shall/will('11) beYou l

I'will('ll) beTheyJ

Shall/VVilllbe?

w { ll"}"ShallM/ill we be

r you'lwiil { l,oe

L tn"vJ

I shall/willnot(shan'tlwon't) beHe ')

She l,wittnotIt J (won't) beWe shalUwillnotYou 1

lwtttnotTheyJ (won't) be

6ycad yiln ye nt Future Simple-6 ylln ye to be-uiln (eepeepxen&sn shall, will.'ll+un$uuumueuilx) adun nneaedana. Will-uile ueadsx 6ued npuaHat xsneud (6yx 6ueO xspeenedse) myynud xypaaxeyilxsndep'll, shan;t (shall+not), wonl (will+not)-utx nsa adun xspsensns.

YIn yr to have-xftx Present, Past Future Simple (lndefinite)A3X f,nran

\,Hrh}lH oA(x)tta?

i,BfuuH eHropceHuar

uHru,rH ,lp9oAYlruar

I (we, you, they) have

He (she, it) has

I (we, you, they) 'l! trao

He (she, it) )

I (we) shall/will('ll) have

He (she, it, you, they)wllU'll have

Earnax xen6ao Aeyyx.xan6ao, Yrvficrsx xsn6eol/we/you/they haVe" ('ve) got (a e.ar, '

a dog. r,u)He/she/it has('s) got(a car;'a dog r.u)

Have l/we/you/they

Has.helshe/it got...?

We/you/they have not(haven't) got

He/she/it has not(has't) got(a car, a dog r.rvr)

- . . '.li:r :. j,

., fi q4aru11sAeu Fplri aam yy;aun6apr) :?3oMlu r,t x y.war ailr aap

Tailn1ap:' Nyeplrtr,tfr x drrrnr,r xsn6epr acyyx, yryfi crex xen6epHb rycfiax y: do-iefr 6a[na.

:

. Do l/we/you/thcy have...? We... doa,t have...Does he/she/it have,..? She... doesn't have...

I ;it:: i,:.: : ,, . l

I have got an interesting r Hadad opdarc unssp on6oparticle on open-cast mining.i t -nox coHuH.,eayynen 6ui

Yrylcrsx eryyn6epr reneonufi yr no-r oroHraa xoporneHo.

He has no texfbook ohgeology.

(He has not got any textbookon geology.)

Eoruno yryficrox xapry Hb cyn yr not-ux rycnauxrafiraap yycHo,

Have you got a map of Tand dyypeuiln sypae

Tyyiil deonoai,uilu (nuap !cypax 6uuue dartxeyfi

the region?No, I have not.

(l havent.)i

fiailna yy?Eailxeyil (nadad *adxeyrt)

:: ,.i ' ,

2. Xyypxex eryyn6epnix 6yrerlAnrnr xonauil xyypHex oryynbepr yruin xaryy,qoc AapaannHr

6apuuranua.

Axrnrfin xyypHax eryyn6op gex yruin Aoc Aapaa

0 I il ilt IV

l-{arrfiu6ailq

gryyner.

ASxYYH

orYY-XYYH .

TycarAqqyya Eafip ....qarui,tu

6aiqlrryyA6ye

rJryyA

a)

6) Today

a)

r) ln 1921

TheAcademy

ourlecturesThelibrariantheAcademy

Sives

)egin

,ave

rad

studentr

us

excellenteducation

books

well-equipped labor-atories.

in generaland specialsubjects.

rt 10.20 a.m

lwo days ago

3. 3xnrfix oAoo 6a eHrepceH qar Aaxbyf,n yruix Antan

Present Simple (lndefinite)

Earnax xsn6so Acyvx xon6oo Yrvficrox xon6solwork,HelShe I' works.itJWelYou l, wort.They J

Do lwork?

,*.{|i"}work?rwe 1

Do { rou fwo*rLtheyJ

I do not workHe 'tShe I ao"r not workIrJWe ')

You l,do not workThey J

Sarnax.xen6so Yrvficrex xen6ep

l-r" I *o,r"o.she IrtJwetYou fworkedTheyJ

,rtrwe 1

Did.{ you fwort<LtheyJ

i " I oio not *o.tShe frtJWe\You L did not workrhey J

Past,Sinple,(tndefi nite)

Epeuxr,ifi a-cyyirr yutabyyx yiyryR Oatrgar 6oreeg srr,rarr "ruilu"rouyy "yryfi"'regsr'x{pny'ud,apgana. Tspesp rycnax yftn yr ouyyxon6oo yfin yreep oxneHe.

-'ls Great Britain rich in, - Llx Epumauu ync 6aileanuiln

' rnineral resources? 6annaeaap 6ann yy?- Yes, it is. Tuilu

: : , .,.

. Can you speak English?' Ta anenuap apadae yy?

- N6, I cannot. 'YaYil (aPadaeaYil)

- Do you understand me? '' 9u uauaie oilneox 1ailna yy?- Yes, I do. (No,,l don't) : Oilneox dailna

- Did he work hard? - Tsp ux axunnacau yy?- Yes, he did - Tuilu

- Have yoU got'a b,rother? - 4aud ax 6uil ny?- Yes, I have. : ' -'Tuilu (6ui)

. ..:.t , :, 1.. : :

Epenxuil acwnmbn xapuy ua eondyy moeq 6addae. Xapuyutr

'moaq xsnlsp ndyei loMW no esdse yec, soxux meneeuud yessp

unepxuil ncen eeyyneadixyyu,' mycha*' (uodana) yil n yessc 6ypds u s.

Xuwee ra: Yes, I am. tto, he isnt Yes. they did esx Msm

Epexxrfi acyylrr gaxu yrnfin Aoc Aapaa

Tycnaryiln yr

OryynerA9XYYH

Yr.at YnrYr loMyyerYYns-xyyuufix3c3r

Oryyn6eprln xo6pgy-raao osorufiH rlturwn

ToBrlxaphynT

>'>rdFxoq&8Cs.;'EF.

TycarAaxyyH

5afiq

Does

doesn't.Did

Was

Have

Can

he

theengineershe

you

he

read

learn

a goodpupit?(sot)

speak

English

aforeign

many

artlcles?

language

friends

English

atrchool

here?

well?

Yes, he does.No, he

Yes, he did.No, he didn't,Yes, she was.No, she wasn't.Yes, I have.No, I haven't.Yes, he canNo, he can't.

Epenxuil acyynm yycsx yeudu yiln aadnun dec dapaannate aeuy3be. 3rc acyynm Hb eMaem eeyynsxyyu) xauaapdae yuup eeyyn1epdex eeyynsxyynuie epx onoxooc oxrrox xepsemsil, Oeyynsxyyuuilwuuxuile mycnax pMyy Modanb yiln ye (ans iypufrx xsndspmeil tohave, to be 6anon can, m.!st, shall, will ) sspee unspxuilnus. Allour students can speak English esdse eayyndspssc aeyyrcxyyH -can +- uu$uuumua speak (cyn ye to-ey|)-uile awapxaH onx 6onuo,Odoo "Epeuxuil acyynm daxt yecuilx dsc &apaanat' xycusemee aeuysae. Acyinmaud mycnax yiln ye Hb eeyyfisedexyyHuilxee oMHe1aleaa 1eeeed xapuH yndcen yiln yeuilu uHQuHumua Hbeeyynsedsxyynudxse dapaa dailpnaua. Tuiruxyy msduufia dyxA nafiafrpnadae eeyynexyyH Hb mycaaapnaHa. O0oo eewn1spge iltuaa.

Can all our students speak English?1ue na see xapuynm 6onso.Odoo doop oop Hs? eayyndep aeq ysbe: Ihese sciea tists wrote

the first textbook for geology sfudenfs. 9xe eeyyndspm mycnaxyfrn ye 6adxeyil dailna. Tseexdee eeyynexyynuile aax op)K onox ee.Ta yacuiln dsc dapaaeaa epeex( caHaHa yy.

Oeyyndep nu 6ynse eeyynexyyHeec (eepeep xenieneayynsedsxyyu 6onon myyuuil modomeonooc) exnsx 5cmoil 6eaeed

't0

erc moxubndond these scienfisfs-u ilx apd e?yynexyyH wrote gunye to write-uilu euaepceu 4aeuilu xen6ip) oprb. eilnuil acyynmeapeaxHH mynd mycnax yiln ye HIM)K xopoenex 6cmod.

Oxs ry.q\uo4pond Present, Past Simpte-d yiln ye do, does-did-uile xsps2nerts. Xapun sdeespsec anuile ua coueox ae6an soxuxes esdse acyydan eapHa. 1ud nynu erune did-ap coHeox dcmoil.Yuup nt geyyn1spqilH eeyyrcxyyH na past Simplei 1aieaa leeeedyndcsi y_{n ye xa'eeyynsbdexyyuuilxss Oapaa yudcsu xenlspsepss(unsuximuad) 1ailpnaaa. Tseeen maHbt acyynm f,Map co*coedoxuu ae? 3ee acyynm na: Dld these scientists write(l) the firsttextbook.,r . eex,l4em xsn1spmsil 1ailna. Odoo mauarc dapaaxeeyyn6epm see acyynm maeilK qadua 6adx esx naildax 6ailna.

Our teqgher gpeaks English at the lessons.3ee pagdcan acwnm na doopx fiaildanmail dyyndaua.Does our teacher speak (!) English at the lessons?

Tyceafi acwnm na eeyyn1epuiln nuap nee euwyyud xamapdae(Xapuu eeyynsxyynd xauap1aeeyil) 1eeeed acyyx ye pMyy ocffinacyyx meneenuil yemsil rcuyy daileap yzmert 6ynee yessp exnoHs.)Kuweendsn:

wherewhenwho(m)whatwhich

what kind of...whosehowhow many (how much)why

xaana? xaawaa?xe399xsu? xeuuile? xsud?ny? antap?flMap, xgpeecoH20Hoamap?xsnuil?euap?xsdeu?aaeaad?

Tycaail acyynm Hb flMaem usOssnnsmeil 6ypsu xapuywaapdaxa.

Oayyiiiidsxvtin ryuyy modopxolinonmod xauaapax acyynmandyeuiln wyyd dapaanan xadzanaedax 6a myanax yiln ya do, does, did-ae xepsensxeyl.

't1

,ITUryYrcXYYHacyyx Yr

YHncoH Yt4fl

Yr

orYynooplil4Hxo6pAyraap3oprufiH rrUYYA

AcyyflrbrHxapIy

vvnoXexWhose bookXsxufi xouWhoXsx

worK(s)axrulflax 6aitnais

speaksnpux 6afixa

aI Ine mrne,yypxailg?on the table?ult,tpeoH Assp?English here?Axrnuap

I ne mlners oo.YypxaivugMine.MunnfiI do..6uJane does.

flxefix

Oeyyn6epufrn 6ycad euwYYded xawaapax acyynmaud acyyxyeuiln apd mycnax yiln ye opox 6a dapaa rc eeyynsedsxyyu, yudcsnyiln ya (cyn ye to-ey(t unQuuumueau xsn1epmeil) eeyyn6spuituxo*pdyeaap sspeuilu auwyyd opxo. Xuweoe aHxaapanmail cydna.

acyyrrraHAxaMaapax

yin yr(rn$unu-

xo6pgyraapaeprnix

Tycaedaxyyn

Tycaadaxyynatm&pxolircnm

Tycazilaxyynutttfupxoilanm

llaaulin 6ailu

Eailpnanun6ailq

kind of |ob

ilKItblz

When

does

does

does

themanager

themanager

the mine

Wpxail

you

.luyou

ma Hap

ayilqsm-eex 6ailuaproduce?

yindesp-x dailxa?

xyilatrtauaeae

everymorning?eanee 6yp yyevery day?

tnthe morniqg?eaneeayyp?the miningequipmenf?sxg 6on

yypraflnmoxoenon

edep6vp w?

cSABnr4H eMHeX IACrAII1. ffapaax yiyyduile dyyndaxyilq yau

[a] -'active, a'cademy,'rapid,'national,'contact, es'tablish[a] -'country, re'publie,'number, con'struction, in'dustrial{{ +'college, lolume, 'foreign, 'problem, 'prospecting

[::l I'or€, transtorm, im'portant, la'boratory, 'call 'for[a:] :-'work,'wo*s,'worker, lournal, re'search,'metallurgy[kwl -:'quality,'qualffied,,qualifi'cationtkl - technlcal, me'chanical, techno'logical,,mechani'zationI [ar] 7'minin$, 'popularize, ,scien'tific, pro'vide, 'library

2. flapaax ye 6onon xuilnuen yecuilz dompoo 1 -2 ydaa ynw.Plapaa ua.dyyndaryilq yHut xi moemooxue xuttso,app€ar [a'pial u eapq upsx; Mem

6onoxi azl disappear aneaoonox

bed [bed] n Oaexapea, nnacm,Ye, cyypuHbt qynyyflaei synl_ayer, seam; bedded -aoaexapeHH

call for ['b:l 'f::] v waapdax;syr demand, require

carry out ['kari 'autl v xudx(wuncrcuaeee, mypwuam);ouenwnex (meaeeteeeem);swceen; syn conduct, make

colliery - ['krljagil qynyyHHVVDCHUU WDXAU

conbb'ntrati<iri' (dressing) plant[plo:nt] 6anxyynax QadputcoafrN(wnax mexeepemr

department [di'po.:tmant] ncanoap, - (Da,Vnbmem,meHxuv: syr faculty

direct [di'rekt] v ydupda4;quenwngx; apxnox; a wwQnapuiln; directly adv wyyd,saunweYu

education [,edju(:)'kei(fln] noanoecpgn;- aeerr/pen; got aneoucauon @noecpon onox

estgrbfish [is'teblifl v _ytldscnsx,oauzwflax, YYcegH oaueyynax;syn found, set ap

ferrous ['ferasl metals xaluemani (non'-ferrous metal'seHeem Memann

iron ['aian] n metulep; pig ironwupaM; -cast rron wup?M,wupngH 30n9Il

openJcast mines un on6opnonmore [r:(r[ n rydsp; iron. ore

meMpuuH \Yoep; ore mtnrngnlopuuH opobtH awuenanm

process ['prouses] v awuenax;syn work, treat; 'processlng-nawuzlranm, epocuuHxyeaapunanm

rapid ['rapidl a mypeeu, xypdanresearch [ri'sa::tJ] n spdeu

wufirurcggtechnique [tek'n[kt n mexHuK,

awa, m€)xHuKau,! apea oapun;mrnrng tecnnaque wnb,HmexHuK, wnHH axun gpxnsxapaa

train [treinl v cyp-eax, 6sndsx(nnap flee pnsud); training['treini g] qpeanm; 6snmesnm

to be in need of eaquedaxto take part ln oponlox1 dacean xuilxg} HoMuH suec dex xaecpanm*a awuenaHa

13

3. a) -al daeaeapmail minrd"e yeyyduie opqwn:

educational, lechnical;: geolog-ical, chernical

6l ftneacan Hep:Yeate:YYcas,l msndez Y$sp xoocon saile6ezne:

1;'Russian'higher schools give tfre yourig people an all-roundeducation. The nurnber: of hlghei .,. institutions increased gr:eatly.

2. Chemistry is an irnportanl branch of the national economy.The ... industry produces plastics, synthetic materials and otherproducts..' r'

3.' The studehts ipe'aiafileliri'[e:alogy'at ffre :., institutes.4. The scibntistsrof ttie tloscuiv Minin$'Academy iarried but

research' and,'developed"' rnini ng,,tea hn iq u e.' They, popul a:rized .. .

achievements among miners.

:

4. ffapaax Httillwen yzuile yHwwt( opqyyn:

highereducation , | : :

educational institutionsbe(ded deposits ," ' .''. ,.'scientific researchr institutes,:f'abtorfes for p-rocessing

ferrous and non-ferrous,',rnetals .,'

',.' ,. : l

to direct scientific researchscientificresearch,'.''' , ','i l,',. '

-l-i,il'

the ore mining industrygeological prospectingcolli.eries and open-cast

.mtnes.to work on important'mining

problemsto call for the establishment

of new educational. ,,,,: ,instifutiois ,, l

5. flneacax,yeci uili'yme ar,a midel|pufr x 3oxux Mo He onya cu fr n nzeyypmail mecmsil 6ail dn aap Hb' Erodopxo&n :

' The; Mogcgw Minipg'Academy;,:technical,education; highlyq ualified. special ists;. gieotoglc'al' prospdcting ; the promi nentgeologist and oil expert; well-equipped laboratories anddemons!$ion roornst Russian,and,foreign scientific books and

iouinals; cfose contac-ts wjth the coal€nd orO'mining'induttries; toiake an active part in the construction of hew industiial enterprises;

to organize new institutes; to popularize technical achievements

6. A csdeuile ynw. Opocbtu yyaplx Axadeuu&ln yxdcen dsepQpocmsnap AaaA c,fip"iwnb flailerynaadcanb,2 epb:-

14

cefl3B A

The Firpj ftlining Schoot in Russia

The Moscorirr Mining Academy was establishedl in 1g1g. Themain.task of t\e Academy was to train mining engineers andIechnrcians, to popularize technological achievements among miners,tg ry9rk

on important problems'of mining and rnetalturgicat "niinr"ringand to direct scientific research

There were three departments in the Academy2: mining,geological prospecting and metalrurgy. The Moscow Mining Academyintroduced a new course in coar mining mecihanization, whiih providedthe basis forthe development of mining engineering. The two scientistsA.M. Terpigorev and M.M. protodyakonov wrote the first textbook onmachinery for mining bedded deposits.

Much credit for the estabrishrnent of the Moscow Mining Academyand the development of co-operation among outstanding scientistsand educators is due to3 Academician l.M-. Gubkin, a prominentgeologist and oil expert.

ln 1925 the Moscow Mining Academy was one of the best-knowneducational institutions in Russia. lt had well-equipped laboratories,demonstration rooms and a library which had many voiumes of Russianand foreign scientific books and journats.

The Academy estabtished dose contacts with the coar and oremining indlstries. The scientists carried out scienfific research andworked on important mining problems.

The rapid growth of the mining industry cailed for the training ofmore highly-qualified specialists and the establishment of neweducational institutions.

New collieries and opencast mines, concentration plants,metallurgical works and metal-working factories for processing non-fenous and ferous metals appeared in the country. The peopt-e tootan active part in the construction of new industrial enterpiises.

The Academy alone courd not cope with the probrem of trainingspecialists. ln 1930 the Moscow Mining Academy was transformed4into six independent institutes. Among the new ctfleges which grewout.of-the Academy's departments were the Moscow-Mining lnstltuteand the Moscow lnstitute of Geological pro-specting. Later, thescientific research lnstitute of Mining appeared near Moscow.

15

C3A3BT XAMAAPAX TO[OPXOl4rlOrlrlwas established - yndecnsedxes (udsexxeyd xee, qaawud

maapandaua) established elose contacts -:- HFem xonioomoemooK99

2 There were three departments ib the Academy - AxadeuudeypeaH $axynamem 6aile

<there + yiln yr to ber,,{odoo,'isuaepceH, upssdyil qaem) rcu

6ytoy 6ue xynui,myxailn sailpaHdaa'flafreaa myxail uedsensxxspsemsil 1onoxod xopseneHs. Tuilu'opesnm msil eeyyn 1spyydu il xapqyynebe 1ailpnanan 6ailt1aac na (Axadeau'daxa) sxsnceu ua desp

6onoxae auxaap. Unit 4-d modopxoil eeyynee.3 Mnch credit..' ls due - ux eaebna Hb ....: xaMaapHaa was transformed - eepuneldxss (mailndap 1-u1e ys)

l.;

,: flACl-iAfl ,

1. There were four departments in the Academy., , 2..The'Academy,intr,oduced. 6rhow CoufSe in coal mining

mechanization.,, ' 3., ln 1925 the,.'Academy had"iinl$'' several' well-equipped

laboratories, demonstration' roorns and'ar library which had manyvolumes of books. :

4 The Acadenry established close contacts with the coal industry.

5. ln 1930 the Academy was'hansformed into six independentinstitutes.

6. The,Moscow Mining lnstitute'and the Moscow lnstitute ofGeological Prospecting were among the new.colleges which grew out

of the Academyls departmotrts.,': ]' -'.' 1"

, 8.filapaax.acyynfiraud rapayn:' " '

, 1. What was the inain task of the.Academy?2. What new, course' did the',Academy introd uce?

3. Were there three,or four departments at the Academy?4. What industriesrdid the Academy establish contacts with?

5. Whowrote the first textbook on machinery for mining bedded

deposits?6. Why was the Academy transforrned into six independent

16

rrstitutes?,.7. Why was the Academy transformed?

9. A xeceuilu yiln yzsnd moxupox nsp yeuile coHeox( ae.Tsaesd nuilnm#t W* opLtyyfl .

,A,5.1. to carry gut a) new courses2. to direcl, ' 6) laboratories3. to prospect for s) experiments4. to introduce r) research5. to equip A) contacts6. to establish e) new deposits

10. a) ffapaax Hurtnmon yeeud dydqex uoneon yeuile 6apyynmanuH 6aeauaac on.

1. mining equipment a) *anxyynax ydndeep2. to carry out research 6) yynun uuxeuepuiln denmasn3. new course in a) ne$muiln xaileyyn4. to direct scientific r) eneom Memannam donoecpyynanm

activity5. to take an active part in A) mexHuKudu 6onoecpon6. prospecting for oil e) wuns (xuussnuiu) xypc7. bedded deposit x) u1sexmeil oponqox8. concentration plant s) cydaneaa froyynax9. technical education u) neyynax (tuenyynsx), opdMurtH

(wuuxunessnurt) yiln axunnaeaa10. processing of non-ferrous x) yynam moHoe mexoepewK

metals11. the training of geologist n) nsa daexap opd

and mining engineers'l 2. concentration plant

5l Moneon uurtnugn yemsil dyiltqox aH?nu yeuile ayynmaflbrH daeauaae on.

11.l4nyy uufrmnee ymeamail ye,oMW yacuie se*ae lypsecon.

engineer, chemist, geologist, specialist, economist

17

coal, minefial'r€6ffirc8s, oil,iut, gus,,fffirs Goil industry, gas industry, extractive inerskythe sun, atom, gas, energy source, coal, oil

12. ffapaax yeHeec eayyndsp soxuo

1. traditions, our, interesting, has, university, many2. an, plays, of, role, people, life, the, music, important, in3. this, did, the university, why, enter, you?4. sport, is, what, favourite, your?

13. a) Yiln ye to be-uilu Future Simple (lndefinite)-uilnxendepufie daem. to read, to stay, to watch television, FutureSimpl*e anea

6) Tycnax yiln ye shalllwill ,abryy shan'tlwon't, 'll-Hexepeemsil ea3apm Hb maeb

1. What do you think life ... be like in the twenty-firsUcentury? 2.L..n't stay long here. 3. I think I ... watch television tonight. 4. Just aminute. I think I ... buy a newspaper. 5. ln the next century people ...fly to other planets. 6. - I hope they ... be happy here. - l'm afraidthey ...n't. 7. ... you help me with my tuggage? 8. ln January theweather.... be colder. 9. We ... be back from England in August, tthink. 10. We ...n't be there for ever.

14. a) Xapuy ut dapaax ezyyndsp 6ottox acrynmbe 3oxuo

1. Yes, they did. (The scientists carried out research in the fieldof geology and mining.)

2. No, there were not. (There were only a few higher miningschools in the country.)

3. No, it did not. (The Academy established close contacts withthe coal and ore mining industries.)

4. Yes, they did. (They took an active part in the development ofheavy industry.)

6) Acyynmb,H xapuye yuw. flapaa xa eeyyndsp dypurtaoxsud aoxux acwnmbrn W (what, who, why, where, when, which,how, how long, how old).uila maet

18

l- -.- does the economy of.the . .on its fuet and energycountry depend on? resources.

L -.. are there larle fuel and ln the eastern areas.energy complexes?

3- -.. discovered new deposits Geologists did.d brown coal?

{- -.. does the engineer get to By air.the capital?

$. -i. do you travel so much? I like travelling.6. ... did he stay in Great Britain? Several months.7. ... is your brother? Twenty-one (years old).

15. A cedeesc eewnexryH Hb eHeuilH'etftzopcei ,lleuilu(rhe past tndefinite tiiiitii r"i"ii iioip iii ian'i""rpulspxuiineedcou eeyyndopuila on. Tsdeospte doopx xuweeuuddunaap 6uu.

)l(uwss Hb: were - to be; trained - to train.

16. a) ffapaax csdeuile yHw. Oeyyn1ep |ypoaceeyyneedaxyyH-eeyynexyynuil 6yneuile on. Yiln ye-ewnsxyyHuil qaeuilu xen6e pude modopxodn.

When Mikhail Lomonosov came to Moscow he gained admissionb the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy. He made rapid progress. Thenhe entered th'e Academy of Sciences. His abilities and diligencedfacted the attention of the professors and.as one of the three beststudents he continued his education abroad. There he studiedcfiemistry, mathematics, metallurgy and mining. On his return to Russiahe became a professor and a member of the Academy of Sciences.

For versatility Lomonosov has no equal in Russian science. Manyd his ideas and discoveries won recognition only in the nineteenthcentury. For instance, he was the first who discovered the vegetationorigin of coal, and as a poet and scientist he played a great role in theformation of the Russian literary language.

His living memorial is the Moscow University, which he foundedin 1755.

6) Ilououocoab,H myxad csdeem xanaapax 5 eponxuil, 5myceail acwnmue 3oxuo. Cedese uoraonqun.

11. flapax xuiinusn yeufra awuenax eeyynlopuile opqwn.there appeared; to establish close contacts witlrfto carry outresearch; to train engineers and technicians; to call for specialists

19

1. Mocxaaeuilu yyn yypxailn axadeuu Hb yynuH 6onoume ue pneeu il a y A ndes pu il n u H xe H e p, m e xn u xyyduile 6sndxas.

2. epdsumed Hb aeonoeu, yyn H H aKun, meuepneeuiiu can6apmspdeu wufitunellHuil axun newnxge.

3. Axadeuu na uyypcuuil caia easap, axyfindespuilu easpyydmailxaem xon1oo moemoox@o.

4. Ync opou daxa yrtndaspuilu mYpaeH xeaxun na en0epMlpzg),unmsil uepeexunmen dsnmasxuila waapdae.

5. Ync opoxd wuHe myceail cypayynuyd 6uE 6orce'

18. llapaax eeyynlepyydmsil cauan xuilnaxayil fiailaaaeaaunepxurtnx cedoe dex 6apuumbra awuenax candqaa 6amna.Cauan doneox 6yil apuaxar xon6spuila auuena.

t don't think so; on the contrary; to my mind; in my opinion; as

far as I know; as is known; in fact

1. The task of the Moscow Mining Academy was to train miningto*?TfiifJ;demy

established contacts with representatives of all

branches of industries.3. There were five departments in the Academy.4. There were only Russian books in the library of theAcademy:5. The rapid growth of the mining industry led to the establishment

of new higher schools.6, These scientists wrote the first textbook on macfiinery.7. There were only a few higher educatlonal establishments which

trained geologists and mining erlgineers.8. New colliedes and open-cast mines appeared in different parts

of the country

19. a) Xaanman daxu yiln YauilH xspsemsfl xonfiapuiiacoHeo.

My name (ig was, am) Victor Sedov. I (is, am, was) seventeenyears old. I (,s, was, am) a firct-year student of tfre mining college.Our college (is, arc, was) in the centre of the town.

I (have, has, had) a lot of friends at the college. After ths course

of studies we (sha/I, will, aqe) going to become mlnlqg engineers.My grandfather (werc, was, willbe) a mining €nginqer too. He

(was, htad, is, have) a student of the Moscor Minirg Academy many

years ago. lt (had, was, were) one of the best-known educationalinstitutions in the Soviet Union. lt (has, had, is) well-equippedlaboratoriei and a library with many volumes oJ'Ruisian and'foreignbooks and journals on geology and mining.

6l ','a'-' xgcee dsx ye, unepxuilnnuile awuenax eepuiluxeomyxail 1pi:', ,

'' . ,,'

t 20,','AHdmafreia MocxeadufrH yynibtH axadeuuilx myxail

eput.1..Teyd nuap $arynumem 6aiicau, epOem wuuxuneeexuilaxrun xgpxgr xoa,rtoe4 ync opor daxa yyncu ilNnbtH xeexundaxadeuuiiu a,a xon1oedon sMap 6ono*ae acyy. Xuueenuiluudaexmeii_ agyyx yec, MoH myyHqneH 20-p xilydcan daxa f,pua*btxen6epuilie auuena.

D

RYP3M3aarnax acyynr

OryynerASxYYH

XwpHax erwn6soToav acyynr

OryynexyynOryyn6epuilnxo6pgyraap

scnrufiH n lr\NLrThisYouSheYouYouTheyHeYouLife

*tl is a good idea,E are Mr. Smith,E has gotE haven'tEtit<eI don't understandTlspeaksI didn't seeE will be very different

a new car,any brothers,her,us,English,him yesterday,in a hundredyears'time,

-:J isn't it?tr aren't you?f hasn't she?E have you?tr dont you?E do they?f doesn't he?E did you?

:l won't it?

-Xycusemsd ysyyncsu saaenax acyynm ua 6amnax rcMyy

yzylcax eeyyn1sp, eeyyn1epmeiless adun eayyneeOsxyyu, (n uaemmeneeuuil ye 6ondoz), mycnax yiln yeussc 6ypdsne.

- Xspse yeyilcesx eeyyn1sp 1ailean mosq acyynm ua 6amnaxdaildae 6a xapun eeyyn1sp na 1amnax 6on moeq acyynm ua yeyilcesn

21

6ondoa. (xycneem dex El 6a Gmeudeuile ys)

Toeu acyynm Hb MoHeonoop eondyy "murtM yy", 'yuoH YY" ?eK

optyynaedaua. Xycusem dsx cyynuuitn eeyynispuilz "Auadpan 100

xunudn dapaa odoouatxmofi aduneyil 6onuo. Yneu yy?' (XYcusem

dsx yndcen x.ttilese 6ue daax opuyyn)

Saaenax acwnmbz tlssx npuaud epeeH xspsensHe. Acyynmanymea Hb acyynmHH xsceuile nax dyydaxaac xaMaapq eepweedene.

krpo npuaHl dyy uaneapt 1ailean mep Hb "muAM" esx nuyy "eyil'

eedsa xapuy waapddae eondyy epenxuil acyynm fiaildae 6a eailxcax,

coHupxcoH aspee eneemefr fiaildae

- You haven't seen your -Taeneedepdapeaaxapaaayilmanager todaY, 'thave You? nY, Yuex YY?

(=Have you seen Yourmanager?)No, I am afraid not. - Xapaaeyil ss

Xspee dyynu eHee HaMcax dadeaa 6on npux 6yil smaesd

*amnax lyildaa umesnmsil 1aildae 6a apun4aeqaacaa YYHee

damnaxae xycdse.

- You are free tonight,

I aren't you?

- Yes, I am.

- Ta qunt eneedep oPoil taemail6ue ilse?

- Tuilu es

ceABllfiH sMllsxAACrA,l

21, a) flapaax Yeuile dYYnaryilq Yxw.

[a] -'graduate,'value,'language.'practical

hl -'H[!,iLstudy,'other, thus, us,,under'graduate, industrial.

[ar]- de'sign, d.q'sigr.rgr, mine, 'mining, 'science, ]ry'draulic,pro'vroe, Kno, nqner

ffl -'physical,'physics, phone

Ikl - .gp'ctr.anical,'chemist,'chemistry, mo'chanics, tech'rrclogy,

[fl - ma'chine, ma'chlnery, shape, 'specialist

22

6l flapaax yeuile yHwu]r( dyyilnaeue Hb moemoo

know [nou]: knowledge ['n:lidS]specialize ['s pqJalai z] * speciali2ation [,s peJa I ai' ze ifn]require [ri'kwaia]'--lsquirement [ri'kwaiamant]introduce [, i ntra'dj u : s] - introduction [, intra' dnkJ(a)n]

' 22, flapaax vzc 6onoH xon6oo'yecuile dompoo 1-2 ydaa

WutL dapaa us dyyndaxyiqyHwur( msdeeepuile moemooxbexaqeg.change ttfeindS] v eepqnex meeceex; ['gr-qedjult] n }esd

(eepgneedex), conux cypewnb meeceeceH xYH;(conuedox); syn. transform,alter; n' aepenenm, xyabcan,oepqnex

composition [,hmpa'zeJ(a)n] n6ymsq, dypendexyyu

connect [ka'nekt] v xon1ox(xon6oedox); syn combine,link

deat tdi:ll (dealt) v (with)axunmail 6ailx, aeu yeex

demand [di 'ma:nd] n sd..eild.3pgnm

design [di'zain] n mecen;meneefieeee, sypae; xudtl; vmecafi . 3oxuox, mefloanox,soxttoH dymssx

determine [di'ta:min] vmodopxoilnox, moemoox

engineering [,end3l'niariq] nmexHuK; mexHonoeu;uauruHN yilndeep; syn.technics, technology;technique; machinery

enterprise ['entapraiz] ndaieyynnaea, aaxaanx

undergraduate (student)meecex KypcbtH oymaH;postgraduate (student)acnupaHm; graduation paperdunnouan axun

hardware ['ho:dwea] n annapamyp{annapaman), moHoerron,aflnapamuH x3p32c3n,mexHuKuuH xaHeaM)K

hydraulic' [hai'drr:llk] a_ tuu ueeuud.wuHeeHuu mexHuKuuH

introduction [,intra'dakf(a)n] nopwun, opyynea

management ['manidSmant] n

ydupdnaaa, eprutenmi syn.administration; direction

offer [':fa] v caHaa maeux( mycaox, al,cltbtH xyo o0) ;

propefi l'pnpati] n wuHxprotection [pra'etkJ(a)nl n

xaueaananm, xaMzaanax.range [reind3] n MW, xypeo,

xffiaaap, nuafla3oH, yinunexxYp99,3er#r9, cepu

recreation [,rekri'eif(a)n] naMpanm, xyl uadnue cspeogx,syeaa4ax

reveal [ri'vi:l] v Wyyne\, unpyyrcxrock [nk] n yyn*H.tynyynae

.shape [feip] r xen1spsoftware ['s:ftwea] n. nPozpaMMuH xaHeaMx,

npoepaMMbrH xspeec1n

23

environmentoPqHbt Oa0dan, opltuH

field ffi:ldl n Myx,axunnaeaaHH xYp33;xscea, opd; eaa.easap;basin, branch

graduate ['gradjueit] v moaceax(desd cypeyynuile); anep.anueaa dsed cypeyynuiie

YilNman,

syn-

skill [skil] n ypaH vadeap, uadaxskilled a uepeexunmed,mypwnaeamai, uadeapmad

survey ['sa:vei] n sypae, sypaeaeanm, uapxweildepbtH sypae;

[sa'vei] v uprweildt4pbtH toMyymonoepa$atu 3ypae xuilx,xaieyyn xuix; n surveyingsypae (aeanm) uapxweidepun

axuflthus [6ns] adv muhu nrcaapvalue ['veljuJ n ytfi LlsHe,

epme4 xa&)rfi; v YHgn3x,opxotunsx, y,aftox; valuablea ynsmeil

vUorkshop [wa:kJ:p] ndapxauu ea3ap, Uex,ceMuHap

to be of importance aq xondoedonmoi 6ailxto give an opportunity of donoux oneoxto meet the requirements waapdnaeae (xepse4ssxuil ymaue)

xaHe,ax. t-..

23. fneacax yecuiln ymebe Moueon,xenHurt 3oxux yeuiln$zyypmail mecmeil ffieyypaap Hb modopxoilt.

special institutes; Eeologists and mining engineers;mechanical and electrical engineers; social sciences; specializedsubjects; the type of specialization and qualification; theoreticalcourses; economic geology; struclural geology; to prospect forminerals; skilled engineering specialistg; mining operations; miningtechnology; hydraulic engineering; electrical engineering;industrial eleqtronics; mine machinery laboratories; controlsystems; rock mechanics; the use of computers; mineral dressing;mining research and its practical applicaiion; prospeding parties

24.6 csdeuilL ynwux doopx ayilrcuilx manaap eey)fnceleeytlndspuile ua on. a) aeonoeu $y cyilandaeurte q upeedyilxeoanoeuvud, yynam unxeuepyyd f,uapynilcstt syilnuhe cydnax6cmoil:

c3fl98 E

Mining and Geological Higher Education in Russia

ln Russia young people get mining education at special instituteswhich train geologists and mining engineers for coal and ore mining.The total number of students ofan institute includes full-time students,part{ime students and postgraduate students.

Russian higher educational establishments offer different

,Spffei diaaliff|CIdqll Shedr(,ddtdd,fu dbilte€eohgHdsnHtrs6sqnestudents speci al ize i n g eotqprumM#daffiEh$S#ufilsqlf$rufi t

ePdefDE T@l0fre6ei0otdHrethesEeirthfriFrfiit@lb$re et0dlij6fr rocks,gifilQFrphm Qd hod cbeilBiuiekrrdpeitiedesrc pmtns'rndrstr#tef geutogy

Btnrtapnmp4edHo6{6 ffig{heidE$sftg crseslenfi lfi€igHleGeology is both a theoretical and an applied sciencUfrtfihillg

geology is of great importance to the mining engineer, As a rule, mininggeology include$Etffind O$m(i}.s 6463

xehllqTrlspsouhhcdir{FRpBsiEhegbdqflEbv.An Q[rilsfl sry66{s thatgeology is the science of the Earth (*rlt$nor@$ffi{BwqhetE€Htr

xh* r,f*ape itscuoposilliEn €.[0$ ahH@bsoibl€tr0elps #ospectfor ores, coal. oil, salt and other useful minerals.

- Jn*- fjbnprgreis*nSma@s$hiu€ititieopeaa&mius,,lnttitAbs andxaeKF$tdcdeB6*rdddrrxrgedwrm&s$fHognffib'tnlt risbtthe requirements of the society. They offer courses in mlfilfutechnology, machinerpprsfrroaTport, hydraulic engineering,sldffih'balengineerii@-irdusttbl dtcmtrdnics, automathih, euneyffiryeob&sy,informatigfrlgclnolsy, etc* _

The main trend in the development of higfrermtni_ng-ad-ucalion istheintroduEii-offi 6rsF_l_ingqvironmenta!3rot"ctigo,manergenuent(environffi6iTaffiuffi 6louGs;, economici ano manigemeni otmini ng enterpriffiiqnlketir6tsstolies;\pnsrpufm*hh@i#fi(CAD ),and othersai*i:slee gninim rorlgirt el$eftrpns gnrilint

Computqgslom0nebgalbriof great importance. i[fi eisoonse aimsat providingatt&dguittlurdqrbtanding houe$ndbrdreanil-lhtdwaretechnol ogy $mhoc$uinb+*Sfiilems. ainsbuie ernil-hsq

Labor&irp.rwlb bi'rtruliniportant4rrb[rE t0ffififuSScqialists.Experi meqSdfuffituiffi dorkshops udm$tilmAtmr6eveloptheir prffiskilhlriHrcfl$drrc a short perio0of$effifidfrReto gainworking experimurc**r nsrnud alieoqsb lersnin't

The studeotw{pttottrylrepractical train@la8BtlngdpBl$ts andotQgr:*ndssff dror&pt'mrLithdy become famil$r{Dith{lsqnges ofproduction and evryeiffi&ihworker to ergli**Xt lFeihfffiey getpractical knowledge and experience necessary for their diploma(graduation) papers.

A lot of students beldh$I06frdents' scientific groups. They takepart in the research projects which their departments usually conduct.Pctgraduates carry out resrutr*rtdlffitgfielUoff*idfce andergineeringfi'si*ei:,Q r-:i noileeubs gninirn lsg sno nsr o'rsdW .l

Sport centres give the studqildoppolffitAaohd$Hy &fferent

sports such as tennis,.football, basketball, volleyball, swimming, skiing,water polo, boxing, wrestling and"others. ,

Students graduate from mining and geological higher schools asmiping engineers, mining mechanical engineers, ecologists, miningelectrical engineers, geologists, economists and managers for miningindustry.

cCgea g-lrtrH TAffrrEAp1 marketing n - 'xounanuil. sdenxyynuil epenmuila unpyynsx

nMyy xaH?ax naq (mapxemune) :

2. computer-aided deslge (CAD) . aemoMamaap mecon soxux

25. -ist, -ment, -docoi - tlon daaaeapma[ xea ya, -al, -ent,'-fttl, -ic, -ahle daeaaapmafr meuteayeufre csileaec onrr( ryynaH6ura,

Hsp ye , Tsuiee ye-lsf -ment -ance -tion -al -ent ,fill "ic -able

26. ffapaax nuilnnsn, yecuite yflwux(,op.twn.mining engineers higher mining schoolsoremining .. i '', : mining{echnologyfulltime students ' , ,, , hydraulic engineeringpart-time students :,elecfrical,englneeringpostgraduate students,': :industrlalelectronicstheoretical science informafCIn technologyapplied seience. ,i,' : envjronmentaf protectionmineraldeposits human resorrcesstructuralgeology, . ' ' .,, mnlptfiorsciencepraetical skills,, .,,' hardware/softwaretechnologypractical training::r ' i .r.! :,:.: diploma paper

. : , &ACrAn.

27. flapaax acyynmaxd xapuyn1. Where cetn one get mining education in Russia?2. Whatdqes'geologyistudy? ,'

3. How did Obruchev define (onpegennru) geology?4. Does geology deal only with prospecting for useful minerals?5. What specializations does the Mining lnstitute offer?6.'What subjects do the students study?7. Where do the students go through practical haining?8. What does the computer course aim at?9. Do the students play sports?

28. a) flapaax uuilnuon yecuiin MoHeon dyilquile dapyynmanHH 6aaanaac on.

1. physical and chemicalproperties

2. the deposits of usefulminerals

3. a wide range of problems4. valuable deposits5. mining mechanical engineer6. to cany out scientific research7. take shape8. undergraduates9. graduation paper10. hardware and software

1. dssd cypeyynb meaceex2. ux cypeyynad opox3- 6onoecpon ont( aeax4. eeonoeurt, yynHH uilKeHe-

pyyauile asndsx5. yyn yypxailu dsed cypeyyna6. mypwnaea gggMwux, on)K

aeax7. onymxu spdsu wumKun-

esgxuil uuilesunse8. cnopmbtH flHs 6ypuiln

mepnyyduile epxnex

a) epeen xypesmsil acyydan6) awuem ManmMafiHH yHom

opde) yynun uHxeHep-MexaHuKe) spdsu-wunxuneseuuil axun

'xuilx

d) xendepmsil 6onoxe) mexuuxudH 6onon

npoepaMMbtH xaHaaMKx) onymnyyd (meecex rcypcam)s) dunnouuu axunu) Susuxuiln 6onou xu*tuiu

wuHxx) awuem uanmmanam opd

a) to train gclogists and miningengineers

6) to gain experiencea) to play different sportsr) students' scientific groupsg) to graduate from the institutee) to get educationx) to enter universitys) higher mining schools

6l ffapaax nuilnusn yeuilx uoneon dyiltqu{te dapyyx maneu6aeaxaac on.

27

29. E xeceuilu soxux meudoa yeufre A xeceufrn nep yesndmoxuPwnK COH?O.

A., 1. properties2. workers3. development4. equipment5. ore6. subjects7. training8. scientist9. minerals -

6. a) basic6) riche) practicalr) prominent (outatanding)g) rapide) reliablex) skilleds) valuabler) physical

30. Tenebuurt ye both, xon6ooc ye both... and-sttt ymebr?aHxaapq oegndopufre opqwn.

Teneexnfi vr Xoc xon6oo vrbolh xodyn both .,.lid 6a, ueu 6ac

1. ln Rmsia, young people getmining education both atspecialcolleges and al rnining departments of universities.

2. Practicalwo/r. both in the field andindrawing classes,is veryimportant for the future surveyor.

- 3. Tho mining institutes design their courses to give attentionloth to basic engine ering and mathematics. Both subjeits are of greatimportance for the firture engineer.

4. The likary lrets both scientific bcrittS andio.tmals.5. A new institute will traln both geologists and mtnirgengineers.6. Both methods of prospecting are ln use.

!l,3aeeap fiypeap saaanax eyryn acwnm soxuo.Saeeap 7; These are yot r new grflrpnates, aren,t they?Saeaap 2: You have got a lot of books on geology, haven,t

you?

. Saeeap 3; She hasnt $ot any sisters or brothers, has she?Saeaap 4:You understand me, don't you?Saeaap 5: You don,t know this man, do yol?Saeeap 6: She likes to play sports, doesn,t she?Saeeap 7:You didn,t go to the party yesterday, didyan?Saeeap 8; She told you about a ctange in our plan, didn't she?

32. 3aeeapaap aaaenax acryrunbe Hott sx3aaeap:Geology is both a theOrelical and applied science, rsn'l it? You

don't take part in this rgsearch project, do you?1 - You aren't a student, ?' - No, I'm a teacher.

. 2. Many students at your institute play ditterent sports, " ?

,. i 3. All your students know the name of the outstanding Russianobolooist Obruchev. ?

4. He' isn 'l a full-time student,

-:5. You passed all your exams last year; ?

6. She graduatedlrom the institute two years ago,-?7, You don't speak English, ?8. This rb your teacher of English.

33. Cedae B-e moflteyilaesp yt wux aeyynebre moe'tH9Ameg.

C3A3B B

ln pre-revolutionary Russia there were several higher miningschools which trained geologists and mining engineers. The oldestRussian school of mining was in St. Petersburg, where some well'known scientists taught A.P. Karpinsky, 8.1. Boky and others. Among

the famous scientists who lectured at the Yekaterinoslav-(nowDnepropetrovsk) Mining lnstitute was Professor l.K. Sobolevsky, whose

The Technological.lnstitute in Tomsk was opened in 1900; ltwas the oldest industrial and cultural centre of Siberia. The TomskTechnological lnstitute had three departments: engineering, chemicaland mining. The Don Polytechnic lnstitute founded in Novocherkasskin 1907 also had a mining deBartment. ln 1916 a new Mining lnstitutein Yekaterinburg came into existence.

The total number of students did not exceed two thousand with

only 60 to 70 mining engineers who graduated from mining instituteseach year. That was far below the number needed. lt was quite obvious

that the small number of these institutions could not cope with theproblem of kaining specialists in thefield of mining and goology. Little

wonder that there was a shortage of mining engineers and geologists

in the mining regions of pre-revolutionary Russia.

After th e Revolution lhe irrloscow,i Minrng Academy, wbs, th e f i rsthigher mining educationar estabrishment. tn tre earilr thirties theAcademy estab-lished closocontacts with the coal, oil and or:e miningi4dustries. The Academy's scientists carried out,research in the KurskMagnetic Anomaly, in the Donbas and in other indtrstrial arbas... . ..Th9 need for geologists and mining engineersincreased,so muchthat the Agademy,could not qo@'witfi ihe,iroblem:of tru,nrng

" fuig"

num ber of special istsrfor the country Anrong. the, new,coilegls *nitr,grew out of the Academy were the Mcjscow Mining lnstit0ie;,the Oillnstitute,thelnstituteofGeologicalProspectinganiothers,l

ln 1950 a new mining instiiute appear"din'K"r"rovo, ths 6s.1,.of.the coal and chernicai industriesjnwestsiberia, The lnstiiute trainedmining engineers for, the coarand orer"nining industries ortre xuiuas.Later the Kemerovo Mining rnstitute was transformed into thePolytechnic lnstitute which is now one of the largest and most importantengineering colleges in West Sibetre:. -;.,, ,,:: : : .ii . I

.,', IACFAII34. Cedeuiln doeon uep dsx myynuil eon caHaaz

35. Csdeuiln sxxu| xo6p doeon uepuile yHuu)t(xyebceanbtH,otil$ax:iapioctfi , 6ahcan, yyn,yypxa1n 6yx dssdcypeyynuile Hrpno. , ,:

:l

36. Opoca,H yyn yy.pxa&n: yyeafi. cypeyynuydein,yfrnilcunfiaeaady*ane?t* oay1adspurtetcEde$c oi.. '' i ,,.:. ..: i ,r.:i:::, :,.:,:.:: i-:;.;, ', : ,

,_ -,31: flapaax,moaeon yee,6oaox xufinuen yecufrn aHanu

dyilquile csdasec on,dssd cypeyynb, flepm spdeumsd,,.yxdscngx, obymHbt moo,

awKux Quap Hoe pMbte xudx),:.eafrxanmeyt, yynnu u**e,rgp,aeanoatduwdym aadan;, eyvaad, aaat.. exead,, wut*itnass xuil x, 6a c,onou . maeu,tuttus dssd cypayy4uy6u n - dyad,, ea pt u psx ; 6uil

-

donax,yyo yypxailH ydndaep,.eepqnsx

.

,' 38. flapaax ac,yyitnue HIMNL eedaurtx daeyy xapurt ee..,

1.How man! .:,,,.-' in pre-revOlUtionary Russia?

.30

2. Where3. What well-known

of Mining?

pre.revolutionary Russia?' 7. What new mining institute

the oldest Russian school of mining?

in 1950 in Kemerovo?

4. What subject5. When

Professor Sobolevsky ?a mining institute in Yekaterinburg

into existence?6.-ashortageofminingengineersandgeologistsin

39. Fypeau eapquaubt aflb xtadoa B-uiln aeyynead xufrqex6yile modopxoiln.

1. Mining Education in Russia.2. Mining Education in Siberia and the Far East.3. The Development of Mining Education in Russia.

40. a) ffoopx cedeuile monb 6uque awuenil,( opqyyn.ln his book "Reminiscences of a Mining Engineer" Academician

A.M. Terpigorev writes: "What I want to say to the young people of ourcountry is: 'Love your work, put your heart and soul, all your knowledgeand ability into it, and above all, never shirk smalljobs, for it is smallthings that make up a great accomplishment. Be.true patriots!

'lf you love your people, if you link up your whole life with themand give them all your energy and knowledge, the people will respondwith love and recognition. That is the conclusion I have drawn frommy own life."'

6) A.M.Tepnueopelbrr yeuila xepxer yssr,( laileaaeaaun,pxuun.

31

UNIT 2Mining Education Abroad

A. fiypsu1. Yfin yrufin yHAcaH xsn6epyy42. Perfect 1ynrufru qaryyA

Csdse A. Mining Education in Great Britain.

6. AypsuTycnax yfin yryyA 6a rsgrsepufin gyfiqyyg

Csdee E. Mining Education in Great BritainB, Csdx B.

Xsn4ex acyydan Opsc 6onon aadaad daxt yyn yypxailHdonoacponux acyydnyyA

1.Yi,n yrniln ylulcex ru6apyygYiln yeuilx yxdcen xsn*spyydtile u*sx s&i it anenu xennuil

qazurtn moemonqoo, medasspuiie oiineox, xspsanexel unyy

IAYPEM

lnfinitive

rogopxoi

PastSimple

oxrufix oHrepceH

PastParticiple(lndefinite)6Erep@lt

PresentParticiple(P.il) (P.r)qgm qamfix

3ne xu yfinyrufin ronu6nqruilx xen-6sp 6onox6ereeA 3apru-

cyn yr to6afigraaprogopxofi-,rorAoHo

rycnamrcrafiraap ll 6a lll prrxen6eprf, r yycftrHo. fiypunf, x6yc (craxgaprux 6yc) yf,nyruftx ll, lllxan6.aprtrr qaoxo,t t-6sn goxnxo.

3ee yin yr HbAaraBap

Past Simple I Pefedxen6sp lPassive-rf,x

Yfrn ymlx lxen-6apr -ingrr HoMHo

Cmtirurousqarufir6ynnrlr yycraxoAxapofnt HS.

32

flyprurin yna yryyg

to assistTycnaxto producexuilx

assistedTycnaBproducedTycnaB

assistedTycaacaHproducedTycaacaH

assistingrycnax 6yfiproducingrycnax 6yfi

flypurfir 6yc yin yryyA

to begin3Xn3Xto makexuhx

beganoxnSBmadextafre

begunox3nc3HmadexhficsH

beginningsxsnx 6yfimakingxnrtx6yia

2. Perfect dynaurtu qaeyyd (6oncon qaeyyd)Perfect iyneuiln qaeyyd ua odoo, oHeepceH rcnyy upsedyil dex

yed dyyccaH pMyy myxailn yeuiu ypd 6onx 6yil yilndnuileunspxuttnxs.

1us 6ynzuiln 4aeyydau yiln yeuiln xsn1spyyd nr soxux u,ae daxamycnax ydn ye to have 6onon ymeam yin yeuiln eHeepceH Uaeuiuyilnm uspssc 6ypdsus.

to have + ymeam yiln yeufru 3 daxa xsn1sp

3eexeu yiln ye to have Hb 6ue, u,aeaap eeptneedex, ymeamyrtn yeudn 3 daxa xen1ep Hb eepqnenmeyi yndsns: havelhas/hadasked ; shalllwill/have asked.

ogoo EoIlcoH qAr(THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE}

have 'thas J

eHrepcoH qarufrH yfinr nepyrrar yfrn ynafiu (Past Participle)

Present Pertect ut yiln nedan Hb flpuaHH yed 6ypsu dyyccau,ouyy, oHeopceu yed doncon amnaa yp dyH ua odoo t4aam eapu 6yrt

Acyynrnaud have/has ut eeyynsedsxyynurt oMHo maeueOax 6ayeyrtcesx eeyyn1spm yayrtcesn not -arc xepeenoHo:

yilndnuile unspxuilnus:They have openedthe new road.

Tsd wuus sau Sapaxes(Tyyesep netqeaax 6yil)

- Ta myyuude eueedepxapcan yy?

4u xsses Hoe Lla?mIloudoxd 6ailcan yy?Tsp deueex cafl eapnaaMuuuil MauuH 1990 onux

. - No, I haven't seenher yet.

Present Perlect dsx yiln yemeil eeyyn1spm doopx euwyyduileofioHmaa x3p3en9H3.

1) ffyycaaeyrt daileaa qaeuile aaacaH doopx 6ail4 ye: todayexeedep, this week sus donoo xoHoem, this month sus capd, thisyear erc xund:

It hasn't rained today. Oneedap 6opoo opooeyil

2) Todopxoil 6yc dadeap ye ever xoaos Hse qaem, never xs3ooq, already xeduilxuil, yet 6ac, just deneex, 6onou since mep yesc,dapaa na, before ypd espee eeyyn1spurtu 1ypdsn xsceuda

- Have you seen hertoday?

Have you ever beento London?She has just left.I have had my carsince 1990.

Present Pertectdsxyilnyauile uoueon xsn pWeandw o*eopcelqaa daxa meec mepnuilx yiln yaep opwn*a.

eHroPceH YEt4fiH {Ar(THE PAST PERFECT IENSE)

hart.r eHrepceH qarufix yf,m xepyrrar yfin yrnix (past participle)

, Oneepceuyeuiiu qae xtoleepcer Uaeuilx auap twyddyyqcan6onon 6ycad yiln aednaac eMHe o*aepcor yed 1oncon VUi'aniWuns p xu il nexed xe peaneeds ns.

I didn't go to see the fitm Eu euuedepydsw xunond neaaayilast night because I'd Yuup 1tt 6u eue xunoe ypad uaseen it before, yscgH dafrcan pu.Shb told riie she had never Tep ypd nt Iloudond xo3ee sbeen to London before, 1aileaaeyil esx nadad xsncsn.

. Moneon xsneuO Past Pertect Osx yiln yasud eueepceu yed

@rrcoH, oonoozYu mepnuuH Yun Ye moxupHo.

, ceABUffn emxexgAcrAll1. a|flapaax yecuile Qyyndaryfrq ynu:

[::] - course,' bodrd, a'broad, re'cording, be'cause

Uu :] -'during,'tutor, tu'ition,'sttrdent

[a:] - work, con'cem, conceming, uni'versity

[ai] -'science, Tinal, de'sign, ap'plied

lskl - school, 'scholarship

n -'special,,speciali'zation,'specialist, .speci'ality

6) ffapaax yecuile yxut. Tednuil dyydnaeate mozmoo

laboratory []a'b:rat(a)ril, traversing ltrava(:)siOl, Nottingham

[nrtirlam], university [ju:ni'va:sitil, tacheometry [,teki']matril,examination [ig,zami'neifn], graduation [,gradju:'eiJn]

e) flapaax yenyyduiln opeenmuilH eopqnenmuile anxaapuxoc yecuile yxu.

ex'periment - ex,peri'mental; 'tutor - tu'torial; as'tronomy - ,astro'nomical;,taehe'ometry

-,tacheo'metric

2. flapaaxyzc 6onon nuiinnen yeuiie dompoo l-2ydaa ynw.Teeeed dyyndaryilq yHwuxc msdelepuila moemooxua xueoo.

accurate ['akjurit] a _uapuiin,3e6,'accuracy n HapuuH

archive ['a:kaiv] n apxueattend [a'teld] v cyyx (terc4,

npaKmu,cuufl xu.t:x)l, aaeftruHo)comprehensive [krmpri

'hensivl a 6yx mutua, 6ypnconcern ftan'sa:nl v xaupatr,

xauaawx, f,Map Kra rcMar#t

xaluaamali 6a[x; n axun,xapb(aa, qyxan;- concernlngprep xaMpax, xyebo

consider [kan'sidal v aeq Yx,x,tttreiotloxi considerable o Y isux,qyxan; consideration r aeLt

YSgx, xgflgflqexdraw [dn:] (drew [dru:], drawn

[drr:nD v sd. sypax, s1pax; draw

35

the conclusion dyexenm xudx;ryn come to the conclusion

employ [im'pl:i] v, xopoensx,awuznax, oneox (axu): svnuse, utilize, apply; emplofmehtn anoa, ilKun, x9p9en3x,auu?nax

familiarize fa'miljaraiz] vmaHunqyynax, e3sMwux

fundamental [,fnnda'mentl n plY HO9C ( wuHx,c/,3x yxaatbt)

levelling ['levliq] n xueenupdenm,apuneax ( eepyye) ; moewumeex

number ['nnmbq] n moo, moo, uxmoo; (dac dapoanw) dyeaap,94H9,9

observe [ab'za:v] v axuarfax,

larg+scale open-cast mlningtraversing and levelling

xf,Hax (auap Hse nuwe),6apuumnax, - daeax (dypeu,zonwwe)

obtain [ab'tein] v aeax, xypsx,ondopnox; syr get, receive

present [pri'zent] v epeex,o9n32lr9x, eeex, aeex;presentation n nartn6ap,maHunqyynea

proximity [pok'simili] rxe?w; - ih proxirirityouPonqoo, otip (uilapnuand)

oilp,to

H3e

traversing [trava(:)siq]xsenEn sypaanafl

to keep in close touch with xonfioo 6apuxto touch apoB (on) xexdex, moeq xellox

3. a) dazaeap lc-mert msrdae yeufra oprya

automatic, electronic, scientific, academic ,,

6) aneacax H"p yessc Wccsn msudae Woop xoocon satie6eene.

1. lt is obvious that Great Britain, like every other country inmodern internationally-organised'economy, ought to concenkate onthe industrial and ... activities.

2. Scientists and engineers work in the field of sclence andengineering. They cany out research and solve important.. problemsin computer engineering.

3, Engineers pay much attention to electronics rnw. They designand build new .., machines which they use in indusby.

4. Automation helps people work more easily. fhe developmentof ... control systems is the main aim of modem errgineering.

4.llapaar nuiinnst yecuita yHwux op.rryn.

requiresvnthe

t'' waapdnaeue

ore miningin proximity to od-fields

36

5. fneacan yecuiln yme*e 3oxux MoHeon yecuiln utaeeyypmail,mecmefi &aildnaap ut modopxodn.

th9 nroblem concerning mining education; special cotteges;special institutes; geologists and mining engineers; mechanicaland electrical engineers; social sciences; speciatized subjects; thetype of specialization and qualification; coarse;'togicalconclusions; experimentat methods of work; the characteristics ofengineering materials; two types of taboratories; the final years;tacheometric and astronomicat surveying; to guarinteeemployment for the graduates from colleges ind unlversities;financial and other resources

accurate scientific observationsfundamentals of engineering

sciencedrawing clabsesthe equipment available for

carrying out surveyingto obtain good results

6. a) ffapaax xufrnuenmanuH daeauaac on.1. electrical engineering2. applied sciences3. postgraduates4. in proximity to mines5. to draw logical con-clusions6. to obtain good results7. to record observations

mining departments ofuniversities

graduation papera wide range of activityto attend lectures and seminarsto keep in close touch with

mining enterprises

yecuiln MoHeon dyilquhe dapyyu

a) acnupaumyyd6l cailn yp dyH on),( aaaxe) axuenanmHe 6uqux aeaxrl 4axuneaan mexHuKgl xaacpanm wuHxngx yxaaHel yypxain ofipon4oo.x) syil 6cnut dyenenm xuilx

, 6) flapaax nufrnuen yecu&n axenu dyilquile 6apyyn manam6aeauaac on.1. funoux oneox a) on the other hand

-6onouxoop xuilx) 6) to keep in touch with

2. wuxxuness xuilx e) to make it possible3. ueeee manaac r) to carry oui research4. nexq, npaxmuxudn (to be engaged in research)

xuussnd cyyx g) scientific report5. nuesnuilpdsx, xoamse e) both in the laboratory and in the fierd

3ypazfian6. ...msil xondoo 6apux7. naSopamopu, xsspuiu

uexqend8. wunxnsx yxaaH* xaudnaea

A. to attendto introduceto trainto getto drawto presentto deal withto solveto carry outto depend upon

x) levelling and traversings) to attend lectures and classes

7. A xsceuiln yiln yemeil moxupox nep yaurte 6 xeceeecconea. Teaesd medasep nuilnuee yeee opqyyn.

E. postgraduatesscholarshiplectures and classesfundamentals of engineeringspecialistshigher educationconclusionsnew methodsscientific reportsproblemsresearchcourses in engineering

8. Cgdae A-e ynw. Hommunaeuurtn ux cypeyynuilH yynyypxailn Saxynamem*H cucmewufra moOopxoilnx 6yfreeyyndspyyduila nepre,

c3fl38 AMining Education in Great Britain

ln Great Britain the students get mining education at specialcolleges and at mining departments of universities.

For example, the Mining Department at the University ofNottingham ranks as one of the foremost teaching and research mining

''schools in Great Britain. The students come to the University from ailpahs of the country and from abroad. The close proximity of Nottinghamto mine\extracting coal and different metals makes it possible for theUniversity\o keep in close touch with new achievements in mining.

The aim of training at the University is to give the student anunderstanding oflp{iei science based on lectures, tutorial systeml,laboratory work and iles-ign classes. The laboratory work trains thestudent in accurate recirlding of observations, drawing of logical

38.

conclusions and presentation of scientific reports. Besides, it givesthe student an understanding of experimental methods and familiarizeshim (or her) with the characteristicsof engineering materials, equipmentand machines.

At Noftingham there are two types of laboratories, general andspecialized. General laboratories deal with the fundamentals ofengineering science and specialized ones2 study the more specializedprobl€ms in different branchqg of engineering.

During the final two years of his course the student gets acomprehepsive haining in surveying. Practical work both in the fieldand in drdryihg clpssesforms an important partof this course. Besides,tre studeii$ have practical work in survey camps during two weeks.The equipment available for carrying out traversing, leveling,tacheom6trib and astronomicat surrreying is of the latest design.

The'practical and laboratory **f inroughout the three or fouryears of study forms a very important part of the eourse, sothe studentsobtain the required standard in their laboratory course work beforethey graduate.

British educationalsystem is fee-paying.3 The annualfee includesregistration, tuition, examination, graduation and, in the case of full-time students, membership of the Union of Students.

Students from all over the world (nearly 100 countries) study atthe University of Nottingham. For many years the University has hada thriving community of intemational students.

The University pays much attention to learning foreign tanguages.For individualstudy there is a 16-place self,ascsss tape.libra4/ with atape archive of 3,000 tapes in 30 languages. There are also 16 video*ork stations where the students play back video tapes or watch TVbroadcasts in a variety of languages.

coEoBT )(A[I[AAPAX TOIOPXOFfl OnT

1. tutorial system - Hx Epumanuil cypeyynuydad mepddeemyeafr aeeneaeend onymxyyduz xaMaryax moemonqoo

2. ones - Hsp ye sciences-uile 1aemaxeyiln myn xgpgenoHe3. fee.paying - donoecponun men6epmsil cucmeu4. self.access tape library 4 Kaccom.tile qeneemsil awuenax

an syil

39

Anenu xensud ux oHqnoemoil daildae xed xsdeu usp yeendcyynuuitu rcp ya Hb eon modopxoilqoe,a dondoa 6a xapuu myynuilewHex 6yx nsp ye Hb myyHuil modopxoilnonm 6onxo. (3apuudaameduuil dyud msudse uep 6aildae). floopx )Kuweee ys.

laboratory work - nadopamopuilu axundesign classes - eypauiln xutssnuilu aueuTV broadcasts - meneeueuilu Hsempyynee

AACTA,l9. CedeuiH aeyyneaHd serap eeyyn6ep moxupu 6yila

modopxoiin. Oepuilxxee xapuya codoe dex fiapuumaap 6amna.

1. ln Great Britain the students can get mining education only atspecial colleges.

2. The training at universities is based on tutorial system.3. The laboratory work familiarizes the studerrt with modern

equipment.4. There are three types of laboratories at the University of

Nottingham.5. When the students study surveying, they have practical work

both in the field and in drawing classes. j \

6. The students from abroad dont study at l{ottingham.

10. fiapaax acyynmaud xapuyn.1. Where can one get mining education in Great Britain?2. ls the Mining Department at the Unlversity of Nottingham one

of the foremost research mining schools in Great Britain?3. What makes it possible for the University to keep in close

touch with the achievements in mining?4. What are the students supposed to do in the laboratories?5. Will the sfudents have prac{ical work ln survey camps or in the

6. What'do the students use survsying equipment for?7. What can you say about studying foreign languages at the

University?

ll. Csdeeec iloopx eeyynfispuiie aneax 6urt.a) there lslare6) Present Perierlt qeaap ut cpxrfrneedccn eeVlne*yyu

12. Xaanman daxa ydn yauila Present Pertect dsx xendepuileon.

1. you _ (to be)to Great Britain?2. _you'_ (to finish) your test?3.- all the students _(to prepare)thetext for retelling?4. He_ just _ (to graduate) from the mining de-partment of the university.5. He says he _ never (to see) the girl before.6. Unfortunately, I _ (not to see) the film.7. _you ever (to travel) to the USA?8. She says she (to change) her mind.9. They say they never _ (to be) at this place before.10. Nobody _(to see)him today.

13. flapaax myceaapnax acwnmaHd xapuynx dyycea.1. He hasn't come back yet, _?2. She has travelled a lot, ___J3. You haven't been to the university today, J4. I have told you about my new job, _?5. You haven't seen our tape library, _J6. They haven't left yet, ___]7. You have tearned the poem by heart, _?8. You haventt waited for me long, ?

14. CsdeuilH acwnmaHd acyynm HsM)r( xapuy ee.1. Where the students in Great Britain_mining

education? (to get)2. What it possible for the University to keep in close touch

rith new achievements in mining? (to make)3. What the aim of training at the Mining University? (lo

he)4. How many types of laboratories _ at Nottingha m? (there

+tu)5. What generallaboratories with? (to deal)6. What specialized laboratories _? (to study)7. Where the students their practical work? (to

tgrr)8.- British educationalsystem fee-paying? (to be)9. What the annualfee ? (to include)

41

15. One (ones) eedea yeuilu onoH ymebte xapyyncaHxycntemuile cydna. One-msii eayyndspuiia moneonoopopqyynax apebe a,ixaap. flapaa ua eeyyn6spso yHwwr( opqyyn.O7 e u a y p0 dy pdca n eeyyn 6e pu it z o pno e u u E u yr1 pe a ey il qs ma ex6yil eayyn6apu0n dyeaapb,e Hopno.

TooHut "Hsr" Ec regr,ri oryynor-AoxyyH (one's-urxxaMaaTaxgnranHHxsn6sorsfi 6afina)

YpR Rypgcax nop yrNfiropnorq (onon rooxurones xsn6eprefi 6afina)

one studentH3r opyraH

rrcry students-oRoH oloyTaH

une can see...xapx 6onxo

One must say...xanex xaperrefiOne must do one'sduty.

Mooem macnlnes arebetter than the old ores.r!],rHe MauhHyyA Hb xyyq-Haac AospThis book is better than theone you gave me.3Ho Hou ,iutuit HaAaAerceHooc Asop roM

1. ln Great Britain one can get higher education at colleges anduniversities.

2. Oxford, famous for its oldest university in Britain, is now ore ofthe most important centres of the motor=car industry,

3. The speaker touched upon only ohe important problem - thestate.of higher education in Great Britain.

4. The training of mining engineers and geologists includes acomprehensive study of general subjects as well as special ones.

5. ln the laboratory students leam to design new collieries andquarries, to build modem mines, dressing plants and reconstruct oldones,

6AYPsM

Tycnax yfin yrvyC 6a reAreepuix gyiqon

Tycnax yiln ye na yilndnuile 6yc xaptuu npueuuilx yilndsn nuyydaidand xandax xapunqaae unepxuilnns. 1us dyneufru yiln ye Hb:

can, may, must, shall, should, wlll, would, ought to 6onuo.Sdasep yiln yauile sapundaa iymaedanmail esx xepneilse. Yuup

,oy eeeen msdassp ua:

a) hlufuunumua, yfinm Hop, xwpHex f,nean*H xsndspeyil daildae.6) Seexen odoo qaauilu xsndspmsil daildae 6a xapuu 3apuM Hb

eHeopceH qaeuiln xsndspmsil dailna. (Xuweendsn can - could; may

- might);e) acyyx, yeyilcesx xsndspuile myaax yiln ye do-ayil yyceeffi.

(Tseexdss mycnax yiln yess eayyneedexyyuuil euna dailpnyynx,myyuuil apd yeyilcasn not-arc HsMex saMaap yyczsne): Xuwss ut:llay I go? He cannot work.

e) Eue, qaeuilx anulaap Hb q eepqneedexeyd (eanq moouat 3daxa 6ued s meeceeneyil 6ail0aa) Xuwse ua: he can read, she mayso.

Yiln ye can-Hv dymaedanmail xsndspuiln opond to be able toxsn6spuile xepeeneHe.

To have to ut must-ttu, to be allowed to-e may-uilu opondxspsensedeue.

Tycnax yinyn4fix xsn-

6op, regrse.uin nvfirnr

Yrra Xnuse Opvyynra

1 2 3 4larHouldhyEqenb be ableb)

nay+night[ffipn tobe dbwedb)

[Et(liren

a) Eue, opyHblt{aABap loMyy6onomx

6) uuinpop, ryonaMx Y3YYrcxxyc€nr (could-rsfi nryy oenABra) seaueepen(can-rafiraacrnyy 6c regufi)

6) uaragnan,TaaMarnan(might-rafi 6ar:

I urren

la) dcroil uraapllnara (eeo cox-

He can/could ope-rate the cutter-loader.He willbe able tooperate cutter-loader.Can/Could I borrowyour p6n, please?- Certainly

May I ask you aquestion?You may take thearticle.He will be allowedto stay.He may come here

It might rain.

They must comelodav

Top KoMoa[H xonoo-Aox qaMar (.raggar6aIe)Tep rombain xofloo-Aox qaAHa (vagxa)

Tauu ysrulr aav6onox yy?6onHoo

Taxg acyynr raeux6onox yy?Ta crarusr asq 6onxo

TyyxA sHg 6afixutrseB]rleepHeTep exg rpx naaragryfi

6opoo opx Oonsouryi(6opooopx ruaragryil)Tsg exeegep upsx6croi.

43

1 2 3 4

to have to,to.be to

have to (hacto, shall/will/'llhave to)/have got to(an6aH 6cxt6yc yrsxg)

to be to

will, would

would like

would (='d)rathershall

should

ot4ght to

ronrryil)

6) xoprrnonr(not)uaapAnara, ro-gopxofi 6afig-naac YY.,qpx6crofi 6onox

rox14poflr{oo,Tyuaan, TeneB-nere6, AYpsMasprufix yH.qcoH

A93p ujaapAar-Aaxa) rycnauxnfixTanaap 3n9r6rxYcSnT, caHan

6) exrepcex yeg6oncox.yfing-fllrfiH AaETanr(would)

xYcon, Yn xycsx

qyxanqnan I

aunanrr Tyuaarloyxon

I

3oBneree. I

YHoMulYYrox I

acrofi, 6,c ayfi- |resc yygenrstr IuJaao[nara I

lThis must be doneI at once.

lHe mustn't go there.

Itney nave to apptyIthis system in wor-lking thick seams

I

lThey had to replace

lold equipment.lWe have got to hurry

lne nas got to go

lThe coal industry is

Ito increase its

I output.

lHe was to come

lat e

Willyou say itagain?Would you mindopening the window?ln the evening theold miner wouldtell his sons about ]

his job. I

Would you like to I

go in? I

I tried to open the i

door, but it wouldn'tlopen. I

l'd rather do it. I

You shall go there. I

II

You shoutd hetp Iyaur ftiends. I

You ousht o rno* |safety rules. I

lvyxrrrLuyygxnfix xe-

lponen (uaap4nararafi)

lTep rr,rirues neax dcryilI[yVHn nax 6onoxryfi)lTe4ex4 oysaaH yeufir

laruurnaxaA oHa o4c-lreMrhr x3p3ffl3xlr.uaapgnararafilTeg xyy,rraH roHorno-

lnoomnrot ecroi EonxogEug napax 6crofiTep cBax uraapAnararafiHyypcxufi yfingespon6opnonroo HaMgr-gyynex Ecroft.Tep 9 qarr rpsx 6crofi6aia (toxrponqcoH6coop){laaTan xon.qag

tlotrS no#oerex xyy

gerex yypxafiuraxeeprixxee axnuHryxanxesryyg4pe ygeurnpux erger 6a[a.llaax ree oy?

l

(Ta opox ree roy?) ]

5u xaanrur oxrolnroxlrecoH oono8q Aufina- |cexryfi.

I

6r yyxutrr qyxanqnax i6axs. I

Ia xap rrtruss eBHa I

uyyl(eepeep6r ra rrapt ryuaax5af,xa.faroxoAAeeroxl4Ho (ulaapgnara-rafi, xopsrrsr)la anynryf, axhnna-aaxu gypmufirieroi. (ilaasen

44

ceABlrmH sMHgx AAcrArr16. a) ffapaax yecuila dyyndaxyiltq yHtuDrt medeespuiln

dyydnaearc conc.

'number ,uni'versity a'wardin'struction,insti'tution coursestudy 'student au'thorityin'dustrial tu'torial im'portancejust tu'ition board

hall

,qualifi'cation ,arts'college 'Cardiff'confer 'largest'quarry de'partmentac.commo'dation staffal'lot

6) ffapaax yecude eanuefia.3aeeap: term - [ta:m] - ceMecrp

confergraduatesextractiveentryapplymanagementstaffquarryingexcavationadmissionminimum

-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t

17. flapaax yec 6onox nu&nuen yzcuiie dompoo 1-2 ydaayttur. l[apaa xt medeospec dyyndaxyiltq yuurux moemooxbterlr939,edvance [ad'vo:n:s] n deawun,

irxxrunm, ypa?w axux; vanxunm eapeax, xeaKux,ypaew axdx; advancedsounse_s ep?omeeceHx8fnenoepeepx Kypc

rrlhority [::'0rriti] n saxup?aa,erPea Hap

flhr l'difal v (from) f,nzaDax1*ap rce' nnrbac); difierehcei flnzaa, aepyy; dlltercnt avcaamai; sya various

-rate ['ekskaveit] y&prcx (iyypcuile);'awuzmsrvnuanb@ un apaaap

ondopnox, yxilK aeax (xepcutie);excavation n un aDeaaDxon6opnonm, Kapbep; surfa'ceexcavation un on6oononm: svnopen-cast (opeacast)

experience [iks'piarians] nawbdpanbH mypwnaea, ilKnuHmypwnaea, axunflacaH xyeaqaa

found [faundl v yudscnsx; synestablish, set up; foundation nvudecnsx. wcdsu dailewnaxyudsc; lat tli6 foundgtioihmapH92 ,OMHbt g[lrltnuu? maaux,f,Map ,$a nnnw yndcuie maaux

manage ['menid3] v ydupd-ax,spxngx, aMKWnax, xaHoilK

45

.tada{ management nyouponaea, gpxfl1nm, saxupeaa.saxupeaa; managemeni:!.r|gies ydupdnaeuu -myxaluuHxnex yxaaH

m91!- -[niin] - (mea9t[ v aqxondoeQonmoi 6ailx, aLtxondoedonmoil, caflax, sopux,tneceeflex; n, pl xspsdcen;meanrng n aq xondoedon: bvmean? of a.taap (nuap' ue?toMHbt)

metalliferous [,meta'|,((a)ras] a

means of production

Memafin aeyyndae, xydepmedpreliminary [pri'lim(i)naril aypboquncaH; prelimifary

course denmeen iypcrealize ['rialaiz] v 6ailx, odnaox

\9y . napuileauire); syn

recognize ['rekaqnaizl yxynesn seeuieepexl ueditx

work out ['wa:k ,aut] yoonoecpyynax (mercercieee),oodnoeHe 6odox

to be of iaterest - coHupxon tnamaxto give instruction - 3aax; synto teachin addition (to) - MeH, 6ab, myynssc eaduasuch as - myyH wue

18_. flaeaeap ous-mail meudee uepuiix opuyyneb,e anxaapqoeyynaepuile opuyyn.

1. The department dears with the whore range of extractiveindustries such as coal and metaltiferous mining.

2. The famous universities of Oxford and Cambridge are theoldest in Great Britain dating from 1249 and l28/,Jhey are ricogniieo

3. The graduates from the Mining Engineering Ddpartment workin various fields of the country's economy.

19. ffapaax nuilnugn yecuila yH,aux op.rwn.the college authority industrlalty exftrienced errgineersa;wide range of subjects/interests a new meaning of the word

the preliminary course of study oii technotogyfull-tlme and pdrt-tlme education

surface excavationmanagementsystemadvanced coursespowdermetalto improve knowledge

mine surveyingdifficult conditions of workgraduation paperextractive industriesaverage coal outputto save fuel resources

20. fnzacax yeuiia ymztte soxttx Hortzon yeuill e*yypnafrntecmefr nzeyypmaii daildnaap Hb modopxoilt.

46

a technical college; a preriminary course; professionartraining;a good tradition; a technically advanced profession; industriallyexperienced engineers; highly qualified specialists; theorganization of the academic year; three-term system; examinationtests; to recommend for entry to the university; to takeexaminations; to interview ail the candidates; to serect candidates

21. Cedee E-e ynw. l4x Epumauuil llx cypayynuyd daxadonoecponbw cucmeMuilu ouryoem alxaapnaa xaudyyn.

c3[38 EMining Education in Great Britain

(continued)At present in Great Britain there are a number of universities and

colleges which give instruction in mechanical engineering, mining,metallurgy, etc. These institutions provide full-time and part-timeeducation. lt should be noted that technical colleges confer diplomaston college graduates.

A university graduate reaves with the degree of Bacheror of Artsor Bachelor of science,2 which is an academic qualification awardedby universities.

For example, the University in Cardiff has become one of thetargest in wales. lt is one of the four colreges which together with thewelsh National School of Medicineform the University of wales. Thereis the Mining Engineering Department in the University of wares. TheDepartment deals with the whore range of extractive industries suchas coal and metalliferous mining, quarrying and oiltechnology.

- Aftergraduating from the college a student can be recommendedfor entry to the university by a college authority and he can apply foradmission to the university.3

At the Mining Department students may take severar coursessttch as geology, mining engineering, mine surveying, quarrying,rtanagement studies and others. lt has become a tradltion trai tnecourses are based on an intensive tutoriar system. rt means thatstldents are allotteda to members of the teaching staff for individuartition separately in mining, in quarrying and in ilin" su*eying. ihesystem is founded on thaf of the older universities of Greai Br-itain.

At the Department of Mining Engineering of the Newcasfletlfversity mining has now become i technically a-dvanced proresrion.The Department of Mining Engineering trains industriatty experienceo

engineers through various advanced courses in rock mechanics andsurface excavation. For many years the Mining E;;i;;;;rgDepartment at Newcasile has recognized the need for"nighri-quarifieoengineers and rearized that the courses in rock mechanici ,no .urr"""excavation are of great importance for mining engineers.

At the University a student studies tor iirree or four years. Theorganization of the afademic year is based on a three-tei* sy"te,which usually runs from about the beginning of october to tre miooteof December, from the middre of Januaryio the end of March andfrom the middle of Aprir to the end of June or the beginning or Jurt.

Student's course is designed on a modurar baiis. u6outes lreself-contained "units" of study, which are taught and assessedindependently of each other. when a student paises a modure, he(she) gains a credit. All modules carry a number of credits. At the endof the term, the number of credits a student gets, determines the awardhe (she) receives. Each module is continuously u"r"rr"J

-ny

coursework and/or end-of-term examinbtions.Admission to the British universities is by examination and

selection. The minimum age for admission to the four-yuu, "orr=u'i.normally 18 years. Departments usually interview allthe candioates.

The aim of the interview is to select beiter candidates.Just over harf of ail university students rive in cofieges, hails of

residence, or other accommodation provided by their unive[itv, ,not ",third lives in rodgings or privatery rented accommodation; and'the rest

live at home.

CSNBTIIH TAffflEAP1. confer diplomas - dunnouoop waexadae2. Bachelor ol Arts - ypnaeuil x 6axanaep; Bachelor of Science

- wuH)Kttox yxaaHH 6axanaap ut AHy, Auanud ux cyp?yynbmeeceladed xypmesdee spduuilu $poa ,oM.

3. to apply for admission to the university (college) _ uxcypeyynad (rconnexud) sncex epeeden oeex

4. are allotted - xyeaapunaedaxa5. teaching staff - npogeccop-*aawuilu \ypsndexyyu6. ... on that of the older adversifies _ dssp'yeuilu ux

cypeyynuydatH cucmeM dsx (that Ha "tha system,-ae oiniuo) -

48

IACrAIl22. Cedeuilu aeyynead eMap eeyyndep uuilqex 6yila

modopxoiln. Xapuynmaa csdee dex 1apummaap 6amna.1. At present there are about a hundred technical institutions in

Great Britain.2. lt should be noted that British colleges confer degrees.3. As a rule a college authority recommends the graduates for

entry to the university.4. At the Mining Engineering Department of the University of

Wales the students study only metalliferous mining.5. At the Mining Engineering Department the courses are based

on an intensive tutorial system.6. The Mining Engineering Department at the Newcasfle

University has recognized the importance of teaching rock mechanicsand surface excavation (open-cast mining).

23. flapaax acyynmand xapuyn.1. Are there many technical institutions in Great Britain?2. What is the difference between colleges and universities?3. ls the Mining Engineering Department the only one in the

University of Wales?4. Does the Mining Engineering Department deal

metalliferous mining?only with

5. Can a student enter the university after he has graduatedfrom the college?

6. What courses are of special importance for mining engineers?7. What do you know about the organization of the academic

year at British universities?8. When do the students take their examinations?

24. a) ffapaax uuilnuon yecuiln MoHeofl dy(tt4uue 1apyynfirirnbtr daeauaac on.

l. the mining engineeringdepartment

a) epeemeeceu xemen1epeepxKypc

2 the college authority 6) xydsp aeyyndae myHaq3. advanced courses e) ydndespnsnuiln xopoefin4. metalliferous deposits e) yyn yypxain $axynamem5- to encourage students d) yynbtH un a)K.tn6 to meet the requirements e) mypwnaeamai uuxeuep

of the University7. means of production8. management studies9. surface excavation10. an experienced engineer

1. naxqneec xaMaapax2. msaexssp, esx3. waapdnaearc (nmap use

sydnuiln) xynsoH 3eeuteepex4. sxun 1ypuilu 6ymssrux

(dand yypxailu)5. dand yypxailn dapea6. on6opnodoe ylndesp7. ouqeoil aq xon1oedonmoil

6ailx8. yynau uynylnaeuu MexaHuK9. tqopttu eaHq Kapbep1 0. Qaxynamemarc (cypeyyna,

cucmeM sspeuile) yudecnsx

A. 1. to obtain2. to call for

x) xonnexuilu saxupeaas) onymnyydbrc ypaMwyynaxu) ux cypeyynuilu waapdnaead

uuilqexx) ydupdnaeatu myxail wufiKnox

yxaaH

- 6) ,Qapaax yec 6onou xuilnuen yeuilu aHenu dyilquiledapyyu maflHH daeaxaac on.

a) the manager of a colliery (mine)6) rock mechanicse) the only quarryr) annual outputg) to be of par.ticular importancee)to depend upon the conditionsx) to found a department(school, system, etc.)s) to recognize the need (of)u) to mean (meant)x) extractive industry

25. ffapaax yacuile auuenaH eeyyn*ep dsx xoocox taile6oene.

mean means meaning meant1. Computertechnique is one of the... of modern planning and

control.2. By .'. of computers and mathematicar modeiling it is possibre

to process a huge amount of information in a short period of time.3. Britain is not rich in mineral resources. 1t... inat until recenily

coal was the only fuel available in the country4. What do you ... to do? Are you going to have your practical

training at a mine or at an open-cast mine?5. You know that the word range has several ...s.

26. A, 6 dex yecssc ymeaapaa oilponqooe Hb coHeo.5. a) to estabtish

6) to combine

50

3. to understand a) to realize4. to found r) to get5. to provide g) to transform6. to connect e) to set up7. to consist of x) to requireB. to change s) to supply9. bed ra) branch10. field r) to be made of11. quarry n) seam12. to receive M) opencast13. to demand n) surface mine

27. only, the only eedee yeuilx opqwnebe atxaapq dapaaxeeyyndspyyduile optyyn.

1. Untilthe nineteenth century Oxford and Cambridgewere theonly two universities of England.

2. The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge provide instructionchiefly by means of lectures and they use only a tutor.ial method.

3. The Mining Engineering Department is the only one in theUniversity of Wales.

4. The University has only two types of laboratories.5. At the Mining Engineering Department of the University of

Newcastle it has become a tradition that the courses are based onlyon a tutorial system.

28. that (those)-un xuwesmsd y3yyncaH ym"b,Hnlcxeemurta cydna. ffapaa us yeudnxae onor ymeb,e aHxaapqeyyndepss opqyyn.

That (those)

iraax TefleeHl4l4

Yr(that - raHq roothose - onoH roo)

vpA AypbAcaHnsp yrt,tfir saar,lYr(that - ranq roo)(those - onou rool

^apbqaHryt,rreneouufi yr,ropopxoilnorvxaBcapcaH eryYn-6ep 6onHo

xoflooo YrrogopxoilnorvxaBcapcaHeryyn6sp _6onHo

Lmk at thatrnan. - Tep xyntafirxErp Aaalmk at thosepeople. - TeAresE

The calorificpower of coal is2-4 times greaterthan that of wood.- Hyypcnnfi ny-

The letter thatcame in the morning is from myhusband. - OrneeryYp hpc3H 3axu-

She says thatshe did notreceive thisletter. - Tep sHe

3axrAnbtr aBaa-

51

Bap Hb Mo,qHbt-xooc2-4 AaxnH14frYY

Aafl ql4Hb

Hexpeec upcSH3axh.aafl

1. lt is known that the scientists have arready done considerawork in the field of automatized systems of pranning and controrunderground operatlons. Their experience is very eniouraging.

2. The calorific value of coar is 2-4 times greater tian thatwood.

3.The equipmenl thatlhe postgraduates have used for

6. 6onoe, e. 6onuo)

out their experiments is of the latest design.4. lt was clear thot computers could perform lhework thar

could not.5. The geological conditions of Wales differ from those o{

29. a) ffapaax oeyyndepuile dyyndaxyilq ynw.

6) Xaanmax daxa xyeunflapaac yiln ye - eeyynexyynuilopqyyneHe coHeo.

. Today mining engineering has become a key industry on whichthe speed (xypd) of economic development dependi. (a.6onx *ailna,

2. Experience has herped the engineers to sorve the probrem cincreasing coal output, (a. mycna"e, 6.-mycnana, g. mycnilK 6a1na)

3. Research workers have deveroped an efficilnt method formining bedded deposits, (a. 6onotecpyyn4eaax 6ailua, 6.6onoecpyynuaaaa, e. 1onoecpyynaedax OaAifl

30. Yila ye - oeyynexyyH nt pertecbuiln 1yneudx usexendepm xspaeneeddee eeyyndepufre on.

1' They have provided the raboratory with the modern equipmentfor carrying out experiments.

2. These engineers have graduated from the college.3. The universities have advanced courses in rock mechanics

and surface excavation.4' Mechanization and automation of underground mines and

opencasts have advanced greafly.5' The researeh workers had made a rot of experiments before

they received positive results.

52

6. He had worked in the mine for many years before he becamea research worker.

31. ffapaax yeceec oeyyndsp 3oxt!o.1. much time, the students, in, spent, today, have, the laboratory2. Moscow, for Great Britain, just, left, the scientist, has3. already, his, he, finished, work, has, laboratory4. neVer, the dressing plant, have, to, we, been5. has, the institute, graduated from, she, not, yet

32. ffapaax eeyyndepuile yuwux yiln ye - eeyynexyynuilmyp xsn6epuile modopxoiln.

a) 1. The engineer has just graduated from the mining engineeringdepartment.

2. This year the college authority has introduced a new course inenvironmental protection.

3. Have you ever been in the mine?4. The group of researchers has not yet solved the problem of

using a new method in their work.5. Mining has now become a technically advanced branch of

industry.6) 1. A group of experienced engineers began to design and

construct a new, more powedul mining equipment for opencasts twoyears ago. This year they have finished their work. (The equipment isready for use in industry.)

2. Some years ago coal was the only fuel available in Great Britain.e) Until recently Britain's heavy industry was mainly in the centre

of England and in the London region. Such towns as Birmingham,Coventry and Sheffield produced heavy machinery, motor-cars andother equipment. These old industrial centres have developed newbranches of industry: electronics, radio, the chemical industry andofrrers.

33. Gsdee E-sec yiln ye - oeyyflsxyyH ua dyyccax yilndnufieunspxuilnx 6yrt eeyyn6epuile on.

34. flaaneaaapte dapaax 3aeeapaap eydqemes.3aeeap: Say what the students have already done

(fo pass their examinations).The students have already passed their examinations.

i

. 1) Say what the students (a group of students) have (has) alreaay]done (to pass examinations, lo make experiments, to present a repofi,)to write a graduation poper, to have practical work). i

2) SiV what the manager (the group ot engineers, the authority)Jhasn't (haven't) done y?t (to work oit special mihods, n aoitn ; ,;;),computer, to equip laboratories, to introduce qutomated systems of,planning and control of underground operations, to provide the iaboratoiiwith necessary equipment). '1

3) Say what the students {the geologists, the manager, the jcollege, the miners) did (did not do) not rong ago, rast year, twJmonths iago, last week, etc. (to keep in close touch with indistriat enterprises,

Ito discover new deposits, to extroct many lons of coal, to replice oldi,e.quipment, ro touch upon the problem of labour productivity,'to attendllectures and classes). i

I

,l35. Oeyyndspuila yuuux msdesspuits anuud Hb oHeepcolqaauilu (The Perfect-T_ense) xen*epuile xepeenoeen

"oxu*re Imodopxodn. meased dapaax yec, xon1oo yayyduile ,*u"ou*ioeyyn6apeo op.tyqt.

to graduate from; to carry out an experiment; to take apostgraduate course; the share of coal; to work out a probtem;-the number of postgraduates (postgraduate student"i; io :increase; to decrease; to discover; tfre iuet batance l

1.

2.

3.

Tsd mypwunmaa xuil\uxxss.Tsd myputunmaa eteopcon danoo xoHoem xuilxss.eus eanyy uHxeHep dsed cypeyynuile xo6p xunuiln euue

meeceex$g.4. Tsp sue oud acnupaHmypm opxee.5. l-eonoequd fiailaanuilu xuil nescauil dapaa pailoxat mynwuuil

5anancau daxa uyypcnuil xyaa Iazacqss.

_36. ffapaax unspxuilnnuha awuenax E cedeudn aewneb,emodopxoiln.

to provide fuil-time and part-time education; to confer dipromas;to take courses; to become a tradition; to take examinations; tointerview the students; an intensive tutorial system; to train

"ngin"er;;a three-term system

37. Csdee E-ufrn aeyyn?bre auuenaH doopx saeaapaap

54

epunq, flpuau u mouuiionon*e auuena.3aeeap: A.: Have you reaQ anything about

mining education in Great Britain?B.: Yes, I have. I know that...C.: I agree with you'but l'd like to add...D.: I see. Let me say about...

38. Csdse 6-sec 6ypendsryyud ut mycnax yiln ye rcMyymodesepuilu dyilt4 ur opdoe eeyyneryyHuile on.

39. ffaaneaepue dapaax saeeapaap xuil.

3aeeap: Say how many subjects you had to take at the entranceexaminations. -+ I had to take four subjects.

Say 1) what subjects you had to take at your entranceexaminations; 2) what subjects you are to study in your first year; 3)what specializations your institute offers; 4)what subjects the studentsmust study if they take a course of underground technology; 5) whatsubjects you study regardless of your specialization.

40.,Qapaax cedeuile yHuruK, myynuile eapquena. Oeyyn1ep6y ps e c (o eyyn e edexyy H -o eyyn exyy n u fr e) on.

ln Russia great attention is paid to engineering education. Muchdepends on today's students. They will be tomorrow's engineers,geologists, designers, economists, etc. They will have to cope withthe tasks which the country will set before them. Today a student is toget a much greater amount of new information and this amount isgrowing all th&itime. Future specialists must acquire professionalknowledge and skills and get modern methods of scientific research,advanced production technology, its organization and management.Engineers of a new type cannot be trained apart from modernproduction, science and technology.

They are to take an active part in accelerating scientific andbchnological progress.

41. Cedee B-e mona 6uque a,uuenaneyil yxut. fyyrulewnebe MoHeofloop moeq zpb.

cSAeB Bln the USA the basic aim of technical higher education rs the

training of qualified specialists in a selected field of technologY. Iln the field of technical education they have a three-Part Iprogramme: I1) The University programme for engineers and scientists' 2) {

The technical institute programme for engineering technicians. 3) The I

vocationaltrade programme. IThe students can get mining education at special colleges and I

at mining departments of universities. For example, one of the oldest Imining schools in the USA is the Colorado School of Mines' Early

Iminini operations in the Territory of Colorado emphasized the need

I

for a college to train mining engineers. I

The Colorado School of Mines is situated in the mineral-producing I

area of the Rocky Mountains. The area is rich in non-ferrous metals I

such as molybdenum, vanadium, zinc and other deposits' Besides' ]

colorado has processing (dressing)-plants, potroleum refineries and I

steel plants. Many coal mines are in operation throughout the area. I

ine tietO of study includes earth sciences (geology, geochemistry, I

geophysics and otheis) and engineering. The students may specialize I

in pehology, mineral deposits, mining engineering and other disciplines.' Field work is an important part of training. All students take part

in a summer field course during their undergraduate programme'

Geology laboratories are available within the Department of Geology ,

for study and research.The mining engineering students study the basic sciences,

principles and technologies of mineral exploration, underground and

surface operations, rock mechanics, mine ventilation, surveying, mine

safety and operating research; The Department operates the

expeiimental mine; lt is a large and well-equipped laboratory for

teaching and research in mining operations.The education is fee-paying. The School co.llects fees at the

beginning of each semester. semester fees include fees for health

servic", ithletics, student centre and others. A student will not be

allowed to take final examinations or be graduated if he (or she) has

debts (doneu) to the college.

, During their course of training the students may visit surface and

underground mines, oilfields, dressing plants and regions of geological

interest.A study of current curricula shows that the average American

engineer receives only 10% of geology and 25o/o of mining in his (or

hei) undergraduate education in. mining. As a rule, mining engineering

56

programmes include: Liberar arts - 2o%; Basic scienc es - 2so/o; Generarengineering - 20%; Geology - j\o/oi Mining - 25%.

42. a) Cedee B-urtn doeon uepmeil aeyyn6ep 6ypuilnyxdcsn caHaae Hea rcMyy xo6p eeyyn*epeap unspxuiln.

"

6) Cedee B-uiln doeon uepmeil eeyyn*epesc AHy daxa*tsd 6-onoecpon*H cucmeuuilu eeopneLl, on4nozu[tu myxafisptx 6yil mepuile on.

43. ffoopx eypeaH eapqueHH anb Hb Cedee B-uilueyynnaaad soxuqox( 6yie modopxoiln.

1. Education in the USA.2. Higher Education in the USA.3. Technical Higher Education in the USA.

M. Cedse B-d i0 myceail, i saaenax acyyflm zapza.

x3ngflqYYfl3rCsdae "Mining Schools,,-u ile yxutux myynd xoudcox

*1ydn ue xon en qsxoe p 6an d.

Cedauile oilneoxod xepsameil yec:

b abandom mameanaax,qxuxT9-qtt":r"y [a'kauntansi] _,,,r@.eu0H axun

mo--"Yf:ieex(sePeude)in _experience Jiks,piariansl- -mypwnaeamail6onoxb hqld a higher reqard _ unw

et+oep $maedenmsd 6ailx "drrity [ma'tjuariti] - uac 6ue

ilu113l xe*Kux, menxuxil - 6anxyyna* ga1pux;E uilment [ri'kru:tmant] _xfiYln1nm, qyenyyrca

reward - waeHanstaff an1au xaaequd,axunaecad

st99k brocklng fionduuaxunfiaeaasup_ervisor ['sju:pavaizal _, xf,HaH wan?aeq, xfHaegto_tend -

,auenen, xaudnaeamai6aix

trajnee [trei'ni:] - dadnaeaxueLt,oadnaea xu1e'.4

to waste - ypexwealth lel- 6annae

57

Mining Schools

As is known young people who are in their last year at school areplanning the next stage in their education. The variety of courses atuniversities and colleges is extensive but many young people don'thave any clear idea about the career they wish to follow. Those whoare primarily motivated by wealth tend to choose law, business.administration, economics or accountancy. Those interested in famemay choose the arts, the stage, or the media.

Except perhaps in the countries with successful manufacturingindustries such as Germany and Japan, where engineers tend to beheld in higher regard, a career in engineering is not often recommendedwith any enthusiasm by schoolteachers, politicians, TV, newspapersor teenage magazines. Those influencing young people tend to bepop singers, TV actors and sports stars.

It is no wonder, therefore, that many engineering degree coursesfind it difficult to attract students, with the result that young graduateengineers in many fields are in short supply worldwidq Courses inmineral resource engineering - mining geology, rock mechanics,mining, quarrying, mineral processing, and petroleum engineering havespecial difficulties in recruitment.

However, this is only part of the story. After graduation and theaward of a degree, there is a strong wish to abandon the subject matterof the course and enter a career offering mgre reward: commercg,banking, accountancy or stock brooking. This causes disappointmentto the academy staff who wasted all their efforts to give useful practicalknowledge to the students. There is one more barrier to recruitmentinto the mining industry where management trainees should spendseveral years of practicaltraining underground pr in the mill. Modernmining and processing machinery, computer controlled and high inoutput capacity, cannot and should not be operated by youngmanagement trainees: nowadays operators are often highly skilledand from their ranks should come the line supervisors. Managementtrainees, after a brief period to acquire general knowledge about theoperation, would be better trained by acting as assistants to managersand consulting engineers, and gain experience in planning surveyingand ventilation departments, all areas where knowledge learned at amining school can be utilized to good advantage.

It should be noted that there are mineral engineering courseswhich must provide a wide and general tuition, covering not only mineral

58

extraction and processing methods but arso economics, businessadministration, computer studies, communication ski[s and basic civiland mechanical engineering which are vitar for important careerdevelopmgnt to senior ranks.

3eeweopex rcMyy ec seeuroepoxuile unepxuilndsexennszuile qeilKufi. Tedesep Hb xonulynoe seyynaxad xspse6onuo.

strgng Neutralrm tn complete agreementI quite agree.I couldn't agree more.Yes, definitely.Exactly.Preciselv

I agree.You're right there.I think you're right.Yes, and...That's true.That's right.

NeutralI dtsagree completely.That's out of the question.On the contrary.Of course not.That's ridiculous! (Vrraryil)

I don't agree.That's not how I see itI wouldn't say that.I think you are wrong.I disagree.

ffapaax acyynmaHd xapuynx dssd 1onoecponatutcyydnaap caHan 6odnoo xen-. flesp y3yynceH epuaHbtwyu6onntle- atauena.

1. ls it easy to decide what career to choose insr:rool? What helps make your choice?

2. There are different kinds of higher schoors in our country andm'oad. What kinds of schools do young people prefer to stua'y lntft*y?

3. lt goes without saying that our higher school system could bemrr3anized. How do you think it can be done? (To have f,igt,ty

"Or";t"amrc trained teachers' staff; to provide wide and g"n"rur tutition,m,xnics, business, administration, computer studies, communicationu, s to supply coileges and universiiies with *oo"rn i""r."i""r@lonnent; to choose subjects to one,s interests, abilities; to get more

the last year at

59: -.

practical work; to carry out reseArch, etc.)

of the world. Is it popurar in Russia? what appears to you in tris systemr5. The status of .engineers in society is not high, is itZ Wf,ie

what's your view on the state of education for the riineral inauifiengineers?

6. Highly educated people do much for their country, don,t they? ;what helps (to) make a person educated? why do ylu thint ii'i

UNIT 5Outstanding Russian Scientists in Geologt and Mining

A. flypsu1. YprsnxnncsH qar (Continuous Tenses)2, Yfrngsrgsx xea (The Passive Voice)

Cedse A. A.M. Terpigorev (1873-1959)

B. fiypsuCsdee E.

Toonu yrA.P. Karpinsky (1 847-1936)

B. Csdse 8.6aaa xypan. Yyn yypxailu yi)nc dsx uspm spdsumsdTaaeap (Crossword)

A

lYPeM1. YpesnxuncsH Llae (Continuous lenses/Present, Past, Future Continuous-uilu epeuxud moua\onon

doopx 1aildanmait 6ad ua.

to be * ing - ymaam yin yeurtn xsn1sp3oxux (odoo qaeuilu yilnm nsp)qae daxa

Seexeu yiln ye to be. doopx 1aildnaap nneaedax 6yile auxaap.(Present - am, is, are; Past - was, were; Future - shall/willftt be) xapunyudceu yiln ye nt eepuneeddeeeyil. ens fiyneuilu qae Hb dyycaaeyilyinden nmyy odoo, upssdyil, eleopcel 4ae daxt modopxoil yedWanxunr 6yil netqae unspxuilnue.

oAoo YPTeflxilItx Eyt/ uAr(THE PRESENT CONTTNUOUS TENSE)

amis + ing - xsn1sp (odoo \aeuiln yilnm nsp)are

6'l

Present Continuous_ue doopx dyycaaeyd yilndnudeu ns pxu ilns xsd xspsensus:

a) apua 6onax yed 6onx 6yil nuyy, 6) apua 6onox yed 6uw q eoceH odoo qaem rcmyye) onoumaa daemaeddae yrtndnuile msudsensxsd atways-meil ,xavm :

a) What are the student Orcymuyyd toy 6uuux 1ailua es? lIwriting? i

Are they^translating Tsd csdeuile opqyynx 6adna yy? ia text? ---"- "' I

Yes, they are. Tudu I(No, they are noUaren,t. (yeyil i

Iii,,,*i+Xli,'i # ""'' [::S:::tr;;Xtr"!utux *ailHd Iinteresting novel now. poMaH yHwoK *ailna. I

e) He,s arways studyins. ,,1"1!iil,!lli!!rl33r?4 |

Ous 4ae Hb epuaHbt xsnsud ux myeoeMon fuaddae Oa supuuaaulupssdyild menaeneceH qaeuile metudsenexs ." I

t'm leaving next Sunday. 6u dapaauuilu usud neua. IoHrePceH YPrsnxHflCsH qAr I(rHE PASr coNINUous TENSE) |

:wrtl?y::w:tTitr"i:i,;i;;::';?::;:"t:;!:tr:i:r::_,E;lyilndnurte unspxuiinexsd xspsenaue.

' '-- rrvv"'11u"'t' vt I

1us ye ua dapx xsn6apssp unepxuilnsadsne. I1) qaauile napuilu saacal: at five o,clock, yesterday, at thatltime, !!e^w!r2te !ay, att day tong espse xsnOipsep " -- -"4

fiff'?,:.lr*l were -rea a'au'i-iialu w'' I,oruil"fi"uilx

eneepcex qae daxt yiln yeesp unepxuilncs, 6y""dlwe arrived late' and they

62

luduuile opoa upexsd

I

was -'l

*"r" J + ing _ xenCep (odoo uaeuiln yilnm nep)

were already sleeping. med x$3oHuil ynmcau 6arte

Past Continuous-btH qaeuile msudseneneydessp epuex 6yilyilndnuile modopxoilnuo.

It was getting darker. Xapauxyil 6onoe.

ilPe3flYtzH YPTSIXilnCsH UAr(THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE)

2us qae ua upsedyild ypesnxuncsn yindnude msmdsensns.Yindnuilu qaeudz 3aacaH 6ailx 6onno, mszsxdse 9H9 Hb saaean 6uwtoM. l

shall/will/'ll be + ing - xsn1sp

Next week we'll be revising 1ud dapaauuttu donoofor our exam. xoHoem utaneanmaHd 6sndsus.He won't be helping us. Ted 1udsud mycnaxeyd

Yin ye feel, hear, see ("xypesx" esdsa ymeaac eadua), look,*em, like, love, want, believe, know 6onon 6ycad sapuut ydn yetr Continuous-aw xsndspeyi 1ailna.

2. Yilndsedox xe6 (The Passive Voice)Yilndsedsx xse ru eeyyn1spudu eeyynsxyvHoop msudsenseddse

fite rcuyy toMHe 3aax yilndnuilz Hb oepmee usdpsx nuyy yilndnu(tufruexm 6ondoe. Tsesxdss eepoe ye yilndfluie eyilqsmesxeyi.iKuwos ua Hou 6yp caaxan 1uquedxss. Eailwuu oHbt otlcoopfupuedaua esx usm)

Euduui ypd yscsu udsexmeil xseuilu 6yx u,ae ua yilndsedsxmuilu aoxux xsn1spmsil 5ailna.

1. The play was written Xyxeuile 4exoe 6uqxse.by Chekhov.

2. The road is being repaired. 3auue sacq 6adua.3. The car hasn't been washed. Mawuuae yaaacauayrt.

Aypficau xuwseud yiln yeuile doopx xsn1spssp unspxuilnxso:1) Past lndefinite Passive-ssp,2) Present Continuous Passive-ssp3) Present Pedect Passlve)-sep

63

Yilndsedsx xsauiu myp xsn1sp Hb soxux qae daxr mycnax yilnye to be, ymeam yrtn yeuiln eHeepceH u,aeuilu yfinm uspuilumycnaMxmadeaap yycns.

be eneepceu qaeuilu (past participle) ydnm nsp

Yindsedsx xseuilu ydn yeuie xyeuneaxad 3eexeH to be uteepuneedex, u,aeuiln 6yx xsn1sp dsx ymeam yiln ya ut eueepc;euqaeuilu yinm uspuilu xen1spmsrt xspsensedsue.

1 constructed (buirt)

)Ydndbedex xsa dsx yiln yeuile doopx xsnlspssp opuyynua. yynd:1. Ydndsedsx xse dsx yiln yesep; yiln ye Oailx lOilcau, 6adx

6onuo), ydndsedex ydnm uspuilH moe.t xsn6sp:The engineer was invited Eaea xypand ufiKeHepto the conference. ypuedcan 6arte

2. 5yt1ax ydn yassp:The mine will be recon- yypxail uuue,tnsedsx 6onno.straeted.

3. Todopxoil 6yc_ 6ueuilu aayyn6spssp (optyyneadeeyynsedexyyH Hb opxuedox, eeyynsxyyH Hb yilndex ,"brii ononmooHbt 3 daxa 6uesp unspxuilnsedsns.)

They were shown a new Tsdsnd WnbtH wuus xou*ailucutter-loader. Wyynxoo

.. Xspee eayyn6epm yilndnuilz xoH (totryy rcyeaap)eyil4smescuuile saacau 6on_yemeap ya by, rcuyy with-msil i"riipye xsnxetlude x3p32neH3. Tsdesspuile yemeap yeeyil yilnoexuiu muinnnean daxc mycaedaxyyu toMyy -aap, _eep opqyynHa.

The delegation of the miners yypxailu1ita meneenee,aduilewas met at the station by opmoeH desp xscse ooy^"i

*remne

{

iswaswill behas beenhad beenwill have beenis beingwas being

a group of students.Underground mines andopencasts are equipped withnew machines.

yem)K99.

fiand 6onou un yypxail ntuuHS MaUUHaapmouoenoedxgs

ceABlrrH eMHex gAcrAn1. a) ffapaax yecuile dyyndaxytrtq yuw.

.,t+t - flat, 'manager, 'practical, me 'chanics, 'graduate,iaprtal

,urft,tf;Lri bed, 'bedded, 'measure, de'fend, 'pressure, 'deputy,

[:.] - all, score, a'ward, 'order, born[r:] -'even, seam, de'gree,'teacher[oJ - hard, pass, class, draft, charqe[u:] - choose, soon, too, food

6) ffapaax yecurte yHwut( dyydnaeue Hb moemoo.

academician [a,kada'mif(a)n1, diploma [dip'louma],aementary [,eli'mentari], senior ['si:nja], honour ['tna], deputy-'depjutil

2. flapaax yec 6onon uuilnuen yeuile dompoo 1-2 ydaa yuw.{ppaa na dyyndaryilq yH.aux moemooxbz xuqoe.

qhoose [tJu:z] (chose [tJouz],chosen ['tJouzn]) v coHeoxchotce n coHeyynb

ccllect [ka'lekg] v qyenyynax,Jyenyynea xuux

dangerous ['deind3aras] aaayfimau

&posit [di'orzitlopwdoc:' bbddeilyem opd

&scribe tdis'kraibl ymodopxotjno*, dypcnsx;des-cription [di'skripfan] nnoqopxodnonm; descriptive alTtooopxouncoH

Ec,]itl, ffa'siliri] n (pt tacitifies)rcpeecen, OonowK, mouoenoi,rcpsecen

fre damp ['faiadamp] n

n oqo'depoSits

yypxailu xurl, uemauharm [ho.m] n xop; v xop xypeex;

harm-ful a xopmodrelate [ri;leit]- v xaMaapax,

xaMaapanmau oauxsafety ['seifti] n-.arcyneyd

ax{unflaeaa; mlne satety yynbtHaxnbtH yeudu xedennieipuuuanyneyd' 6aidan, anyieyduapea; - satety measuresapyneylH apea xeMxoe; safe aarcyneyil, uaildeapmaA

""t#, rl:xx, i {3, tlY,i! trlll;i!{mawyy yuanmmad ye,' inclinedseam Hanyy..ye; steep seamHanyy yel thick seani oeu,oMynanmmail ye; thin seamHUMaSH Ye

65

state [steit] n 1aildan, mep, ^!pK success [sak,ses] n aMx{unm,yn1i o ync*H; v ^..uedeedix, 6yni"ni--'i6--,^" fit#"=YHdocnox, main,apnax ZWym;:t-,;";;;f; ,

to defend graduation paper (thesis) _ dunnoMatu a)Knaa(d u ccep m a qaa) xa ueaanax

to pass an entrance examination - sncsnmulu uaneanm eeexto get a higher education - dssd 1onoecpon onoxto do one's best (one,s utmost, all one can, everything inone's power) - 1ononqoomoi 1yxnude xuix, xyues xailpianeyito make contribution (to) _ xyeb HsMop opyynax (wunxnsx

yxaaH, mexHuK sspTem)

!. a) ffaeaeap ful,Iess-uia mycnaM)Kmail yyccstt doopxmemdee yeuile op.twfl.

useful, successful, powerful, harmful; useless, powerless,harmless, sleepless

- 6) flneacan Hop'yeHeoc yycc"H meudsa yesep xoocon taile6eeno1. Power stations are equipped with ...machines.2 AM Terpigorev,s investigations in mine safety were asuccess. He worked out a series of safety measures in gassy coilieries.

His... research greafly improved the woiting conditions in mines.3. The extensive use of scientific and teihnorogicarachievements

makes it possibre to deverop a[ branches of produciion. The scientisisarc working out new methods of mining... minerals.

4' Fire damp does much harm to the hearttr of miners. rt is themost ... of all the gases in the mine air.

4. flapaax nuilnMsn yecude yHwur( opqwn.entrance examinations training of specialistsgraduation paper coalseam

' .-

coal depositsmine surveyingmine safetydescription of diagramsacomplete description

of the quarryflat-seam miningthin-seam mining

assistant managerexploitation of depositsbedded depositstransport facilitiestwo-volume textboo-ksthick-seam mining i,'steep-seam mining

66

5. f,neacan yeuilu ymeue 3oxux MoHeon yeurtu uaaseyypma(t mecmgil fl3eyypaap nt modopxoiln.

mining mechanics; descriptive courses; elementary practical:aining; the best lecturer; tectures on historicalgeotogy; i particularinterest; an interesting subject; a first-class diploma; the department:f Mining Transport; as a result; gassy collleries; the probtem of":e damp; the state of mechanization; mining machinery; methods:if coal gasification

6. Csdee A-e yuwux A.M.Tepnueopee uu epderuutuuxuneeeuuil auap acyydnae 1onoecpyynaxdaa oxtqeoianxaapcaH 6onoxub apa.

ceAsB A

A.M. Terpigorev (1873-l 959)Academician A.M. Terpigorev is a well-known mining engineer

*.ro successfully combined his practical experience with scientific'=search. He was born in 1873 in Tambov. ln 1Bg2 he finished schoolnrttt honoursl and decided to get a higher education. He chose the|,,l ning lnstitute in stPetersburg, passed all the entrance examinations:;ccessfully and became a student of the Mining lnstitute.

At the lnstitute he studied the full range of subjects2 relating to-etallurgy, mining and mining mechanics.

At that time students' specialization was based on3 descriptive:!{rrses and elementary practical training. one of the best lecturersnas A. P. Karpinsky. His lectures on historical geology were very:opular.

During his practical training Terpigorev visited mines and sawt'at the miners' work was very difficurt. whire he was working in thel,onbas he collected material for his graduation paper which he soonrefended. The Mining of flat seams in the Donbas was carefully studied:nd described in it.

ln 1897 Terpigorev graduated from the rnstitute with a first-crassjploma of a mining engineer.His first job as a mining engineer was at the surin mines where-e worked for more than three years first as Assistant Manager and

E:er as Manager.

67

From '1900 till 1922 Terpigorev worked at the yekaterinosravMining lnstitute (now the Mining lnstitute in Dnepropetrovsk).

ln 1922 he accepted an offer to take charge ofl the mining chairat the Moscow Mining Academy and moved to Moscow. rrom tgsohe headed the chairss of Mining Transport and Mining of BeddedDeposits at the Moscow Mining lnstitute.

Academician Terpigorev took a particurar interest in mine safety.As a result of his investigations a series of safety measures in gassycollieries was worked out. For some time he was working on t"problem of fire damp, the most harmful and dangerous of all the gasesin mines.

His two-volume work coal Mining and Mine Transpr.trt Facilitiesis a full description of the state of mechanization and the economy ofthe Donbas. His other works are about mining transport facilities,mechanization of coal mining and mining machinery. He is one of thepioneers in scientific methods of coal gasification.

c3flB14NH TAlzflsAP

1 finished school with honouts - cypeyynua ouUcartumeeceexSS

2 full range of subjects - epeeH xypssmsil csOse3 was based on - cyypufiax, yudscnsxa to take charge of (smth.) - ydupdax, xsHax (nuap use rcuarc)s headed the chairs - msHxuMuile moneodnoe

AACTAn7. Csdeuilu azyynnaead flMap eeyyn1sp moxupu 6yie npa.

Xapuynmaa cedse dsx &apuamaap 6amna.

1. After school Terpigorev decided to work in a mine.2. Terpigorev colrected materiar for his graduation paper which

dealt with mining thick seams in the Donbas.3. For more than three years Terpigorev worked at the Sulin

mines.4. ln 1922Terpigorev accepted an offer to take charge of the

mining chair at the Moscow Mining lnstitute.5. He investigated the problems of mine safety.6. He was one of the first to work on the probrem of gasification

o coal.

68

8. ffapaax acyynmand xapuyn.1. When and where was Terpigorev born?2. What institute did he graduate from?3. What material did he collect while he was working in the

Donbas?4. Where did Terpigorev work from 1900 ti,ll 1922?5. Atwhat institute did Terpigorev head the chair of Mining Beddet

Deposits?6. What did Terpigorev take a particular interest in?7. What works by Terpigorev do you know?8. What problems rdo Terpigorev's works deal with?9. What was the result of his investigations on mine safety?

9. a) ffapaax yec 6onou nufinuen yeuix MoHeon dyilquileGpWx manbtH daeauaac on.

1. to fulfil the task a) yypxai daxt xedenuep xaueaanan2. to accept an offer . 6) 1amnax3. fire damp e) uyypcnuil on1opnonm4. flat seam r) opdun auLtznanm5. mine safety p) ueman6. to collect the material e) cananue xynfi)K aeax7. to confirm , x) sopunm, daaneaaptte 1uenyynsx8. exploitation of deposits z) xsemss ye9. coal winning u) mamepuanbte Uyenyynax

6) ffapaax nuilnuen yauiln aH?nu dyiltquile *apyyx manHHfuanaac on.1. dsed cypeyynad opox a) descriptive courseL ryxan acyydnua wuildsx 6)to choose a profession3. nspm wuHxnoaq s) to enter an institute4. mypwunm*e aMxrunmmai xudx r) to solve important problems5. uspesxun coHeox 4) safety measures6. modopxoilnox Kypc e) outstanding (prominent)7- meupuiln xydp uilu yycsn researchers8. yypxailn dapea x) to carry out experiments9- xedenmep xaMeaannHH apea successfully

xoM)Kee s) the origin of iron oreu) the manager of a colliery

69

10. 3oxux yemeap ye (of, for, in, at, to, during, with, from,on)-uile coHeox( eeyyn1epudH xoocol saile 6eeni.

One... the professors ... our Institute is known (modopxod) ...his work... the fierd... georogy. He finished schoor... St.petersburg andentered ... the lnstitute of Mining there.... the lnstitute he studiei thefall range... subjects relating... geology and mining.... his practicaltraining he visited many coal-fields and collected material... hisgraduation paper ... the stratigraphy of the Urars. After graduating...the lnstitute he worked as a geologist in the Kuzbas. Helnvestigaiedgeological conditions and their infruence (ueneenex)... the choice...

lmethods... mining useful minerals. f

11. a) ffoopx eeyynhepu[tu xoocou sailz present simptel

;!:1":*".nt Continuous dex yiln ye to be rcuyy to do-eisn

I

3aeeap: They aren,t watching television now. I, They don't watch television every evening. I1. He _ listening to the radio right now. I2,le _listen to the radio every day. I3. They do their homework in class. I

! Thev doing their homework right now. I5. I -----_- see any students in that room. I

f,or"? Where's your brother? - _ he seeing Vour sister

I

- 6),Qoopx eeyyn6epuilH xoocoH sarte present Simple.*yVlPresent Continuous dex mycnax yiln yessp 6eene. I

3aeeap: Do you read much? IAre you reading an article? I

1. _ she learning the new words right now? I2

-she

learn new words in each lesson? I3. _ the students need help with their experiment? I4. _you understand allthe words very well? I5._ he working on a report? I12. Yiln ye to be ,oMW to do-e soxux qaeuilu *"rU"O* ," Ixeps"nilr doopx oeyyndsp dox xaocon saile 6eene I

.;;llT 1!"- Terpigorev,s works which deatwitn mine safetv?, I

".. you know who *orn,n]_on this important problem " *-

I

lnstitute now?""Yes, 1.... Prof N. and his pupils... conducting research in this

fleld of mining, They ...working out a series of safety measures ingassy collieries."

"... you at his lecture yesterday?""Yes, 1....""... Prof. N. speaking about the results of his investigations?""No, he... not. He... speaking about coal beds and the functions

of mine ventilation.""... you going to attend his next lecture?"

, "Yes,!...."

13. flypudcau yiln yeurte 3oxux qaeuilu xsn6epm (PastSimple,oMyy Past Continuous) xa maeb.(study) 1. | _ very hard last night.

2.1 _last night when you called.(have dinner) 3. When he finally arrived, I

- dinner.

4. I _at7.5. While John _ his English lesson, his friend came.6. John his English lesson yesterday.7. lt

-

hard last night.

(take)

(rain)

8. lt

-

hard when I left the office at five o'clock.(talk) 9. They with their professor when I saw them.

10. They with him very often.

14. a) Yiln yeuile Present Continuous (l am doing) nMyyPresent Simple (l do)-d maeb.

I usually (get up) at 7 o'clock. I (ai) my room and (do) my morningexercises. Then I (go) lo the bathroom where I (brush) my teeth and(have) a shower. Where (be) my mother now? She (be) in the kitchen.What she (do)? She (cook) breakfast. She (do) it every morning. lt(be) 7.45.1 (go) to the kitchen. My father (be) already in the kitchen.He (sit) at the table and (wait) for me. We usually (have) breakfasttogether. Breakfast (be) over, we (leave) home. I often (go) to theuniversity by bus, but this morning I (walk). ll (take) me twenty minutesto get to the university. We (have) 3 lectures, seminars or laboratorywork every day. We (not to have got) any classes on Saturdays. Afterclasses I (go) home and (have dinner). Then I (have) a resl and (do)

my.'homework.ln the evening I sometimes (visit) friends or (stay) at home ancl

71

(li-tten) to music. At the weekends I (like) going swimming.It (be) B o'ctock in the evenin g r (teari) rngtisrr. r (teirn) Engrish

every evening | (So) to bed ai 11 o,clock as a rule.At the moment r (u'ork) very hard because l have exams soon.

6) Oepudu edpudx epduilx eopuMbtH myxail npu.

e) Aueudnxaumaieaa edpuilu eopuMbtH manaap spunq.ffapaa myyxd epouxuil, myceail, aaaenax acwnrn (xondoo yeor-moil) maeb.

Tain6ap:5ud xon5oo ye or-uilu mycnaM)Kmaileaap aayyn6spudu anb Hoe

euwvvH nuyy 6yxen 6ymsn eeyyn1spu(te coHeox H3e caHandsewyynx 6adua.

Can she sing or dance?

Will you help them orshall I do it?

Tsp 1yxuensx nMyy dyynxuaddae yy?

4u msdsnd mycnax yy ocffin6u yyuuile xuilx yy?

15, ffapaax oeyyn6spuile ynut. Teeesd as eedse yeuilxopqyynebrc aHxaapq ozyyn6epea opqyyn.

1. Terpigorev began to work as mining engineer at the Sulinmines, first as Assistant Manager and later ai Manager

2. As there was no mining machinery, the mineri, work was veryhard.

3. As a rule, students' speciarization was based on descriptivecourses and elementary practical training.

4. When he went down the mine for the first time, Terpigorevsaw that there were no combines, conveyers and other equip"mentsuch as used now.

16. Oeyyn6spude dyycaa. Caxan 1oneox 6yil 6yxxyeun6apaa aHenua p o p.tyyn.

l. Our institute keeps in close touch with ... (1. yilndespuiueasapmail; 2. dand, un yypxailmad; 3. spdsu *ui*rnr"'"iilxyp%noHmoil; 4. nyypcnui cae easapmail).

ll. The student is planning to... (1. dunnom xameaanax; 2.mypwunm xudx; 3. 6aea xypand oponqox).

lll. A group of postgraduates took an interest in ... (1. yypxail

72

daxa arcyneyi axunnaeaauu acyydanmad; 2. napxweidepmsi; 3.

mssepu(tu moHoenonmort; 4. un on1opnonmmoil (awuemuanmuanuu))

lV. The scientists state that... (1. sus pailon ue@msep 6ann; 2.pailoud meMep, xap 6onou eHeem Memanfi 6urt; 3. sscuilu opdeadapeyyuaac xon 1aildae).

V. They did their best (in order) to.., (1. uyxan acyydnarcwuddaspnsx; 2. tuuus ouon 6ui 6oneox; 3. tuuuxunessuutt uuuemeeude yudecnox; 4. nyypc on6opnox ilKnbE xeueeeunox).

Vl. Terpigorev took an active part in... (1. uyypcuile xuttxyynsxwltHx{nox yxaaHv apebz 5onoecpyynaxad, 2. ,Quu1accatu yypxailewuHeqnox monoenezeo 6onoecpyynaxad 3. yynHH ax{nbtH aHXHbtcypax iuqeuile soxuoxod, 4. ync opuat 1aileanuilu 1asnaeuilewuuxnsxsd).

17. ffapaax yecmsil caHan Huilrpxeyil dyileaa unepxudn.Oepuiluxeo caHaae cedae A daxu dapuumaap 6amna. flpuanatdoopx moua*onnbe awuena.

to be mind,'in my opinion; as is known; on the contrary; I

can't agree with you; I'd like to say a few words about; I supposeso; I don't think so; that's where you are wrong; far from that;more than that; is that really so?

1. ln '1895 Terpigorev finished school with honours and decidedIo enter the university.

2. During his practical training Terpigorev visited a number of$ants and collected materialfor his graduation paper which dealt withmetallurgy.

3. Terpigorev took a particular interest in open-cast mining and*rrotes many books on this problem.

4. ln 1930 Terpigorev headed the chair at the Leningrad Mining,nstitute.

5. Terpigorev wanted to work on the problem of coal gasification.6. Terpigorev made a great contribution to mining and metallurgy.

18. Couupxox 6yfr 6yx eyrtnee modpyynx doopx taeeapaapzcwrm ma6b.

3aeeap: Terpigorev collected the materialfor his graduationpaper in the Donbas, (where?) -+ Where did Terpigorevcollect the material for his graduation paper?

1. After graduating from the lnstitute -ferpigorev worked at the

Sulin mines, (where?)2. ln 1922 Terpigorev moved to Moscow and headed the chair at

the Moscow Mining Academy. (when?)3. The scientist took a particular interest in mine safety. (what

problem?)4. His work Cool Mining and Mine Transport Facilities gives a

complete! description of the state of mechanization in the Donbas.(what work?)

5. Hls graduation paper dealt with mining of flat seams in theDonbas. (what kind of problem?)

19. ffapaax eon yecuile a,uuenax cedse A-euilu aeyyflebzH?eme?.

to finish school; to get a higher education; to enter an institute;study the full range of subjects; to visit mines; to deal with; to graclualfrom the institute; to work as Manager; to accept an offer; to take aninterest in; to work out problems; to be in charge of; to head the chair;take an active part (in)

s[YP3M

Tooxul usp13-19 xypmenx mooH mooHbt uspuie aHxHbt apaambtH 3oxux

moou dssp daeaeap teen-uile rcMt{ yycaHs. Apaemue msudsensdsemooHbt uspuile yycasxdse apaemHH mooHbt nsp dsep epeenmeyidaeaeap ty-a nsmns.

?xnuil eypeaac 6ycad dsc moouu nspuile 3oxux mooH mooHbtnsp dsep daeaeap th-z ue^,,ex 3aMaap yycaffi.

Toonsr usp ,Qsc rooHu xep TooHu nsp fiec rooHu xep1 - one (the) first 11 - eleven (the) eleventh2 - two (the) second 12 - twelve (the) twetfth3 - three (the) third 13 - thirteen (the) thirteenth4 - four (the) fourth 14 - fourteen (the) fourteenth5 - five (the) fifth 15 - fifteen (the) fifteenth6 - six (the)sixth 16 - sixteen (the) sixteenth7 - seven (the) seventh 17 - seventeen (the) seventeenth8 - eight (the) eighth 18 - eighteen (the) eighteenth9 - nine (the) ninth 19 - nineteen (the) nineteenth

74

10 - ten (the) tenth 20 - twenty (the) twentieth

100 - a (one) hundred (the) hundredth1,000 . a (one) thousand (the) thousandth1,000,000 . a (one) miltion (the) millionth1,000,000,000 - a (one) miltiard (Auenud), a (one) billion (AHY-1)

Hudnusn mooHbt xspude 25 - twenty-five; 58 - fifty-eight; 4T -forty-seven eoxgn3H yHtuuHa.

Toouu uep 100, 1000, 1000000 -udu eMHe one nmyy modopxo(t6yc nneaq euwyyH a-e maeuHa.

100 - a (rcuyy one) hundred1,000 - a (rcmyy one) thousand1,000,000 - a (rcuyy one) millionToouu eeHeoe macnanaap myceaapnaHa. 1,80A - eighteen

hundredHuinusn moontt yesnd apaembr eMHe 1lT-eudn dapaa macnan

maauHa. Xspse msdessp ua flailxeyil 6on nsexuilu emue xon1oo yeand-ue maeuHa.

3,678 - three thousand six hundred and seventy eight608 - six hundred and eight

Huilnusn mooHoac dsc moo yycesxsd 3eexeH cyynuu1u mooxt eepuneedeue.

125-p * the one hundred and twenty-fifth

1ueuiln 6ymapxail112-a(one)half

2/3. two thirde

Eyrapxai Toor yHul,tx ltbApaemau 1ymapxait0.1 - nought point one;

zero point one2.3 - two point three

114 - a (one) quarter rcMyy 2.35 - two point three fivea (one) fourth rcuyy two point thirty-five

Apaemam \ymapxaild 6yxsn mooe na lymapxail moouooc nawasp 3aaenaHa.

Xspea dymapxail mooHbt dapaax usp ve Hb eaHll mooud 6aileanyuutuxdaa myyuuil eMHo yemeap ya of maeuedaua.

2/3 ton - two thirds of a ton

75

Xspse 6ymapxail mooHbt dapaax usp ye Hb onoH mooud ladeanyuwuxdaa yemeap ye af-trc opxuHo.

5.2 centimeters - five point two centimeters

Xyrufir yHul4x HbXyeuile doopx xqpMaap yHutuHa.2o/o (nwyy 2 p.c.) - 2 per cent318% (318 per cent mrvryy 3/8, p.c.) _ three eighths per cent

ouyy three eighths of one per cent0.2% (0.2 per cent ronryy 0.2 p.c.) _ nought point two per

cent mnayy nought point two of one per cent

Ornoor yHUI4x HbOuue mooubt Hopogp msudsensus.1907 - nineteen seven (rcr,ayy nineteen hundred and seven)1983 - nineteen eighty-three (rorrryy nineteen hundred and

eighty three)Oeuooe dsc mooeoop msudsenens.lBth September, 1986 - the eighteenth of September,

nineteen eighty-sixSeptember 18th, 1996; September 18, 1996 _ September the

eighteenth, nineteen ninety-six

ceBBVtAH OMHoX lACrAfl20. a) ffapaax yzcuile dwndaxvilu vnut.

'pr".i!ejnt- 'many' 'member' - he'at' 'readily' effective'

[r] -'foreign,'modest,'knowledge,'prominent[a] - a'cademy, 'rapid, 'rapidly, ex'tract, es'tablish[a:]- re'search, re'searcher, work, 'working. Earth[n] - con'duct, 'country, crust, 'Russian, 'study

[o:]- part, re 'mark, re' markable, branch, 'charming

. .[ei] - 'detailed, ere'ate, cre'ator, cre'ation, em 'brace,marnly

6) ffapaax yecuile yHutu,( dyydnaaate Hb moemoo,entire [in'taia], equal I'i:kwall, epoch ['i:prk],

committee [ka'miti], palaeontology [,palirn'ulidgi],palaeozoic [,paliou'zouik], stratigraphy [stra'tigrafi],microscope [' maikraskoup]

76

2!. Aaeaax yec 6onox nuilnuen yeuile dompoo 1_2 ydaayxw. flapaa na dyyndaxyiltl yHutwt( moemoo.abroad [a'br::d] adv eadaadad former ['f::ma] a ypadatuconfirm [kan'fa:m] v 6amnax, investigate [in'vestigeit] r,6amnax wuHxnox, cyditax

contribute [kan'tribju:t] u prominent [',prtminant] ct

xaudue opyynax; contribution uspmei, n uepd iapcau,[,k:ntri'bju:Jn) n xaudue andapmad; syn remarkable,

crust [kmst] n ea3pbtl xepc outstanding

detaired ['di:teild] n modopxod, *";::tr;:J, ['resju'lariti] n sYiHapuuequncaH

elect [i;lekt] v coHeox, coHeox significant [sig'nifikant] aYrcMx;

lcaua,t eea); moMultox (afian significance [sig'nifikans] n avmywaaad)'' xon6oedon, qyxan; exhaust

consider [kan'sida] v mooL4ox,6odox, aeu yssx

embrace [im'breis] v xaMpax,m9epex

entire [in'taial a 6yx, 6ymsn,6ypsn; syn whole

erist [ig!zist]autdpax

foreign ['f:rin] a eadaadam

v aaa ayyx, 6ailx, 5ypendexyyu, opoH moo

justly ['d3nstlil adv yndecnenmeil,6coop

[ig'z::st] the significance a!,xon6oedonzyil 6onox

society [sa'saiati] n uudagunse

staff [sta:fJ n 6ue xyH, 6ue

various fveariasl a nna 6ypuiu,flneaamau, onoH qHsblH

to advance the view - caHanaa (yssn 6odnoo) xsnsxto be interested in - coHupxcoH (nnap usz rcuarc) 6aix,

:aflupxoxto take (an) interest in couupxox (nuap use nuae)

22. ffaeaeap ent (ant)-moil meudsa yauix opqyynebteJxaapq eeyyndspuile op.ryyn.

1. Lomonosov founded the Russian school of mining.2. Prospecting is an applied geological science which studies

dfferent methods of discovering depositJof useful minerals.3. Scientific research institutions solve important problems.4. one of Karpinsky's significant works is about the formation offe Donets Coal Basin.

23. flapaax yec Hb yeufra aiueuilx eMap x"cee 1onoxae

77

daeaeapaap ua modopxoilnx opuyyn.

create - creator - creation; elect - election; investigate _investigator - investigation; recent - recenily; significant _significance; consider - considerable - consideration; encourage* encouragement; found - founder - foundation; manager _management; exist - existence

24. ffapaax uuilnuan yeuile yHLuuK apqyyn.

iron depositsdiscovery of saltto design effective machines

for underground andopen-cast mining

an entire epochscientific activityequalskillthe origin of platinum deposits

extracting of usefut rnineralsexisting conditionsto forecast the depositto investigate different systemsthe prominent scientistremarkable worksindustrially experienced engineersthe Earth's crust movementsignificant results

25. flneacau yecuilu ymebe msdesspurtH 3oxux MoHeondyilrquilx auyypmail mocmail 1aildnaap Hb modopxoiln.

President of the Academy of Sciences; academician; thehistory of geology; detailed geologieal map; the new stratigraphyof Russia; the regutarity of the Earth's crust movement; petroleumdeposits; the introduction of the microscope; the best lecturer

26. Cgdee 6-e ynuux A.fl.Kapnuxcxuilu aHxHb,t Hsoe.t Hbdoncon eeonoauiln candaparc Hepne.

TEKCT EA.P. Karpinsky (1847-1936)

V.A. Obruchev, l.M. Gubkin. A.y. Fersman, V.l. Vemadsky andA.P, Karpinsky were the prominent Russian scientists who laid thefoundationl of the Russian school of geology and mining.

An entire epoch in the history of Russian geology is connectedwith Karpinsky's name, One of the greatest Russian geologists, he

was a member and for some time President of the Academy of Sciencesof the former USSR and a member of several Academies abroad. TheGeological Society of London elected him a foreign member in 1901.His greatest contribution to geology was a new detailed geologicalmap of the'European part of Russia and the Urals.

For many years he headed the Russian Geological Committeetre staff of which wap made up oP his pupils. He was one of thosegeologists who embraced the whole of geological science. He createdthe new stratigraphy of Russia. He studied the geological systems invarious regi.ons of the country and was the first to establish3 theregularity of the Earth's crust movement. His paleontological studiesare of no less irnportance, especially those on palaeozoic ammonoids.He also took an interest ina deposits of useful minerals and gave adassification of volcanic rocks. He advanced the view that petroleumdeposits existed in Russian, which was confirmed later. He studiedsome ore and platinum deposits and may be justly considereds thefounder of practical geology of the Urals. He was the first Russianscientist who introduced microscope in the study of petrographic slides.

Karpinsky was a prominent scientist, an excellent man and citizen.He was one of the best lecturers at the Mining lnstitute in his time. Hewas also one of the greatest Russian scientists who later became thefirst elected Piesident of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.Students were attracted to him not only because he was a greatscientist but also because of his charming personality and gentler1€lnner.

Every geologist and every geology student knows very wellKarpinsky's most significant work An Outline of the Physical andC*ographical Conditions in European Russia in Past Geological Periods.

c3ABl414H TA14r16API to lay the foundation - cyypu\e (yndcuile) maeux2 to be made up of - 5ypdsx3 was the first to establish - gxonK cyypunyynrcoa to take an interest in- amap Hge ,oMHe coHupxox, mamaedaxs lay be considered - mooqoedox 6onox (mycnax yin ye

ufiunumueilH naccus xsndspmeil xopwuno)

NACTA,1

27. CodeuilH aeyyflazad suap ozyyndop xufu,ex 6yfre

79

modopxoiln. Oepuduxeo xapuynmse csdee dex 1apuumaap6amna.

1. Karpinsky was the first President of the Academy of Sciences.2. He worked 6t the Mining lnstitute in St-petersbuig.3. Karpinsky was a member of many Academies abroad.4. Karpinsky made up a detailed map of the Asian part of our

country.5. He headed the Russian Geological Committee.6. Karpinsky created a new branch of geology, namely

stratigraphy.7. He only tried to establish the regularity of the Earth,s crust

movement.8. Karpinsky may be justly considered the founder of the practical

geology of the Urals.

28. flapaax acyynmaud xapuyn.1. What society elected Karpinsky a foreign member and when?2. Did he head the Russian Geological Committee or was he a

member of that Committee?3. Did Karpinsky investigate various regions of the Russian

territory?4. Which of his works are the most remarkable?5. What can you say about Karpinsky,s investigations in

petrology?

29. a) flapaax xufinusnmanHH daeanaac on.1. the Earth's crust2. prominent scientist3. deposits of useful minerals4. to make up a detailed map5, r:emarkable works6. to advance the view7. scientific society

yecurtn Moneon aVyyle fiapyyn

a) easpau xepc6) modopxod. aypae sooxuoxe) eailxauwuemail axune) uspm spdsumsnd) awuem ManmManHH opwdoce) spdsn wuuxunesguuil

uudeeunsz8. to head a committee (to be x) dapeaa $pexxuilneeuee) ooneox

at the head of a Committee) s) cypeyynuin yndcuile maeux9. to lay the foundation of u) eeonoeulte coHupxox10. to elect chairman (president) x) cauanaa unepxurtnsx11. to take an interest in geology n) xopooe mgneoilnox

BO

6) Moneon nuilntuen yecuilx aHenu dyilquile 3YYH manb,Hdaeauaac on.

30. Xaecaanm A, 6-eec ymeaap oilponqoo yecuile coHeo.A. to understand

. because ofespeciallyto be at the head oftq lay the foundationsignificanceoutstanding

6. due toto headto foundto realizeprominentparticularlyimportance

31. very yeuiln sus dypuiln ymeHe auxaaPq dapaax uuilntvrsnyecuilz opqwn.

very good; very much; very difficult; at the very beginning; at

that very moment; at the very end; the very book; this very collieiy;that very scientistfthe very first; the very last; the very best

32. ffapaax csdeuie yHwur( eapquena. Teeeed yiln ye'ezyyn"xyyHuila ua yilndsedex xeed xepeenocoH eeyyndepurteon. flapaa ua msdeaep oeyyndspss opqyyn.

V.l. Vemadsky (1863-1945) is known as the outstandingmineralogist and crystallographer, the founder of geochemistry,biochemistry and radiogeology. Many research centres wereestablished by him. He was elected president of the Ukrainian Academyof Sciences in 1919. He conducted research in the geochemistry ofrare elements. Vemadsky advanced a revolutionary theory of the originof minerals which was described in his works An Experiment in

Descriptive Mineralogy and History of Mineruls in the Eafth's Crust.

He prospected for the radioactive minerals. The role of such mineralsas radium and uranium was forecast by him.

33. a) Tooe aH"nuap yHtu.

1) 20, 50, 68, 115, 1,379, 1,840, 6,040, 2,500, 9,000, 200,000,3,000,000, 1,000. 1,200, 2,500,000, 184,000

2) oenoo: 1922, 1954,1968. 1867, 1900, 1904. 1600, 2IZOO.

10663) 1ymapxail: 112, 113, 114,318, 517,216,719,0.1, 0.2, 0.35,

10.02, 30.2, 0.875

81

4) xye a : 8%, 20%, 1 1 S%, 49o/o. 630/0, 7 O%, I O1%, 0.05yo, 1,1 6%

6) moouar.aepufre mooeoop H"pno.the seventeenth, two hundred and sixty-one, the forties, the

eighth, the eleventh, the seven hundred and seventy-fifth, five thousandeight hundred and one, one thousand three hundred, four hundredand ten

e) \ymapxai, xonuuoe xeuxuedsxyyuuile mooeoop 6uu,one third, a hundredth, a half, a quarter, two thirds, nine tenths,

nine point eight, point nought nought six, four point nought five

34. Toouu yeurte soe dyydax cedeuile dyyndaxyiq ynwaadopqyyn.

,I

on July 20, 1969 men from the Earth stood for the first time onthe surface of the Moon. The successful landing of Apollo 11 on thesudace of the Moon signalled the beginning of thl study of the Moon,srocks and minerals, the new science of lunar geology.

About'150 scientists from raboratories throughout the worrdconducted a wide range of geological, chemical, physiJaland biologicaltests on the rocks returned to Earth. These scientific studies have'teato new discoveries about the Moon. Most dramatic of all was that theMoon was bom at the same time as the Earth, about 4600 millionyears ago.

It should be noted that the early astronomers, starting with Galileowho in 1610 first used a telescope, observed lunar surfjce

The first astronauts to rand on the Moon, Armstrong and Ardrincollected 22 kg (481 lb) of rocks. since then, another s lpollo lunarmissions have taken place. Apollo 1 7 landed on the Moon on becember11,1972. Th'e totat rock collected amounts to 382 kg (845 lb, ;ils0.13 kg (4.6 oz) from the two unmanned Russian Luria'missioil. At[ul^r1", Receiving Laboratories in Houston, the USA, are catalogued35,600 small pieces of the Moon.

our sateilite is about 114 of rhe Earth's size and 1/g of its mass.Hence its gravity is only 1/6 of Earth,s.

The temperature changes between lunar day and night.Temperature ranges from 1100 c (2300 F) at the heigr,t oitn. iu",ia

82

35. ffapaax eeyyndspyyduile ynw. Tsdueec 6ynse" e eyyn e e de xyy H -e eyyn exyy xu fi " 6yne u il e on. T s e e e d e zyy n6 a pdypesp xodp acyynm 3oxuo.

1. Scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences have beenactive in developing geostatistics and computer techniques for miningand geology.

2. Much attention is paid to economic geology and mineraleconomicp for evaluation of mineral deposits.

3. Research is carried out in all the main branches of geologyand mining.

4. New methods of prospecting and extracting useful mineralsnave been worked out.

36. Cedge A-aaac yrtndeedsx xee dex yiln yesspun s p xu iln s e dce u e eyyn 6 s pu il e on. Tae se d m s d es s pu (t e xyyn aH6u,tux qaeuilu xenispuilz Hb on.

37. flapaax 3aeeapaap daaneaeapae eyd4emea.3aeeap: Say what you are interested in. (geology)

I am interested in geology.

a) Say what you (your friend) are (is) interested, in. (conductingscientific research, prospectingfor mineral deposits, the creation of newmining methods,foreign languages, carrying out experiments, the system

1f education)b) Say what the students were doing when you came into the

,aboratory. (to record lhe observations, to work out the plan of theerperiments, to design a new quarry)

38. ffapaax f,puae seeweepexeyil 6yileaa unspxudn.Aepuilx caHan 6odnpe cadee dex dapummaap 6amna. ffapaaxspuaHb, mouuiionnbe auuena.

l'm afraid that's wrong; that's not quite so; I can't agreewith you; on the contrary; I'd like to say a few words; to mymind; in my opinion; as for as I know; as is known; I don't thinkso; according to the text

1. The Geological Society of Paris elected Karpinsky a foreignnnember in 1910. He worked in the field of mineralogy.

2. Karpinsky was particularly interested in theoretical geology.3. We do not knowwho was the first to introduce the microscope

in the study of petrographic slides.4. Karpinsky worked on different problems concerning geology

but never gave lectures to students.

39. flapaax nuilnMan yecuie auuenax( cedse 6-uilnaeyynebe uurtnyyn.

laid the foundation; a prominent Russian scientist; was a memberof; is connected with; was at the head of; took an interest in; advancedthe view; was later confirmed; his greatest contribution to; he was thefirst to (do something); the first elected President; were attracted to

, 4A. Csdeuile yudacnsn Msdssnen 6end.1) Optux yeuilu eeonoeu daxu A.ll.Kapnuncxuiln yypoe2) Tauu ueddse Opocun napm opdsMmeH-eeonoeyydutu

wuHx{ngx yxaaud opyyncaH xyab HoM"p

lld like to say a few words about; lt should he stressed that;I can add; as a matter of fact; broadly speaking; to my opinion;in other words; it is lmportant to say that, etc.

41. Csdee B-e monu 6uuueeyfi yuut. Tsesed aeyynearc namoeqoop Huilnyyfl.

c3A3B B

One of the first contributors to mining and geology was the greatRussian scientist M.V. Lomonosov who connected the study of mineralsand rocks with chemistry and physics, discovered and formulated thelawsl of mining ventilation and mining geometry.

Among the most prominent geologists are A.p. Karpinsky, V.A.Obruchev, A.Y. Fersman, LM. Gubkin and many others. AcademicianA.Y. Fersman ranks among those leading mineralogists who convertedmineralogy from a purely descriptive science into a science based onthe most fundamental chemical investigations, As the organizer of theGeochemical lnstitute in Moscow, Academician A.y. FersmAn workedout the basic lines of the study of chemical elements and laid thefoundation for the scientific surveying and prospecting for usefulminerals. A number of scientific expeditions to different parts of thecountry were organized by him, He was the leader of the important

84

investigations in the Kara-Kum Desert resulting in the discovery of2big sulphur deposits, the construc[ion of a large preparation plant forthe processing of sulphur and sulphur products Academician A.Y.Fersman led the expedition to Central Asia, the Urals, the Altai, theCaucasus and the Crimea. He is especially known for his detailedinvestigations of the Kola Peninsula which led to the discovery ofenormous apatite deposits and the development of a mining-industrialregion in the Khibiny Mountains where new towns came into being.

Among those who contributed to the development of mining areB-1. Boky--M.M.Protodyakonov, A.A. Skochinsky, N.V Melnikov andofrters. Professor B.l. Boky's name is associated with the solution of anumber of significant technical problems in the mining industry of thecountry and with the whole trend in the development of the science ofmining - the analytical method of designing new collieries.

Credit for wolking out the theoretical principles of the explorationcf deposits is due to Prof. M.M. Protodyakonov. His most remarkableuvorks are those concerning the problems of underground pressureand mine timbering.3 Prof. M.M. Protodyakonov founded a schoolfortte study of rock pressure and its influence on mine timbering.

The leading organization in working out theoretical problemsconnected with mining in Russia is the Mining lnstitute of the Academycf Sciences named after Alexander Skochinsky (the director of whichhe was for many years). A.A.Skochinsky's deep interest in theoreticalproblems was always combined with wide engineering experience.Fle took a special interest in mining aerology. He discovered the lawsd the movement and control of the movement of air and gasestnderground. His works are devoted to localization, liquidation andprevention of underground fires.

Academician N.V. Melnikov is well known for his research in thefidd of open-cast mining not only of coal but also of ferrous and non-brrous metals and other minerals. He was engaged in the study offrrd energy resources and their utilization.

Prof. l.M. Gubkin's work embraced different fields of geology.l-b sfudied geological formations in Russia but he particularly took aniGrest in the oil deposits of the country and determined the stratigraphyand tectonics of oil layers.a Gubkin was the first professor of the geologyd dl deposits at the Moscow Mining lnstitute, of which he afterwardsbecame the rector. He founded the lnstitute of Research in Petroleumcf which he was the head for a long time. He gave lectures on thefology of oil deposits, creating a school of numerous pupils now

engaged in studying and prospecting for oil on the territory of Russia.Gubkin directed mining operationss in the region of the Kursk MagneticAnomaly which led to the discovery of big deposits of iron ore at adepth of 200-300 metres from the surface.

He was elected Vice-President of the USSR Academy ofSciences. ln the Academy he founded the lnstitute of CombustibleMineralso and became its director. Prof. LM. Gubkin took an activepart in compiling geological maps of the country. He was the author ofa hundred and fifty scientific works. One of his last works written beforehis death was Estimated Oil Reserves of the Soviet Union l.M. Gubkinmade a great contribution to the development of the science of geology.

c3flBt414H TATzflEAP

. 1 discovered and formulated the laws - xyynuile ussxmodopxodnoe

2 resulting in the discovery of - yp dyud ua ussedxss3 underground pressure and mine timbering - yynHH

dapanm 6a yypxadn 1sxsnessa stratigraphy and tectonics of oil layers - neSmuiu yeuui

cmpamuepa@, mexmouux5 to direct mining operations - yynHH ax(nbz opxnox6 combustible minerals - wamdae epdsc

42. Cedse B-eec myyHuil yHdceH caHaae unepxuiltrcsuoeyyn6spuile doeon Mepmai xeceeec on.

43. a) Cedeesc ypd nt uedsx 1ailcan 6apunmaa on.

6) ffoaon uopmeil uruxe uedeenanmeil xeceuile ynw.

44. flapaax acyynmand 3ee xapuynK 6yil eeyyndspuilecsdeeec on.

1. What did the investigations of the Kara-Kum Desert led byFersman result in?

2. What was discovered in the Kola Peninsula as a result ofAcademician Foreman's investigations there?

3. What method did Boky introduce into mining?4. What is the leading organization in Russia working out

theoretical problems connected with mining?

5. What problems did Melnikov pay special attention to?6. What deposits did Gubkin take particular interest in?7. What institute did he found?8. How many scientific works did Gubkin write?

45. flapaax xuilnrilen yeudn aHenu dyiu,uile cedee B-eecon,

3eenenmuilu xaueuilu eapameail eeonoeqdatu dyud, qsespnodopxoilnox wuHlKnox yxaaH, spdsu wuH)Kuneeguui sapuu:xcnedutq, 6anxyynax Qadfux, xyxpuilu 6onoecpyynanm, soxltxicoop xaudax, ea3ap doopx myilmsp eapeaxeyil 6ailx, spuuu xyuuuitynwuuil ueeq, eeofloeuin nns 1ypurtu can1apae xaMpax (opyynax),t$muin cydaneaa, xaileyyn xuilx, neQmuilu ueequile yHenox

46.,Qapaax zypeaH zapqueHaac cedeurtn azyynaad anb Hbunyy 3oxuqox daileaae modopxoiln.

1. Prominent Mining Scientists.2. Prominent Geologists.3. Russian School of Mining and Geology.

EATA XYPAflYynuru axrn Aaxb raparurafi spA3Mr3A

"Yynun ilKun Aaxb eapaueail spdsmmsd" csdsem 6aea xypanztrxuoH 5aileyynaedaxaap meneeneedex 6ailua. Eaea xypandqtuiluxee unmeox spdsmmuuile coHea (coueonmoo 6aewmarteaaxene). Eaea xypand oponqoxdoo maeux unmeonos cypax 6uueuilu*ae 6onou doopx naenaeaaHl Mamepuanbe 1aemaacau ususedsnwamepuafibe autuenilK 6snd. Hse xypcuilnxnudxss unmesnuile?4xaapanmart coucox, acyynmaa aHenu xenfip maeb.

Some more facts about prominent scientists1. G. Berg (1879-1946), German geologist, author of a great

number of books which give a chemical and geochemical interpretationr ore deposits and mineral raw materials.

2. A.Y. Fersman (1883-1945), Russian mineralogist and;eochemist, one of the founders of the Russian geochemical school.

B7

worked on probleirs of lattice energy and pegmatites. Activatedgeochemical prospecting. Author of a very great number of publications.

3. A.Howitt (1830-'1902), Australian explorer, geologist,anthropologist, naturalist. His publications are devoted to petrology,particularly igneous and metamorphic rocks. He was the first geologistto visit many of the areas he described.

4. A.A. Saukov (1902-1964), Russian mineralogist andgeochemist. lnitiator of historical geochemistry. Encouragedgeochemical prospecting. worked on regularities of migration and thegeochemistry of individual elements.' 5. V.l. Vernadsky (1863-1943), Russian mineralogist andgeochemist. Founder of the Russian geochemical school. lnitiator ofbiogeochemistry and radiogeology (isotope geochemistry). Gave theclearest definition of the position and framework of geochemistry.Underlined the dynamics of geochemical processes (migration, cycles).Author of a great number of papers and books.

Y rLAt+H CYI]XSs (CROSSWORD)3us cynxssu dsx ye Hb easpbtu myxail wuH)Knox yxaaHbt

xeexund xyeb HeMop opyyncaH opdsmmduilu uspuilz 6aemaaxss. Tsdxsu 6s? Yeuilu cynxooe 1odoxod maurd 3-p xutesnuilu csdse,dacean, naefiax Mamepuan mycnaHa.

1. His works are devoted to rocalization, liquidation and preventionof underground fires.

2. Famous geologist who lectured at the yekatcrinoslav(Dnepropetrovsk) Mining lnstitute in 1 900-1 g22.

3. outstanding Russian scientist who was the first to connectthe study of minerals with chemistry and physics.

4. Russian mineralogist and geochemist.5. Founder of geochemistry, biochemishy and radiogeology.6. Founder of a school for the study of rock presuu" unO its

influence on mine timbering.7' Prominent Russian scientist, famous as a speciarist in oir

extraction.8. The acaaeff,c=fri wrro oganEfirany scientfiic erpeditions

to different parts of the USSR.9. Australian geologist, sfeciafist in p€tdogy.1 0. Prominent Russian scientist who contributed tbtheanalytical

method of designing new collieries.

88

1 1. One of the remarkable geologists who gave the deflniFon ofgeology as a science.

12. This academician is famous in the field of opencast mining ofminerals.

13. German geologist, author of numerous books on geochemistryof ore deposits.

14. The first elected president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.15. Academician, author of a great number of textbooks on

mining.

89

UNIT 4TIte Eartlt's Crust and (Iseful Minerals

A. flypeu1. 3oxuolx there -l be.2.Tenoenufiyr some, any, no, eyety

Cedee A. Sedimentary Rocks.

E. flypervr1. yfingergex xseilfrH (passive Voice)

xoper.nox oHqnor 6a opvyynrutH apra.2. Toosur renoeuufr yr marry, much, o few,

a liule.Cadse 5. Weathering of Rocks.

B. Csdge B. The Earth,s Crust.Yeu dn cynx$o (Crossword).

A

.qYPeM1. 3oxnomx there + be

Present SimpleThere is/are

Past SimpleThere was/wera

Future SimpleThere will tre

There is a computerin the lab.Ila6oparoprrounurcrep 6riThere are many stu-dents at the lecture.flerqeHg onoH oroy-TaH opx33.

There was a com-puter in the lab.flaOoparopr xour-nbprep bafrcanThere were many stu-dents at the lecture.flexqeHg onoH oroy-taa 6aila

There will be iwocomputers in the lab.Ila6oparopr xoripKounboreprefi 6onHoThere will be many stu-dents at the lecture.fiexqaxp onoH oloy-TaH opHo.

3oxuoux there be-e myxaiH 6aipaud 1aileaa toMyy opwoK 6yil6ue xyn nMyy nMHbt myxail Me\eonox waapdiieamail yearcp3en3H3.

Xycuezmend mudm 3oxuoMxmoil xuwsse odoo, eHeapceH,uryedyd qaam Wyyrce.

l4ilrvr soxuoruxmol eeyyn1spuile 6adpnanam 6adqaac Hb oxonx(

90

opqyyncaH Hb dfip (opuyyneae xycuszmsd ysyynse).Ydn ye to be-euilu acyyx xsn6spuie yycesxsd upssdyd qaem

there-ufiu euue will-ude maeuHa.

Are there many peoplein the square?

Tan5aid xyH onoH 6ailna yy?

Will there be many people Tan6add unud onon xyu 6ailx yy?in the square on Sunday?

Yeyilceex xsn1sp ut yeyilcesn (usp yeuiln euue maetdae,modomeonatH yypoe eyilqsmeedse) no-udu mycnaM)Kmail auyy eceenpeyicesn (epeuxuil acyynmaud moeq xapuyndae nuyy uep yeuiluxssoMHe any, many, much, enough eex Mom ye, mooHbt ye3opunspxuilnsedcsu modomeonmoil) not-moil yvcHe.

There was no computer inthe lab.

fia5opamopm KoMnbnmep6aileaaeyil

- Was there any computer in lla1opamopm KoMnbrcmepthe lab? 6aican yy?

- No, there wasn't. yayil ss, 1aileaaeyilThere were not (weren,t) Tan1aild qeexeu xyn 6aile

many people in the square.

there yeudn dapaa ydn ye to be -ssc eadua eep yiln yeuilerspsznoK 6onuo. Xuwse ut: to exist ,amtdpax 6ailx', to appear5ui 6onox, eapu upsx', to tive'auadpax' egx Mom ydn yeuilenp3en3H3.

There exist different types yyn yypxain MawuHbt FtH3of mining machines, 1ypudn mepon 1aildae.

2.Teneeanh no 6a 3'I3ryyn-Seprix

tr

+ thing + body+ one

+ where

some3ap[M, nMapH3r, fiMap H3t

x3A3H

somethtngsMap H3r oMflMap H3r loM .

FMap H3r mMxaH H3r3H9Map Hgr

somebody,someonex3H H3r3H

x3H H3r3H

x3H H3r0H

X3H H3rcHxSH il

somewherexaa HerT33

xaa Ho[ ra3apHgr tuIuiesxaa Hor rufiueexaa Hgr ruiuLse

91

tIanyFMap H3r

anythingflMap H3r

flMap H3r

flMap Her

anybody,anyoneX3H HETSH

x3H HSrOH

anywherexaa H3Tr33

xaa Her Thfrru33xaa H0rT30

xaa H3r THruJSs

tI no (=not any,RMap Lt

X3H 9

nothing (- not...anything)

tOY t{

K)V t] VTVil

nobody(=not...anybodyno one, nonexoH q

nowhere("not...anywhere)

xaaHa q

xaa[Jaa q

)Kuutes

He made some mistakes.Give me some coffee,please.There is somebody there.Have you got any bookson geology?ls there anybody in the lab?

There aren't any studentsin the lab.Nobody tells me anything.

Tep xsd xsdsu andaa xulxss.Hadad (xaaxau) xoSe ezue yy.

Tend nmap rce xyH dailna.Taud eeonoeuilu nuap useuou 5ailna yy?

Ila5opamopm rMap Hoe xyH6adna yy?

tladopamopm (nmpa u) ony-maH anea

Hadad xeH.t toy u apuxeyd6aiua.

Ozyyn1spm 3eexoH eauqyeyilcesn (aren't + any, nobody + tells+ anything)-ude xepsensx 6yile anxaap.

TAIZIIEAP:1. Any 6onou 6ycad yycMen ye Hb 6amnax eeyyn1spm eep

ymeamail 6adna.

anyannBaa

anythingraaflnaapaa

anybody/anyoneanvBaa,9Map q

anywherexaaHq xannaaryfr,xaauaa v xauaaryfrrasap cafiryfr

Come and see me any time(=it doesn't matter when),

Hadmail yyrcaxaap dypmailqaemaa up

92

2. Some-e acyyx eeyyn1spm amap Hoe pMue caHafl 6oneoxtwyy xycoxod xspsensus

Would you like some coffee? Ta xoSe yyx yy?Can I have eaLue milk in my Ko$euu (xaaxan) cyy aeq

coffee? 6onox yy?

3. Someone/somebody/anyone/anybody na eaHq mooHbtreneeuuil ye 5ondoe (xuwss dsx yin ye - eeyynoxyynui xsn1spuile*'g)

Someone wants to see you. Taumail xoH Hoe xyH yyrcax Hbls anybody there? Tsud nmap Hge xyH6ailna yy?

edessp yaufin dapaa they/ther/their-uile onoxmaa rcpoenoHo.lf anyone wants to leave early, Xspse xoH HoeoH opmreaxbz

they can (=he or she can). xycv 6ailzaa 6on msp yyuuilaxuius.

coABl4r,lH eMHeX AACTAI1. a) ffapaax yecuile dyyndaxyit4 ynw.

[n] - crust, destructive, 'substance, re'sult, 'other

[::] - salt, form, be'cause, cause, coarse

[a] -'fragment,'magma,'glacier,'gravel,'angular, sand

[i:]- heat, sea, peat, feet, meet

[ei]- main, grain, change, shale, 'layer, clay

[tIa] -'picture,'structure[a:]- Earth, 'surface, firm, 'firmly

6) ffapaax yecuile yHuux( dyydnaeare Hb moemoo.

igneous [' i g n i as], metamorphic [, m eta' mf :f i k], sedimentary;sedi'mentaril, sediment ['sedimant], conglomerate[an'gl:marit], sandstone ['saen(d)stoun], calcium carbonateikalsiam'ko:banitl, dolomite ['d:lamait], schist [fist]

2. ffapaax yec, nufrnMon yeurte dompoo 1-2 ydaa yxw. flapaarc dyyndaryilq yHwur,( msdeospes moemooxbtz xu.tss.

ca-rise- [k::z] v an1adax,dyydax, Honeenox, ydax; nwanmeaaH, cyypb, yudsc,aKun, epeHxuu ilKun; synreason

clay [klei] n uJaaap, nyilncaeaconsolidate [kan's:lideit] v

xamax, xamax, Hqempyyfiax,Hnempax, 1sxnex syr solidify

93

crust [krnst] n xepc; ?eott.easpilH xepc

deeay [di'kei] v euxuilpex,Fn3pax; rt sneedsnm(uytyytrzuitu); 6ympanm,3aopanm

derive [di'raiv] v (froml yycex,YYCq xeex{ux (ont); ynaMxnax

destroy [di'str:i] v Hypax,osdpox, ymceax; destructive aHypaax

dissolve [di'zrlv] y yyceaxexpose [il<s'.pouz] | eapax

(aadapayy dotp); Ltil eapax:exposure n un eapanm

external [iks 'ta:nl] a eadaadextrusive [eks'tru:siv] a

e$Qysue, 6snxuan -(yytonqyrtyyttaeuilH xyeud)

force [ft:s] v xyqn3x, an6adax,xedeneeeuude xypdaceax; nxvq, xyqdon

glacier ['glasja] n MeceH eofi,efiemqep

grain. [grein) n ypen; angulargratns eHu,eem ypsn (epdcuitn);gratned q Yp3nm, Mexneem

gravel ['gravalj n xailpea, mont3nc

internal [in'ta:nl] a domoodamintrusive [in'tru:siv] a

uHmpy3ue, nnymoHbtiron ['aian] n meMeplayer ['leia(r)] n Ve, nnacmlike flaikl n adun, mecmeil: svnsimilarl ant unlike; cidv

mecmSulime flai-ml n woxoi;limestone r

woxouH qynyyloose [lu:s] a xon1ooeyd, cyn,

xeeceepmake up l'meik

6ypdyynbx; n'6ypdanparticle ['po:tikl] n

wuem233

'^01 v

x3c3e,

peat [pi:t] n xyflop, xyneprepresent [,repri'zent]meneefle\ e3x

meneefleeq ; representativea oHwoz, xuwuz

ro9[ {gk] n yyn*H qynyynae;rgneous - OsnxMafiqynyynae; sedimentarymyHaMan Ltynyynae

sand [sandl n sncsandstone ['san(d)stounl n

onc3H. qynyy; flue-grairied(meqtumgralned, coarse-grarned) - x{u)rlJewupxsemsil (dyud-.sepeuiln,moM uuprcemou) onceH'1yfiyy

sediment ['sedimant] nmy?q, ryyHaMan qynyynae;sedrmentary o mvHaManqynyyfiae; sedimenthtion nmyHaMan qynyynaeuHYYcen

schist [Iist] n (marcmam)3aHap; schistose osaHapnae, Yeprce

shale [feil] n saHap, 3aHapmq,?eap, waeapm saHap;cray - aaeap saHaD:comb_ustible oil ':uamoae saHap

siltstone ['siltstoun] naneepum

stratification [,stretififan] noaexpaamanm, oalpflanm

stratify ['stratifai] yoaexpaamax, yenexmoemox; stratified ayemsd; syn layered, bedded

suts.tance ['snbstans] nooouc, Mamepuan, MeHqaHap

thickness ['0iknis] n sy3aaH,qaoanvalue ['velju:l n yue qsus,qyxan, .xeuxuedexyyu,xeMleo; valuable a yhbm

(xVdep)vary ['veari] v eepqnex,eepqneeoex, qneax,

snaaeoax: svn differ.change (froni); variabki['veariabl] _ a xyescdae,moemMon 6yc; vdrious iaus dypuilu; syn differentqadax;

3. a) Yemeap ye un-uile opqyyn.unconsolidated, uncemented, unusual, undeformed,

lnsatisfactory, unnecessary, unlike

6) Oeyyndepuie opuyyn.1. The results of the experiments were unsatisfactory.2. Gravel, sand and clay are unconsolidated mechanical

sedi-ments.3. They are called so because, they are composed of loose

-ncemented particles.4. The geologists found the old structures which were unusual

and undeformed.

4. Yemeap pre-meit dapaax yecuile opltyyn.pre-existing, pre-glacial, pre-historic, pre_Cambrian, pre_capitalist

5. like-uilu ymebe modopxoiln.1. The miner we met at the colliery has three sons. His elder son

s iaking a course at a mining technicar schoor. Like his father he isroing to become a miner. He rooks rike his father. He rikes his futuremeciality,

2. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine_grained,'lrredium-grained and coarse-grained.

6. ffapaax nuilnmsn yacuile,*aluable mineralstte accumulation of sedimentstte destructive action of wateravailable resources:onsolidated and unconsolidated

sedimentssuccessful prospectingexposed rocksrganic decaysolidified rockssUatified deposits

yHuut( opqyyn.various discoveriesthe Earth's crustpre-existing rocksthe internal structure of rocksfirmly cemented particlesfire dampmineral substancessurface exposureloose sedimentsigneous rockssedimentary rocks

7. flneacan yecuilu ymeb,e medeespuilH MoHeon xsnen dsxaxux aeeyypmail ua mecmsrt 6aildnaap modopxoiln.Srree main groups of rocks, the mosi important characteristic

95

of sediments, the destructive mechanicar action of water, theaccumulation of materials, the usual cementing subst"n"", tf,"decay of organisms, organic sediments, mineral oil, lrrg" p.a"iicalvalue

_ 8. Cadae A-e yuu. Tyuauan qyflyynae yycsx yndceu apebl

modopxoiln.

c3A3B A

Sedimentary Rocks

The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into three main groups:sedimentary rocks, which

.consist of fragments or particres "ot

pie-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have soridified riom magma L-ndmetamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been derived frJm eitherigneous or sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks represent one of the three major groups ofrocks that make up the crust of the Earth. Most seaimentlry ioctshave originated by sedimentation. They are rayered or stratified. Thus,stratification is the most important characteiistic of sediments anosedimentary rocks. rt is necessary to note that the processes whichlead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us.

sediments are formed at orvery near the su{ui" ot tre Ear$r uythe action of heat, water (riveis, glaciers, seas and fuf,"sl-anOorganisms.

Fig. 1 shows rerative abundancel of sedimentary rocks andigneous rocks. lt shourd be noted that 9s per cent of the Earth's crustmade up of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 lef| and that onty S per ;iLsedimentary. ln contrast, the amount of sedimentary rocks on theEadh's surface is three times that of igneous rocks (sle ig. | ;ii,,). Strictly speaking, sedimentary ro_cks form a very small firopoiionby volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. on thl

"ontrirv,-"uortthree quarters of the Earth's surface is occupied uy seoimentary ;;k;It means that most of sedimentary rocks are foimed nv ,"d'imlnis,accumulations of solid material on the Earth's sufface.

96

lgncau Rock

SedimentoRocLt t '

75

50

Fig. 1. Relative abundance of sedimentary and igneous rocks

The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks can vary greaflyi'om place to place. They can be formed by the mechanicar action of*ater, wind, frost and organic decay. Such sediments as gravel, sand:nd clay can be transformed into congromerates, sandstones and crays.:frists as a result of the accumuration of materiars achieved by theEstructive mechanical action of water and wind. .

Mechanical sediments can be unconsoridated and consoridated.Eor example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidatedmechanical sediments, because they consist of roose uncementedFarticles (grains).

on the Earth's surface we arso find consoridated rqcks, whichtre very similar to the roose sediments whose particres are firmryemented to one another by some substance. The usual cementingsubstances are sand, cray, carcium carbonate and others. Thuswrdstones are consolidated rocks composed of round or angular sandgrains, more or less firmly consolidated. Like sand, sandsiones canb divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse_grained.

on the other hand, chemicarsediments are the resurt-of depositsaccumulations of substances achieved by the destructive chemicardion of water. The minerals such as rock salt, gypsum and others*e formed through sedimentation of minerar su6stances that are

dssolved in water.sediments can arso be formed by the decay of the remains of

,nganisms, by the accumuration of plant rerics.2 They are cailed organic$Bdmsnfs. Limestones, peat, coar, minerar oir and other sedirientsinlrEr.y serve as an example of organic sediments.

The most principar kinds of sedimentary rocks are congromerate,sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and'dolomite. Many other kinds

r

with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, j

iron oxide and coal. I

As is known, water, wind and organisms are cailed externar forcer. I

because their action depends on the energy which our planet receive= ifromtheSun..e,""'-"vs'|r'|v"vr,""""""1

1. rerative "ounofn?f

'!'il:{J?ff ̂"o*"n* ,,",0,,,1

xepceH dsx spdcudu) |2. plant relies (plant remains) - ypeaMnbtn yndsedsn

I

I9. cedeuin aeyyneamarl:$Yryntep xuil1ex 6yile saa. IXapuynmaa cadge dex Gapuumaap 6amna. I1. The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into two main groups. I2. lgneous rocks are composed of particres of pre-existinj,o"k.. I3. Sedimentary rocks are stratified " I4. Sediments are formed by the action of glaciers. t5. lgneous rocks make up 75 per cent of exposed rocks. I6. conglomerates are formed as a result of ihe accumuration of I

materials caused by the destructive mechanical action of water. I7. Sandstones are consolidated rocks. IB. Clays are unconsolidated mechanicalsediments. I

u",,on9orc,Xlmrcal sediments are formed by the destructive chemical I

p,".til3i :;:::to coal are the orsanic sediments which are ot oreat I

1 1. clay schist was formed at the beginning of the sedimentation Iperiod-and clay was formed later.

I1o.flapaax acyynmaud xapuyn. I1. What main groups of rocks do you know? I2. Dosedimentary rocks consistof particres of pre-existing rocksl3. How were igneous rocks formed?

3s oI pre-exlstlng rocks? I

4. Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated? I5. what is the most important characteristic featurJ of sedimentsi6. Do sedim"n,rri'.![l'T-

"tTotpu,. ..nt or the Earth,j

I

crust?7' ls gravela consoridated mechanicarseJiment? And what about

sand and clay?8. What are cementing substances? Can calcium carbonate be

used as a cementing substance?9. Are there only fine_grained sandstones?10. What can you say about chemical sediments?

.. 11. Can you give an example of organic sediments? How arethey formed?

- 11. a) flapaax yec 6onox uudnuen yeuilx aHenu dyilt1uileSapyyn manHH 1aeauaac on-

6) flapaax xuilnmsn yecuiln MoHeon dyiltquile 6apyynfrEnHH daeauaac on_

1. easpam xepc2. ycaud yycax3. snceu uynyy4. unamapcau myuadac5. 1nnxman qynyynae6. xuxue Mexneem enc7. xamyypax8. eenmeeuemsi mecmsrt9. un aapcau qynyynae

' coarse-grianed sand2 siltstone and shale3 the destructive action of

water4 existing rocks5 chemical decay6" sedimentary rocksI stratified depositsI pre-gtadal period

particles of a substance

a) sandstone6) fine-grained sande) the Earth's crustr) exposed rocks4) to dissolve in watere) like gypsumx) consolidated sedimentss) igneous rocksu) to solidify, to consolidate

a) sednsx xyu6) daexapnacau opde) arccdenmuiu euuex yer) mom Mexnoem (6ydyyn

uexneem) sncp) 6oducam xscsee) aneepum, saHyy, 3aHapx) 5aieaa qynyynaes) myuaman qynyynaeu) xurwuiln sadpanm

2 12. flapaax yecuile auuenil,( oeyynlep dex xoocon sailew,ne.{ consolidate consolidation consolidated unconsolidated

1. ... is the process of cementation of loose fragments of

sedimentary rocks.2. As is known, sedimentary rocks... under the pressure of

overlaying beds.3. Limestone, for example, is the ... rock which occupies vast

areas of the Earth's surface.4. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of... mechanical

sediments, because they consist of loose uncemented particles.

1. Bedding or ... is the most characteristic feature of sedimentaryrocks.

2. Coal is a ... deposit that has been developed from plantremains.

3. Coals ... by the decay of organic material.4. As a result of physical, chemical or biochemical changes

vegetable remains are... and changed into peat or coar, mic-ro-oiganisms remains changed into minerar oir, bones into prrospr,oiite,etc.

13. A, 6 xaceaoc ymzbtH xyeud oilponqoo yzcuila coHeo.A. to consist of E, solid'ified

6) stratify

to differbeddedconsolidatedto changesubstanceto be similar (to)to completeto understand

stratification stratffien

stratified, Iayered. to realize

to transformmatterto be liketo finishto varyto be composed of

-14. Todopxoil 6yc meneesud ya some, any 6onoumsdee_epuilu yycmenuiln optyynead rrrr'rpr' ir;;;*eeyyn6epude optyyn.

1 Have you any books on geology?2. There is some interesting information about the internar structure

of the Earlh.3. The rock near the Earth's centre is somewhere between 10

and 15 times as dense (aram) as water._ 4. lgneous rocks, more than anv other kind of rocks show thatthe Earth is still changing.

100

. 5. ls there anybodyinthe lab? - yes, there is. There is somebodythere.

6.ln some cases limestone is a clastic (xsnmspxuil) rock.

.15. floopx eeyyndepm some/any/no/someone/anyone/noo n e/so mebo d y/a n ybo ay/n obod y/so m eth i n g /a n yth i n g /n oth i n g /so mew h ere/a n yw h ere/n ow h ire- u il e m a e b.

1. Do you live _ in the centre?2. There's _ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?3 Why are you looking under the table? Have you lost _?4. He left the house without saying _ to _.5. The film is really great. you can as[_ who has seen it.6. Can you give me _ information about places to see in the

town?7. "Where did you go for your holidays?', _ ._ I stayed at

home."8. There were _ shops open.9. We had to walk because there was bus.10. The station is _ near here.

16. it touyy there -e ymeaap Hb maeb.

1. ls

-- raining hard?

2. Are _ many beautiful buildings on this street?3. _ is almost three o,clock.4.

-- is hard to leam English in such a short time.5._ is no place like home.

6. --- was almost eight o'clock when they arrived.7. _ is someone at the door, isn,t there?8.

-- were not many students in class today.9._ are only 28 days in February.

17.3oxuonx there + be-e awuenax eeyyn*spuile dyycea.

'itrere is There are severalls there _Are there _There isn't _There aren't _

101

There areThere wasj'[.ere wer"-llhere will bJ-

18. flmap eeyyndspm yiln yaafre yilndeedex xsedxo po efl e c H u 6

",n6 @qi; pxo rt n. O eyyn 6 e pe e o pqyyn.

1. Geologists divided the rocks of the Earth into three main classesor types. They are divided into sedimentary, igneous and metamorphicrocks.

2. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidatedmechanical sediments. They are formed-by the destructive action ofwater and wind.

3. coal is used as fuer. peopre have used coar as fuer for a rongtime.

19. Xo6p 6aaaHa daxa yecuile auuenil$ doopx 3aeeapaapeayyn6ep 3oxuo.

Saeeap: Conglomerate is formedy'om gravel.Sandstone

Rock saltMineraloilShale

through the sedimentationof mineral substances.

from sand.

from clay minerals.from organic remains.

Peat and coal from particles of pre_existing rocks.lgneous rocks by the accurnulaiion of plait remaitts.Sedimentary rocks from magtna.Metamorphic rocks from either igneous or sedimentary

rocks. :

20. Xaanman daxt yiln yeuile ioxux qaeuilx xan1epsep utXepeefle. .: rrr

1 . There (to be) three main groups of rocks, namely, sedimentary,igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2. These rocks (to make up) the crust of the Earlh,3. Sedimentary rocks (to be divided)into: mechanical sediments

- gravel, sand, sandstone, shale, etc; chemical sediments _ rocksalt, gypsum, ironstones, etc; organic sediments _ peat, coal, etc.

4. The particles of consolidated rocks (to be cemented) tiimry roone another.

5. Gypsum (to be formed) through sedimentation of mineralsubstances lhat (to be dissolved) in water.

6. lt is quite obvious that the textures of igneous rocks (o v)ry)according to the depth at which rocks (ro be foimed) r"ny y"rr.

"go7. Exposed igneous rocks (to be formed) at various-dlpths.

102

21, Tenoanuil ya either, xon1oo ye either ... or-HH ymebrcarxaapq oeyyn6epu ile opuyyn.

TenooHuft vr Xoc xon6oo vreither rep ronayy

oop rop, oopeither ... or ocBsn,

roMyy

1. Metamorphic rocks have been derived eitherfrom igneous ortom sedimentary rocks.

2. Sediments are formed eitheratthe surface ornearthe surfacerf the Earth by the action of heat, water and the remains of organisms.

3. Mechanical sediments can be either consolidated or uncon-solidated.

4. lgneous rocks are formed as extrusive or as intrusive massessolidified eitheratthe surface of the Earth's crust ordeep underground.

5. Either of these rocks are very important because they areJ-ten rich in mineral deposits.

22. ffapaax y?c 6onox nuilnmsn yeuile auuena)r(, ezyyn6spuilz opqyyn. (Tseexdes Llae 6onou yiln ye-i ewnsxyynuil xeeuile anxaap)I to consist (of), to be used as fuel, to be dissolved, substance,I @1, as is known, by the action of, to be formed, the Earth's crust,[ *dimentationt

I 7. l-aspuu eadapea Hb myHaMan, 1flnxMan, memamop$| -in/ynaeaac moemoHo.

) Z. Tyuaman qynyynaauayc, dynaau, xyilmsn, opeauux6oducamj +;teennuilu yp dynd yycHo.

I e. gynyyn daec nt spdsc 1oducyyd mynacautr yudcsu dssp

I i',:1,3. Sdessp 6oduc ur ycand yycHa.

1 4. Hyypcuie mynwuud xopoanoHs.

I ,, a) geyynexyyH Hb yilndeadsx xee dsx yiln yeeepI utepxudnsedcen oeyyn6apuile Cedse A-eaac on. TseaedI eyyndepee opyyyn.

II 0l Oeyynsxyyx xs yhndoedox xea dax uugunumuemsilI rruax yiln yeeep unspxuilnsedcon oeyyn1epuie cgdee A-aac

I m. Teessd eeyyndspse opqwn.IIII 103II

24. Oopuileeo neKmop eex 6od. TeeesdawuenaH myHaMan uynyynaeufrx myxad npt.

Sedimentary Rocks

dapaax cxemuie

T--_-_-_]chemical organic

unconsolidated consolidated rock salt,(uncemented) (firmly cemented) gypsumparticles particles

I

mechanicalsediments

I

the destructtvemechanicalaction of water,wind. etc.

sediments

I

the destructivechemical actionof water

sediments

I

the actionof the decayof the remainsof organisms

I

I

coal, peat,mineral oil

I

sttrtd, clay,gra vel

I

sandstones

25. ffapaax menoeneeeee auuenilt(.,'sedimentary Rocks,,cedeeap Medasnen 6snd.

1. The characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks.2. sediments (mechanicar, chemicar, organic) and theirformation.3. The practical value of sedimentary rocks.

D

AYPsM

1. Yilndaedsx xeeuile x?poenex oHqnoe 6a opuyynax apeaAuenu xonsud wy_ydaac eadua wyyd 6yc f4imeip yem 6ayzmeap yeeyil) mycaedaxyyH Hb 3apuMdaa naccue soxuouNuiln

eeyynsedsxyynu il yypse eyitqsmesus.

104

Yemeap yeeyil utyyd 6yc mycaedaxyyH Hb to give eeex, to offerauan 6onaox, to show y3yynex, to tell npux, to teach 6aewnax,Hax fipoe yiln yemed xamm yilndezdsx spesnmudu eeyynsedsxyynfonx 6onuo.

We were offereda new job.

Active VoiceThe miners showed usa new combine.Eudsud yypxailvud wunsxomdadu Wyyme.

Passive VoiceWe were shown a newcombine.A new combine was shownto us.Eudsgd tuuus xoudailn

YsYYnse.

Sudsnd uuHo ax{nbzcauan jonzoe.

l4ilm naccue 3oxuoM)t{ude modopxoil 6yc eeyyn1epssp:avyyndae.

Yemeap yem wyyd 6yc mycazdaxyyH Hb to account for nmap-Ez toMile mailn6apnax, to deal with axunmad 6adx, aeq yfixzcyydnarc), to depend on (upon) xaMaapax, to look at yssx, to

govide for yprduunx aeq y3ex, to refer to -d yudecnsx, to speak ofl*out) xonex, to send for uneesx, to make mention of dyprdax, tomke provision for ypadunau aeq y3ox, to make use of auuenax,b pay attention to auxaapan xaudyynax, to take advantage oflsv:,enox, to take care of xanawKnax sspse ydn yemeil yilndsedsxwsnmuilu eeyyneedsxyyu 6onx 6onuo.

The doctor was sent for. 2mu pyy f,eyynaeA new method was much Wuus apaam myxail ux f,puespoken about.

k|ilm xsn5spuilu aoxuoroxuie modopxott 6yc iueuiu,wyyn6spssp opqyynHa. Tsesxdes eeyyn1ep Hb yemeap yeficeoyxn3Hs.

Auenuilu 3apuM uumKux ydn yemsil: to affect neneenex (xeui+szsH nMyy f,Map Hoe rcuaud), to answer xapuynax (nmap nse,rr'and), to attend 6adx (nmap uee nuaud), to follow daeax (xsu,ilaee,H, flMap nee nmue) sepse wunxdeeeyil yiln ye uuilque. Xapunfr,xux MoHeofi yiln yecuile yilndsedsx xsed xepsensxeyil.

The experiment was followed Typwunmam dapaa ulafieae

105

Yilndsedex xsed uusuuumuemsrt xaum 6ytr mycnax yin ye can,may, must-tte 6onuo, 6cmod, soxuHo, waapOnaeam,ail, xspsemeil esxM3m Ynsp opqyynHa.The shop must be eexude LLtuHsqnox 6cmodreconstructed.It must be said that... ... ailx xsnsx xspsemsil.

2. Toouat menaouutr ye many, much, few, lifile_e doopxdaildanmail 6adna.

by a test (of the device).The lecture was attended

by a great number of students.

We didn't spent muchmoney.

Have you got manyfriends?

We spent a lot of money.

(6aeaNuie)Ilexqsnd ux onoH onymaH

opoe.

TAilnEAp: a litfle - qeoxoH, a few _ xscseude 3apuM (u,oen,taecsu) moo asdse ymeaap rcpoenorc. Much_uiln opond a lot bfl. agreat deat (of) unepxuilnnude xspsensue. xapurn-'iaiylrti Li*Macc, onoH, uxude meudsensdse a great many, lots oi, a lot ;i_iA,x3p3en3H3.

)Kuwse uu:

6ud 6aea MeHeo 3apcaH

Ta onou nailsmail ny?

Eu 6een MeHee sapcaH

many onoHfew qeeH

Toonor44or Hep yr

many workersofloH axilnqilHfew minensonou yypxarZvrH

many minesonon yypxafrfew buildingsonon 6aprnra

muchlittle

onoH6aea

Toonorg4orryr; nsp yr

much coal14x HYYpc

little coal6ara nyypc

much timeonoH qarlittle timeLlooH qar

106

c3RB 1,il4 H eM HeX flACrArI26. a) ffapaax yecufie dyyndaxyitq yuw.

_ 27.ffapaaxyec 6onon xon6oo yeuile dompoo l-2ydaa ynu.bpaa nu dyyndaxyilq yHutwr moamooxbz xuqse.

6) ffapaax yecuile y+uoK dyydnaeue Hb moemoo.

_ - -,disintegration [dis,inti'greil(a)n], climate [,klaimit], fissurelfifal, equal ['i:kwal], unequal [nn]l::kwall, marine [ma,ri:n]rountain ['mauntin], mountainous [,mauntinas], phenomenonji'n:minanl

There's too much sugarin my tea.

Hurry upl We've gotIittle time.

He has very few friends.l've got a little money.There were only a few

houses in the village.

contain [kan'tein] v aewnaxbepmee),1aemaax

contract [kan'trakt] vaeuux,daeacax

srack [krak] n aH qae,aueapxail; v aH qae,uaemax, xaeapax

Orst [dnst] n mooccryand [iks'pand] v

wzemeex, epeocex,

Munud qai dsndyy anmmart

Typeenssped! Qae 6aea 6adua

Tsp maw onou uailsmaiHadad )KaaxaH nenee OuilToceoud epdee xedxsu6aduun 6aile.

xaroKooe Hb uemsedyynex,r*s,ueedsx; expansion nqeecenm; ant contract

fissure ['fiJe] n aH qae(ayttyytaz, xyypcnuti) ; aH, u,ae

fracture ['fraektJaj n aH Uae,xyeapan, macpan; v xyeanax,xyeapax, 5ymnax(uyayyttaeuiie)

freeze- lfri:zl v xopex, xepeox,xendeox, qapqax

gradual ['gradjual] a anudaa;gradually adv aneyyp

hard [ho:df a xamyy, xamyy;anl soft; xyud (axu,t); odv

107

xyqmod, ulapeyy; hardly advdoHeex, apailxudx

hole [houl] n Hyx, t-looHoe,wnyp, xydae

influence ['influans] n Honae; v(on, upon) Honeenox (r*tapuez naaud)

Iateral ['lataral] a xaxyyeuduoccur [a'ka:] v opwux,

moxuondox, yycex; syn takeplace, happen; occurrence[a'knrans] n opwdoc; modeof occurrence opuux HexLton

penetrate [penitreit] vHsempSx

phenomenon [fi'n:minan] nysseden;pl phenomena

pr_essur_e ['prefa] n dapanm;lateral pressure xaxyyeuilu(xeemee) dapanm; rockpressure -yynbw dapanm,qynyynaeuuH dapanm

rate [reit] n fipoe, menn, xypd,HopM. _ 6ymssmx, copm; synspeed, velocity

refer [ri'fa:] v (to) yudecnsx(nnap ne9 ruuaud); xapbqax(ye, auzud)

resist [ri'zist] v e@peyyqox,cepox, 3cp3e 3O?COX;

resistance [ri'zistans] no@peyyqen; resistant[ri'zistant] u 6am, 6ex,ecepeyyqdee

$ze [saiz] n xoMx{ee,xsuxuedsxyyu, aHeu,sspee (ruyypcnufi)

solution [sa'lu:J(a)n] nyycMan; solable ['s:ljubl]a yycdaa; solvent['s:lvant] n yyceaeq; ayyceadae

succession [sak'se[e)n] rmyywmad 6addan,macapdaeeyd eeHoe;- insuccesston myywmau

undergo [,nnda'gou](underwent, undergone)v mypwux (auap H3atoLvue), opmox, aEmax(auap uez nuaxd)

uniform _[Ju:nif::ml o usemepnuuH, aounxaH.

weathering ['webariry] neeepwufi, udsedgn

to be subjected to aemax (yilntnsn, Henee sspsem)

28. a) flaeaaap ness-me il nep yeuile Molreonoop op.tyyn.hardness, thickness, softness, effectiveness, darkness

6l fneacan meudee yenoec yvccsH Hep v"aop oeyyn1epdex xoocou safre 6eene

1. Soft rocks (muddtone, clay) are easily penetrated with a tooland do not greatly resist the separation of a part from the mass. Themain property of such rocks is .... :

2. Hard rocks may be strong (sandstone, granite, magnetite)and very strong (quarEite, diabase, etc.). These rocks have tile-highestresistance to penetration with a tool. Their main property is ....

108

3. The coal seam is thick and its ... is more than three metres.4' The modem equipment is effective. rts ...is greater than that

of the old one.

29. ffapaax nudnuen yeurte yHwnx opqyyn.the contraction and expansion the destruction of rocksof rocks lateral pressurethe destructive action of water physical and chemicar weatheringthe solvent action of water the consolidation of sedimentsunder the influence of heatfine-grained sandat an equal rateexternal and internal forceshard conditionsthe Earth's surfacemode of occurrencethe layers of oil

to be of unequal hardnessnatural watersconsiderable transformationshard rockshardly noticeable cracksbedded deposits

30. flneacas yecudn ymebz MoHeon xonlH dsx zoxuxyeuiluazeyypmail mecmail daildnaap nr modopxofin.

active processes; physical or mechanical weathering; thechange in temperature; different minerars; varied forms; cheiiicaragents; complex changes; the disintegration of rocks; coid ctimate;high mountain peaks; riving organisms; to accererate the destructionof rocks

31. a) Cedse E-d rcynu myxail eeyvnx( 1aileaaa eapque,ilreacaH yecrsp na modopxoiln.

6) Cedse 6-z ynutux yc Hb yynb,H eynyynaem aeepwuxedHb silr( ueneendeeuile apa.

ce43B EWeathering of Rocks

All rocks which are exposed on the Earth's surface (high mountainoeaks, deserts) are decomposed to a certain degree. t'frJprocess, of'ock disintegration by the direct infruen"e ,i rocar atmospheric:onditions on the Earth's surface is called weathering.This phenomenonp of.ten referred to in georogy because weathering is ad active process.tt takes place in the upper layers of the Earth's crust.

109

The main cause of physical weathering is the change intemperature that takes prace with the succession of day and night.This phenomenon can best be oOs"ru"J in the deseri. unO'nighmountains where the changes in temperature are common.puring the day under the infruence of heat, rocks expand whereasat-night they begin to contract. As rocks are generary composed ofdifferent minerars, their expansion and contraction do not occuruniformly' As a resurt of this rocks crack. Atthe ueginning the.lo*rc

or fissures.are hardry noticeabre but graduaily thei be;;;e;,olrlrodeeper untir the whore surface of rocriis rir"irv tir.li"rr"llr",', g*r",,sand or dust.

. ln the regions of a moderate or cold climate, where thetemperature in winter goes down to berow o lzero;, tn" J.i."rrp..iti""of rocks is greafly faciritated oy tne action'of water. when water freezesit increases in volume and develop. unor*or" lateralpress;ru. U;1","the action of water, rocks decompose to pi"a". of varied forms andstzes.

. T!" decomposition of rocks under the direct infruence of heatand cold is called physicat weathering.

. . Ro:k: are subjected not only tjphysical decomposition but alsoto c.he mica t. weathering, i.e. to thiaction oi "f,"ri."ilg;;[, ;;;,r,water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. ln a general way, chemicalweathering is an acid attack on tf,e ,o"[" of tne fartfr;s1r*i-inparticular an attack on. the most abundant minerals f ;;"rE G"ioland aruminosiricates (crays). onlyfew minerars and rocks are resistantto the action of natural waters. T-fle solvent ,Ai""

"f *rto'i;;;;;,when it contains carbon dioxide. watei czuses more comprex andvaried-changes. with the participation or o*vg"n and carbon dioxideup to 90 per cent of rocks is transformeo int6ioruor" ,in"rrrr, *iii"r,are carried away by the waters. i

. organisms and prants arso take part in the disintegrarion of rocks.Certai n marine organ is ms accelerat" t'r," o"riri"il ;f r.il#, ffi,;,hores in them to rive in' The. action or prrntr "", often be even moredestructive. Their roots penekate into theiissures of rocks and deveropthe lateral pressure which fractur"" ,nJ Jlrtroy, ,o"Ls.

52. Cedeuilx aewn3ad n*ap eeynfuep eoxu6ox 6yie saa.Xapuynmaa csdee dex 6apuumi"p diii".1. The process of sedimentati", i"

"ri[J weathering.2. The change in temperatur"

""r."r,physical weaihering.

110

3. As a rule during the night rocks expand.4. When freezing water decreases in volume and develops

enormous lateral pressure.5. The decompositien of rocks is due to the influence of heat and

cold.6. As a rule water contains-dissolved mineral substances.7. The solvent action of water is stronger when it does not contain

carbon dioxide.8. lt should be noticed that the action of organisms and plants is

destructive.9. Certain marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks.

33. flapaax acyynmaud xapuyn.1. What process ia called weathering?2. What process is called physical weathering?3. Where can the phenomenon of physical weathering be best

:bserved?4. What process is called chemicalweathering?5. What substances can act as solvents?6' Are all minerals and rocks resistant to the action of naturar

,tr'aters or only few minerals and rocks can resist the action of water?7. How do organisms act on the destruction of rocks?

_ 34. a) ffapaax yzc 6onon nufrnuen yeuiln MoHzon dyiltquiledapyyn maflbm daeanaac on.

1. the Earth's sur-face a) dynaanat Heneeeeep2. to be composed of 6) sednsx xyu

different minerals a) eeepwunm3. the expansion of rocks r) onou mooHbt aH qae4. changes in temperature p) nus 1ypudn spdcssc moemax5. under the influence of heat e) uynyynaeurtn msnsnm,6. weathering ep eoconm7. destructive forces x) an qaem Hoempox8. a great number of fractures s) memnepamypbtH oepqnonm9. to penetrate into fissures u) easpam eadapeyy

_ 6) ffapaax yec 6onon Hufrnwen yauiln aHenu dyilt4uiefupyyn man*H daeauaac on.' x3wKs3Hud xyeud ususedex a)tofacilitatethedecomposition7 xaxyyeuiln dapanm 6ud 6onox of rocks

111

3. uynyynaeuilu sedpenmuileueusedyynsx

4. nnaapand epmex5. doducate yyceax6. scspeyyt4sx (nmap nee rcurrc)7. sapum opeaHUK 6oduc8. eeepwnuilH fleqbra xypdaceax9. nus 1ypuiu xsuxesmeil

qynyynaeuilH xsnmspxuil

6) to increase in volumee) to resist (Smth)r) rock pieces of varied

(different) sizesg) to accelerate the process of

weatheringe) to be subjected to decayN) to dissolve substancess) to develop lateral pressurer) certain organic substances

35. a) Xypssu dsx Mamepuaflbz aHxaapanmail yxtuux dopysyync"H uep yeuiln uunxuie Hoptrs.

Hsp yeude modopxoilnoeufinraq yr - a, an, the.3aax ronooHrafr yr - this - these, that _ those.Xauaarax renoonufi yr - my, his, her, its, our rox Mor.Hep yrraiH xaMaarax rufra anrap - Britainis deposits.Topopxofr 6yc ronoeHnfr yr- Some, any, each, every.TooHur renooHl4fi yr - many, mueh, (a)-little,(a) few, a lot of rox Mor \

Toor+ 6onox Aec rooHbt Hop - two countries, the third place.Yrreap yr - after, at, before, to; on, with rax uer

our country, the country, any country, each country, manycountries, these countries, a small country, wtpse country,'iro 6igcountries;

.. the. discovery, after the discovery, each discovery, suchdiscoveries, what discovery, few discoveries, a new discovery'

_6) ffoop ytyvnesH ye Hb yeuiln ewap xecoe 6onoxtremodopxofinox fionoax oneadoe wunxufie iepne. i . --'----'. their study - they study;rthe use - we usl; the increase _

they increase; coar output decrease - coar output decreases; t"lastlec-tures - the lectures last; this place - it places; tf,t i"* ,"t"riafbases - the country bases its economy on...

36. Xaanman daxt xyaunflapaac goxux yeurte co*eoil(eeyyndep dex xoocon saile 6eene.

112

1. There are ... causes of weathering, but... depends on thechange in temperature. (tnany, much)

2. As is known, only ... minerals and rocks are resistant to theaction of natural waters. (little, few)

3. The roots of plants developed ... pressure which did not fractureoveriaying rocks. (liltle, few)

4. A new geological map of the region will appear in a ... years.(little, few)

5. ... minerals undergo changes. They have already undergone... transformation. (many, much)

6. Now there are ... sources of energy as important as atomicenergy. (little, few)

37. a) Xycnozmuie cydnax dapaax dadeap yeuilz opqyyfl.

Yrra flaraeap 6arvvurfi flvvrrnera

Xr,ru:ee Opvyynra

1 2 3 4YhnpnnilauruuxrfirT3M.q3ffreH3HurnsnufirT3MA3rn9H3

-ly [i]

-wardlwad(z)I

badlyeasily

forwardinward

MyyxoHroH

ypA

Aorop

uniformly, gradually, greatly, hardly, purely, finally, slowly, highly,generally, simultaneously, backward, eastward, homeward

6) Xaanman daxa daileap yeudx xseuile coteoH ae.lezyyndep dsx xoocon saila 6oene.

1. Rocks are ... composed df different minerals, (purely, easily,generally)

2. The expansion and contraction of rocks do not occur ... and atan equal rate. (hardly, unifurmly, highly)

3. Rocks are ... transformed into gravel, (greatly, slowly,simultaneously)

4. Waterfacilitates the decornposition of rocks .... (greatly, hardly,highly)

5. At the beginning of rock decomposition cracks or fissures are... noticeable (highly, purely, hardly), but gradually they become widerand deeper and ... rock is transformed into gravel, sand and dust.

113

( u n rfo rm ly, gre at ly, fi na lly)6. The method is ... experimental, (simultaneously, purely,

uniformly)

38. flapaax eeyyndspuile opqwn. Oeyyn6sp dsx yemeapyeuilH 6ailpnanue aHxaap.

1. The world/ossil which means "organic materials accumulatedin the geologic past" was originally referred to anything that was dug(to dig - on6opnox) from the ground.

2. The decomposition of rocks is influenced by many factors.3. A large expedition will soon be organized to study the Earth,s

depth, lt should be noted that later the expedition will be followed byanother one.

39. ffoopx cedeuile yHuu)t{ eeyynlep 6ypeec"eeyynsedsryyH-eeyyneryynu il" 6yneu il e on. yilndaedsx xee dexyiln ye-eeyyneryynmeil eeyyn6spuEe opqyyn.

The book Planet Earth, an Encyclopedia of Geotogy is oftenreferred to because it gives much information on the geological historyof the Earth, the rocks of Earth, the processes which occur in theEarth, etc. For example, sedimentary rocks form a small proportionby volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. They are formed fromsediments, accumulations of solid materiall The oldest sedimentaryrocks were known some 3,500 million years ago. The processes whichlead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us anddifferent sediments are being deposited and may later be changedinto rocks. Most sedimentary rocks have been classified according totheir grains size. Great attention is also paid to the rocks of the oceinsbecause they are less studied.

40. Tycnax yiln yeuile eMap eeyyn1epm yundeedex xoe dexunSunumuemsd xopeenorr( 6yile saa. Teeeed oeyyn6epeoop.ryyn.

1. We can observe physical weathering in deserts and highmountains. This phenomenon can best be observed in places wherethe changes in temperature are great.

2. Sedimentary rocks can be more or less unconsolidated duringthe process of sedimentation.

3. Sedimentary rocks can be found at or near the surface of theEarth.

114

4. lgneous activity can be considered as one of the mostfundamental Earth processes.

5. As is known, igneous rocks can be extrusive and intrusive.6. Like sands, sandstones can be divided into fine_grained,

medium-grained and coarse-grained.7. One can divide all sediments into consolidated and

unconsolidated rocks.

_ 41. Fon oeyyndspuile xaecapcaH eayyn1opmoil xon6o.1. Rock disintegration does a) whereas with the fall ofnot occur uniformly and atan equal rate2. Under the influence ofcontraction and expansion

night they begin to contract.6) until they are finally transfor-

med into sand, gravel or dust.e) because it does not cause

rock cracks are formed r) which gradually become wider3. During the day under the and deeper.influence of heat, rocks expand A) as rocks are composed of4. Physical weathering can best different minerals.be observed in the deserts e) where the changes in tem-5. Rocks gradually decompose perature are great.5. The process of physical wea!hering is purely mechanical any:hange in the chemical compo-sition of rocks.

42. Acyynm*e 3aeeapaap maeb (Tyceail acyynm)3aeeap:Weathering takes place in the upper layers of ih" Eurth,,

crust, (where) ) Where does weathering take place?1. The main cause of physical weathering is the change in

:emperature. (what?)2. Physicalweathering can best be observed in the deserts and

'ngh mountains, (where ?)

3. oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are the main chemicaragents which cause the destruction of rocks, (what agenrs?)

4. certain marine organisms accererate the desiiuction of rocks:y making holes in them to live in. (how?)

43. ffoopx yacmsil-canan uuinexeyil laileaaeaa unspxuinxapuilnxee caHaae cedse dox flapummaap 6amna.

It seems to be wrong; I can't agree with you; on the contrary;

115

,ii in my opinion; as far as I know; that! wrongii 1. Physical weathering is not caused by the changes in

temperature.2. ln the regions of a moderate or cold climate, the decomposition

of rocks is not facilitated by the action of water.3. The difference in physical and chemical weathering is that

physical weathering causes great changes in the chemical compositionof rocks.

4. It is quite obvious that plants and organisms do not affect thedestruction of rocks.

44. Xaanman daxa yecuile autuanail( Csdae 6-auinaewnebe 6anxyyn,

1. The main cause of physical weathering, (the change internperature, to observe, to expand, lo contract, to crack, lo be hardlynoticeable, to be facilitated by)

2. The main cause of chemical weathering, (to be subjected to, tocontain, to ocl as, to cause changes, to be transformed into)

3. The effect of organisms and plants on the disintegration ofrocks, (to accelerate the destruction of rocks, to pen€trore into, to clet,eloplateral pressure, lo destroy rocks)

45. Cedee B-e mons duuueeyil ynu. Tseeed rcyu myxailnpax 6yile xen.

Csdeurte oilneoxod waapdnaeamail yec:suspended partictes - x{ueHocoH xsceyyddefine [di'fain] - modopxodnox

cSEeB BThe Earth's Crust

Most mineral resources are derived from the Earth,s crust. Thecrust is composed of minerals that are crystalline solids with specificand rather simple composition. Minerals in the Earthy crust areconcentrated into specific groups which are called rocks. Two distincflydifferent types of crust are recognized: oceanic and continental.

Since it is difficult to investigate the floor of the ocean, thecomposition of the oceanic crust is not known completely. scientistssay that it is relatively constant in composition. The oceanic floor

i

I

116

cons]sls largely of minerars rich in carcium, magnesium, iron and siricon,and it is formed by the cooring of ravas extruded on the sea floor toform a type of rock called basalt. lt is subjected to the same forces oferosion and weathering.

The continentar crust contains ress iron and magnesium thanthe oceanic crust, but rerativery more siricon, aruminunr, sodium andpotassium. The continentar crust is more compricated and has a morevariable thickness and a less well defined structure.

A systematic examination of all known rock types shows thattwo principal types predominate: 1) rgneous rocks which are formedby the cooling and crystallization of iiquios rrom deep in the crust calledmagma; 2) Sedimentary rocks which are formed by sedimentationand gradual cementation of sediments by the action of water, ice,wind and organisms. They are layered or stratified. Most of thesediments are deposited in the sea along the continents.

As sediments grow larger and are buried deeper, increasingpressure and rising temperature produce physical and chemicarchanges in them. The resulting meiamorphic rocks generally show;,whether they originated from sedimentary or igneous rocis. Thisprocess is slow - hundreds of millions oiyears are necessary. Asweathering and erosion occur, some substances are dissolved andremoved in solution while others are transported as suspendedparticles.

continental crust contains extremely varied types of rock. rt isquite possible to say that the rock-forming processes which we canobserve today, have been active for at leii 3,500 million y".rr.

-

The oceanic crust, by contrast with the continentar crust, shows riftrevariation in composition. lt leads to the idea that the rocks of the sealloor might not contain as many valuable mineral resources as do therocks of the continental crust. The solution of the problem will be oned the main problems of oceanographic research in future.

46. a) Cedee B-aufrt doeon uepmert xecse ftypesc myynudyxdceu caHaae unspxudnx 6yil eeyyn*spuile on.

6) Cedee B-eec ea3pbtH xeenurtn cydaneaaau myxailewnr,( 6yil eeyyndapuile on.

e) ffapaax spuaHb, momr,iionnba aut.renail( Cadee B-urtn*teneenoeee, moeqnonua xu fr .

117

The subject of the text is...The text deals with ...It is pointed out that...It is obvious that...To sum it up ...

47. a) Tona 6uque a.uuenaH doopx cedeuile yuwux opqyyn.

Leonardo da Vinci (1402-1519)Leonardo's all-round genius brought him face_to_face with

problems of understanding the Earth. He saw the Earth undergoingendless change, largely occasioned by the forces of weather and water(both marine erosion of coasts and river erosion of hills). solid landwas constantly decaying into alluvial plains. The creation by rivers oftheir own valleys, which they then silted up, fascinated him. Land losswas being compensated for by a steady rise of the continents fromthe sea (as erosion made them lighter, they were able,to rise).

His awareness of the power of water enabled him to recognizefossils as organic remeins buried in strata debris, and he pointea tothe similarities between fossil and living specimens. He denied thatfossils were due to the Flood and privately speculated on the highantiquity of the Earth.

6) faepaw xoeend auuem ManmMan yycex eet4btH manaapIleonapdo da Buxrru nuap 6odonmot 1ailcuae apt.

_ e) Ileonapdo da Bunqurtx epdeumoH, 3ypaaq, ypaHdapumanu sopae onoH manbw aebeac fluneuiln iyxan nia.

YrnnH, cYfl x33 (CROSSWORD)9xo depeenxuud O0 eapyil ye opyynt@e. Ta xedsx ye om

qadax ee? Oncon yeoo Moneon dyiqmeil nt 6urt.

l

118

N tr o ll s P F F U A

N R w F A T H E R N G

c A V x P R A N A S oL V E P R A L E c s F S

I E o E c E T T U o I

N L N s s E P R U R R L

E x c E S S U A R E M T

D S T U R B T E L S

E D H A R D R E L c T

c A U S E V A R Y M A oA Y P A R T I G L E S N

Y c o N S o L I D A T E

119

UNIT 5Rocks of Earth's Crast

A. fiypsuCsdse A.

E. ffypsrvt

Csdse E.B. Csdse B.

OuropceH qarniln yfrnr HeprafiH (participle ll).lgneous Rocks.

1. Terra,qer yr, gafraap yrrarZH xapuqyyflanrHH sopor2. ffailaap yrrafiH eryynOep gex 6afrp3. p,afraap yr -ly.Metamorphic Rocks.

A

AYP3MOxrepcea qaruin yinr xsprafix (participle ll) yypar

Ydnm uep uu msudsz ye, yiln yeudu auuxmsd yiln yeuilu 1ueeyixsndep rcm. Cmaudapmrrn ydn yeuiln eHeepcoH tqaeuilu ydnm uspuin(Pafticiple ll) xsn6spyy0 ua past rndefinite-udu xen1spmsd daexqax6yrcy eepeep xen6en daeaeap -ed-meil 1ailna.

to use - used (awuenaedcau)to discuss - discussed (xenqsedcsn)to invite - invited (ypuedcau)Cmaudapmau 6yc ydn yeuiln eHeepceH qaeuilu yilnm nspude

mona 5uquem y3vvn@H 1eeeed msdesspude u,eexun1sn 3oxuHo.

Yinr nsp ll-r,rin yypsr

1. Yfingex xeeNfiH Perfect6ynrufiu qaryyg 6onoHyiln4ar4ex xeaufiu 6yx qar4axu yfin yresp rnepxrafi-norgcoH eryynexyyHrfi2. 3yyt ransru rogopxofr-nonr (rogopxoinorgox 6yfiyrrfiuxse eruue 6a[pnaxa)3. Sapyyu ranulH rogopxofi-nonr (rogopxofinorgox 6yi

The mine was builtmany years ago.It hasn't rained yet

The stolen picturewas very soon

The engineers invi-ted to the mine are

lUaxr su orroH xunerraue 6afiryynarAx33.Sopoo 6ac opooryfi6afixa.

XynrafinargcaH 3yparHu ygaxryi ongxoo.

YypxaIg ypurAcaHuHxeHepyyg xs cailH

120

yrlrfiHxss eMHe oafpnaxroAopxofiaox Yfinr HeprfiHxsaxeqrrr YYcr3H3.)4. 6aEq (xon6oo yr when,

good specialists.

When burnt, coalproduced heat.

Metals do not meltuntil heated to adefinite temperature

MoprcxrnTHYYA totvt.

uaraxa.q Ay-while, if, unless, as naaH enrapHa. (HWpc

araxgaa...)n Hu ropopxofi

xYprsn xa'laxaaceruHe xafinaxryi.

Yilnm nep ll ua yin ye - eeyyrcxyyHsop unepxuilneeil$H myxailHyilndnsec euue 6oncou ydnm uspuiln yilndsx 6onou yilndeadsxxoeuilH Pertect xsn1spuiln iypendsxyynd opno. Hilu ydnm uspmeilyiln yaufrn xenxoq ua yilnm uspuilu xenxe1 towyy seyyn1spsspopqwnaedaHa.

Havlng constructed the Hnxenepyyd nalopamopmdevice in the laboratory, 6aeax 3oxuo+ $ymesessd

, the engineers tested it at myyHo3 saeodod mypwue.; the plant.i

I Xaving been constructed Eaeaxuie nalopamopmI in the laboratory, the 3oxuoH lymsscuuixss dapaa

I device was tested at the plant. eaaodod mypwcau 6arte.IIII c3gBl4FH oMHSXAACTA,II 1. a) flapaax yecuile dyyndaxyilq ynu.

I t"]-'magma, mass, 'value, vol'cano, ash, crack, 'rapidly

I tnl - crust, cut, tuff, come, a'mong, oc'currence, ,upper

I tr:] -'certain, 'surface, first, oc'cur, Earth, term

] tr:l -'lava, glass, 'glassy, p?fr, 'particle

! fr:]- in'trusion, in'trusive, ex'trusion, ex'trusive

I Ul flapaax yecuile yH,au,( dyydnaeae Hb moemoo.

I basatt ['basr:lt], bathotith [,begati0], crystauine

I ['kristalain], component [kam'pounant], diorite [,daiarait],I orthoclase ['r:0o(u)kleisl, pegmatites [,pegmataits], quartz

I [kw::ts], rhyolite ['raialait], zinc [ziqk]III 121

T

2. flapaax yac 6onon nudnusn yeurte dompoo 1-2 ydaa yxw.ffapaa nt dyyndaxyilt4 ynutux moemooxbe xuqes.

abyssal [a'bisal] a \pooneyd,eynuil hypabissal[,hipa'bis(a)l] a xem aynuit

adjacent {a'dSeisantl a sepoeu-c?H, HUUnose

ash [aJl n yHC, HypaM

belt [belt] rt 6yc, myry, oocopbody ['b:di] n 6ue, 6oduc; so-

lid (liquid, gaseous) bodiesxary.yy (tuuuesu, xud xen6sp-msil) 6oduc, qynyynaebwMacc, t4yn, opd, daexapea

common_['k:man] a epduilu,epeuxurJ; syn general; antuneommon

cool [ku:l] v xepeox, xepox,L4apqax, capyyH; ant beatxanaax, xanax

dimension [di'menf(a)n] nrcMxunm; pl xeMx<oo,xsmNuedexyyu; synmeasurement, size

dust [dnst] n moocdyke [daikJ n den cydanextrusion [iks'tru:3(a)n] n

ulaxax, mynxox ar, lntrusionxandax; eeon. uHmpysu,mypMon (daaxttan "LiaccbtHLtyrqyynazm neempex)

fine [fain] a HuMeeH, N(tN(Je,)KDKUz uexneemeil, eudep

.;i'I

I' qaHapbw, napuilu, cailxaH,myHeanae (msnecp); eod;fine-graded (fine-jrained))KDKU? r'toXnoemeil; fineSn pl xuNue, N{wKue Hyypc

flow [flou] v ypcax, aceapax;n ypcean, yep; flow of lava6snxmanau ypcean

fragmentary ['frag mantari]a xsmxdecm, Knacmam

glass [glo:s) n wun; glassy['glo:si] a eeneep]monueop, wuneH

gold [gould] n anminclined [in'klaind] a Hanyymica ['maik a] n ennmeauyyppermit [pa'mit] v 3eauoe-

pex; syn allow, let; makepossible

probably ['pr:babli] adv6odeooc; syn perhaps,mayDe

shaltow ['Jelou] a eyexeH,aadapeyyuat ont deepeYHseuU

sill [sil] n utun, laexapeaumYpxMen

stock [sbkl n wmox, )tru)Ku?oamonum

vein [vein] ry cydan, uapuilu,)tuxue cydan, yeH*op

3. a) ffieaeap iv*meil meudee yeuile opqwn.intrusive, extrusive, creative, descriptive

6) flneacan Hep yeHoec yyccer msndee y"sep eeyyn6spdex xoocon aarte 6eene

122

1. lgneous rocks are those which have crystallized from magma.Magma may rise through fissures to the surface of the Earth as lava.ln geology this process is called extrusion. Thus, ... rocks are formedeither as lavas or as fragmentary rocks.

2. lgneous rocks on the other hand may be cooled among theother rocks of the crust. The process is known as intrusion and suchrocks are called....

3. ln his Reminiscences of a Mining Engineer AcademicianTerpigorev gave a description of the training of specialists at the Mininglnstitute in St. Petersburg before the Revolution. Students'specialization was based on ... courses and elementary practicalttraining.

4. flapaax xuilnmen yecurtz yHuux( opqyyn.tagmentary rocksntrusive igneous rocksexposed igneous rocks:oarse-grained minerals:f great scientific value:f unequal hardnessllfferent mineral particles:edded veins'at veinss1:eep veins:cal fines-clined coal seams: tferent sources of fuel

slowly-cooled rocksat shallow depthsadjacent rocksadjacent rocksdeep-seated rocksenormous lateral pressureat a slow raterock fissuresclay veinsnumerous veinssmaller dimensionsglassy surfacemode of occurrencevolcanic ashes and dust

5. flneacau yacuilH ymebe msdeeepufrH BeWpuH SoxuxwHeofl yacuilu slayypmail mecmert daildnaap Hb modopxoin.

intrusive and extrusive rocks; intrusive magma; large crystals;volcanic rocks; mountain zones; zones of major deformation;mineral grains; granites and diorites; the group of intrusive orplutonic rocks; straight parallel walls; gigantic crystals; several.tons; slowly-cooled batholiths; thick laccoliths; other plutonites;:oarse-grained pegmatites; lava fl ow

6. Codee A-e yxutux dsnxuan \ynyynaeuiln eeepmeqoutrytoeufie Hepfls.

123

cofleB Algneous Rocks

lgneous rocks have crysta*ized from soridified magma. rgneousrocks can be crassified in a number of ways and one of them is basedon mode of occurrence. They occur either as intrusive (berow thesudace) bodies or as extrusive masses soridified at the Earth,s ,r,fr"".The terms "intrusive" and "extrusive" refer to the prace wtrere roct<ssolidified.

The grain size of igneous rocks depends on their occurrerrce.The intrusive rocks generaily coor more srowry than the extrusive rocksand crystalrize to a rarger grain size. The ioarser-grain"J inirr"ir"rocks with grain size of more than 0.s mm cafied pritonic o. ulv."urare referred to as intrusive igneous rocks because they are intrudedinto older pre-existing rocks. Extrusive or volcanic ,o"i. r,ru"

"runfiner grains, less than 0.05 mm and are glassy,

- Exposed igneous rocks are most numerous in mountain zonesfor two reasons, First, the mountain belts have been zones of rrlo,deformation. second, uprifts in mountain berts have permitted prutoii"masses to be formed.

The largest bodies of igneous rocks are cailed batholrfhs (Fig.2). Bathoriths coored very srowry. This srow cooling p"rritt"J t)'rg"minerat grains to form. rt is.not surprising that bathoritis

"r" l"rp*Lo

mainly of granitic rocks with rarge crystars cailed prutons.A"i. il;",granites and diorites berong to the group of intrusive or prutonic roctsformed by solidification of igneous mass under the Earth,s ciust.Granites sometimes form smailer masses cared sfock", *h"; ih"occurrence has an irregurar shape but smailer dimensions tu, in"batholiths.

Laccotiths and s//s, which are very simirar, are intruded betweensedimentary rocks. siils are thin and they may be rrorizontJ,ln"rineoor vertical. Laccoriths are thicker bodies ind in ,or"

""""" iir;;fr;mountains.Dykes are arso intrusive bodies. They range in thickness from afew inches to severar th.ousand feet. Dykei ar" jun"ruiiv ;il i;;;",

,,P,?^tn:I:f y1og, naostfykes.occupy iracks "ni

r,rr" "hrig-hi

pJi"i[rwails. rhese bodies coor much more rapidry and are

"o*iorr, rin"-grained. For example, granite may occui in dykes tfrrt.ri"iO";;";;.- . Pegmatites (quarE, orthoclase and micaj alsobeiong toil. g;;;

of plutonic or intrusive rocks. They occur in numerous veins which

124

usually cut through other plutonites, most often granite, or adjacentrocks.

Extrusive igneous rocks have been formed from lava flows whichcome from fissures to the surface and form fields of volcanic rockssuch as rhyolite, andesite, basalt, as well as volcanic ashes and dust,tuff, etc. As a rule, these rocks of volcanic origin cool rapidly and arefine-grained. lt is interesting to note that basalt is the most abundantof all lava types. lt is the principal rock type of the ocean floor.

Fig. 2. lgneous rocks

lgneous rocks are rich in minerals that are important economicallyor have great scientific value. lgneous rocks and their veins are rich iniron, gold, zinc, nickel and other ferrous metals.

lACrAJt

7. Cedeuiln aewneamat nuilqsx f,Map eeyyn6ep 1adeaaesaa. Tsesed xapuynmaa cedse dsx 6apummaap 6amna.

1. lgneous rocks have been formed by sedimentation.2. lntrusive rocks have been formed by the cooling of rocks of

he Earth's crust.3. Extrusive rocks have been formed the same way.4. The grain size of igneous rocks depends on mode of

occurrence.

125

5. Exposed igneous rocks are numerous in mountain zones.6. Granites and diorites belong to the group of extrusive rocks.7. As a rule, granite may occur in dykes.B. Pegmatites do not belong to the group of plutonic oi intr.usive

rocks.

8. ffapaax acyynmaud xapuyfl.1. Have igneous rocks crystallized from magma or have they

been formed by sedimentation?2. Which types of igneous rocks do you know?3. What does the grain size of igneous rocks depend on?4. Can you give an example of intrusive or plutonic rocks?5. Are diorites intrusive or extrusive formations?6. What do you know about batholiths? (

7. Do pegmatites belong to the group of plutonic or volcanic rocks?8. How do pegmatites occur?9. What minerals arc igneous rocks rich in?

9. a) flapaax yec 6onou nufinmen yzudu MoHeon dyilt1uilz6apyyx manHH daeauaac on.1. adjacent layers a) 1adpnax apea2. abyssal rocks 6) mom uexneamsil3. dimensionsof crystals a) mom sedpenuiln 6yc4. valuable minerals r) xsm (eyuud) qynyyfiae5. shape and size of grains p) nuincsn daexapea (ye)6. mode of occurrence e) mancmyydbtH xoMx{oo7. coarse-grained x) xasedac, opeudoc8. uplifts s) mexneeuilu xsn6sp, xoMxeo9. zones of major deformation u) yusm epdsc

6) flapaax nuilnuen yeurtn aHenu dyi4uile 1apyyn maflbtldaeasaac on,1. xamcau uacc2. xsuxdscm uynyynaeyyd3. ydaau L4apqax4. xuxue Mexnoemgrt5. onou mooHbt aH qae6. 6ypyy xsn1sp7. modopxoil ayud8. sduitn eaceuilu xyead uyxan

a) irregular shape6) at a certain depthe) economically importantr)solidified masses ;

g) scientific valuee) to cool slowlyx) existing types of rockss) fine-grained

126

9. wuuxnsx yxaaHH yHo tloHo ra) fragmentary rocks10. uynyynaeuilu 1aileaa mepen x) numerous cracks or fissures

10. Oneepceu qaeuiln yrtnm uepuilx 6ailpnan usmodopxoilnoedox 6yil nep yeuiluxss xyead amap daileaaea*xaapq dapaax nuilnuen yecuie opqyyn.

successfullyimproved design unconsolidatedandconsolidated

accelerated processcrystallized magma

weakly deformed mineralsrapidly cooled rocksutilized equipmentminerals dissolved by the

action of water

weathered fragments of rocksgenerally applied method

rocksunfrozen grounddetailed studies of the Earth's crustdissolved mineralsconsolidated rocks

rocks formed by soltdification rocks consolidated by somerocks exposed on the Earth's substances

surface stratified sedimentsexposed rockstransformations caused by new

conditions...

11. Oxeepcex qaeuiln yilnm uspmsil eeyynfiepufie onxmedeespuiln Vlpeuile modopxodn. Tsesed oeyyn1epes opt yyn.

1. lgneous rocks form a large group of minerals which areeconomically important.

2. The igneous rocks formed by cooling occur either as intrusiveor extrusive rocks.

3. Orthoclase is particularly used in great quantities as rawmaterial in the production of porcelain ($ap$op).

4. The clayey mass obtained by the decomposition of orthoclaseb usually white and is called kaolin. The product obtained is used inindustry.

5. QuarE occurs in the form of small grains. Quartz crystalsfound in the cracks and fractures of rocks are very hard and beautiful.

6. Pure quarE sands are used in the production of glass.7. Actual observations of rocks exposed on the continent show

that shale represents 46 per cent of the total, sandstone about 32 percent, and limestone aboul22 per cent.

127

12. Todopxoilnox xaecapcaH eeyyndopufre modopxoilnoxyilnm xepuiln xonxsqeep conb.

Sazeap: The igneous rocks which have crystallized from magmamay rise through fissures to the surfae'd of the Earth as

lava. -+ The igneous rocks crystallized from magmamay rise to the surface of the Earth as lava.

1. The classification of igneous rocks which is given below isbased on texture and composition of minerals.

2. lgneous rocks were a hot molten mass which was known asmagma.

3. Observations Have shown that the rock types which wereproduced by molten volcanoes, include, for example, rhyolite, andes-ite, basalt and other rocks. \

4. Andesite which was first found in the Andes Mountains inAmerica is the fine-grained rock, intermediate in compositiongranite and basalt.

5. Copper is second only to iron among the importantwhich are widely used in modem engineering.

:13. Codse A-aac doopx yilnm nepufre onx 6uu. 1)yemeileee xaMm modopxoilndoa syya meflHHnonmb,H yypee eyilqemeil( 6yil eneapcen qaeudu yilnm uep;modopxoilnox yilnm uepurtu xenxo.pO opdoe ameopconyinm nsp; 3) Perfect-uiln dyneufin yiln yeuiln xyycasxed xepsenodoe eHeepceH qaeuiln yrtnm usp; 4)xeeuile yyceexed xepeenedee eHeopcori qaeudx yilnm xsp

1 4. Xa e c a pc a x e eyyn 6e p m s i, eon e ayyn 6 e pu \e..so

xu o.1. Abyssal rocks belong to the a) that are economichlly

group of intrusive rocks2. Uplifts in mountain belts have

permitted erosion to thedepths

3. Granites and diorites occuras batholiths

4. Pegmatites (quarE, orthoclaseand mica) occur in numerousveins

5. Extrusive igneous rocks havebeen formed as lavas

a) because they are intruded ipre-existing rocks.

6) which usually cut throughplutonites.

r) at which plutonic masses areformed.

g) where the changes inture are great.

128

6. lgneous rocks are rich in e)which come from fissures tominerals the surface of the Earth's crust.

7. Physical weathering occurs in x)which are large irregularthe deserts and in high masses.mountains

15. Csdae A-eaac ymeb,H xyead moxupox yaurte awuenilxdapaax eeyyndepuie dyycea.

1. Batholiths are composed of... .

2. Laccoliths are very similar to sills but sills ... .

3. Granites belong to the group of... .

4. Pegmatites are also ... ,

5. Dykes are intrusive bodies which ... .

6. Extrusive rocks have been formed from ... .

7. As for the origin of intrusive rocks, they ... .

8. The grain size of igneous rocks may be different. For example ....

16. flapaax yecmsi caHan nuilnexeyil 6y(teaa unepxuiln.ffoopx gpuaH* momudonnHe auueflax( xapuynmaa csdee dsx6apummaap 6amna.

it seem to be wrong; I don't agree with you; I don't think so;on the contrary; that's not quite so; as far as I know

1. lgneous rocks have been formed by sedimentation. Nothing iswritten about different types of these rocks.

2. One cannot explain the fact that exposed igneous rocks aremost numerous in mountain zones.

3. Granites and diorites belong to the group of extrusive rocksand their mode of occlrrrence is unknown.

4. Plutonic or abyssal rocks are extrusive rocks with grain sizeless than 0.5 mm.

17. Xaanman daxr yecude auuenilt( Cedge A-euilnazwfleb@ He?mes.

1. The formation of igneous rocks and their types, (to be formed,rc sotidifu, to cool, either ... or, mogma, volcano, lava, fragmentaryrccks)

2. The grain size of igneous rocks and its dependence on thernode of occurrence, (grain sixe, plutonic or abyssal rocks, extrusiveond volcanic roclcs)

129

3. The causes of exposed rocks formation in mountain zones.(various depths, synes of major deformation, uplifts, erosion)

4. Granites and diorites and their mode of o"curr"nc", (intrusiverock, to occur as..., irregular mass, stocks, dykes, occurrences, at acertain depth)

5. Pegmatites and their mode of occurrences (prutonic rocks, tooccnr, vein, to cut through, as well as adjacent rocks)

18.dsnxuan vynyynaeurtn myxail npu. (119-p xyydacurt 2-p sypeuile ys) llpuxdaa dapaax acyynmaud xapuyn.

1. What does Fig. 2 show?2. What type of rocks are represented there?3. what intrusive and extrusive occurrences does the figure

show? What can'you say about each occurrence?4. What minerals does each group of rocks represent?

sAYPEM

1. Teudee ye 6a daileap yeurtu xapbqyynanm*H 3epse

- flan 6a sapuu daexap memdee ye, dadeap ye ua yeurtuxei yudcsndssp daaaeap er-uile 3aneilt{ xapbqyynanmbtH sspeuile, daaaeap est-uile ueux daeaueailnax sspeuile yyceeHe. Onou nuyy uxeux daexapmsudsa ye Hb more .ynyy eodse yeuilu mycnaMxmaileaarpxapbL4yynanmam aepeu_de yyceex 6a xapuu daeameailnax sspeudemost 6yp, 6yp unyy esdse yeuiln mycnaMxmad yycesus.

ffaeauealnax $pee dsx msudse ye1tilu euue modopxoil frneaqYe rcp1en3Hs

3eper sepsr Xapuqyynanrun30pgr

flaearurafinax3OpOr

long ypmheavy xytd

difficult rcqyy

late opoilcariy spmclearly mod

longer unyy ypmheavier unyy xyud

more difficult unyyx3t1YY

later apail opoiearlier apail spmmore clearly unyy mod

the longest xaueuilu ypmthe heaviest xameuilu

xyudthe most diffi cult xaueu rt x

x3L|YY

latest 6yxreec opoilearliest 1yxnsec spmmost clearly 6yxnssc

mod

130

OHqrofi Toxt4oflAon

eeper eeper Xapsqyynanruuain3r

ffaeanrailnax 3opor

good cafrxfwell cailu)bad Myy 1badly rrayy J

little xuxur,xaaxaH

muchrI oro,

."nyJfar xonux, xon

better geep

worse Aoop

less apafr 6ara

more apafr rx

farther Hnyy xon,futher qaaugun

H3M3rA3n

the best xatarwitu cailn6yxHsec geep

the worst xaurnfrH uryy6yxxsec myy

the least byxHeec 6ara

the most 6yxuesc ux

the farthest ''l xannrufiuthe furthest JxonurH, 6yx-

H33C XOn

Xapulyynanmau espeuile xyvmeil 1oneoxod memdse ye, daileapreulH eMHe much, far, stlll, a great, deal xepsensx 1eeeed sdeespuietnyy onoH, ynsM)K, 6yyp, 6ac zex< opqyynHa.

far more favourable conditions Eyyp (unyy) maamai Hex4enfar better results 6yyp cailx yp dyHmuch more work Yneux (6Wil uflyy ilKurlmuch more successfully Eyyp unyy anxunmmail

Aaeaueartnax $poe dsx memdse yeufie by far eedse yessprTrtmsil donaoxo

Open-cast mining is by l4n apeaap on1opnox nafar the most efficient. unyy yp awuemail

2. flaileap yeuilH oeyyndsp dex 6ailpTodopxoil 6yc qaaudn daieap ye always ypanc, often onoumaa,

geldom xoaop, already xsassHud, usualty eondyy, someflmesquudaa, soon med, never x$se ?i 3epsz Hb ymeam yiln yeulu eunernryy nudnusn yiln yeuiln xen1ep dex auxnd mycnax yiln yeuiln dapaar,iaaueda\a,

Combustible shales often lllamdae saHap Hb onoH

131

Oeyyn5spm 6ailp 6onou qaeuiln 5ailquilu yypse eyitqsmesdsedadeap ye na eeyyn1spuiu sxsud eeyyneedexyyuuil euue rcMyy ocffineeyyn5spuilu oqocm 6ailpnaua.

occur as horizontal beds.

Coal is usually used asfilel.He doesn 't ever playtennis.

Tsudse ye

rea! - )KuHxoHo

direct * wyydhard - xeqyyready - 6snsularge - ux

moxuondond xsemgs daaxap-ea xen6spmsit 5ailpnaxa.

Hyypcude eondyy mynw5oneox xopoengHg.Tsp xsese q odou 6eu6eemoenodoeeyil.

Ouuedep orcymuu 6ynse5anxyynax Qa6purcarc ysee

fiaileap ye

really - yrcrcepdirectfy - wyyd, wyydhardly - deueexreadil - mypaH, xeHaeHlargely - Maut, yndcsndss

Yesterday a group ofstudents visited theconcentration plant.I was very busy yesterday. 6u euuedep ux axunmai 6aile.

Tsr,tdse ye, yilnm rcp rcMyy eep daileap yeurte modopxoilndoedadeap ye Hb qaHapHH utuHx toMyy fipeuite memdeanex 6a suaemxaMaapax yeuiluxes euue dailpnaua.

a chemically pure substance xumuiu xyetd t4sesp 6oduca highly developed industry endep xeexunmsil yindeep

3.ly-msi daileap

Onox memdse yesnd -ly daeaaap HoMoH daileap ye yvcax6onuo. Xuwse Ha: nice - nicely, great - greatly, Careful - carefully,definite - definitely, excellent - excellently aox Msm.

-ly daeaeapuH mycnaMxmailaaap msmdse yercoc yyc@H sapuMdaileap ye Hb ymeaapaa aoxux msmdse yeHggc nneaedana.

3apuu daileap ye ua doopx xodp xen1epmsil 6aidae.Hse ua daeaeapayilessp meudse yemsil daex4aua. Heeee

daeaeap by-mail 1ailua.high - eudep high - eudepwide - epeeH wide - epeeHnear - oilpxon Bear - ofipxoulate - opod late - opoil

close - 1nusxui close - 1nusxo

highly - myH, maw ouqeodwidely - Maw, ynowKnearly - 6apaelately - oilpmoe, cyynufiu

Yedclosely - napuilu,

auxaapanmail

c3flBl4frH eMHeX.qACrArI

19. a) ffapaax yecuile dyyndaxydq yxw.

[i:]- be'neath, mean, heat, cleave, 'easy, 'easily, 'medium

[a] - some, run, such, a'bove, 'structure, 'other

[ei]-'nature, 'slate, 'layer, 'flaky, 'trace, great

[ai] -'mica,'primary, de'fine,'crystalline[ou] - show, low, slow, corn'pose, 'process, know[a:] - third. Earth, oc'cur, 'surface

[o:]- marble, large

6) ffapaax yacuile ynuux msdesspuiln dyydnaeuz moemoo

gneiss [nais], chlorite {'kl::raitl, phyllites ['filaits], quartzite

i'kw::tsaitl

e) flapaax xud.nrvren yeude Hs?meerr( yHttt.

the nature of pre-existing rock and the mechanism of theretamorphic deformation

an opportunity of analysing the causes of its metamorphismto be subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluid

:eneath the Earth's surfaceto consist of quartz, orthoclase and mica to be determined by at

east four variable geologically related parameters

20. ffapaax yec 6onou nuilnuen yecuile dompoo 1-2 ydaaytu. ffapaa na dyyndaxyiltl yHwur< medeeapsa moemooxberIJg33.

band [bend] n ye, 3ypaac,yeHL;ep (uytyytaeuilu); synlayet

cleave [kli:v] v 6ympax,qyypax, KnueilK; cleavage nKnueilK, maweaileaapaacanax

corstituent [kan'stitjuant] n5ypdsn xecoe,1ypden

define [di'fain] _v modop-xounox, mooopxounonm oeex

distribute [dis'tribjut] v(anuog) xyeaapunax (xoopoudHb);mapaax{ oeox,

disturb [dis'ta:b] v 3epqux,wun)KYYnex

excess [ik'ses] n unyydsn,unyy; ant deficiencyld i'fif(a)n sil

flaky ['fleiki] anaecmail mecmsil

fluid ['flu(:)id] nwuHesH - toMyyx?no?pm3u opLtuH

caHyynax, wunsx; ncaHyynea

plate [pleit] n xaemaH,cydan (nematrt)

pressure ['preJa] n dapanm;rock pressure(underground fressure)yynbtH owalm, yynilHttynyynaeuuH Oapanm

relate [ri'leit] v xaupaedax,xautaapanmail 6adx;related a mopen; relationn xapbqaa; relationship nmopan, uuHN; relative axapau,aueyil, 3oxtJx

run [rnn] (ran [ran], run) ueyux, xednox, ypcax,aKunnax (naruun); cyHax,ypeenKnsx, xonoodox(u awu u ar z) ; o pxnox ( atcutr,oauzwilta?u2)

schistose ['Jistous] o3aHapfiae, yemsil

sheet [fl:t] r cydanslate . [sleit] n 3aHap; syn

shalesplit [split] (split) v xaeapax,

6ympax, qyypax; syncleave

trace [treis] n Mop;tracing nv Mepoex

yemsd,

wuHesH,xuilu

foljate ['foulieit] v HuMeoH ye6onx sadpax; foliated axyydcapxae, HuMeeH yemeil;syn tlaky

marble ['ma:bl] n eaHmuemention ['menJ(a)n]

at least sdaxdaato give an opportunity (o0 1onomx oneox (xe* xsasnd rcuyy

sMap Hee rcnraud)in such a way mudat 6aildnaap

21. a) flapaax yec Hb yeufrn ailueuilrnmpxscee ftonorx,;,tzye yyceedea erreMeHmyydeep (daeaeap, yemeap yeesp) ntmodopxoiln.

known - unknown; differ - different - difference; found -founder - foundation; mean - meaning; difficult - difficulty

i

i

134

6) flaeaeap able-mefr meudse yeuile Moueonoop opqyyn.changeable, understandable, valuabte, variable, breakable

e) floopx eeyyn1epuhx xoocoH eaile nneacan yiln ye KIMWHep yeesc yyccoH mendse yeoop 6eene.

1. Under the action of pressure and high temperature rockschangetheir composition and structure. One may say that the str&ctureand composition of rocks are ....

2. Everybody understands that metamorphic rocks have beendeveloped from earlier igneous and sedimentary rocks. lt is quite ...

that these changes take place in texture, in mineral composition andin shuctural features of rocks.

3. Soft rocks can break into pieces. They are ....

4. Rare metals are of great value.They are very ....

5. Rock pressure and temperalure vary. The role of water inmetamorphism is determined by four... parameters.

22. flazaeap ye ly-ufrn mycnawnmailaaap memdoe Heps'sc

WccsH ilaileap yeuile opqwn.chiet eon - chiefly ..., general epeuxuil, yndcsn - generally ...,

common epeuxuil - commonly ..., original anxnu - originally ...,particular on qeoil - parlicularly ..., practical n p a xmu xu il u - practically..., usual eneuilu - usually . .., wide epaeH - widely . . .

23. ffapaax uufrnuen yecuile yHwux opeyyn.cleavage distribution the definition of rocksgeologicaldisturbances schistose structureschistose coal low-grade metalsmedium-grade coals high-grade oilthe most common metamorphic exposed igneous rocksrocks single orthoclase crystalschemically active fluids scientific valuerock pressure water pressureexcess of water thin sheetsfoliated and non-foliated the Earth's surfacemetamorphic rocks separate plates

24. frneacan yecuiln ymeb,e soxttx MoHeon yecuiln ntaeayypmafi mecmed daildnaap xt modopxoiln,

metamorphic rocks; some changes in texture; in mineral

composition and stru.cture; the description of metamorphism;schistose structure; the role of water; four variable geologicallyrelated parameters; flaky materials; the mechanism of metamorphicdeformation; crystalline schists; the great dislocations of the Earth,scrust; during normal progressive metamorphisr4

25. Cgdee B-e yxwux myyHs"ceo dapaax acyynmaudmoxupox xapuynmb@ on.

1. What is metamorpnism?2. Why can metamorphic rocks cleave easily?3. Why is the study of metamorphic rocks important?

ceEsB 5Metamorphic Rocks

The problem discussed concerns metamorphic rocks whichcompose the third large family of rocks. ,,Metamorphic,,

means ,,changed

from". lt shows that the original rock has been changed from its primiryform to a new one. Being subjected to pressure, heat and chemicallyactive fluids beneath the Earth's surface, various rocks in the Earth,scrust undergo changes in texture, in mineral composition and structureand are transformed into metamorphic rocks. The process describedis called metamorphism.

As is known, metamorphic rocks have been deveroped fromearlier igneous and sedimentdry rocks by the action or'hdat anopressure.

Gneisses, mica schists, phyllites, marbleS, slate,"qu.arb. etc.belong to the same group of iocks. Having if," sur[ ,Jro r

composition as grbnite, gneisses'consist cr.,i"riy"oii1urra, r,tf",""f r.Land mica. However unlike granite, they have a schiitose structure. ltmeans that their constituents are distributed in bands or layers andrun parallel to each other in one direction. lf disturbed the rocli cleaveseasily into separate plates.

The role of water in metamorphism is determined by at reast fourvariables geologically related parameters: rock pressure,iemperature,water pressure, and the amount of water present.

During a normalprogressive metamorphism rock pressure andtemperature are interdependent, and the amount of water and thepressure of water are related to the sediments and to the degree ofmetamorphism in such a way that, generally speaking, *re rowlgraol

136

metamorphic rocks are characterized by the excess of water. Themedium-grade rocks defined by some defitiency of ,ut",

"nJn"'hijn-grade metamorphic rocks are characterizeo uy tne absence or *r[r.Many of the metamorphic rocks mention"O ,Uorl .o";"i;i;;;i

materials such as mica and chrorite. These minerars cause the ,.o.[tosplit into thin sheets, and rocks become foliated.

. Slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss belong to the group of foliatedmetamorphic rocks. Marbre and quarEite are non-foriat-eo metamorpr,i",rocks.

The structure of -metarnorphic rocks is of importance because itshows the nature of pre-existing rocks and the mechanism ofmetamorphic deformation. Every hice of originar structure is oigieat

importance to geotogists. tt givesln opportunifu of anatyzinjttre;;;.of its metamorphism.

Being often cailed crystailine schists, metamorphic rocks suchas gneisses and mica have a schistose structure. Meiamorprric roct<s

f ?f._"-llh: otdest poftiort of the Earth,s crust. They "r"

,nortfy f*rnOrn tne regions of mountain belts where great dislocations on *re rartnonce took place.

28. cedsa E-urtn *ry#[Ho eayyn*ep nurtqsx 6yilaeaa. Tae_ssd xapuynm.aa csdee dex 6ipuumaap-6amna.. 1. Generally speaking, metamorphicrocks frave been OevetopeOfrom ores.

2. Marble, slate and phyllite belong to the group of metamorphicrocks.

. 3' As is known, unrike granite metamorphic rocks have a schistosestructure.

4' lt is quite obvious that the rore of water in metamorphism isgreat.

As a rule, low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized bythe absence of water.6. Flaky materials cause the rock to split into thin sheets.7' lt shourd be noted that marbre and quartzite aie iotiateometamorphic rocks.B. The structure of metamorphic rocks shows the nature of orderpre-existing rocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation

as well.9. Allmetamorphic rocks are non-foliated.

137

27. ffapaax acyynmand xapuyn1. Do you know how metamorphic rocks have been formed?2. Which rocks belong to the group of metamorphic?3. Does gneiss have the same structure as granite?/4. ls the role of water great in metamorphism?5. What rocks do we call foliated? What can you say about non_

foliated metamorphic rocks?6. How can geologists trace the original structure of metamorphic

rocks?7. Why are metamorphic rocks often called crystalline schists?

28. a) ffapaax yec 6onon uuilnMsn yeudu MoHeon dydqudedapyyu manaH daeaaaac Hb on.'1. as a result of the chemical a) uyypcuud cydan (nuyy yeuqsp)

and physical changes 6) uynyynaeuile 6ypdyynseu2. constituents of rocks e) myceail ye 6onx 1ympax3. to be subjected to cons- r) ep ua xensxsd

tant development p) xuuu, $usuxuiln eepunenmuiu4. to undergo changes yp dyH5. excess of water e) ycnu unyydsn6. low-grade ores x) eepvneedex7. coal band e) 6afinea xeexux8. to cleave into separate layers u) uauap myymai xydsp9. traces of original structure x) auxutt 1ymqudn op Mep10. generally speaking

6) ffapaax yec 6onon nuilnnran yeuilx ar{enu dyilt4uiledapyyx maflHH daeauaac on.1. aq xondoedonmod2. desp dypadcan3. sauapnae 6ymsq4. 6opxuueooc niteaamad5. ycuu dymaedan6.ypd 1aican qynyynae7. yencen qynyynae

8. eaHmue, saHap9. eueitc, eMx3oH10.6onoux oneox11. 6ym4uile modopxohiox

a) unlike granite6) to be of importances) pre-existing rocksr) mentioned aboveg) schistose structuree) to give an opportunity (of doing

smth)x) to define (determine) tock textures) deficiency of wateru) flaky rocksr) marble and slaten) gneiss

138

29. flapaax yecuile auruenil,( eayyndap dex xoocox saila6eene.

cleave cleaves cleavage1. Metamorphic rocks which have a schistose structure can ....2. As a result of splifting ... is formed.3. Generally speaking, the constituents of gneisses are distributed

jn bands or layers and the rock ... easily.relate related relationship relating (to)1. The ... between rock pressure and temperature is

interdependent.2. fhe role of water in metamorphism can be characterized at

least by four variable geologically ... parameters.3. These parameters... to each other.4. At the lnstitute the students study the full range of subjects ...

io mining, geology as well as mining mechanics.

30. a) Xapaqyynax 3opse dex msudee yeurtu opuyyneadaHxaapq dapaax yac 6onon xuilnuan yeuile opqyyn.

to observe the higher temperature at day time and the lowertemperature at night

to become wider and deeperto cause more complex and varied changesto penetrate deeperto become more and more destroyedto decompose at a slower rateThere are deeper and wider cracks.The action of plants is even more destructive.

6) Xapaqyynanmbe ryumoil doneox moxuondond auxaapqxapbqwnax aopaem 6aileaa memdee ye, daileap yemsil nuilnmenyecuile apqyyn.

to be more than 0.5 mmto intrude into older pre-existing rocksto have even finer grainsless than 0.5 mmto form smaller rock massesto be much longerto cool much more rapidlyto coolmore slowlyto crystallize to a larger-grain size

139

coarse-grained intrusive rocks

31. a) A, E xaecaanmaac ymeaapaa odponqoo yecudecoHeo.

5. a) allow (let).6) sizea) fissurer) take placep) speede) layerx) splits) componentr)flakyr) be similar to

6) A, 6 )Kaecaanmaac ecpoe ymeamail yecuile coHeo.E. a) cleavage

6)shallowe) low-grader) non-foliated4) rapidlye) unlikex) intrusives)deficiencyn) smallx) heatn) uncorniton'

32. a) Eapyyn manun modopxoiinonmbtH yypee6yil eneepceu qaeuiln yrtnm xepmsil dapaax nuilnusnytru.

Saeeap: The equipment usCd is..awuenax6yil mouoenon ut....

1. New sources of fuel described included ....2. Modem colliery visited used ....3. Economic achievements writtenabout are ....4. Average coal output of the quarry desi$heif will reach ...

6) ffapaax ezyyndspuile opuyyn. Oelyndep

A. 1. band2. cleave3. constituent4. foliated5. belike6. permit7. cracic8. occur9. rate10. dimension

A. 1. deep2. cool3. slowly4. vast5. extrusive6. like7. high-grade8. commonL excess10. foliated

140

"eeyyneedexyyH-eeyynoxyyuuil" 6yneuile on. flaeaeap'ed'meilyeuiln yypeuile modopxoiln.

1.The prospecting party provided with new equipment plannedto begin its work in spring.

2. The prospecting party provided new data on useful mineralsdiscovered in the region.

3.The prospecting party is provided with new equipment4. The rocks described represented the oldest portion of the

Earth's crust.

33. Xaanmax daxu yiln yeurta soxux qae, xeed ua xepoengx(eeyyn6ep dex xoocon saile 6eene.

1. Scientists and engineers... computers in their work. Computers,.. in different fields of science and engineering. (to apply)

2. Materials for sedimentary rocks ... fragments of pre-existing

rocks. Conglomerate, sandstone and shale ... into the group ofsedi-mentary rocks. (ro include)

3. Geophysicists ... the changes which take place deep in theEarth. Many of these changes develop at such a slow rate that they...only with the help of modem instruments and computers. (to observe)

4. Water greatly... the decomposition of rocks. lt is quite obviousthat weathering ... by the action of water. (to facilitate)

34. Xen6epeeipae moxupdoe f,fleacaH yec Hb eeYYn6epmf,Map yypee eydqsmeex 6yile modopxoilnx eeyyn6epso opqwn.

1. The term "prospecting" includes the whole range of geologicalwork directedto discovering deposits of valuable minerals. The MoscowMining Academy directed the activities of the Academy's researchinstitutions.

2. Limestones occupied vast areas of the Earth's surface. lt isquite obvious that the regions occupied by limestones have beencovered by seas.

3. Modem deposits of Kamchatka volcanoes investigated byRussian geologists show that volcanism is active there. The lnstituteof Volcanology of the Siberian Department of the Academy of Sciencesinvestigated lriable (purxnurfr ) volcanic deposits of Kamchatka,

4. The clayey mass obtainedby the decomposition of orthoclaseis white and is called kaolin. Chemists abtained phosphorus fromphosphorite.

141

35. Oneepcex u,aeuilu yilnm nepurtu optyyneaud auxaaptoeyyndopuile opuyyn.

3aeeap 1: The mining method used depenos orr-rmmy factors.) On6opnonmod awuenax 6yil apea Hb anoH xyquHsyinssc xauaapdae.

1. The problems discussed are connected with the investigationsof the Earth's crust depths.

2. Metamorphic rocks described represent the oldest part of theEarth's crust.

3. The process of metamorphism mentioned above creates suchminerals as tremolite, sillimanite and others which are uncommon insedimentary and igneous rocks.

4. ln all the mines visited automated computerised controlsystems were used.

5. A new system of planning employed gives an opportunity ofsupplying correct information quickly which is essentialfor managementcontrol of modem mines.

3aaeap 2: When burnt, coal produced heat. -+ Hyypcuileutam a axad dyn aan e neapH a.

1. lf disturbed, rocks cleave easily into separate plates.2. When needed the additional experiments are carried out.3. When subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids,

various rocks in the Earth's crust are transformed into metamorphicrocks.

36. Eapyyu manuH yypee eydqemeex 6yil oxeepceu 4aeufrnyinm nepuile Cedee E-eec onx 6u,a.

37. ffoopx uurtnusn yzcuile auuenax oeyyn1spuie opqwlto be formed; to belong to; to be like; to be of value; to give

an opportunity of, unlike; to be of importance; pre-existing rocks;schistose structure; to determine

1. Xyeupntan qynyynae Hb 6snxuan 6onon myHaMat.tynyynaeaac YYCH9,

2. Onxseu (eueilc), saHap, aaHmue 6onon 6ycad qyrrynae ,ixylupMan uynyynaeuilu 6ynoem xaMaapHa.

3. Omxeeu Hb eaHmuemat mecmsil daildae 6onoe,t6yme4sspss nneaamail 1aildae.

142

4. Ep na xyeupMan uynyynazuiln 6ymsq na ypd 1ailcantynyynaeuilu op ueputte moemoox 5onoux oneodoe yuup dypadcanxyeupMan qynwnae Hb ux ae xon6oedonmod 6aidae.

38. 3aeeapaw )rruueeeoep acyyflm masb,Saeeap: Metamorphic rocks are mostly found in the regions of

mountain belts, (where?) -+ Where are metamorphicrocks mostly found?

1. Metamorphic rocks have been developed from earlier igne-ousand sedimentary rocks, (what rocks?)

2. The constituents of gneisses are distributed in bands or layers.(how?)

3. Mica and chlorite cause the rock to split into thin sheets, (whatmaterials?)

4. The structure of metamorphic rocks is of importa nce, (why?)

39. Oeyyn6epuile codee 6 dex moxupox yecudn ymeaapdyycea.

1. As for the origin of metamorphic rocks they ....2. When we say that a mineral has a schistose structure it

means....3. lt should be noted that the role of water in the formation of

metamorphic rocks is great. lt is known that high-grade metamorphic,'ocks are characterized by the absence of water while medium-grade.ocks. . . .

4. Geologists should know every trace of the originalstructure ofmetamorphic rocks because ....

40. Xaanman daxa yecuile auruenax cedee E-uiln aeyynebeHgemee.

1. The process of metamorphism. (ro mean, to show, to undergochanges, to be transformed, to call)

2. The role of water in the formation of metamorphic rocks, (to beinterdependent, to be related to, in such a way, generally speaking, tobe characterised by)

3. The difference between foliated and non-foliated metamor-phic rocks, Ahky, to cause, to split into, lo cleave)

4. The structure of metamoiphic rocks, (lo be of importance, trace,pre-existing rocks, to give an opportunity ofl

143

41.|'aepau qapqdac daxu yynux ttyflyynae, msdesepuilneapan yycon, dailpnan, mednuile ux aeyyndae spdcyyduinmyxail ueddeeee (8-10 eeyyn6ep) moeu nPb,:

as far as I know; as is known; as for; l'd like to say a fewwords about...; lt should be noted that...; as a rule; generallyspeaking rox Mor

Rocks of the Earth's Crust

I

sedimentary rocks

I

mechanical, chemicaland organicsediments

I

igneous rocks

I

intrusive rocks,extrusive (volcano)rocks

I

metamorphic rocks

I

rocks structure

water in metamorphism

tllPractical value of each type of rocks (metals they are rich in)

s42. Cedse B-e mona 6uque awuenanzyd yHww( pyH myxafr

eeyyncuude npu.Csdeui,e oilneoxod uaapdnaeamail wuns yec:profit - awue, mycresidual - myHaManalloy - xailnwcast iron - wipsu

:

Minerats that make,o rolnTffolRneo as inorganicwhich occur naturally and have a definite chemical compositionphysical properties which vary within known limits'

The major properties are colour, crystal form, hardness,

arid others. Cleavage is one of the most diagnostically usefdmineralogical properties which can pe found throughout the mineral.

Minerals of use to man can be grouped into two broad1) metals, such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver, iron, tin,

chromium, nickel, lead and zinc, and 2) non-metallic minerals,

as diamonds, salt, limestone, cement, sulphur, and asbestos.

minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit they are

ore deposits. Mineral deposits are seldom equally rich throughout.

144

Economic minerals are those which are of economic importanceand include both metatlic and non-metallic minerals.

Most minerals consist of several elements. Such elements areoxygen, silicon, titanium, aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium,potassium and hydrogen. They make up more than 99 per cent by

weight of all the rock-forming minerals. Of these, aluminium, iron andmagnesium are industrial metals. The other metals are present in smallquantities, mostly in igneous rocks.

For example, iron is one of the most abundant metals in theEarth's crust. There are three important classes of iron deposits:deposits associated with igneous rocks; residual deposits andsedimentary deposits. lron deposits associated with igneous rocksare usually small but very rich bodies either of haematite or magnetite.Large concentrations have been successfully mined in Pennsylvania(the USA) and in the Russian Federation.

Residual deposits of iron minerals are formed whereverweathering occurs. lron deposits formed this way are very widespread.It should be stressed that the residual deposits were among the firstto be exploited by man.

Sedimentary iron deposits make up most of the world's currentproduction.

As the essential component of every variety of steel, iron isobviously the most important of all industrial metals. lt has played alarge part in the development of our modem civilization. lron ores aremainly used for producing cast iron, steels and ferro-alloys. From ascientific point of view, iron's most important property is that it becomesmagnetized.

The magnetic iron ore is the main wealth of the Kursk MagneticAnomaly (KMA). lt is necessary to say that only in the last centurywas the secret of the unusual magnetism of enormous iron ore massesdiscovered underground.

lron fields are worked by surface mining which is moreeconomical. But the KMA is rich not only in iron ores. lts depositscontain bauxite, phosphorite, cement, sand and clays.

43. Cedse B-e xo0p xecoem ryeaa. Teeeed xgcee dypeeceemyyuuit yndcex caHaae unepxudncen eeyyndspuile on. CedesB-uilnxoo xocee 6ypm eaptue ee.

145

44. Cedee B-eec dapaax acyynmnH xapuv? otl.1. Why is cleavage the most important prop".ty of minerals?2. How can ore deposits be defined?3. What are iron ores used for?4. What is the KMA rich in?

45. Cedegsc dapaax acyydnaapx uedeennuile on-1. The main groups of minerals.2. The composition of minerals.3 The important classes of iron ore deposlts.4. lndustrial importance of iron ores.5. The characteristic feature of the KMA.

46. l-ypean eapvuzuttn anb Hb cedse B_udu aeyyneadsoxutloK 6yile on.

1. Mineral Deposits.2. The Composition of Minerals.3. lron Ores of lmportance to Man.

47. B csdee dex Msdsennaac mand aflb Hb attu*ocaHaedcaHba spb. Tand auap 6apuum nsdsedex 6afrcutrexapuyn.

48. flapaa cadeuile monb 6uwe .1uuen?K opvwn.

New Discoveries about the ,,Blue planet,,

specialists from many ground services have assessed thepractical use of observations from outer space. The most effectiveuse of the data obtained was made in the field of oeoloov.

A look from outer space identified fundanientirry nE* georogicarobjects which had no.! peen previousty studied oi m"piJ if,"Zsatellites helped estabrish the rocation oi abyssar fractures stretchingover hundreds and thousands of kiromekei'and cutting u.io., in"whole systems of fords, pratforms and the ocean bed. rn"ey p"nutotedeep into the Earth and often act as supply canals of fusions andmineral-enriched sorutions r{bout 20 such a'byssar fractures r,u*i u""nidentified on the territory of Russia. suceessfiil devetopment;iil;;"research makes it possibre to survey the Earth's resouicesfro, .;;;"by satellites. Besides, the surveys by sateilites give us information on

other parts of the solar system. This has given rise to a new scienceof "geology of planets" called astrogeology. All this has greatlyexpanded the viewpoint of the geologist. At the present time geology,astronomy, meteorology, oceanography and geophysics are comingcloser together and scientist believe that such combination of sciencesmust be used together to study the whole Earth.

iir

I

147

UNIT 6Sources of Energt

A. ,QypsmI-epyugrarZ (The Gerund).

Csdse A. Fossil Fuels.5. ,Qypsu

O4oo qarrfrH yfrnr Hep (The present participle)Csdse E. Coal and lto Classification.B. Csdse B.Xenqyynse. Spvrarrlt xyv 6a aMbApan

A

EYPsM

l-epyngr,ri (The Gerund)

fepyudud Hb Hop ye 6onou yiln yeuiln wuuxuile eepmeeHoemeoH aeyyndae sssu 1ueeyil ou4eoil rcnisp nu. l-epyudiuil utyindnuile saax 6a yiln yeudu yudcsn dssp ing_ata saneacHbt yudcsndssp yycus' )Kuwss na: read - reading yuwnaaa; tochoose - choosingcoHeyynb, to heat - heating xafiaanm eax Mom

fepynduil ua doopx yudcsu ouu,noemoil *afina. yyud:1. fepyudude myynd xaMaapax wyyd mycaedaxyyn daeaua.

They began designinga new colliery.

2. fepyududd msndseyeaep unopxurtnceu aneaqeuwyyH rcMyymodopxoinoeu daildaeeyil.

. 3. l-epyndud Hb yemeap ye of_moil 1apyyu manbrHmodopxoilnoeqeyi 1aidae.

4. l-epyndurt Hb onoH mooeyd 6adua.5, fepyuduilH eMHe xaMaamax muilu nneand rcuyy myyn dsp

uep yeude rcpoenilK 6onuo.

.. 1 l-epyududu myynmsil xenlepespss moxupdoe odoo qaeuiuydnm uspsec nneaedax flneaae E xscesec ye.

Ted wuus yypxadumecen 3oXUOX( 3xn3e.

148

We know of his taking 6ud sns mecen dsx myyuuilpart in the project. oponqooHbt myxail usdns.

6. t'epyuduit nt eeyyn6spm eayynsedsxyyuuil yypeuile(sapuudaa xaMaapax yemsdess xaum) eyilqsmesx 6onuo.

Cutting coal is perfomed Hyypcuui sycsnmudeby cutting chains. m acfi ax eu HlKos p ey il qsm es us

7. Xspee t-epyndurtu eMHe yameap ye 1ailean moposp 1aiqauyypsa eyilqsmeoHs. l-epynduin euue dapaax yemeap yeyyduilercpeenoHo. Yyud: on (upon)-aap, dapaa, afterdapaa, before ypd, euue,at -d, depesd, by sauaap, mycflawKmaileaap, without -eyil, insteadof opoud eox Mom

Before entering the Mining Onymnyyd yyn yypxain dssdlnstitute the students may cypeyynad opoxbrH eune (yyntake a preliminary yeafs yypxaiu dssd cypeyyntd opoxawcourse. ypd) xunuilu 6snmesn xypcsd opx

6onuo.Many different factors are Xaizyynuu apebz coueoxod nustaken into account ln ehoo- 1ypuiln onoH xyquH sydnudesing a prospecting method. auxaapandaa aeHa.

Yameap yemsil eepyndud toMyy eepyHdudn \ynsemeit yemeapyemsil rcp ye, Hexqonm yiln ye, xaecapcaH eayyn1sp dyilus. Yemeapyemsil nse eayyndspuAe opuyynax 3apuM apebz aeq y3be.

By introducing powerful rotary excavators it is possible toinerease the daily output of the quarry.

1. Pomopm xftuprce oKcKoeamopde Holmpyynx( Kapbep*Hxonoaufr u 1ymssmxuila nsmezdyynx 6onuo.

Z.Pomopm xy.tuprce gKcKolamopue rcempyyrcx aaMaaprapbepuH xouoeuiln 6ymesnuila HgMoe)yym( 6onno.

3. Pomopm xy.tupxbe sKcKo*amopbe rcempyyncHogp Kapbepbnxouoeuilu 6ymssuxafia ueusedyynx 6onuo.

x 6a xufinnagn r.Xsn6so Yfin.(ex xos Yfnagrtrox xeB Yrralndefinite(Simple)

reading being read. Yfrn yr-eryynexyyHnfryfingsnrsfi Hor 3opor6onx 6yfi yfingen ouyy

fin enrrafix 6a

149

Perfect having read having been read

rpsegyrap xarraEapaTyilnpnuilr rnspxrilnHe.Yfin yr- oryynexyyxNrZyp4 6onx 6yil yilnpnwilrunepxrfinHe.

-. -Huilnusn eepyudurtu xsnxetqd eepyndud ua6ue xyH toMyy toMHbtyilndex 6yd, eepyuduilu eMHex xaMaai* *"neeuuu ye rcutyy myyna5aileaa rcp yaop unopxuilnoedcsu yilndnude unepxudn

Turtm xsnxstquie ua ms,p, myxad, mynd seps2 ronfuoo yemsiususedsn xaecapcaH eeyyn6spsep opvyyiur.

The mine care are emptiedwithout being stopped,

We know of computers,being used in under-ground mining.

Tsp as u qs p u d e soecoon ey daltaae Hb 5yyneax 6adua.

Tootqou 6odox Mautu H bteyypxaild awuenadae myxale6ud usdus

csABnnH OMHOX AACTAfl1. a) flapaax yecuile dyyndaxyiltq'yuw.

[:]-'fossil, 'solid, 'water, a'tomic, rock[::]- source, raw, form, ,former, ,fautling

[o.] -'carbon,,charcoal, past, part[a:]- re'fer, world, word, term, burn, ,purpose

[e] -'natural,,sandstone,,category,,absence,,latter[ei]- a'vailable, ,gaseous, shale-, main, de,cay, clay

[ou]- coke, a,go, .folding, most

[e aJ - air, 'area, ,vary, ,various

6) ffapaax yecuile yHwuK dyydnaese Hb moemeo.ancient ['einJant], conglomerate [kan,gbmaritJ,dolomite ['drlamait], gr_::oy: l,geizjasl, gases-1,gesizi,

group [gru:p], hydrogen [,haidrad3an], methane t,r-.g.ini,nitrogen ['naitrad3an] oxygen 1,rksid3in1, sulphur i,snlfal

150

2.,Qapaax yec 6onon uuilnugn yeuile dompoo 1-Zydaa ynw.ffapaa uu dyyndaryilq yHutot( medeespuile moemooxb,e xu.teo.

accumulate [a'kju:mjuleit] u divide [di'vaid] v xyeaax;xypuMmnyynax,6oeeuopex (from)cafieax,myceaapnax

ancient ['einJant] a epmuuil, evidence ['evidans] nxyryHbt; ant modern 5amaneaa, unm, ut,JfiK

asso-ciate [a'souJieit] v fossil ['f:sil] a qynypKcaH,xoonox, H3emeex, ManmMan; n MafimManx.on6oedox; syn connect, (opeanurc zapaamail)rrnK qynyyx{unm;

burn [ba:n] (burnt [ba:nt]) v heat[hi:t] v xanaax; ndynaauacaax, wamax, uamaax liquid [,likwid] a wuHesH; n

charcoal ['tfa:koul] n uoduu tuuneiu; untdolidHYYPo manufactureconvenient [kan'vi:njant] a [,manju:'faktfa] v xuttx,

oemou, moxupox ydndeepnsx; syn producecrude [kru:d] o myyxuil, mudstone [,mndstoun] rqsespneseyil waeapxuH, ipeunumdig_-l9igl (dug [dng]) v purpose ['pa:pas] n sopuneo,

on1opnox, Manmax; digger sdpunzo;syr'aini,goal'n HYYpcHuil sxcrcoeamop, snaie tfeil] n waaapnae 3aHapeasap yxdae Mauut

the fonner ... the letter aHxHbt (dssp dypudcauaac) ...cyynuuil u (dypadcan xodpooc)

3. flapaax uurtnuon yecuile yHwuK opqyyn.the equipment available for

scientific observationsfossil fuelsolid fuel:rude oilabundant in mudstone and

limestonesrnall amounts of charcoal

and coke

dressing (concentration) plantsmine safetyliquid fuelmanufactured fuelany direct evidence of the deposilcarbon-containing substancesplant productspeat accumulationsources of fuel

:: be composed of ancient rocks shale and limestone

4. flneacan yeudn ymeae soxux Moueon yecuiln nseyypmailmecmsrt daildnaap nu modopxoin.

151

natural gas; atomic energy; geologic past; the two maingroups of rocks; the different categories of solid fuels; the basis ofpractically all natural fuels; the small amount of other elements; tobe associated with water and gas; porous sedimentary rocks;geological formations; the most efficient fuel and raw materials;gaseous fuel; high thermal efficiency; to be derived from petroleum

5. A cedeuile yuuux, myyxd op?aHuK mopnuiln nuapmopnuie modopxoilncHbe flpb.

ceAeB AFossil Fuels

The chief sources of energy availabte to man today are oil, naturalgas, coal, water power and atomic energy. Coal, gas and oil representenergy that has been concentrated by the decay of organic materials(plants and animals) accumulated in the geologic past. These fuelsare often referred to as fossil fuels.

The word/ossl/(derived from the Latinfodere "to dig up,') originallyreferred to anything that was dug from the ground, particularly a mineral.Today the term/o.r'si/generally means any direct evidence of past life,for example, the footprints of ancient animals. Fossils are usually foundin sedimentary rocks, although sometimes they may be found inigneous and metamorphic rocks as well. They are most abundant inmudstone, shale and limestone, but fossils are also found in sandstone,dolomite and conglomerate.

Most fuels are carbon-containing substances that are burned inair. In burning fuels give off heat which is used for different purposes.

Fuels may be solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid fuels may be dividedinto two main groups, natural and manufactured. The former categoryincludes coal, wood, peat and other plant products. The lafter categoryincludes coke and charcoal obtained by heating coal in the absence ofair.

Liquid fuels are derived almostfrom petroleum. ln general, naturalpetroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practicallyall industrial fuels. Petroleum is a mixture of hundreds of differenthydrocarbons - compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon -together with the small amount of other elements such as sulphur,oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum is usually associated with water andnatural gas. lt is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological

152

formation allowed the oilto collect from a wide area. petroleum is oneof the most efficient fuels and raw materials.

Of gaseous fuels the most important arc those derived fiomnatural gas, chiefly methane or petroleum. Using gaseous fuels makesit possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution andcontrol. Gas is the most economical and convenient type of fuels.Today gas is widely utilized in the home and as a raw material forproducing synthetics.

scientists consider that a most promising source of naturarresources may be the floor of the sea, a subject which now has becomean important field of research.

Generally speaking, ail types of fossir fuers desciibed in the textare of great economic importance as they represent the sources ofenergy the man uses today.

IACrAJl6. Cedeuilx aeyynead eeyyn1op Hb 3oxu.1or 1adeaae saa.

Teeeed xapuynmaa cedse dsx 1apuumaap 6amna.1. Coal, water power and atomic energy are the only sources of

energy available to man today.2. Coal, wood and peat represent natural group of solid fuels.3. As a rule fossil fuels are found in sedimLntary rocks.4. Crude oil is widely used for producing solid fuels.5. Petroleum can be found in porous sedimentary rocks.6. Gas is used to produce synthetic materials.7. Not all types of fossil fuels bum.

7. flapaax acyynmand xapuyfl.1. What fuels are often referred to as fossil fuels?2. What does the wordfossil mean?3. What rocks are most abundant in fossilfuels?4. What types of fossil fuels do you know?5. ls coke a naturul or manufactured solid fuel? And what can

!6u say about coal and peat?6. How are cote and charcoal produced?7. What rocks is petroleum usually associated with?8. What are the advantages of gaseous fuels?

8. a) ffapaax yec 6onon xuilnmen yeuiln MoHeon dyfiquile

153

dapyyn mafiHH 6aeaxaac on.

1. fossil fuel2. raw material3. crude oil4 the chief sources of energy5. to refer to6. any direct or indirect

evidence of the deposit7. shale and limestoneB. carbon-containing materials9. wood and peat10. the smallamount ofmudstone

dapyyu manHH 1aaauaac Hb on.i. uoduu uyypc 6a xoxc2. uLuuesu mynul3. xypummnyynax4. eeoedexyyuuile qyznyynax5. eapax, yycsx6. caiu yp dynmeil 6onox7. wamdae sauapaap 6anuB. woxodu qynyyHaac moemox

a) urod, xynsp6) 6aea sspse aSiaunuma) opeauux mynutr) sauap, utoxoiu uynyyg) myyxui sde) nyypcme poaqu i u ua mepuanyydN) spuuu xyuuud eon ox

yycesespyyds) cpdam anua wyyd 6a wyyd 6ycutuux meMdseu) myyxud (t4sespnssayd)x) xaupaedax (nuap use rouaud)

wunox (nuap usz nuauO)

6) ffapaax yec 6onou nudnmsn yzudu aHenu dyilquile

a) to collect data6) charcoal and cokee) to be composed of limestonesr) liquid fuet4) to accurnulatee) to derive fromx) to obtain good resultsa) abundant in oil shales

-9. flneacaH vec Hb yzcurtn ail,euilx qMap xecge 1onoxarcmodo pxoiln. Teesed eeyyn*epes opeyyn.

1' Mineralfuers such as oir, oir snite, gas and coar are commonrycalled fossil fuels.2 These fossils are organic materiars accumurated rn thegeologic past.3 As a rure oir deposits are usuary associated with water andnatural gas.4. Salt deposits form folds in which petroleum can be found.5. Liquid is one of the states of matier.6. Liquid fuels are derived from petroleum.7. Coke manufacture depends on certain (modopxoil| grades

of coal.

154

8. chemical plants manufacture synthetic materials from naturalgas.

_ 10. floopx yeuile auuenilK aeyyn1sp dex xoocon sarte6eene.

accumulation accumulate accumulated1. Fossil fuels were formed as a result of the ... of vegetable

matter.2. These fossil fuels are organic materials that... in the geologic

past.3. Coal, for examplg, deposited from vegetable remains ... in

swamp (uanaz) areas millions of years ago.4. As is known, any natural... of mineral of some volume in the

Earth's crust is a mineral deposit.

'11. ffapaax eeyyniepuile yuwux oeyyn6sp |ypeec"eeyynsedexyyH-eeyynaxyynuil,, 6yneuile on. Taesedeeyynsede xyyn Hb rcye aa p une pxu fi n sedce nuile modo pxoilnxdeyyn6epss opewn.

1. Using coal as a fuel began in the twelfth century.2..Extracting useful minerals by underground methods will

continue in future.3. Winning coal from deep horizons is difficult due to high

temperatures.4' Producing oil from shale has been successfully carried out for

many years.

12. flneacax yecuiln opuyynead auxaapq eeyyn1apoeopqyyn.

1. Electricity is a source of light of wettas of heat.2. As igneous rocks and their veins are rich in minerar deposits,

they are very important to man.3. As rs known, fossils are found in sedimentary rocks although

they may be found in igneous rocks as wel/.4. Mine cars are unloaded (6yyneax) as they pass through a

loading point.5. As far as petroleum is concerned it is associated with water

and natural gas.6. Nowadays natural gas is utilized as a raw material for

nanufacturing synthetics.

155

7. As a rule open-cast mining is used when the deposit lies nearthe surface.

13. ffapaax eeyyndepude opqyyn. yemeap ye by, for, in, of,on, without-mail eepynduiltt opuyyneHe aHxaap.

1. The progress in the coal industry was achieved by m,echartizingand re-equiBping underground operations.

2. Brown coal and lignite are used as raw materials for producingcoke and chentical products.

3. The problgm of extracting geothermal energy is underconsideration now.

4. On re-utilizing the wastes (orxogsr) it will be possible to rnakethe extractive industries more efficient.

5. Geologists have got good results rn prospectirrg for mineralresources in the sea.

14. a) flmap eeyyn6apm aepyndu(t xopaenocHuile uepnox,myyxu(te monSopxoilnox ut uuxu ile aaa,

1. Charcoal is used'for prodrrcing high grades of cast.iron.2. Coke is formed in the process of heating certain grades of

coal in the absence of air..

3. New concentratiorr plants have been built for the processingof non-ferrous and ferrous metals.

4. Many minerals undergo changes by taking water in theirmolecule.

5. The form of a mineral body is taken into consideration inselecting the method of mining.

6 ln prospecting for useful minerals, aerial photography will playan irnportant part,

7. Using modern mining equipment atlowed the miners to increasethe output of coal.

B. The training of mining speciaiists now takes place in proximityto industrial enterprises.

9. lt is difficult to understand the nature offossfls without studyingtheir origin.

6) Csdae A-aac eepyuduile xepoznsceH oeyyn1spuiie on

15. flapaax yec 6onou nurtnuen yecuile awuefla),(oeyyndspurte opqyyn..

156

to be of great importance; to be the basis for; the nationaleconomy; to represent; there is; to manufacture; gaseous

1. Hyypc, ueSma,1aileanudu xud ua spquM xyuuuil spmuui sxyvc*6op rou. Tsdessp Hb opeaHuK eapanmail wamd,ae mynw 6onuo.

2. Auuesu, xamyy, xudu xsn1epmsi mynw 6aidae.3. Hyypc Hb KIKC eapeax myyxuil ed nu.4. Tvyxud ue$mr na yilndespuilu wuuzsu myfiw ydndespnsx

yudsc 6ondoe.5. 1ailzanuJu xuilu'lindespnsnm Hb ync opuat apdau ax axytrd

ux aq xon1oedonmod 1addae.

16. Oayyn6apuie cadae A daxa ymzHH xyetd moxupoxY43p meecee.

1 As for the brigin of fossilfuels they have been farrned by ... .

2. According to the latest information the main sources of energyare ... .

3. As is known fossil fuels are mosfly associated with ... .

4. As fsr as petroleum is concerned, it can be found in .....5. Generally speaking, all types of fuel arc irnportant ... .

17. ffoopx syilncmart yecmai uuilnsxeyil 1aileaaaaaunepxuilnx oepuiluxee caHanbe cedse A daxa 6apuumaap6amna.

as is known; to my mind, in my opinion; on the contrary; asfor ...; l'd like to say that...; it seems to be wrong; I can,t agreewith you

1. The meahing of the term/ossl/ is unknown.2. Fossil fuels rnay be found only in sedimentary rocks.3. Coke represents natural solid fuel.4. Petroleum contains only hydrocaibons.5. Gas is not so convenient type of fuel as coa!,

18. Xaanman daxa yecuile atuuenilK csdeudx aeyyflabteHSemee.

1. Fossil fuels as a source of energy, their origin, (to represent,energy, the decay of orgdnic materials, to uccumulate, to be founcl in, tobe abundant in)

2. The types of fossil fuels. Solid fuels, natural and manufacturedthqir usage. (to divide intp, to include, fui obtain)

157

3. Liquid fuels. Petroleum, its origin, occurrence and usage, (tobe derived fi"om, to contain, to be associated with, to be found in)

4. Gaseous fuels and their use in the economy. (to make itpossible, to be widely used, to be of importance)

19. flpuae yp?enfiyyn. Teeoxdee dacean l7-uiltt epuaHbtmomreionn*e auluefla. I

A.: I think fossil fuels are the only source of energy today.B.: You are not right because the text says

20. OepuilHxoo xom, dyypse, yncao yundesp axyidxapsenedse flH3 dypuiln myflur, op.ruM xylxuil 6ycad sxyyceoeopuiln myxail moee (6-8 oeyyndep) npt. Teeexdoeeepuiluxee maddse npuaHb, mouaEonnbz auuena.

IEYPSM

OAoo qarrin yinr xap (The'present participle)Odoo qaeuiln ydnm uspufie eepyuduilu use adun yiln yzuiln

yudcsu desp ua -ing-uile rcwK yvcaHs. Xuwse ua to buils - buildingaxunnaeq, fo use - using auuenaeq, awuenaH. yilnm uspuilxeepyndudessc nnaaedax oHqnoe ua myynui usp yeuin yypgeeyilu,smesdszm opwuHo. Yiln yeuilu sssu 1ueeyi sus xsn1sp uantemdse ye, yiln yeuilu wunxmeil 6aidaem opwtlHo.

Odoo qaeuiu ydnm uspuilu eeyyn1ep dsx yypeuile aeq y3be.

Yvosr Xrursa op.{yynral.OryynexyyHufr xecsr

(Continuous, PerfectContinuous-urn 6yxqaruiln 6ypengsxyyx4opHo.)

2.3yyH ranblH ro.qop-xoilnonr (ro4opxofrnor-pox 6yfr yru.fixxee euue6ailpnyynHa) 5ailraaroEar AaraBaprail yfinrHopesp opr{yynarEaHa.

They are workingin the laboratory.

at an increasingspeed

Tog na6oparoprax[nnax 5afixa.

Bc6H HoMgrAex 6yixypArafi

158

3.EapyyH raflbtH ro-gopxorZnonr (rogop-xo fr nor.qox 6y it y rviiln-xoo Aapaa 6afrpnax ro-4opxofrnox yrZnr HeprfrryycreHe) MoHronxonoH4 yfrnr nsp rcrrayyrogopxofrnox xaBcap-caH oryyn6opoop op-r{yyflarAaHa.

4. 5ailrtr (eryrTnbepr e ryy-nexyyHrn oMHO K'MyyrycarAaxyyHbt apA6afrqurH yfinr HeprfiHxonxsq yycreHs. (onoxroxuon4ong when,while-rail) YyHufrr Hex-qenr yfin yrufrH xenxeqloMyy xaBcapcaH erYYn6epeep opqyynHa.

Processes Ieadingto the formation ofsedimentary rocksare known.Lava flowed downthe hill destroyingeveryting on itsway.

Designing new ma-chines, engineerspay attention togeological condi-tions.When testing thecutter-loader, theengineers usedmodern methodsof control,

TyHarraan qynyynar

YYcsxsA xYprsAsrflBq Hb M3.q3rA3X6aia.Iaa Hu 3aMAaa raa-pafiACaH lyxuiuitrcyfrrrex.qoou ryBoo

AaraH ypcaB

lzlxxeHepyy4 u.tunerecofl oonoBcpyy,naxAaa reonorufrHHOXqeflA aHXaapnaaxaH.qyynAar.

Ogoo qarufiHyfrnr usp

Active Passive

yfrn yr - yfinAexyyH-refr seper 6onx 6yrZyitnpnnilr unepxniln-H3.

using aulurnax 6yrZ

awnfnaqrai.

being usedauJrrnarAcaH,atlj14taarAax6yit

Tadn6ap: Odoo qaeuilu yinm Hop Hb nneaq euulyyH toMyy eepmodopxoilnoeqmod 1aidaeeyd esdeude caHax xepsemed. _intgdaeaeapmail ydn veuilH xsn1sp Hb sneaq auwyyH toMyy eepmodopxoilnoeqmoil 1ailean mop Hb yin yem Hep ye 6onuo.

The working of thick seams 3ysaan daexapetre Hond Hbby longwall ls dangerous. xaMapcaH cucmeMoop on6op_

tlox nedan ua anynmad.

Odoo qaeuilu ydnm Hop Hb (yitnm usp t uu) yiln ye _

eeYYrcxyyHssp unepxuilneedcsu yilndnesc emue 60ncou yrtndnudemsudeensdse naccue xgeui.u xsn1sp 6onou nep$exmuilu xsn6spmsil(udsexmoil, udsaxeyil) 1ailua.

15S

O4oo qarNfrH

yrlnr HspufiHnep$exr xsn6ep

Xuwsse cydnax ydnm nspude MoHeonoop opqyynax apebzaHxaap.

Being unable to help inany other way, I gaveher some money.Having finished myhomework, I decided totake a walk.Haying been rejected byeverybody, he becamea monk.

6u myyud mycnaxeyil 6aixuadaneyil )KaaxaH MeHeoeeoe.Eu xuqssnss dyyceaad3yeaanaxaap wuildse

Tyyuude qoM Heu,aacaHyuup (6yedsd untlaaedcauyuup) msp xuid pyy neae

c3[B141lH OMHOX !AC[AI]21. a) flapaax yecuile dyyndaxyiltl yxtu.

. [e] - bed, blend, 'smelting, 'general, 'element, do'mestic,'many

[i:]- peat, heat, 'easy, steel, keep, 'medium

[n]-'lustre, 'sulphur, some, but, 'other, a'bundant[a] - ash, 'value, rank, 'matter, 'calorie, 'active

[a:] - burn, 'surface, 'purpose, re'serves, world, 'furnace

[::] - store, ac'cording, pro'portion, source[ai]- dry, pile, kind, pro'vide, 'either, slight, 'slightly

[ou]- low, coke, 'coking, most, though, al'though, smoke[o:]- Iarge, hard, 'carbon, blast, fast

6) ffapaax xuuudu oneMeHm, uyypcnuil nepuile xen.

carbon ['ko:ban], chromium ['kroumram], cobalt

[<a'b::lt], copper ['k:pa], nickel ['nikl], tungsten ['tnqstan],lignite ['lignait], bituminous coal [bi'tju:minas 'koul],anthracite [' a n 0 rasait], liquefaction [, I i kwi'fa kf(a) n]

22. ffapaax ye 6onon nuilnruen yzuile dompoo 1-2 ydaa yxu.ffapaa na dyyndaxyiltl ynuux moemooxbe xuqso.

havingauilrnax

having been

HH Aapaa,al.ljrrnacaHy.{14p

Yr-oryYn3xYY-onaHo 6onx 6yfr

160

bench [bentf] n ye, 6aeu,(daexapzom)

blend [blend] v xonux,xonundox, 3aox, sooedox

combustion [kam'bnstfan] nwamax, acax; sponta-neous combustion oepoeaganqax, eopee wamax

continuity [,k:nti'nju(:)iti] /,macpanmeYU,macapdaaeyd

domestic [da'mestik] adomoodttu, ox opHbt

estimate ['estimeit] v yHsnex;

['estimit] n yHsneoe, moceefault [fr:lt] n xyeapan, wun-

xunm (aytyyrueuiln); xaae-dan; faulting n macpanmrcuyy xaaedan yycox

fold [fould] n uaxudnm,amupaa, Hyeapan; foulding

amupaamanm,macpanmeYu wunKunm(daexapeam)

inflame [in'fleim] v aeanu,ax,acax; inflammable [in'fla-mabll a aeanqilK 6yit,wamdae, eanbw anynmail;flame [fleiml n don

intermediate [,inta'mi:djatt]a 3aecapbH, mycnax

liable ['laiabl] a (to) asmcaH,xampa?dax (nnap Hlennand)

lustre ['lnsta] n efinea (nyypc,ivtemaatom); lustrous aeqnan3caH

matter ['mata] n 6oduc,Mamepu

moisture Im:istfa] n uudenee,quue, quue

parting ['po:tiq] n yeHqop

plane [plein] n xaemaail;bedding plane daexapeuuxaemeail

rank [raqk) n aueu, mopen;coal rank uyypcnud 6ynse,HYYpcHuu mopen

regular ['regjulal a aee,macpanmey.d; ant irregular6ypyy, xued 6yc;regularity nmacpanmeyd, see 6aildan

similar ['simila] a mecmsil,mecmsil, adun; syn alike, thesame as

smelt [smelt](xydpuile);(uemamwe)

v xauneaxxailneax

store [st::] v Heegox, aeyy-naxad xadeanax, 1aemaax

strata ['stro:ta] n pl omstratum uynyynaeuiuOaexapea, ceum,daaxapeadan (daexapeom),xsn5epuun, uynyynaeudnd ae xa pn an m,' Jyr? measu res

thickness ['0iknis] n 3y3aaH(daoxapewru, cyfuwn)

uniform [Ju:nifr:m] o Hsemepnudu, xued; uniformity nH9e mepen, Hae xSauuH

utilize ['ju:tilaiz] v awuenax;syl, use, apply, employ

volatile ['vrlatail] adeedemxuil, mypaH yypwdae

23. a) ffaaaeap -iry-uiln mycnawnmadeaap meudee yeHeocyyccer dapaax nsp yeuile op.twn.

16t

irregularity, similarity, uniformity

6) flneacan msMdse yeHeoc yyccoH Hop yeoop xoocou sadz6ezno.

1. As a rule coal beds are unifon . They are characterized bythe same ... and continuity as other strata of sedimentary origin.

2. Although coal is not a true mineral, its formation prJ"".ru.arc similar to those of sedimentary rocks. ln this case *"

"rn rp"uk

about their..3. According to their shape minerar deposits can be crassified as

regular or irregular. Regular deposits include seams and veins whileirregular deposits incrude stocks. coar berongs to regurar deposits butit is characterized by ... in thickness.

24. Yemeap sub-mail yeuie op.tyyfl.

subgroup, subdivision, subsection, subcommittee, substation

25. ffapaax xuilnusn yeuile op.tyytDK yHw.liable to spontaneous combustion inflammable gasthe most abundant deposits lustrous metalash and sulphur contentcoking and non-coking qualitieshigh-rank or tow-rank coalas many as 72 elementsdifferent bands or benchesof various thicknessdomestic fuel

brilliant lustreiron ore smeltingintermediate substancecoal bedsthin layers of clay and shalefolding and faultinglow-volatile bituminous coals

26. flneacau yecuiln yme*e soxux MoHeon yeuilx nanseyypmail mocmeil daddnaap ua modopxoiln.

coal formation processes; parallet planes; structurallydisturbed beds of coar; coar crassification; rignite ano nrown coats;bituminous coar; anthracite or "hard" coar; gasification andcarbonification; domestic and industrial purposei of using coar; inbriquetted form; to be used intensively; to produce u rnixture.researchds into new technologies; petrochemical processes

27. Csdie E-e ytutux nMap Hyqpc xt sdufrx saceuilu xyeudunyy qyxan a,r xon6oedonmoil es?

162

c3[38 BCoal and lts Classification

.. coal is the product of vegetabre matter that has been formed bythe,action of decay, weathering, the effects "i;;".";;",1il;:;,;and time millions of years ago.

. Although coal is not a true mineral, its formation processes aresimilar to those of sedimentary rocks.structura,y coar beds are georogicar strata characterized by thesame irregularities in thickness, uniro,iity and continuity as other strataof s.edimentary origin. Coal beds may consist of essentially ;"1i";;continuous strata or rike other sedimentary deposits *ry

'""*uJu ,pof different bands or benches of varying thickness.

r rs.o. oearn or coat Fig. 4. Complex seam

,,Tlru:, in Fig. 3 one can see a seam limited by two more or lessparallel planes,. a shape which is typical of sedimentary rocks.The benches may b.e separiied by thin tayers tf ctay, shale,pyrite or other minerat matter, commonly catteO plrfings tfoi +1.-'Like other sedimentary rocks coar beos'may 6e str"uciirattydsturbed by fotding and fauliing.

. According to the amount oicarbon coals are classified into: browncoals, bituminous coars and anthracite. Brown coars are in their turnsrbdivided into lignite and common brown coat.Although carbon is the_ most important erement in coar, as manyc 72 elements have been found in some coal depositr,lrduJi"g

',

Fig.3. Seam of coal

163

lithium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, tungsten and others.Lignite is intermediate in properties between peat and bituminous

coal, containing when dry about 60 to 75 per cent of carbon and avariable proportion of ash. Lignite is a low-rank brown-to-black coalcontaining 30 to 40 percent of moisture. Developing heat it gives from2,500 to 4,500 calories. lt is easily inflammable but burns with a smokyflame. Lignite is liable to spontaneous combustion. lt has beenestimated that about 50 per cent of the world's total coal reserves arelignitic.

Brown coal is harder than lignite, containing from 60 to 65 percent of carbon and developing greater heat than lignite (4,000-7,000calories). It is very combustible and gives a brown powder. Bituminouscoal is the most abundant variety, varying from medium to high rank.It is a soft, black, usually banded coal. lt gives a black powder andcontains 75 to 90 per cent of carbon. lt weathers only slightly and maybe kept in open piles with little danger of spontaneous combustion ifproperly stored. Medium-to-low volatile bituminous coals may be ofcoking quality. Coal is used intensively in blast furnaces for smeltingiron ore. There are non-coking varieties of coal.

As for the thickness, the beds of this kind of coal are not verythick (1-1.5 metres). The great quantities of bituminous coal are foundin the Russian Federation.

Anthracite or "hard" coal has a brilliant lustre containing morethan 90 per cent of carbon and low percentage of volatile mafter. lt isused primarily as a domestic fuel, although it can sometimes be blendedwith bituminous grades of coal to produce a mixture with improvedcoking qualities. The largest beds of anthracite are found in Russia,the USA and Great Britain.

Coal is still of great importance for the development of modemindustry. lt may be used for domestic and industrial purposes. Beingthe main source of coke, coal is widely used in the iron and steelindustry: Lignite, for example either in the raw state or in briquettedform, is a source of industrial carbon and industrial gases.

There is a strong tendency now for increased research into newtechnologies to utilize coal. No doubt, coalwill be used as a raw materidfor the chemical industry and petrochemical processes. All theseprocesses involve coal conversion which include gasification designedto produce synthetic gas from coal as the basis for hy(rogenmanufacture, liquefaction (pasxnxexre) for making liquid fuel fromcoal and other processes

16;4

zB. csdeuil, ,ror-"rjli[il"yyro"p uuilpex 6yile saa.Xapuynmaa cadee dsx 1apummaap 6'a'mna,1' Anthracite coars may be divided into rignite and common brown

coal.2, Coals are ranked according to the percentage of carbon theycontain.3. Peat, with the least amount of carbon is the lowest rank, thencomes lignite or brown coal.

.4. Brown coal is hard and it is not liable to spontanei:uscombustion.

5. Bituminous coal weathers rapidly and, one cannot keep it inopen piles.'6.'Being

intensivery used in the iron and steer industry bituminouscoal varies from medium to high rank.

7' Anthracite or hard coar, the highest in percentage of carbon,can be blended with bituminous gradei of coal.

29. ffapaax acyynmand xapuyfl.1. What is the classification of ioal based on?2. ls carbon the only element in coal? (prove it.)3, ls lignite intermediate in properiies Oetween peat andbituminous coal?4. What heat value does lignite develop when burnt?5. What coals are liable tolpontaneous combustion?6. What is the difference between lignite and brown coal?7. ls bituminous coal high_ or low_vjlatile?8. Does anthracite contain g0 per cent of carbon?9' where are the rargest deposits or an*rracite iounoe And whatcan you say about bituminous coal?10. What do you know about the utilization of coal?

- 30. a) flapaax yec 6onon uudnuen yeudu MoHeon dyilquiledapyyn manb,H fiazauaac on.1. spontaneous combustion a) auapxau wamdae xuil2. moisturb and ash content ol iiiS irprudn nyypc3. the most abundant variety il i"";;i; iop,lii"xaoneaxof coal4. in its turn "j,?,",:;: ff:ff;,eyynea5. the amount of votatite matter Jl iiiii, a"n

165

6. easily inflammable gas x) unyy epeeH mapxcaH Hyypc7. brilliant lustre s) mod ennea8. to smelt iron ore u) ssnxundss9. high-rank coal x) doedemxuil loddcttu moo10. a smoky flame

6) ffapaax yec 6onou xudnrwen yeuiln a*enu dydquiledapyyu manb,H daeanaac on.1. nyypcuuil mepen a) heat value2. xoxcxdoeeyil nyypc 6) amount of carbon3. doueu syyx e) coal rank4. uyypcmepeequdu aeyynea r) to store coal5. 6ycad uyypcmsd xonundox A) to weather rapidly6. caixpyyncaH qaHapbtH e) non-coking coal7. uyypcude xadeanax, aeyynax x) blast furnaceB. dynaan zapeax uadeap a) of improved quality9. xypdan eeepwux ra) to blend with other coals

31. Tynwxuil f,H3 |ypuiln uspuilu monuHbtmodopxoilnonmbp coHeo.

anthracite lignite bituminous coal peat1. A low-rank brown-to-black coal containing 30 to 40 per cent of

moisture. lt is liable to spontaneous combustion.2. A soft brown deposit in which plant structures can easily be

seen. lt has the least amount of carbon.3. The main feature of this grade of coals is its low percentage of

volatile matter and high carbon content.4. This coal has more than 14 per cent of vbiatile content. There

are non-coking and coking varieties, the latter being used for cokemanufacture.

32. ffapaax yecuile auruenil,( oeyyn6ep dex xoocou saile6eene.

a) continue continuous continuity1, Fossil fuels... to play an important role in the national

economyof the country.2. Like other sedimentary strata coal heds are characterized by

uniformity and ... .

3. ln mining bedded deposits ... faces (yypxadu qooroa) are used.

166

6) disturb disturbance disturbed. ] Any change in the normat bedding of a seam (fault or fotd) is

called a....2. Coal seams may be structurally ... by faulting or folding.3. Folds ... coal seams without a break and sometimes fzults ...

them with a break.

33. flneacau nep yeuilu mooe modopxodn.these men; 25 feet, natural phenomenon; their analyse_s; higher

educational establishments; coal stratum; new formulo; tt",-ur"apparatuses; the data of investigations

_34. geyyndepuile yHwu,( -ing xen1epuila on. Teessd

madesepuile xepxstt uepnsdee, eeyynlspm f,Map yypoezydqamgsx 6yile npa. flapaa na eeyyn6spoe opqyyn

1' coal beds may consist of different banos or vaiying thickness.2' Laser is used in mining. This is a more recent deveropment

replacing theodolites in surveying.3. Speaking about the future of coal, it is necessary to note the

production of liquid fuels such as gas and oil from coal.

35. -ing xendspudn op.ryynebte aHxaapq eeyynlepeeo! .,t\yfl. Tedaaep xen6epurte Kry eilK Hspnedee, aruapyypeamsldartdae es?

a) 1. The highest output of coal excluding seams of 6" to 18" isgot from thick seams.

2' The ventilation air flowing through the mine has been greaflyincreased.

3. lt should be noticed that the theory of prospecting andexploration is a link connecting specialists in two fields of miniig: theexploration geologist and the mining engineer.

4. Folds, faurts and fissures infruencing the distribution andlocalization of mineralization are observed in piactically alt ore fields.

6) 1. Minerars and rocks are subjected to a process of constantdevelopment depending on geological conditions.

2. Studying and exploring deep deposits, it is important toestablish the relation between the shuctures of different sequences(hpaan an) co ntrol t i n g their localization.

- 3 Geophysicalmethods sometimes make it possibre to determinehe thickness of iron ore deposits, and under favourabre conditions

't67

even to establish the composition of the ores as well, therebydecreasing the number of exploratory openings to a minimum.

4. Depending on the structural conditions, there are several typesof ore fields.

a) 1. Studies of intrusive dykes are most important wheninvestigating the structure of ore field and esfab/lshing the genesis ofthe deposit.

2. While studying atthe engineering institutes, every student isto go through practical training at mines, open-pits, quarries or dressrngplants.

3. When making'the geological map, the geologists study all thedata of ground and aerial geological surveys.

36. Cadee 6-mad caHan nurtnaxeyil daileaa eyfrnee xenxmyyHae ye cedse dex 6apummaap 6amna. Tseoxdee doopxflpuaHH mouadonnve auuefla.

to my mind; in my opinion; on the contrary; l,d like to say afew words about; it seems to be wrong; lt is quite obvious that;as for; as I know

1. Lignite is a high-rank coal, containing about g0 per cent ofcarbon. lt is slightly liable to spontaneous combustion.

2. Bituminous coals cannot be stored in open piles. These coalsare primarily used for domestic purposes.

3. Anthracites are soft coals being used mainly for metallurgicalpurposes. ln future coal will be used only for domestic purposes.

37. ffapaax unepxuilnen dex yecuile awuenau cedee E-uilnaeyyneamail xeames.

coal ranks, carbon and volatile matter content; moisture content;heat effect; liability to spontaneous combustion; coking quality; theuse of different types of coal in industry

38. floopx cedeeop uedsenen 6end.Different types of coals and their comparison with each other

(for example, lignite and anthracite or anthracite and brown coal, etc.),their carbon content, heat value, liability to spontaneous combustionand the use of each grade of coal.

1,

39. Hyypcnuil daexapeaa manaap py ueddsese npa. (sypaz3, 4-uie ya) llpuxdaa dapaax acyynmaxd xapuyn.

168

1. What do Figures 3 and 4 show?2' whatfigure shows the seam which consists onry of coar bands?3. ls the coal seam (Fig. 3) horizontal or inclined?4 ls the shape of the seam typical of igneous rocks or sedimentary

rocks? What do you know aboui the struJture of sedimentary rocks?| 9q, you exptain why the coalseam shown in qtg. +is catieO

complex? What does the seam consist of?

!. What mineralsubstances may separate coal beds? What dowe callthem?

7. What is thicker, coal bands or rock partings?

40. Cedee B-e ynuux myynuil aewnebte MoHzonoop moeqf,pb.

ceEeB B

l For along time coar has been the principarfuer, the main sourceof thermal and erectric energy. Now it continues to play an importantpart in the economy

- ? Coal is the product of vegetable matter that has been formedfrom the remains of plants and aiimals accumulated in s*rrp ar"a"lillions of years ago. Although some coals were deposited4,000,000,000 years ago during the Silurian period, ,".t

""i" *lr*f?tr?llyrl1g the Upper and Lower Carboniferous geotogicai";;;;*about 250,000,000 years ago.

3. Coal formation processes are similar to those of sedimentaryrocks. Various coar seams can be studied and rerated georogic;riftothe sedimentary rocks with which they are associated. coar containsvarying amounts of carbon and volatiL material as well ,. irpuiitiu.such as sulphur, phosphorus, incombustibre rock materiatana mlisture.a rh9 physicar characteristics of coar concern tne struciurataspects of the coar bed and texture. structuraily coar beds arecharacterized by the same irregularities in tfrickness, ,rlf"rrit, *Ocontinuity as other strata of sedimentary origin. Thickness variesgreatly'.coal beds may consist of essentiariy uniform continuous strataor like other sedimentary deposits may be ,uOu ,p of bands or benchesof varying thickness. The benches rnay be separateO by thin layers ofclay, shale, pyrite or other mineral matter, commo4ly

"ltt"A partingr.

Like other sedimentary rocks coar beds may be structurary disturbedby folding and faulting.

169

5. Many classifications of coal have been suggested: by geologicage, coking properties, commercial application and chemicalcomposition.

6. There exist four main types of coal: anthracite, bituminous,subbituminous, lignite and brown coal. When speaking about theclassification of coal based on its nature as rock mineral, scientistsdistinguish (nneax, caneax) the following rock varieties or lithotypessuch as vitrain, clarain, durain and fusain. These are the fourconstituents (yndcen xscse) of coal.

7. Although the utilization of coal varies widely with rank, threegeneral fields of coal utilization may be distinguished. They arecombustion (domestic, industrial, railroads and public utilization),gasification and carbonification (high{emperature coke for metallurgicaluses and low-temperature coke for producing smokeless fuel).

41. a) Csdoe B-u(tu doeon mepmeil xeceeac yndcsn caHaaeuu unepxuinx 6yil eeyyn6epu0e on.

6) Cadee B-uilu ant doeon uepmei xecoem nyypcuui6ymqudn modopxoilnorrmHH myxail apax 6ailna ee?

42. ffapaax acwnmbe auueflaH cedoe B-uiu aeyyneb,e f,pb,1. What has coal been formed from?2. What rocks can coal be related to?3. What does coal contain?4. What is the structural characteristic of coal?5. What factors can the classification of coal be based on?6. What is the role of coal in the national economy of Russia?

43. floopx depeeu eapqueHaac csdee B-ufrn aeyynaad antHb unyy uuil4ex 6yile modopxoiln.

'1. The Origin of Coal.2. The Classification of Coal.3. Coal as Fossil Fuel.4. Coal and lts lndustrialApplicatiori.

44. Cedee B-sec f,Map uuHe syiln bni* uidcenste apt.Tsdnssc flMapba ypd uedex 6aile? i '

170

xeflSIruYYnsrSpvnru xyv 6a aMbgpan

Tand xsnqyyngem aMxufimmail opontqoxod cmamanuataeyynaamail mauunqax, xononLpx 6yil acyydnaap usdnsessauuenax sedan .tyxan.

Csdessc oilneoeon 3oxux yec:

hearth [ho:O] - 3yyx - to cope with - 6ymssx, awKyynaxbunker - uyypcuuil xailp4ae smoke -ymeasoot - xeo share - xecge, xy*brevival - @pegfim reinforce - xyuumeex, 6oxnexexhaustion [i g' z:: stJanl - waexaedan m

Energy in the UK: Ghanging DemandsCoal was the dominant form of energy used in the UK for over a

century. Coal was plentiful and cheap. lt has a variety of uses:. fuel for steam engines,. fuel for homes, factories and offices,. the production of gas,. the production of chemicals.British homes were designed to cope with coal. Near the back

door would be the coal bunker. There were open hearths on whichcoal and wood fires were burnt.

Open coal fires look very aftractive, but they have many problems,Coal is dirty, heavy and difficult to use. Rooms,can fill with smokewhen a door is opened. When the fire is finished, soot and ash areleft.

Alternative forms of energy have become widely available in theUK since the 1960s. Oil, gas and electricity provide most of the country'senergy. lt is not all bad news for coal, however, because it is stillthemost important fuel used to generate electricity. New cleaner methodsof using coal to heat houses have been developed.

Oil, gas and electricity are much cleaner and easier to use thancoal. The price of the different forms of energy is also an importantfactor:

. During the 1960s oil and gas became cheaper while the priceof coal rose. Demand for coal fell dramatically.

.ln'1973t74 the Oil Crisis made oil muih more expensive. Gas

171

andastin ttof1

changingthe exhauoil supplieworld's oisuch as tpolitical rtenergy s(important

Paslfor enerq'

lnd coal were cheaper. Gas took a larger share of the energy market

ls the North sea gasfields were developed. There was even a revival

n the use of coal. This was reinforced by the great oil price increases

)f 1979/80.. ln 1986 oil beeame much cheaper. Demand for coal fell again'

Price and ease of use have been the major factors affecting the

;hanging energy demand in the UK in the last forty years. ln the future

:fre eihiustion of energy sources will become important. The world's

:il supplies may not last more than another forty years. Much of the

worldis oil and gas is located in areas which have suffered conflict,

such as the Middle East. Supplies may be cut off from the UK for

colitical reasons, as they were, briefly, during 1956 and 1973' Home

anergy source, of which coal is the largest, will then become more

,mportant for the UK again'. past experience shows that there are no certainties in demand

for energy within the UK. The future may hold many changes'

Xsn neeuuil 1odnue uedex,oMyy eepuilxxee caHaae

unepxuilnexed xspeznsdsa doopx gpuaa moemoo'

Askins for opt4lgn'To one personWhat are your views on ".?What are your feelings about ...?

What do you think about,'.?What's your oPinion about that?

To a group of peoPleAny reaction to that?Has anybodY strong feelings about

(views on) that?What's the general view or feeling

abo.ut that? i I

Has anvbodv anv comments to make?

Givine opinionStronq Neutral Tentative

t'm sureI'm convinced that...I feel quite sure that...It's perfectlY clear

to me that...

that I think (bellieve) mat...As I see it.,.From a financialpoint of view ...The way I see it

is that ...

It seems to me that..,t;m ihctineo to think

that ...

My inclination wouldbe to .:.

Teneeusuiu "epuutvt xyt 6a aMbdpafl" cedeem xonenqwfis

oponrlox yypeute xyeaapunilK oponq.

ANNOUNCER: Good evening! Dear guests, welcome to our

studio, Listen and see our program "For Those Who Thinly Life t

energy is our problem.

17?

The world's energy resources are limited. Nobody knows exactlyhow much fuel is left. Of course, we have to do something and do it assoon as possible.

I'd like to welcome our first guest, Professor Oleg Petrov.PROFESSOR OLEG PETROV: Well, we are in energy crisis

and we'll have to do something quickly. Fossilfuels (coal, oil and naturalg_as) are rapidly running out. The tragedy is that fossil fuels are toovaluable to waste on the production of elechicity. I think that nuclearpower is the only real alternative. We are getting some eleqtricity fromnuclear power already. There has been a lot of protest against nuclearpower. But nuclear power-stations will not be as dangerous as somepeople say if safety regulations in power-stations are very strict.'' ANNOUNCER: Thank you. Professor. Our next guest is amember of the campaign against nuclear energy, Mr. Dymov.

MR. DYMOV: Right. I must disagree totally with Professor Petrov.Let's look at the facts. ln the case of an accident huge areas areevacuated, and they remain contaminated with radioactivity for years.Radioactivity causes cancer and may affect future generations.

Next, nuclear waste. There is no technology for absolutely safedisposal. Some of this wastewill remain active for thousands of years.ls that what you want to leave to your children? And their children'schildren?

I consider that nuclear energy is expensive, dangerous, and evil,and most of all, absolutely unnecessary.

But Dr. Krimova will be saying more about the problem.ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Mr. Dymov. Now l'm very pleased to

welcome Dr. Krimova, our final speaker. She is the author of severalbooks on alternative technology:

DR. KRIMOVA: Hellol I'd like to begin by agreeing with Mr.Dymov. We can develop alternative sources of power. lnstead ofburning fossil fuels we should be concentrating on more economicuses of electricity. Eleckicity can be produced from any source ofenergy. You can save more by conservation than you can produce forthe same money. Unless we do research on solar energy, wind power,wave power, tidal power, etc., our fossil fuels will run out, and we'll allfreeze or starve to death. We have to spend much more on research,and don't forget that energy from the sun, the waves and the windlasts forever. We really won't survive unless we start working oncleaner, safer sources of energy.

ANNOUNCER: Thank you very much, Dr. Krimova. Now we are

173

opening the discussion.

Xensnqyyneem dapaax acyydnarc opontlyynHa.1. What are the problems with coal as a domestic fuel?2. What are the advantages of oil and gas over coal?3. which energy source increased most between 1973 and 1g86

in the UK?4. which energy source decreased most between 1g73-1g86 in

the UK?5' ls nuclear power the onry arternative to fossir fuers for the

production of electricity?6. ls nuclear energy dangerous and unnecessary?

. 7. How can people develop alternative sources of energy andwhich ones?

XemneequfiH f,pua:Right, let's get started.Perhaps, you'd like to start, Ann.

!-r.i, minute, Peter, let Ann finish what she was saying.We'll come to your point later.Perhaps, you'd like to explain/tell us ...Let's move on ...

Qponqoeudod uaapdnaeamail ye, unepxuilnnyyd: :

l

I

let's took at the factsI consider thatby the waywith great interestto rely on (the fossil feels, oil, coal)took to the futureto spend money onnew form of power

I meanlisten to the other speakersafter allsome of the estimatesworld energy reservesnew researchconservation of present resourcesto be fairly optimistic

Xe mneeqeo coHaorl,( xongrrtlwiegg sxsn. XenenqyyngxggpopyyncaH acyydan, cmambsHu dapaa 1 lg-p xyydcana ysyyncincmambe, _epuae mepdnoe 6onao. Teeexdes eon nt isiinu,iax6yil acyydnaapxeepu.iH maHb tpden, modopxoi uea"oe riii.

Amxunm rycae!

174

UNIT 7Pr o sp e cting an d Explo r at ion

A. fiypsu1. Yrinr Hop, repyH,qililH yyprrafiu xapbqyynaflr

(gaarnara)2. tvlu$uuur ua (The I nf i n itive) ryyH ra fr eryyn6ep

Aex YYpsrCsdee A. Prospecting.5.,4ypsu

l4nfiuuumue*H opeenmCedse E. Exploration of Mineral Deposits.B. Cedse BYeuilu cymrco (Crossword).llpofi. Mopmonmoil *uilcsn epunwaaa

'l:A

flYP3M

1. Yfrnr Hep, repyHAr[n yyprniH xapbrl]lynanr(daemanm)

Yfrnr xap, repyugnin yyprlrin xapbqyynaflrbtH xycn3rr

Yvoor l-eovpnrari Yfrnr nsoOryynergexyyx

Oryynexyynrfixspufrn yfrn yrnfixoryynexyynufixocar(Continuous)TycargaxyyxTogopxoinonr

5afiq

Driving a car is hishobby.His hobby is drivinga car.

He eigoys driving.I don't like his planof driving to thecountry.After driving almostthe whole day hefelt veiy tired.

He is driving too fast.

The man driving a caris our manager.

(WhenMhile) driving acar one must be veiyattentive.

175

2. Vngnnnrre (The lnfinitive), ryyHnf eryyn6op fex yypsr

t4nQuuumue nr yilndnuile saadae ydn yeuilu sssn fuueeydxsndsp tou. Xuwss nt to work ilKunnax, to driil epeudex egx Msm.

Auenu xenuuil unSunumueuiln wunx nt cyn ye to-meil 1aildaemopwuHo.-Modant 6onou mycnax yiln yeuilu dapaa unsuuumueuilneMHe cyfi ye to-e xspsenexeyd.

Hb 6ailnaActive Passive

lndefinite (Simple)ContinuousFerfectPerfect Continuous

to applyto be applyingto have appliedto have been applying

to be applied

to have been applied

i

Texuurufiu csdsem onoHmaa maapanddae yilndsedex xsa(lnfinitive' Passive) dsx unQunumueuia ouuioil aHxaapean 3oxuHo.froopx xruwsoe xapbqyymK y3.

The engineer wants to helpthe workers. (Active)

The engineer wants to behelped. (Passive)

H nxenep axunqdad mycnaxbaxycu dailua.

1,1 xxeuep mycnwnaxbz xyc.t6ailua.

3rYYper Xr,ru:sa Uot{wnra1. Oryynergsxyyn(ux$lrurrrauxerune rongyy it-ufirTABUHA

2. TycargaxyyH

3. Togopxoinonr

4. 3oprnr rouyy

Yp AaraBapHH6afitt

To lean out of the win-dow is dangerous.(epgufin: lt is dahger-ous to lean out of thewindow.)We decided to wait forher.Her wish to win wasquite natural.ls there much work todo/ to be done today?I went to London tolearn English. -' : :He left home, never to

I anr ropsrHrfr qoxxoopronrofiroo qyxyfrnrdxanynraft

176

5. Hufinnaan rycar,AaxyyHbl Xocol:i,''

6. Hrafinrraen eryy-nsrgexyyuufi x

I heard someoneopen the door.l'd like you to find hima job.She is known to havea fine collection ofpaintings.

Xen Hsr xyH xaanraaHeaxrfir 6n couccon.5u ryyHg axhfl onxorexrfir xyccsH loM.Tyyxnil ypan syprrafiHcafiH qyrnyynrarailregrrfrr xyMyyc Me.qHe.

c3[B1414H OMHoX flACrAIl1. flapaax yecurte dyyndaryfiq yuu.

2. flapaax yec 6onos nuilnuen yecurte dompoo 1.2 ydaaynut. ffapaa m Oyynilaryilq ynuaad moemooxbre xueee.

aerial ['-eariall a aeaapuu,easap despx

certain ['sa:tn] a modopxoil,sapuM; certalnly advmuuMeg

cost [krst] (cost] v yuemsil; nyHO, Opmee

crop [kr:p] u(out] un eapeax,un ?apeax, eadapzyy fuepeapeax (daoxapea,vyttyynaa); syn expose;mapux, ypeaqxwaax

dredging_ ['dredgiq] nxepcHuu yxaac, dpaenanm

drill tdrill y epeudex,epeudex; n ependenm,epmuilu anx; drilling nepentdenm; core-drill-ing

6aeauamepondnoee

(aeneem)

drive [draiv] (drove [drouv],driven ['drivn]) v xuilx(xsemee nanmaam);xedeneex, xonood6*(uaruuruua); n xosmeoManmanm xemeneee,0auxyynea

evidence ['evid(a)ns] nYHdecnsn, utatHx, eepquneee

expe-ct [iks'pekt] v xynoox,oooox, moo4ox, 6odox,caHan doneox

explore [iks'pb:] v awuemManmMafiHH xadeyynaeondopnonmmoil xociyynx' xuilx; exploratory a

177

xaileyynbn; exploration nHapuuequncaH xauzyyn,opduru yynbw xaileyynauAKUN

galena [ga'li:na] n eaneuum,xap myzaneaHH eqfiea

indicate ['indikeit] v saax,Wyyrcx, LuuHx{ meudee6onox, msmdsenex, 6onox

lead iledl n xap myeanea

look for ['luk 'f::] v opsx

open up ['oupn 'np] v ueex(opduz); oemnox (wuus rtae,nopzeqeeuile); opening nyynbn Manmanm, 1enmeenManm afi m, o pd ut u xyyn anm

panning ['penirl] n yeaanm(meewult dex atmmail encnuil)

processing ['prousesiq] r5onoecpyynanm; - industry6onoecpyynax ydndesp

prove [pru:v] v xailx (opdom

exploreindicateprospectsurveydifferOCCUT

lustrescientistconsiderinvestigate

nnyy dailptamm 6aiid-nuLz); 6amnax, mypuux,copbpox; proved axailcau, 6amaneaamail;proving n copbponm,ypuduuncau xaileyyn

search [sa:tfl v wuwKnex;(forl spsx (opdue); n opox;syn prospecting

sign lsain] n meudea,6unsedsn, wuHry, msmdse

xypu M mrryyfi ax (nee4uilz)

work [wa:k] v axiltfinax,aeax, eapeax (ryypc,rydpuilz); Manmax,1onoecpyynax,' workable caxun) moxupox,5onoecpyynaxad maapax,ilt{unquH, awuemau(daaxapea); working non6opnonm, yyn*HManmafim

explorationindicationprospectingsurveyingdifferenceoccurring

sclenceconsiderationinvestigation

country rockyudcsu (yudcsn) xydspdistinctive properties nneaedax utuHxmalleable ['maliabl] metal daemazdaumeail Memafln

3. ffapaax yzc Hb yeuilx ailmeurtn f,Map xscee donoxaemodopxoilnx op.lyyn.

explorerindicatorprospectorsurveyordifferentoccurrencelustrousscientificconsiderableinvestigator

4. flapaax xuilnuen yzcuile yHuvt( opqwn.

178

aerial surveyground methods of prospectingvisible evidence of mineral depositssearch for valuable mineralsexploratory, workingsmode of occurrencea preliminary estimation of the depositlustrous coalto touch upon a problemto solve a problem

geological explorationaccurate dataexploration equipmentcertain ore depositsa particular type of groundgold dredgingspace researchto crop out at the surfaceto cope with a problemto dealwith a problem

5. filneacan yzcuilu yme*e dyilqex MoHeofl yecuilu utaseyypmart mecmail 6artdnaap ua modopxoilnx opuyyn.

the p.roblems of searching for economically useiut mineraldeposits; visible evidence of mineralization; various distinctivephysica! properties of valuable minerals; topographical relief;geochemical methods of prospecting; areas of increasedconcentration of particular elements; the biological(hydrochemical, geobotanical) methods of prospecting; Ierialmagnetic and gamma surveys; georogicat interpretaiion orirreoata;the type of country rock; the process of mountain formation; aerialphotography

6. Cedae A-e ynut. Teeesd utuxe opdue xailxad eeonoequil,aaHxaaqb,H meed rcy 6ailx &cmoilz apa.

CE[38 AProspecting

Mining activities include prospecting and exploration fora mineraldeposit through fi nding, proving, deveroping, extracting and processingthe ore. That is why it is possible to divide the mining lctivity into threemajor phases: 1) before mining which involves-prospecting andexploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potentLl orebody; 2) miningwhich refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extractionprocesses include underground or surface mining and dredging; 3)after miningwhich invorves processing and preparing tre raviori'rorthe end product.

. As has already been said, before a minerar deposit can be worked,that is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by man, it

179

must first be found. The search for economically useful mineral Depositsis called prosp ecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mlneraldeposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this processis called provrrg. Prospecting and proving are onry two differenistagesof mining geological exploration, the ratter includes drilling and drivlngof openings.

Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence ofmineralization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuabteminerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physicalproperties. For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malllableyellow metal. Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, isdark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be miied weredeposits of magnetite, a black heavy minerar capabre of aftracting apiece of iron.

As the deposits of minerarthat cropped out at the surface weremined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. Thescience of geology was used to explain the occurrence of ore deposits.

, The aim of geologicar prospecting is to provide information on apreliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geologicalinvestigations to be made. rt arso indicates whether it is aiailabie tocontinue the exploration or not.

Prospecting work.incrudes three stages: 1) finding signs of themineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.

'General indications of the possibirity of exposing this or thatmineral in a locarity .can be obtained by studying its generartopographical rerief, the type of ground and its generariaturalconditions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissuies were formedduring the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could beexpected in the fissure fillings. ln hilly regions, sedimentary depositswould be expected.

Certain deposits are found only in a pdrticular tyOe of qround.coal seams, for exampre, are found in sediffientary rornibtionJmainlyconsisting of sandstones and shales. veins,'on theiothdr hand. arefound in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of cciri^trv,.cil r.Luifydetermines the type of minerals. i'r r lt :

At present, prospecting methods to be used Ale as toltbWs:1. Surface geological and ffiineralogical prospeiting sr"n

",panning.2. Geophysical, geochemical, geobotanical prospecting.3. Aerial photography with geological interpretation of tiie data to

180

be obtained is highry effective from aircraft or hericopter. Besides,successful development, of space research has made it possible toexplore the Earth's resources from space by satellites.

ln modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are usedtogether with the study of geological maps.

IACrAJt7. Cedeuilu aeyynead f,Map oeywt6ep uui4sx 6yile saa.

Xapuynmaa cedae dex 1apuumaap 6amna.1. The search for economicaily usefur minerar deposits is cailed

proving.2. Last century prospectors rooked for visibre evidence of minerar

deposits.3. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena.4. The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of

ore deposits.5. As a rule prospecting includes four stages.6. The study of general topographical relieflnd the type of ground

makes it possible to expose this or that deposit.7. Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a

particular ctype of ground.8. As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks.

8. ffapaax acyynmaud xapuyn.1. What is prospecting?2. What is proving?

9. 1o* did prospectors find mineraldeposits in the 19th century?4..Does gold occur in nature as a heavy malleable yellow meial

or as a heavy dark-grey one?5. What metal is capable of attracting a piece of iron?6. What does prospecting work provide?7. What arc the three main stages of prospecting?

- 8. ls it enough ito know onry the topographicar reJier or a rocarityfor exposing this or that mineral?

9. What methods of prospecting do you know?10. What are the most effective aeiial methods of prospecting

now?

_ 9. a) ffapaax yec 6onox nuilnuon yeuilx MoHeon dyiltquiledapyyn manHH daeaxaac on.

181

- 6) ffapaax yec 6onou sudnuen yeurtn aH?nu dyrtquile6apyyn maflHH 1aeanaac on.1. eeonoeudu wuuxunessuuil a) the data obtained

1. country rock2. panning3. the search for commercially

useful deposits4. geological exploration5. to look for evidence of miner-

alization6. distinctive properties7. lustrous metal8. capable of attracting a

piece of iron9. additional supplies of

minerals10. the occurrence of ore

deposits

epmee2. eadapeyyd eapax (un eapax)3. yptduuncaH yrcnefi xuilx (opd

easparu)4. aeaapaac xap)K axuenax5. xynssn aacaH eeeedexyyn6. eaneuum, gn*H qynyy, saHap7. epeuxuil Wyyrcnm8. opdau wuuxuile epK onox9. modopxott xydpuilu opd

f . improve2. supply3. purpose4. various5. similar6. manufacture7. obtain

10. A, 6 xeceoec ymeaapaa oilpontloo yecufre cliixeo.6.

a) xydpuin opdarx 6aipnan6) ennansdae Memanne) yndcsu opde) spdcuilu usnsedsn ueeqd) yeaanm (meewuu dsx anm

aeyyncaH sncuuil)e) eeonoeudn xaileyyn (on6opnon-

mbte xaMmameacan)x) opd 1aileaaeudu 1amaneaae

eapzaxs) ouqnoe wuuxu) sduilu eaceuin xyetd eeeexmsil

awuemai opdam spsnx) memannttn xsceuie mamax

uadeapmail

6) galena, sandstones andshales

e) the cost of geologicalinvestigations

r) to crop out4) certain ore depositse) to make a preliminary

estimation (of a, deposit)x) visual aerial observationss) to And the signs of a depositr) general indications

a) alike6) seame)get, receiver) of course "n) took fore) aim'x) make better

A.

't82

8. search9. bed10. size11. certainly

e) producer) differentr) providen) dimension

_11. flneacau yec Hb yeuiln nuap aiuaem xawpaedaxuemodopxoinx opttyyn.

. .1. The search for primary gold deposits can be made bymetallometric methods of pr:ospecting.

2. The main aim of geological prospecting is to search foreconomically useful deposits.

3. Geplogists study geological prospecting maps drawn up onthe basis of'the preliminary search and forecast of the possibreoccurrence of new deposits.

4. The study of the character of a locality in the area of searchwill help determine prospecting m'ethods to be used.

5. Prospecting work provides information on the cost of thegeological investigations. lt indicates how much these investigationscost and whether it is advisable to continue the exploration.

6. Geologists use geophysical methods.7. As is known, lhe use of certain bacteria helps search for oil

and gas.

_ 12. floopx yecuile aur.tenarK oeyyntftsp dox xoocon taile6eeno.

explore exploratory exploration exptoringa) 1. ... deals with a complex range of geological, mining and

economic problems. lts main task is to determine the quality, Jnapeand mode of occurrence of mineral deposits and their main properties.

2. Exploration includes drilling and driving of ... openings. These'.. openings can supply the most accurate information on the mineralexposed by them.

. 3. While ... a deposit the geologists establish its general size,determine shape, dimensions and quality.

4. Tne geological party was sent to ... a new deposit.

survey (surveying) surveyor(s) surueyed6) 1. ln recent years combined geophysical ... by air has been

used on a wide scale.2. ln modern ... automation is being used in recording the fierd

measurements.3. Now the ... need only to set up the instrument in the field and

it will do all recordings automatically.4. Laser is being used by mine ... now.5. Underground working can be ... by modern methods.

store stored storinga) Earth is not entirely without energy resources of its own. There

is a latge amount of heat energy ... in its molten interior. There is alsoboth kinetic and potential energy... in the Earth-Moon-Sun system. lnaddition, a relatively small amount of solar energy has been ... in thecarbon atoms of the fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). A potentiallymuch larger energy reserve is ... in the nuclei of the very light and thevery heavy elements. Wind, ocean currents and the evaporation ofwater only temporarily ... energy. lt is known that there are differentmethods of... eneigy. ... tidal energy has not provided much to thetotal energy supply yet.

13. l4usuxumuab,e Hb aoxaapq eeyyn*epurte opuyyn.a) modopxoilnonmun yypee dex:1. The geological investigations to be carried orll include field

prospecting and exploration.2. The geological and physical conditions of the seam to be worked

include its thickness, depth, hardness, etc.3. The possibility of making direct observations in workings

depends on the mining system to be applied.4. \he work of geologists at mines has its own specific character

and its own range of problems to be solved during the exploitation ofthe deposit.

5. The main points to be observed during the driving of openingsare the mode of occurrence of the mineral body, country rocks exposedby the openings, the type of fissuring and folding, etc.

6) sopunetrn *ailqam lypee dex:1. To estimare a nickel ore the geologists must know-how the

nickel is distributed. :

2. Geochemical methods are applied at different stages ofgeological investigations, and are used to establish the generalmineralization of rocks. I '

3. To explore certain types of deposits geophysicalmethods havelong been used. ln coal basins these methods are used chiefly ro

184

stu dy folded and faulted structures.

14. Husunumue Hb 1) eeyyneadexyyxuil, 2)modopxoilnonmHH, 3) eopuneutn 6ai4uu yype eyilqsmeexdadaaa eayyndopude cedee A-aac onr opqry4.

15. flapaax yec, nurtnuen yeuile auuznaH eeyyn1spuileopqyyn.

prospecting from aircraft and hellcopters; thb choice of themethod; both ... and; the search for new mineraldeposits; groundand aerial method of prospecting; to be recognized easily; todepend on the type of the deposit; to be widely used; naturalconilitions; io crop out

1. l-eonoeu1n xaileyynlH Hoe eon 3opunm Hb awu?mManmManHH wuus opdun gpon nM.

2. Odoo yed aeonoeudn xadeyynttH ea3pbtH apea, MeH aeaapuHxaileyynae rcpoenox 1ailna.

3. On6'opnonmHH apelH coHeanm ut on6opnox opdatumepneec xaMaapHa. Tsp na ueu iaileanudu uexqneec xaMaapHa.

4. Opd na aadapeyyd un eapcau 1adcau ytup myynuileeeonoequd aMapxaH unpyynxfi.

5. Qdoo Hucsx oHeoq, uucdse mopeeHooc xailx xadeyyn opeeHxepsensedsx 6ailyi

16. Codse A daxa 6apuumyydaac 3oeueopexayil 6yileaaunepxuilnx eepuilnxee ca*aae cedee dox 1apuumaap 6amna.

it seems to be wrong; on the contrary; to my mind; in myopinion; as far as I know; as is known; I'd like to iay thai

1. Prospecting and proving (exploration) do not differ at all.2, The knowledge of the type of ground of the prospecting area

is quite enough to find this or that mineral deposit.3. Coal seams are always found in crystalline (igneous) rocks

while veins occur in sedimentary formations.4. At present great consideration is given to surface (ground)

and mineralogical methods of prospecting.

17. Cedee A-euiln udeexmeil yecuile awueflaH cedeuilnaeyynebe Hoemes.

18, f,puae ypeenrfiy1n. Teasxdoo udeexmei yec myylqne,r

185

doopx epuaHH mouaiionnbz auuena.A.; What method of prospecting do you think to be the most

effective?suppose ... because ... but I think not only this method ..agree with you, but it is necessary to say that...see. And what's your opinion on ...

A.: ...,..B.: ......

D

AYPEMVugnnnruaufi x sprenr (xenxsq)

l4nSuuumueuiln spesnm "uuilnusn eeyynsedsxyyH,' Hb dapaax3oxuoMx{moi 6ailna.

Oryyner4exyyHrafryyper ryfrLlerrox6aitraaHsp yr (epoHxrafrtwitu nnran) rcttyyroneesri yr (Hep-nexnilu ruitnnnran 4axu)

B.:A.:B,:

r is said \| *". reported

I

J is known t+l isreported I +vtafiwawuaI is believed I

L is expected )is consideredwas thought

14 u $u n u m u e u i u s p esn mu il e xaeca pca u n u iln usn e eyyn1s pse popqyynHa. Auenu xsnuurt eeyynexyyH (is said, is known aspsa) uaonoH mooHd modopxoil 6yc 1ueuilu yiln yassp (esntqsus,usdssntqessHo eox usmesp) opuyynaedaua.

Xapun msdzsspuiu apaac xon1oo yemei xaecapcaH nsmsedeneeyyn6ep 3aneaHa. msesxdee uu$unumue Hb mspxyy xaecapcaHeeyyn1epudHrce eeyynoxyyH Hb 6onuo. Men ydn yeto seem/to appear6onox uJue, to prove 6onox, to happen moxuondox 6ononuusuuumuemeil msudse ye likely maeadnanmail, untikety maeadnan5aaamail, sure maeadnanmail msudge yeuiln xopwntte uuilnmsneeyyneedsxyvH eeHs.

He is conSidered to be one Tsp sus can1ap daxa wundseof the best specialists Mspeoaunmnui used moo_in this field. Uoeddoe. (mooqdoe)

He is thought to have been Tsp nucsx oHeoLlHbt cyilpsndkilled in an air crash. aut ypsedceu eentldse.

The method appears to be Eodeooc orc apea yp

186

TycargaxyyHur Yrrar yrin yrNilH

YypgrAox Hsp yr rHSrHurue (cyn(eponxril ruilH + yr to-refi rorrayy

nnran gaxu) rouyy yrym)roneouril yr (6ograrrrfiH nnran gaxs)

Specialists consider open=cast On1opnonmbn un apea Hbmining to be promising. upssdyilmsil aox{ Mepeilt{unm-

. uyyd ysdee.

l4u$uuumueuilu spesnm "uuilnmsn mycaedaxyyu" ub eo)K, tilues,mynd sspsz yemsil ususedsn xaecapcan eeyyn1spoop opqyynaedaua.Ymzam yilnyeudu uuQunumueudewant/woutd tike xycox, know nedsx,thinMbelieve/consider6odox, mooqox, expect xynssx 3spoz yiln yeuiludapaa cyn ye to-msi xspezngHo.

effective.

14n$uuumueudu spesnmsoxuoM)Kmoil 6ailua.

eeeexmsil

"nudnmsn mycaadaxyyu" ua doopx

Tsp uamaile fleyynax *)Kxyceseyil.Eu myyuuile tuundee uailsaaeex ysdse 6aile.

She didn't want meto leave her.

I thought him to bemy best friend.

Cemesxyil, myceanHe msmdsenedse yiln ye 6onou sapuu yilnyeuilu dapaa unQuuumueuile to-eyi (feel medpsx, hear coucox, seexapax, watch axux, notice msudsengx, make an1adax esx msm)x3p3en3H3.

I didn't see him come in. 5u myyuuit opx upsxudaxapcaneyd.

They felt the earth move. Tep easap (xen doop ua) xedenx6yile usdspuss

They madb us pay for the Ted 1udnssp xoonuu yuuiledinner. (Hol We were menyyrce.made to pay for the dinner.)

187

c3[BytNH OMI-IBX RACrM19. ffapaax yecuile dyyndaxaap ynw.

til - dip, pit, sink, give, build, thick[i:] - each, seam, need, steep, 'feature

[e]- length, trench, 'gentle, 'level, 'section

[n] -'current,'country, e'nough,'other, re'suit[:] -- cost, plot, a'long, 'crosscut

[o:] -task,'sample,'sampling, part

[a:] - search, 'survey, 'surface, 'purpose, [ai]- strike, find, type, line, 'neither

[ei]- aid, vein, 'neighbour, de'tail, shape, case[ou]- slope, close, low, both

20. ffapaax yec 6onou suilnuen yeuile dompoo 1-2 ydaayxw. ffapaa nu dyyndarydq ynuux moemooxbrc xue?o.

adit ['adit] n ea3ap doopxmyyw Manmanm, umofibHfl

angle ['a0gl] n eHLtoe, 6ynauapproximate [a'proksnnit] a

ouponLloo

bit [bit] n oamnox 6aeax,epuuilu xouJyy, KopoHK,anMaasaH opemdnoeuiluKOpOHK, OpMUUH mOfieOU,epeM; carbide bit opKeepKOpoHK, epKz?p epeM;diamond bit epmuilnanMaa3aH KopoHK

borehole ['br:houl] n qooHoe,opuuilu LtooHoe

crosscut ['krrsknt] n HarTyyManmanm

dip [dip] n yHanm (oprudocun);Hanyy, maayy; v yHax

enablg [i'neibl] v 5onoux amyyopx oneox (nuap H3z tortxuilx)

exploit [iks'pl:it] v on6opnox

(opdwe); awuenax;exploitation nondopnonm, auuenafim

measure ['me5al n xeMx$o,xgM$unrn, xeMKyYp, $p1e;pl daexapaa; v xeMxux

overburden [,ouva'ba:dan]n xyndcau qynyynae,xaacaH qynyynaa, desdmanbw xypdac, xaeutaac,xepc, xwaac, xwnanm

pit [pit] n utaxm, Kapbep,yypxail, xydae

reliable [ri'laiabl] nuaildeapmail,ynsmwunmeil

rig [rigl n epuuilu cyypbMauuH, epuudu uaMxae,epnuilu )Kaas, epuudnmoHo?flon

sample ['so:mpl] n 3ae6ap,copbtl; v saeeap coHeox,copbwox, mypwux

188

section ['sekJn] n xecoe,ceKq, can6ap, xopLtuM,3yconm, npo$una, xeudneuoemnon; geologicaleeonoeuilu 3yconm(uynyynaeurtn)

sequence ['si:kwans] n decoapaanan, dapaannuuxypaM,1eHse

sink [sir]kl (sank [saryk],sank [snqk]) v Hoempox(yypxailn 6ocoo a.Lu, 6ocooon6optonmae) eyueeuilnsx,oyyneax, doownyynax;sinking ['si4kiq] nHeemponm (6ocoo totvrryHanyy ilanmatmam); shaft

td make me (of) autuenax, xgp3enoxto take lnto consideration auxaapandaa aeaxsyn take tato account

21. a) ffaeaeap -ly-mei daileap yeuile dapaax mondeeyeHoec yyceoed opqwn.

accurate, chief, different, easy, exact, geological, main, particular,practical, proper, slight

6) _Plapaax yec Hb yauttn ailueuiln sllap xecoemxaupaedaxa,e ye yycox aneweHmoep (daeaeap, yemeapaap) namodopxofin.

known * unknown; differ _ different _ difference; found _founder - foundation; mean - meaning * means; difficurt - difficurty;extract - extractive - extraction; imfrove _ improvement J

.. 2.2, llapaax nu1nuon yecuile yH,uut( opqwn.preliminary exploration general size oi i depositshape, dimensions and exact estimation of ore

quality of a deposit reservesproperties of the surrounding exploratory pits, crosscut and..

rock and overburden borerroLlanalyses and tests of samples reriabre information on the

sinking 6ocoo aMHbtHsempsnm

slope [sloup] n uanyy, xilKyy,6peu6epe, xseeui; vxsnduilx, Hanax;slopinga Hanyy;gently sloping 6aaafipse Hanyy

steep [sti:p] o oe4om, aeqoMyuanmmail, Hafiyy

strike [straik] n msnonm; vmeuuilx; across the strikempllex sadd,' atong (on) thestnKe menenmsspse

trench [trentfl n mpauweil,cyeae, xoHxop; v Manmax,yxax, xydaenax

189

core drillingdrilling rigsto measure bed thicknessto facilitate the planning

of current productionto make use of exploratory

openings

angle of dipto determine the industrial

importance of a depositto take into consideration

detailed estimates of theore reserves of individualsections

23. Flneacau yecuiln ymebre MoHeon xeneH dex yeuilaaseyypmail mecmeil flaildnaap nt modopxoiln,

the whole complex of investigations; industriar importance of adeposit; natural and economic conditions of the deposit; trree stagesof-exploration; geological map of the deposit; detailed srrr-"y;information on the preriminary exproration; methods of exprorationto be chosen in any particurar case; surface rerief; shape of the mineraldeposit; vertical pits and crosscuts; special features in the search forveins; on the basis of analyses and tests of samples; reliableinformation on mineral reserves; different sectors of the deposit;eXploitation exploration; mining operations; ptanning of currentproduction and calculating the batance of reserves and ore mined

- 24. Csdse E-e ynw. Teeeed opdun eeonoeuiln yptdquncaH6 o n o n u a p u d e v u n ca u xa il e_yy_n ah (on 6o pn on m ae xo cn yyn ca n)xoopoudox f,neaa na rcyxd darteaae npa.

ceAsB 6Exploration of Mineral Deposits

Exploration is known to include a whole complex of investigationscarried out for determining the industrial importance or a depojit. Themain task is to determine the quality and quantity of mineral and thenatural and economic conditions in which it occurs. The explorafion ofthe deposit is divided into three stages, namely preliminary exploration,detailed exploration and exploitation exploration.

The aim of preriminary exproration is to estabrish the generarsize of a deposit and to obrain an approximate idea of itsihape,dimensionb and quarity..Atthis stage the geotogicut map

"i*r" i"p,Irit

is corrected and a detailed survey of its surface is completed.The information on the preriminary exproration is expected to

give an all-round description of the deposit which will enauli the cost

190

of its detailed exploration to be estimated.The following points should be taken into consideration: 1) the

shape and area of the deposit; 2) its depth and angles of dip andstrike; 3) its thickness; 4) the properties of the surrounding rock andoverburden; 5) the degree of uniformity of dishibution of the mineralwithin the deposit and the country rock, etc.

Preliminary explorations can make use of exploratory openingssuch as trenches, prospecting pits, adits, crosscuts and boreholes.They are planned according to a definite system, and some are drivento a great depth.

All the exploratory workings are plotted on the plan. These dataallow the geologist to establish the vertical section of the deposit.

The quality of the mineral deposit is determined on the basis ofanalyses and tests of samples taken from exploratory workings.

The method of exploration to be chosen in any particular casedepends on the thickness of overburden, the angle of dip, the surfacerelief, the ground water conditions and the shape of the mineral deposit.

The task of the detailed exploration is to obtain, reliableinformation on the mineral reserves, their grades and distribution inthe different sectors of the deposit. Detailed exploration data providea much more exact estimate of the mineral reserves.

Mine or exploitation exploration is known to begin as soon asmining operations start. lt provides data for detailed estimates of theore reserves of individual sections. lt facilitates the planning of currentproduction and calculating the balance of reserves and ore mined.

The searching and discovering of new mineralized areas arebased on geological survey and regional geophysical prospecting. Theiesults of these investigations provide data on iron-bearing formationsand new deposits for commercial extraction.

ln detailed exploration both underground workings and boreholesurvey are used. Core drilling with diamond and carbide bits is widelyused. Non-core drilling is also used in loose rocks in combination withborehole geophysical survey.

One of the main methods to explore coal deposits is also coredrilling. Modern drilling equipment makes it possible to accuratelymeasure bed thickness and determine structure of beds, faults andfolds. Recording control instruments are attached to drilling rigs whichallow the geologists to get reliable samples good for nearly allparameters of coal quality to be determined.

191

IACrAIt25. Csdeuiu aeyy_nead ana eeyyn*ep nt xuilqex 6yile saa.

Xapuynmaa cedee 6 dsx 6apummaap 6amna.1. The purpose of preliminary exploration is to determine the

mineral reserves and their distribution in the different sectors of thedeposit.

2. The properties of the surrounding rock and overburden shouldbe taken into consideration during the pieliminary exploration.

3. The purpose of the detaired exproration is to fino out the quantity(reserves) of the deposit.

5. Both core drilling and non_core drilling are widely used.6. Recording contror instruments ailow georogists tb get reriabre

ore samples.

26. flapaax acyynmand xapuyn.1. What stages does exploration include?2. What is the main purpose of preliminary exploration?3' what shourd be taken into consideration by'georogists during

pr elimi nary exploration ?A. What exploratory openings do you know?5. Do you know how the quality of the mineral deposit is

determined?6. What is the aim of a detailed exploration?7. Is core drilling used in prospecting for loose rocks?B. What is drilling equipment used for?

4. Exploitation exploration facilitatesproduction.

27. a) flapaax uuilnusnmanHH daaanaac on.

'1. bedded deposits2. core drilling3.the angle of dip of the seam4. the thickness of overburden5. exploratory workings6. composition of minerals7. pits and crosscuts8. to exploit new oil deposits9. sampling

the planning of current

yeuiln MoHeon dyilquia 1apyyx

a) xaewaacna, sysaaH6) uegmudn utuns opdyydtte

awuenaxe) xydae, Keepwnaeue) daexapeam opdd) saeeapux (coptq) copbgonme) daexapeax yHanihbtH eHqeex) daeauam epeudnees) eeonoeufrn sycrnm (qynyy-

rcD

10. geological section naeuiln)u) uuuepuanam 1ypsndsxyyu,

uailpnaeax) xadeyynuH Manmanm

6) flapaax uuilnuen yeudH aHenu dyilquile *apyyn manbndaeagaac on.1. epnrudn qooHoe a) ground water conditions2. daexaperw mapxanmaap 6)detailedexploration3. opwdoc daxa spdcuiln xyeaa- e) boreholes

punanmbw xued daddan r) along the strike of the bed4. uynyynaeudn yc aeyynanm (seam)5. xapdudan 6a anuaasaH KopoHK g) carbide and diamond bits6. uapuileuuncau xaileyyn . e) the uniformity of mineral distri-7. spnuilu wuHo ape*e auueflax bution in the deposit8. opwdocm Heempex9. yndcsn qynyynae

x) the properties of surroundingrocks

10. xypsensu 6yd uynyynaeu1n e)tomakeuseofnewprospectingwufit( 6aildan methods

r,r) country rockx) to penetrate into

the deposit

28. floopx yecude auuenaH oeyynlep dex xoocon saile6eene.

bed bedded beddinga) 1. Exploration of gently dipping ...deposits is performed by

vertical pits.2. The principal indicator of the economic importance of

combustible shales is the persistence (moemmon 6adx) of the ...s inthickness and grade.

3. As is known, any change in the normal... of a seam is called adisturbance.

work workabte working6) 1. The term "prospecting" covers the whole range of geological

... aimed at discovering ... deposits.2. Naturally, the prospector also finds non-... mineral

concentrations more often than economic ones.3, Many countries have their own classification system of ...

deposits.

193

4. The type of exploratory ...s needed depends on the thicknessof overburden and the angle of dip.

5. The thickness of the seam considerabry influences the choiceof the method of... .

29. flaeaeap yemeil nuilnuen yiln yeuiln ymeHemodopxofin.to look at the geological map to look for a mineral depositto work out a new plan to work on a difficult problem

(programme) to be made up of partingsto find out all about the to crop out at the surfacL

mode of occurrence of a to search for oresto touch upon the methods of

prospecting

30. Xaecaanm A-arn ydn yeend moxupox nep yeuile)r@ecaanm E-esc coHeo. ffapaa Hb wuHoep yyceecsH nuilnuen

mineralto cany out research

Ye33 optlyyn.A. E.

1. to discover2. to drive3. to extract4. to estimate5. to choose6. to determine7. to sink8. to search (for)9. to take10. to smelt11. to drill

a) oil and gas6) valuable mineralsa) a proper methodr) new coal-fieldsg) crosscut (adit, drift)e) the cost of the projectx) holess) lead and copperr) reservesx) samplesn) iron oretvt) pits

31. Oeyyndep dex meneenud ye it na 1-d 6c meduileeyyneedexyyn 6oflx, 2-d ypd dypdcan uep yeurte opnox 6yilexapyyncaH eeyyndepuiln dyeaapte HeWs.

1. coal is used as a fuer. rt is arso important as the source ofcoke for the steel industry.

2' lt is possible to exprore very genfly sroping seams by borehores.3. lt is due to Karpinsky's work that we know the origin of the

coal in the Donets Basin,

194

4. lt should be noted that there exist surface (ground) and aerialprospecting methods.

5. Oil occurred at great depths and it was difficult to search for it.

32. Xon6oo ya either ... or, neither ... nor -HH opqyynebzaHxaapq oeyyndepuile opqyyn.

either

neither

m?p pMyy eepm1p Hb tt, 3H3 Hb q

mgp Hb.t, oHg Hb rt 6uwHoe Hb v (meduuil)

either.,. or rcMyy-ssc 6on

neither ... nor anb Hb q

1. Depending on the geological conditions either adits orboreholes can be driven into the deposit.

2. Wheii working steep seams under thick overburden neithertrenches nor adits can be used.

3. Neither the thickness of overburden nor the angles of 'dip

andstrike were determined correcfly.

4. At present either surface or aerial methods of geologicalprospecting can be used.

5. Neither faults nor fissures were found by the surveyors.

33. Hx$u nu mueu du epesfl m,, n uiln Mstr eeyynaadsxyyttu il,,opqwnebre aHxaa pq eeyyndspuile opvyyn.

1 . Oil is known to be one of the most important sources of energy.2. Petroleum is believed to have been formed from decaying

vegetable and animal remains..3. Drilling is considered to be the principal exploration method

and it is widely used when deposits arc of large dimensions.4. Until recently a depth of b0-ft overburden was considered to

be the maximum.5. Coal is still the most important fuel and is likely to remain the

main source of energy for years to come.6. Neighbouring coal beds seemed to be sloping genfly.

! The computerized systems of planning and control proved tobe rcliable.

34. Cadee E-aec un$unumueuiln epeenm ,,Hufinwenezyyilg,?doxyyH", "Harfrnwon mycaadaxyyn,' xepsenex 6yteeyynaepud" rytyrD( 6uqeed opqwn.

195

35. Csdee B-eec 3eeueepexeyil 6yil syilnse unspxuinxeepuiluxeo caHaae cedse E dsx 6apurumaap 6amna. floopxspuaHw mouudonnbe auuena.

on the contrary; to my mind; to my opinion; as far as I know;l'd like to stress; it should be taken into consideration

1. The preliminary exploration gives reliable information only onthe place of the deposit.

2. The quality of the mineral deposit can be determined withouttaking samples.

3. The data obtained from the exploratory workings allow thegeologist to estimate the mineral reserves and to plan currentproduction.

4. ln prospecting for loose rocks, only core-drilling is used.

36. Csdse E-uiln aewneb,e meneefleeeonuil daeyy Hozmea.1. The task of the preliminary exploration.2. Exploratory workings used at the preliminary stage of

exploration.3. Sampling as a means of determining the quality of the mineral

cleposit.4. The aims of the detailed proving and exploitation exploration.

37. Opdue modopxodnoxod eeonoeuud nnaap yudcsx trlsdsexepeemeie npa.

38. fapaneail epdsumeu - eedn6'equdaru eaoap 6ononmyynuil xeenuilu myxail wiinxnsx yxaand opyyflcaH xyebnsupuilu myxa(t apa.

B

39. Cadee B-a ynut. Codeed dypadcan xaileyynun yndcenapeyydae moosu< medeespssc anuHbe nb unyy dsewunmeildmooudoeuhe xen. Xapuynmandaa yxdscnen eapea.

c3Il3B B

'1. Worldwide economic development has been characterized bythe growth rates in the demand of raw materials and especially for theprimary sources of energy. Desplte the development of nuclearenergy,

the expansion of off-shore oil and natural gas production, the extractionof oil from bituminous sands and oil shales, the liquefaction(pasxrxeHre) and gasification of coal, and the application of suchsources as geothermal and solar energy, the burden (6pevrn) of energysupply will continue to fall on the producers of fossil fuels for manyyears to come. This applies particularly to the production of solid fuels.

2. As is known, most minerals are mined from surface depositsnow. Even though the mining industry continues the search for low-grade surface deposits, it is.increasingly necessary that the economicsubsurface deposits should be mined. This fact leads to thedevelopment of new methods of prospecting.

3. New techniques have been developed for rapid mapping andgeochemical sampling from light aircraft while in flight. statistical studiesof regional geochemical sampling aided (non,toraru) by computers arebeing widely adopted. ln general, computers play an important role inthe quick interpretation of geological problems. Colour photography isalso being used as an aid in certain geologicalwork and mining studies.

4. A method of prospecting for mineral, gas, oil, etc. which isbased on a combination of X-rays and ultrasonic transmissions cameinto use recently. The method is fully portable and of great value inOrl!!lng ln addition, this method determines the areas of interest duringdrilling and gives close grade control during mining operations.

5. At present, the scientists are conducting intensive researchaimed at using geocosmic rays as a means of determining the size ofan ore deposit in the prospecting stage. As is known, until recenflyscientists dealt only with the interplanetary functions of cosmic rays.Cosmic rays coming in from the depths of the Universe are expectedto explore near-earth and interplanetary space.

6. The geocosmic method is based on the fact that when thecosmic rays get into the atmosphere, the so.called secondary cosmicrays, muons, appear. These particles are capable of penetrating ratherdeep into the Earth's crust. The greatest muon penetration depthregistered today is stated to be about three thousand metres. Thisfact has suggested the idea of using the rays in mineral prospecting.

7. Besides, successful development of space research has madeit possible to survey the Earth's resources from space by satellites.The advantages of the surveys of the Earth's resources by satellitesarc such that vast areas such as entire mountain belts and continentscan be mapped synoptically. The greatest potential of surveying theEarth's resources from space for mineral exploration is based on the

ability to map synopticaily the geomorphorogy and generar georogicarenvironment (oxpyxaroqan cpe4a) of very-rarge Jreas. T[e relurtsobtained provide more accurate and completL information than isavailable from conventional (o6urvnsrri) surveys.

TACTAJ]40. a) Cedse B dex doeon uepmeil xscee 1ypsec myynu(t

yndcen caHaaa unepxuilnx 6yi eeyyn1spuile on,

6) Cedse B-euiln doeon mepmeil xacoe 6ypuie "apquefla.

41. Csdee B-eeec dapaax acyynmand ne xapuynx 6yiloeyyn6spuila on.

1. what type of fuer wifl continue to be the primary source ofenergy?

2. What deposits should be mined in the future?3. What is the method of prospecting based on X-rays and

ultrasonic transmissions used for?4. what fact has suggested the idea of using the cosmic rays in

mineral prospecting?5. what is the surveying of the Earth's resources from space

based on?

42. Cedee B-eec dapaax ye, unepxuilnnuilx anznu dyilquilaonx 6urt.

eceu ugtusedsx 6yil xypd, myyxuil ed, spuunt xyqoep xaHeax,flfiaHeyea (1); dooeyyp copmHH, aailnweyd (2); wune'apea 16apun1,mypaH 3ypaenan (sypae soxuox) (3), aecaap, myyHsoc ead*a,qaHapHH uapuiu xflHanm (4); canxau 1ofimon, opgnoH epmenquilueyHfic (5); esx uspnedse, Hoempox uadeapmail (6); sypae 6sapmsmdsensx (aypaenax) (7)

43. floopx 3 eapuuenaac anb Ht cedsa B-eurtn aeyynaadunyy 3oxut4ox 6yile modopxoiln.

1. Methods of Mineral prospecting.2. New Techniques Applied in Mineral prospecting.3. Recent Developments in Mineral prospecting, -

44. Cedee B-eec eMap uuHo ayiln onx uedcsnee apa. ftroap

198

A M o U N T S M F P I

S E D I M E N T A R Y I

H T D G A S T o T A R TA A U N B U R N T G E

L M B E L T U E E M T R

L o R o c K S E R E E M

o R E U E V I D E N c E

W P A S H I V E R T F D

T H I c K N E S s A A I

D I M E N S o N R U AI c H A R c o A L Y E TG E A c c U M U L A T E

dapumm na maxd ypad ntedeedex dailcan 6e?

YrurH cYflx3o (cRosswoRD)

3us depeonxuudeeonozu*u usp mouteo,xupuiln aHenu yeuilz6uqxss. Ta xsdsu ye oflxqadax 6on? Tsdeespuile6uqux aeaad MoHeondVilquie uu modopxodn.

IlpoSeccop flx.MoproxroixuiceH Rpl,tnqnara

Cypeanxnae*e yypeeep Hb ynw. Tyynuil aeyyneateeepudnxee (6-8 eeyyn6ep$p) yeeep 6anxyyn.

TEACHER: Dear friends! Let me introduce Professor John Mortonfrom Newcastle University. Professor Morton has kindlyagreed lo answer your questions about traininggeologists in Great Britain and about geology as ascience.

QUESTION: Will you kindly say a few words about the importanceof geology as a science? Thank you.

ANSWER: Yes, of course. First of all, geology is a practicalscience. lt studies the Earth, its structure, compositionand its evolution. lt is a science in which the study ofpresentday processes plays a key role in understandingthe evolutionary history of the Earth. At the same timethe geological past helps understand modern processesand predict future trends. This is of increasingimportance as we become more aware of

199

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ANSWER:

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environmental problems.You have mentioned environment. Does it concerngeology too?Certainly. Environmental geology focuses on geologyas it relates to human activity, environmental hazardsand changes resulting from natural geologicalprocesses.What do you think about the role of mining geology inthe modern world?l'll try to be short. Mining geology plays an essentialrole in two major fields. First, there isthe engineeringtask of extracting the valuable content of a mineraldeposit (the ore) economically, efficienfly and safelyand with minimum disturbance to lKe environment.Second, since every ore deposit has a limited life, thefuture of the industry depends on prospecting andexploration to discover and evaluate new deposits, toreplace dying mines and to meet increasing demands.How long do students study geology Great Britain?I think, it depends on the univecttty but mosily thecourse lasts 3 years, full-time, or 4 years if combinedwith a language subject (part time study is alsopossible). As a rule, each academic year is dividedinto two semesters (terms). Assessment takes placeat the end of each semester in the form of examinationsand coursework. Traditionally, field studies have beenone of the main problems of geology courses. The first-year programme provides basic geology, basicsurveying, mathematics, statistics, observbtional andcomputing skills.l'd like to know how the study process is organized inBritish universities. Thank you.Well, formal teaching is by way of lectures, laboratorypracticals, field excursions, personal studies. All thestudents have a personaltutorwho advises on progressthrough the course, choice of modules and othermatters.l've heard about the modular system. Can you tell uswhat it is like?l'll try. At British universities, students' course is

200

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QUESTION:

ANSWER:

designed on a modular basis. Modules are self-contained units of study, which are taught and assessedindependently of each other. When a student passesa module, he (she) gains a credit. At the end of theterm, the numbers of credits he (she) gains, determinesthe award you receive. Each module is continuouslyassessed by coursework and/or end-of-termexamination.I wonder if you pay much aftention to computing.Well, British Universities have Computing Centreswhich offer a service based on a number ofwork-stations and microcomputers. Access tocomputers is taken for granted by today's students.My question concerns the languages, I mean foreignlanguages. Are geology students offered courses inforeign languages?They are. Geology is usually taken in combination withone of the following: Classical Studies, German,French, Latin or Russian, etc. Besides, there are speciallanguage laboratories which are available for openaccess use by students. All internationalstudents whowish to attain greater fluency in English are offered thecourses which provide for the systematic developmentof the linguistic skills of students. Televisionprogrammes, either by direct transmission or by videorecorder, can be used for formal classes or for privatestudy in French, German, Russian, Latin, English as dforeign language, Spanish, Japanese as well as otherlanguages.Can you tell us a few words about students, life at BritishUniversities?Well, you have probably heard of Students, Unionslooking after students' health and welfare. Theuniversity health service provides medical care for allthe members of the university. The Students, Union isfully responsible for its members' needs which arecontrolled and run exclusively by students. I want totell you one thing which can interest you. lf you are ahome student you may be entifled to apply for a StudentLoan front the Student Loan Company. The loan may

201

QUESTION:

ANSWER:

QUESTION:ANSWER:

TEACHER:

PROFESSOR:MORTON:

be..taken out annually over the period of study and youwill be expected to begin repayment on completion ofthe course provided you have obtained employment.You've mentioned employment. ln what areas can thegraduates find a job?Mainly in areas such as exploration, oil field services,geological mapping and mining, engineering geologya nd geotechn ical en gineeri ng, envi ron menta'l geof ogyand hydrology and others.What about sports and leisure?I must say that most British Universities are famousfor their football teams and rugby and cricket unions.There are Water Sports Centres with internationalrowing and canoeing facilities. Good facilities areprovided for indoor and outdoor sports (hockey, cricket,table tennis, dance, aerobics, keep_fit, volteyUalt,basketball, etc.).Thank you so much, professor Morton. lt looks likeour time is up.It was a pleasure to meet you all. I wish you successin your study of geology.

Xenenu,ex 6yfi acyydanmad xon1oedyynx oepuixxeecaHaaa unepxuiln.

202

UNIT AMining Methods

A

AYPsMEonsonr eryyn6ep

tH xaecapcau eeyynlsp Hb eon eeyyntspmsdess doopxxo n 6 oo y e cu d u m ycn a M x m a i i * p', " "aii ",.

vy i o, i r, r " i i",- i i i i aZ athat uextqend, in case ftnaO *"i'oiiiii,Jnless xspse yeyi 6on, onco n d i t i o n th at ne xp n b, oon ron o

-ui- iJ,i' *

" u, u p c a u e eyy n 6 s p u aeon eeyyn6epuiln euue omyy apd 6aix 6onno.

A. ,QypsuEonsonr eryynbepGeneral lnformation on Mining.

Csdee A.

6.,Qypsu

!. yitn yr to be 6i to have _ufrH onoH yyper

_ ?, yryicrex oryyn6ep

ueose b. Methods of Working Bedded DepositsUnderground.

8.. Csdee B. Mining Thick Seams.Yynau onflopnox yilndespuilu ,iyyana,u myxad rcnenqyynae

Eonsonr eryyn6spufH reperrEonsonr eryyn6eprafH

1. 6oprr 6onsnrileryyn6sp. ylngen nuoAoo roMyy upssgyrAxamaapHa. XaecapcaHeryynOepr yr Hb upoo_4yfiH yin4nratir reu_A3rn3A9r q rcc3H oAoo

Xepea raHg (ogoo)xyfirex 1aitraa fun2. lf the weather iscold tomorrow,Xepea uapraau.lrsHrop xyfirex 6aiaan

close the window.5u xaanra xaaHa

'll stay at home.Eug rspree 6ailx6onuo

qarr 6aix 6a roneryyn6ep uu rpesgyfiqarr 6afiHa.

ll. Ogoo rorvryy lrpesgyfigxaMaapax 6o4ur 6ycHoxllnufiH eryyn6ep.Xaecapcau eryyn6eproHropceH qarwilr (yfinp-nnfiu 6ogur 6yoo 6ari-Aan toMyy 3pr3fl33A[rnepxnfrnger) xepernex6a ron eryyn6epr Hb -would+raHSr,rHVruB;i,r(ueH might, could-ur)x3p3rn3A3r.lll. OHrepceH qarr xa-Maapax 6ogur 6yc uexq-nrriu eryyn6ep. 3ueeryyn6ep Hu ro,qopxorZbaftpryfi yringen roruyy6afignurr rogopxorinHo.l-.larrafi H xsn6eprafr r goopx6ail4naap xeparfloHo.Past Perfect-btr xaBcap-cau eryynOepr would +nepSerruilu t HqvHV-TilBbtr xSpofnoHe.

3. lf conditions permit geologists will applyXepea Hexqen6ypgeen

4. lf I bad a summercottage,Xepee Ha4a4 sycnaH6ailcaH 6on (nagag3ycnaH 6afixryfi)5. lf I was/were rich,Xepea 6u 6aqxcaFl6on6. lf conditions permit-ted,Xepea uexqen 6aficaH6on7. lf you bad spokenpolitely,Xepsa ur oengorxapuqcau 6on(Xapun '{h oeflAorxapuqaaryfi yerp ropyypnacaH)B. lf conditions badpermitted,Xepee Hexqefl onAcoH6on (evrargep lsx Mor(XapuH Hexqen onAoo-ryfi yvrap oHo FBAan6onooryfi)

aerial prospecting,l-eofiorvra4 xafi ryynurraraapaac xuhger.lwould/'d spend myholidays in the country.6u aupanraa rocroHg

6aicaHd buy a new car

uJr4H3 Ma[rJuH xyAar't-aBax oafcaH.

the geologists could(might, would) apply

prospecting.eoflorlu4 xafiryynur

araapaac xrfix 6aicau.he.wouldn't havebeen angry.rsp yypnaxryfi OaicaH

he geologists wouldhave applied aerialprospecting.

araapbtHxufix'6aficaH.

c3flBl4tzH oMHOX lACrAJl1. ffapaax y?cuile dyyndaryilq ynut.

[::]- broad, 'broadly, sought, floor, to,ward, call,^Pl^^..'quarry,'problem,,eco'nomical,,cross-,section,CTOSSCUI

Ii:]- be'neath, 'speaking, peat, in'crease, im'mediate[i]- pit, 'mineral, 'building, ,distance, ,driven

'gSLft '8J93qF,l'f&",f ro'ductive' oc'currence, le'coverv,

[a]- mass, 'tabular, 'barren, gas, ,shallow

[ai]- blind, type, 'widespread, des'cribe[ou]-'process, coal, mode, slope, rsloping

204

[ta]- corn 'pare, pie'pare, 'vary, 'various

_2. flapaax yec, nuilnuen yeuile dompoo 1 -Z ydaa ynu. ffapaaut dyyndaryrtu y,!.au,( medeospse moemooxbta xuqos.aceess ['akses] n opox,

oponm, eapqaffect [a'fekt] v ydnunsx, uo-

neenex (anap ruee ruuand)Heneonex; syn influence

barren ['beran] a5ymeeedsxyyueyil, xuilxoocoH (yyttdpuiln myxail)

chute [fu:t] n Hanyy, ypyy,Hanyy eHqeem Manmanm,eypeu

compare [kam'pea] v (with)xapryyynax, xse espee xurtx

contribute [kan'tribju:t] vmycnax, dsnxttx, xyebrcMep opyynax (wuncrutsxyxaand); make a (one's1 -to smth xyeb HeMepopyynax (anap xse nuand)'

cross-section

[,krrs'sekf(a)n] n xeudnenoemnon, xoudneu gycsnm,npoQuna

develop [di'velap] v on6op-nox (opdan); xeaKyynex(on6opnonmwe); 1enmasnaxun xudx; development non6opnonmuu xeanut1xeexun

drift [drift] n umpe6 xoameoManmanm

ensure [inlua] v xaHeax,darnaneaamail 6oneox; synguarantee

face [feis] n Meeeuee, nae

floor [fl::] n yynbw Manman-mbw xepc, daexapeuu(cydnun) xepc; quarryKapbepbw yn, wan, dsecesp

govern ['gnv(a)n] v 3axupax,ydqpdax, xonoodox, modop-xounox, xYqfigx, mycnax

inclination [,inkli'neif(a)n] nxseaud, Hanyy, Hanyy(daexapeun); Hananm; seam- yHaflm (ilaexapeam); Hanyy(daexapzam)

incline [in'klain] n xeeeud,Hanyy, mauyy, Hanyy eonaaz; gravity - 6pemc6epe

inclined [in'klaind] o Hanyy;flatly uanaeyil, Hanyy;gently Hanyy yHanmuH;

(daexapewru); steeplyoeqoM yuanmmail

level ['levl] n daexap, eopu-3OHm, yynbtH x)em?e Man-manm, utmonbHs, mYewuH(6azotrc) ; Hueenup, xoemonm,xoM)Kueq, xgameg eadapeyy

recover [ri'kaval v eapeax(ynde4uiln); myyx, qeeepnox,on6opnox (nyypc sepzuile);cspeeex

remove, [ri'mu:v] v sadnyynax,usaepnex, apuneax,uuntrynox; removal 4xyudacue sailnyynax, yxdac,qeeopneeoo (uyayynazuilN)eapeanm; eapeanm

205

(6sxaeeuuiln); uunKyynonm;

ep?enmuilH oM, yypxailHeon aM

rib Irib] n xaeupea, oHqeop, tabular [,tabjula] a Oae_HapuuH t4enuK, xaMeaanax xapeam (opd); daexapaayndsu,, trtopeou,eeuilH xaHa xsn6ipmii,'"" *i"ihi,

roof [ru:fl n dseeep, Manmaq1H yuq?n xen1epmeil; syndesesp, (cydtom); deseep, bedded, layeredxaanm; - support desepuilu waste [weist] n xoocoH1exsness lynyynae, xaedan; syn

shaft [o:ft] n. yypxailu aM; barren rockauxiliary [r:g'ziljari] well{well n epmuilu tlooHae,mycnax aM; hoistihg

XS1S; LpopoM, yeaaneHH

capital investment xepeHee opyynanmgate road salcpbtH umpeKin bulk osooneoop, mou xsceudu xsn1spmsilmetal-bearing Memann aeyynOaeproduction lace/workin g qoecpnoeesnud uepeeqeeproductive mining awuznanmbtH aKunin view of nmap Hoe toMHaac yydsnmsil, flMap Hoe nMbte

auxaapandaa aeaxwith a view to eopuneomoil

3. ffapaax yec Hb yeuilu ailneuilx nMap xocse 6onoxtte yeyvcex aneMeHmeep (daeaeap, yemeapaap) xa modopxofrnxopqyyn.

research -researcher -researchingconsider -consideration -considerableobserve - observation

require - requirementfame - famousferrous -- non-ferrousincline -inclined -inclination4. flapaax nudnmsn yeude yHutur opttyyn.

weak roof loose roofbad roofroof controlroof fallthe floor of a working

roof conditionsroof exposurethe floor of a seamfloor sampling

206

over-burdenxondyynax

xyqaacbrc

hard floorbarren sandtest wellsgas wellsslope conveyergently sloping depositdust removalmetallic substance

barren'rockbarren oreexploratory wellsoilwellsslope workingremoving a mineral-bearing

substanceoverburden removal

direct access to the deposit the immediate extraction of usefuloilshale mineralensuring access to the deposit recovery

from the surface steeply inclined seams

5. flneacas yecuiln ymeHz 3ox.tx MoHeofl yeuilx nseyypmailmecmei daildnaap ua modopxoiln.

the term "mining'; non-metallic minerals; the tendency in mining;the exploitation of lower-grade metal-bearing substances; the typeof mining; the problem of depth; the mining method; the metal-bearingmass; vertical and horizontal mine workings; to vary in shape,dimensions, location and function; to classify mine workings

6. Tyxailu 6uque dex drive aedse yeufrx ymeuz modopxoiln.1. Sloping exploratory shafts are usually drivenin the mineral.

They produce mineral during drivingand it can be sampled and tested.2. One of the main parts of a mining machine is the drive which

can work eithef on compressed air or electricity.3. Many miners can drive combines which are widely used

underground now. They are called combine drivers.

7. Cedae A-e yuw. Cedeeec yyttbtH Manmanm, myyxuil3opuynanmaH myxail oeyyD,( 6yil doeon uepmsrt xeceuile on.

c3A3B AGeneral lnformation on Mining

'As has been said, mining refers to actual ore extraction. Broadlyspeaking, mining is the industrial process of removing a mineral-bearingsubstance from the place of its natural occurrence in the Earth's crust.The term "mining" includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells;

metal, non-metallic minerals, coal, peat, oil shale and otherhydrocarbons from the earth. ln other words, the work done to extractmineral, or to prepare for its extraction is calted mining.

The tendency in mining has been towards the inireased use ofmining machinery so that modern mines are characterized bytremendous capacities. This has contributed to: 1) improving workingconditions and raising labour productivity; 2) the exploitatioriof lower-grade metal-bearing substances and 3) the building of mines of greatdimensions.

Mining can be done either as a surface operation (quarries,opencasts or open pits) or by an underground method. The mode ofoccurrence of the sought-for metallic substance governs to a largedegree the type of mining that is practised. The problem of depth alsoaffects the mining method. lf the rock containing the metallic suLstanceis at a shallow site and is massive, it may, be economically excavatedby a pit or quarry-like opening on the surface. rf the mLtar-bearingmass is tabular, as a bed or vein, and goes to a great distance beneaththe surface, then it will be worked by some nrethod of undergroundmining.

. working or exproiting the deposit means the extraction of minerar.with this point in view a number of underground workings is driven inbarren (waste) rock and. in mineral. Mine workings ,Iry in shape,dimensions, location and function.

. Depending on their function mine workings are described asexplbratory, if they are driven with a/view to findirig or proving miner"l,and as productive if they are used for the immLdiate extlaction ofuseful mineral. Productive mining can be divided into capital investmentwork; development work, and face or production work. lnvestmentwork aims at ensuring access to the deposit from the surface.Development work prepares for the face work, and mineral is extracted(or produced) in bulk.

The rock surfaces at the sides of workings are cailed the sides,or in coal, the ribs. The surface above the workings is the roof in coalmining while in metar mining it is called the back. fhe surface b;b;iscalled the floor.

The factors such as function, direct access to the surface, drivingin mineral or in barren rock can be used for classifying mine wort<ings:

1. Underground workings:a) Long or- deep by comparison with their cross_section may be:

1)vertical(shaft, blind pit);2) sloping (slopes, sloping orins, incrinesl;

3) horizontal (drifts, levels, drives, gate roads, adits, crosscuts),b) Large openings having cross dimensions comparabre with their

length.c) Production faces, whose dimensions depend on the thickness

of the deposit being worked, and on the method of mining it.ll. Opencasts.

B. cedeuilu aeyyneadH2:#**6ep uuilqex 6yde saa.Xapuynmaa cedse dex 6apuntmaap 6amna.

_1. As a rule, the term "mining" includes the recovery of oil andgas from wells as well as-coal, iron ores and other useful mineralsfrom the earth.

2.The increased use of mining machinery has greatly contributedto raising labour productivity and improving working

"ondition".3. lt is quite obvious that the problem of depth is not alwaystaken into consideration in choosing the mining method.

4' ProductiVe workings are usuaily used for the immediateextraction of useful mineral.

5. Underground workings are driven in barren rock or in minerar.6. A shaft is a vertical underground working which is long and

deep in comparison with its cross-section.

1 lh" surfgce above the mine working is usually called the floor.8. The rock surfaces at the sides of mine woridngs are cafled the

ribs.

9. flapaax acyynmand xapuyn.1. What is mining?2. what has contributed to the better working conditions of the

miners?3. What factors influence the choice of the mining method?4. ln what case is useful mineral worked by open pits?5. Arc exploratory workings driven with a view to finding and

proving mineral or are they driven for immediate extraction of mirieral?6. what is the difference between.deveropment and production

work?'7. What main factors are used for classifying mine workings?8. What do the dimensions of production faces depend on1

209

_ 1 0. a) flapaax yec 6onon uuilnusn yeuiln MoHeon dyilu,uie6apyyu maflHH 6aaaxaac on.1. direct access to the surface a) uefimuilu Lloo*oe2. open-cast mining 6) xoocon qynyynae dyndyyp3. tabular (or bedded) deposits yynbtH uanmanm xuitx4. oil well e on1opnox apead Heneenex5. underground workings e) eadapeyyd wyyd eapax6. cross-section of a working d) daexapeam opd7. production face e) un on1opnonmB. the roof of the mine working x) ntanmanmttu xeudneu oemnofi9. to drive mine workings in s) easap doopx Manmaflm

barren rock u) xoocou, qoeopne@H Mepeeqee10. to affect the mining method x) yynun Manmanmbtu dssesp

6) ffapaax yzc 6onou xudnuen yeuiln aHenu dyilquiedapyyn manHH 6aeasaac on.1. nnap uee pmaud mycnax a) thickness of a seam2. amnu xoMx3e 6) shaft dimension3, eapeax, on1opnox (nyypcuile) a) with a view to

r) to contribute to smth.g) development worke) to remove (Umber, overburden,

etc.)x) drifts (gate roads)and crosscutss) generally speakingu) to recover (coal)x) waste (barren) rock

11. )Kaacaanm A, E-esc ymeaapaa oiponqoo yzuile coHeo.5.

4. wmpex, Hanyy5. xoocou qynyynae6. ep ua xsnsxsd7. aeax, uunx{yynox (6sxsnees,

xyndaque)B. sopunaomod...9. 5snmesn axun10. daexapeuH 3ysaaH

f . improve2. rank3. ensure4. use5. tabular6. crop out (outcrop)7. barren rockB. quarryf. influence10. rib

a) bedded6) take into accounte) make befterr) waste (country) rockp) exposee) affectx) generally speakings) applyu) open pitr) dimension

210

11. size12. broadly speaking13. take into consideration

n) sideu)gradeH) guarantee

12. donaonm xaecapcaH oeyyfl6op, xon6oo yeuilnopqyynabp aHxaapq eeyyn6epuile opqwn.

1. lf the geological and prospecting indications arc known, it ispossible, even before prospecting proper begins, to forecast not onlythe type of economic deposit that may be found in the given conditionsbut also the associated elements and the whole complex of forecastingminerals.

2. Provided the geologists make use of proper prospectingmethods, they will get necessary results.

3. On condition that different types of ores are to be testedseparately each sample should represent a definite type of ore.

4. Unless the face is directly connected to the upper level, thecombine does not cut the face for its whole length.

lS.Xaanmau daxs soxux xsn1epuiln yiln yeoep xoocon saile6eene.

1. Unless metamorphic rocks (ro be studied) carefully, geologistscannot be sure of their origin.

2. lf the mass of magma (to be) large, the rate of cooling will beslow.

3. lf the earlh (to be made) of the same materiar from the surfacedownward, its density would vary with pressure.

4. Provided geological conditions permit, efficient coal faceoperations (to be) possible.

5. We really will not survive unless we (to starr) working oncleaner, safer sources of energy.

6. lf you learned to type, you (to frnd) the job quite easity.7, lf he were here, I (can explain) to him myself.B, They would have been here by now it they (to catch) the early

train.9.1 (not to believe) it possible, if I hadn,t seen it happen.

14. Xaecapcan eeyyn*epmsil eon eeyynlepurte on.1. lt is possible to use trenches a) provided at some distaqce from

for exploration the floor there is a waste bed, which must be separated from

211

2. Mine workings are considered 6) iil;:;lu"r is brended withto be productive bituminous coal.

3' Rock will not easiry creave a) on condition that the thicknessof overburden is small.

4. A bedded deposit is to be wor- r) unless its schistose structureked by underground mining is disturbed.

5 Bituminous coar wiil improve 4) if they arc driven with a viewcoking quality of anthracite to exiracting usetul mineraL

6. The cutter-roader wiil cut coar e) if it ries at a great distanceabove the floor from the surfac".

15. Csdse A-aac 6onsonm eeyyn1spuile onx opqwn.

16. ffoopx ye 6onon xonfloo yeuile auuenax( eayyn6epuileopqyyn.

useful mineral; to drive mine workings; exploratory andproductive mine workings; barren (waste) rock; lt'is n"""""rry;to contribute to; both ... and; a number of; the output

1. Yynun Manmanm na xaileyynttH toMyy auuenanmbtnx 6aix6onuo.

2. Yynau Manmanmbte awuem ManmMan, xoocoH qynyynaeuiluanb anuHaap xuix 6onuo.

3.,QaexapetH unyy eyu xsceude on1opnoxod 6ocoo, xeemeo,Hanyy xsn5spuiu easap doopx xsd xedsu nHsbtH uanmantte xuilxutaapdnaeamad 6addae.

4. Yynatn axunnaeaaHH MexaHuKxyynanm Hb auuemManmManbtH ondopnonmte nsusedyynsxed mycnaua.

17. Csdee A daxt ymeb,H xyead 3oxux yeoep eeyyn*epuiledyycaa.

1. Generaily speaking mining is a branch of industry. rt dearswith ... .

2. Mechanization and automation have come into useunderground' The miners rearize that the increased use of miningmachinery will ... .

3' Many factors affect the choice of the mining method. rn casethe deposit... .

4' lt should be noticed that mine workings may have differentfunctions. Let us consider, for exampre, productive workings wrrich-. .

212

5. As for the classification of mine workings one should take intoconsideration the factors ... .

6. lf we have to describe underground workings, we shall dividethem into ....

18. Xaanmand eaeedcex yecurte auuzflilK codse A-euilnaeyyn?bP moneeneeeeeeep H32m2e.

1. Mining as the industrial process, (includes, is called, thetendency has been towards, are chaiacterised, has contributed to)

2. Underground and open-cast mining, (can be done, governs,affects, may be economically excavated by, it can be worked by)

3. The type of mine workings, their main functions andclassi-fication. (are driven, mine workings vary in ...)

IflYPeM

1. Yfrn yz to be, to have-uiu anoH yypo"- YEn ye to be

Ere Aaacaxvfin vr

Moganu yfrn yr Tycnax yiln yr

"6aEx, 6ai-pnax6onox" yrraapThere are noeasy answers,Auapxan xapny6afigarryfiThe pump is inthe machinehouse near thecolliery.Hacoc Hu u.lax-TblH opt{xMA(asprengea) ma-url4Hbt x3c3rT6afrpnaua.

oep yfin yruiu uHSu-Htarrarsli xaMT Ten6B-fleree, rppas seprufiHgaryy 6onox 6crofiyfinanufir unepxrfinHe.The pump is to be ins-talled at the surface.Hacocur. ra4apryy4eep Oafipnyynsan30xl4Ho.Each participant wasto pay his own expen-ses.Oponqorv 6yp eeprafin-xee 3apMHr eepeerenex 6crofi.

1. ,Qoopx xenOspulr yycrcHo.a) continuous OynrrailH qarufirThe pump is working at therate of 50 gallons per minute.Hacoc Hu qarr 50 ranfloHbt6yrservrxrefr al.ur4rfl aHa.

6) Yfin4srgex xeeufir (Pas-sive Voice) Participle ll-refiXAMT

The pumpwas installed at thesurface.Hacocurr ra.qapryy Aoop6afipnyynxee.2. Hep yr, roMAor yr $por-raft xaur Hulnrrasn eryyno-xyyuui xocer 6onro.The pump is powerful.3us Hacoc xyrrsfi.Mary's upstairs.Mepr 4eep 6ahraa.

213

Yin yr to havebre.AaacaH Moaaflb vt4fl vr I vcflax vIn vi-

l"6anx, o3sMult4x"

I yrraap

lThey have (got)Itwo childrenTs4nrafix xo6pxyyxe4refi.The pump has a40 h.p. drive.Hacocttur xorenroo40 uopuuur xyvrerT.

Oop yfin yruiln uasw-nntuateil dcrofi,uaapgnararafrrwnepxufinue.The pump had to beinstalled at the sur-face.Hacocurr raAapryypesp 6afrpnyynaxxeperrefr 6afra.

Perfect 5ynruiln qarnilr(Participle I l-reri xarrlrr)

YYcrsHe.They have not installedthe pump yet.Te,q nacocoo 6ac 6afip-nyynaaryil

2. Yryfrcrsx eryyn6ep_ . -Auanu

xsnsud yeydceex eeyyn1spm Hb 3eaxeH use yeyilcesn6addae. Tsp na eeyyn1spurtH aypeaH euLuyyuui leeyynie6exyyn,oeyyrcxyyH nMyy mycaedaxyynu) nsed xamaapua. Xspse yeyilczenHb eayynoedexyyn rcMyy mycaedaxyyuu emue 6aiean'y'iln ye_aeyynoxyyHutie 1amnax xsn1spm rcpoefigHo.

1) Yeydcesn Hb eeyynsedsxyyud xaMaapHa. (yeydcesxmenee.uud ye no f,Map.1 -aap unepxuilnsedsns.)

No folds were noticed l4n eapcan qynyynaem nMap tt.in the exposed rocks, amupaa msdsedsxeyd 6ade.

2) Yeyilcesn Hb myczr;oa^yyHd xaMapHa. (leneetuu ye no-oopunepxuilnsedsns.)

Old mines had no powered Xyyvuu uaxm Hb MexaHuKsupports, 6exsneeseyi 6ade.

3) Yeydcesn m yin ye - eeyynexyyud xauapua.The students did not take Xyyuuu yypxailuyyOad

the examinations in mining MexaHuKxcan 1sxsness 6ad-last year. eaaeyil.

Moueon xsnsud adunxan yey1caex eeyyn1spm xsd xsdsuyayti cesnui e rcpoenilK 6onuo.

Tsp xssss ,a xsud u sue myxad He has never told anybody. xsnsseyil (eypeau yeyilcesn) about it. (nee yeydcein)

214

c3[B14l/H OMHOX [ACrAfl19. a) flapaax yeuile dyyndaryilq ynut.

[i] - dip, 'dipping, give, 'given, 'pillar, 'minimum

[i:] - steep, seam, ex'ceed, reach, these, ma'chine,'sequence

[:] -'composite, de'posit, 'monitor, long, pre'dominate

[::] - short, all, wall, hy'draulic, trans'port[u:] - room, re'move, im'prove, improVement[iu:]- use, used, re'duced, pro'duced

[ai]- right, wide, 'widely, 'primary, ho'rizon

[e] -'rational,'maximum,'factor6) flapaax easap eyiln nspcuile yuwux mednuil dyydnaeae

moemoo.Australia [::s'treilja], Canada ['kanada], France [fro:ns],

lndia ['india], Ruhr [ru:r], Germany ['d3a:mani]

20. flapaax yec 6onox nuiln*ren yeuile dompoo 1-2 ydaaynut. ,Qapaa ua dyyndaryit4 yuutux moemooxb,e xuqoo.

advantage [ad'vo:ntid3] ndaaaueailnan, daeyy man,xo)t(oo, auue;advantageous [,advan'-teid3asl a xoxoomoil,aamail, awuemail; to takeadvantage of smth ruapHge pMbE awuanax

caving ['keiviq] n Hypax(dasesp), cwneax auuanax

deliver [di'liva] v )rypeex,oaex, opondox, u)axax,dyydax (ye); ynwux (nexq)

entry ['entri] n umpeK,xeemso Malrmanm; pldsnmeen Manmafim, sycexManmanm, wmpeK

giant ['dgaiant] n eutdpouo-HUmOp

gravity ['greviti] n xynduiluxyt, )KLIH, xyxd; byxuueufruxes dapanmaapeepee wcax

haul [hr:l] v xypax,xondyynax, odpmyynax,soox; haulage ['h::lid3] nxocnyynanm, xYpanm,mSeeepnenm(eopusonmaaaap)

longwall ['bqw::l] n nae,naenalK aeax, 6ypsnxsturxesuuil ea6oil,ondopnonmun 6ypeuxstvtxssuuil toMyy 6ocoocucmeM; syn continuousmining; - advancing on thestrike cyHanbw Hb daeyynaaaap wyyd aeax, cyHanuHna daeyy 6ypsn xoMxsoasopaeax cucmem; - advancingto the rise doopooc HbManmaK aeax 6ypsuxeuxeeuuil cucmeM; - to thedip yHanbw Hb daeyyondopnox 6ypsu xsuxesuuilcucmeM; - retreating naeaapiyqaax awuenax, naeaap

. auuenax 6aeauam cucmeM

2',t5

lose [u:z] (lost) u ypex; loss nypnoe, andaedan

notwithstanding

[,n)twie'sta ndiq] prep eseu,e3m3n

pillar-['pila) n t4enurc, 6aeaua;shaft Oazaua opqMbtHu,enuK; methodon5opnonmuu 1aaauamcucmeM; - mining qenuxuduManmanm

predominlte Ipri'drmineit] veonnox, daeameadnax, dadax,Hoenox, eonnox

protect [pra'tekt] v xaMeaanax,xaMeaanax

reach [ri:tJ] v menox, xypox,oYmfix, xYpsx

room fru:m) n opoo,qsespnsessuuil opoe;room-and-pillar metfrodon6opnonmammacaneaam 1aeauuucucmeM

satisfy ['_satisfai] v xaHeax,xaHeaedax

shield [Ji:ld]. n cau6ap,taum; - method qumuiluapea, ulumudu apea

stowing ['stoui4] n malunm(oa6optocon opoa sailru)

method of working on1opnonmrtH cucmeMthe sequence of working the seams daexapeue onftopnoxdsc dapaanan

- 21.fiapaaxyec nayecuiln afiueuiln smap euuyyH 6onoxsrcdaeaeap, .yemeapaap ua modopxotii ip"wn.

create .- creation _ creative * creatorconsider _ considerable _ considerationdeliver - delivering _ delivery __ delivererexist - existing _ existencelevel- sublevelimprove - improved _ improvementprotect - protective _ protectionproduce

- production _ productive _ productivity_productthick - thicknesssatisfy - satisfaction _ satisfactory

2.2. Yemeap dis-mert dapaax yeuile op..twn.disable, disadvantage, disagre", di"upprove, disclose,disconnect, discover

23. flapaax nuilnmsn yeuile yHuux opqwn.methods of working considerable number of miningdevelopment work methods

216

minimum losses of mineral production facesgently sloping seams to take advantage o(smth)to be rich in (smth) to satisfy ftre re[uiremenismain advantages and ore caving. disadvantages of (smth) mechaniz-ed stowingin any particular conditions continuous miningroorn-and-pillar mining additional haulaglcoal getting (coal winning) ftre choice of the method of miningthe sequence of operations

24. flnzacan ye9u.u1t ymeHz 3oxux MoHeon yeuilu uanseyypmai mecmeil 6aildnaap ua modopxoiln.mining machines; maximum production cost; minimum rossesof mineral; characteristic features of continuous mining; the use ofcombines and conveyers; the difficulty of ventitatio,ii f,VUiruli"mining; the most economic and advantageous methods of coargetting; to win coal by monitors; a rationat method of working

25. Cedee E-e ynuux daexapaamad opdara awuenax flMapcucmeuuile modopxoilncnbr" apb.

Methods or Working S"'#:: B"po"it" Underground

The method of working (or method of mining) incrudes a definitesequence and organization of deveropment woir< or , J"po"ii, it.openings and lts face work in certain georogicar conaitons. tiil*;,on the mining pran and machines and cleveto"ps with their imf;r;;;ir.

A rationat method..of.working shoutd satisfy th; ;"iio;l;grequ.irements in any particurar cond'itions: 1) safety of ttre man; 2)maximum output of mineral; 3) minimum Oevelopment *o* (p;;l;060tons output); 4) minimum production cost and'5y minimum'i"r."" otmineral.

^_,^.I:lll!:111dilg the considerabte number of mining methods inexrsrence' they can be reduced to the foilowing main typei: 1. Methods

of .workingwith rong faces (continuous miningj; z. tr,tetiroos orwoiking

with short faces (room-and-pillar).The characteristic feature of the continuous mining (Figs. 5 and6) is the absence of any deveropment op"nings made in advance of

217

production faces. The main advantage of rong continuous faces x thatthey yield more minerar. Besides, Iney atto"w the maximum use ofcombines (shearers), c.utting machines, powered supports andconveyers The rongwa, method permits an armost rdd p"i ""nirecovery of minerar instead of 50 to g0 per cent obtainaute ln ,oom_and-pillar methods.

Fig. 5. Longwall advancing

- The basic principle. of room_and_pillar method (Fig.7) is that roomsfrom 4 to 12 metres wide (usua,y 6_7) are Jrir"), fir#,i;; ##;,each room is separated from each other by a rib pirar. Rio pirrars arerecovered or robbed after the rooms are excavated. The maindisadvantage of shortwa, work is a consiJeiabre ross ot ,in"rri ,nothe difficurty of ventilation. rn working oeooea deposits methods ofmining mentioned above may be used "Itn"r*iir,

stowing or;iil';;;;";:ln Russia, Germany (the Ruhr coal_field), Franc"e-and il;ililnearry a' the faces are now rong ones. rn Britain rong*rr-iI";.predominateB-

Fig. 6. Longwall retreating by tongrpanels

..- 218

The USA, Canada, Australia and to some extent lndia aredeveloping shortwall faces and creating the machines for them. lnthese countries shortwall faces are widely used.

ln Russia die thick seams are taken out to full thickness up to4.5 m thick if they are steep, and up to 3.5 m thick if they arc gentlysloping or inclined. ln the Kuznetsk coal-field long faces are worked tothe dip with a shield protection, using a method proposed by N.Chinakal.ln shield mining coal is delivered to the lower working by gravity sothat additional haulage is not required (Fig. 8).

It should also be noted that in Russia hydraulic mining is widelyused as it is one of the most economic and advantageous methods ofcoal getting. New hydraulic mines are coming into use in a number ofcoal-fields. Hydraulic mining is developing in other countries as well.

The aim of hydraulic mining is to remove coal by the monitors (orgiants) which win coal and transport it hydraulically from the place ofwork right to the surface.

Fig. 7. Room-and-pillar method for wolfing a gently sloping seam

It is quite obvious that the choice of the method of mining willprimarily depend on the depth and the shape and the general type ofthe deposit,

Fig.8. Shieldmethod of working

\

AACTAn

26. Cedeuiln aeyyne-ad nuap eeyyn*ep nt nuiqax 6yde zaa.Xapuynmaa cedee dax 6apummaap 6amna.] A definite sequence and organization of development work is

called mining.2 Mining methods in existence can be reduced ro the two main

types.3' The depth and the shape of the deposit infruence the choice

of the method of working.4. As is known, in Belgium allthe faces

Britain they amount to 84 per cent.

1. development face2. great losses

are short now, in Great

5. ln Australian collieries shortwall faces are widely used.6. The room-and-pillar method is characterized bythe ,br"r."

of any development openings.7. N. chinakar worked out the shierd method of mining which is

used in Kuzbas.8' High-capacity monitors win coar and transport it hydrauricary

right to the surface.

27. ffapaax acyynmand xapuyn.1. What factors does mining depend on?2. What is mining?3. what are the most important factors which affect the choice ofthe method of working?4' Do short faces or rong faces predominate in Russia? what

can you say about the Ruhr coal_field?5. ls Canada developing strortwallfaces or longwallfaces? Whatcan you say about the USA?6. What are the main disadvantages of shortwall faces?7. What are the two main methods of working?8. What is the main advantage of long continuous faces?9. What methods of mining long faceJ do you know?10. what method of mining is characterizeo uy the absence ofdevelopment openings?

- 2g. a) flapaax yac 6onon ruurtnuen yauiln MoHeon dyitquuadapyyn man*H 6aaaxaac on.

a) onflopnonmbru ypanxruflcoHcucmeM

220

3. shield method of mining 6) qenuxuu Manmanm4. continuous mining e) 6snmeen Mepeel4oe5. longwall advancing to the dip e) ux ypszdsn6. the room-and-pillar method d) waapdnaeae xaHeax

of mining e) eeonoauilH Hexqneec xaMaapax7. to open up a deposit x) yuanmuu daeyy wyyd nex8. pillar mining s) on6opnonmaw u.pmudH cucmeM9. to satisfy the requirements u) opdttu xepcuile xyyfiax10. to depend upon the x) on1opnonm*H macaneaa -

geological conditions 6aeauam cucmeM

6) flapaax yec 6onox nudnmon yauiln aHeflu dyilr+uiledapyyn manb,H 6aeanaac on-1. eepmee 6aemaax, aeyynax a) safety2. 6yqax eeanmaap 6) annual output3. 50%-d xypsx a) to invotve4. 60%-uac daeax r) to propose a new method of5. arcyneyil 5aidan mining6. xunuiu on5opnonm g) longwall retreating7. autuenanmau cucmemuiu e) in connection with difficulties8. dood daexap x) to exceed 60 per cent9. oeqom yuanmmail daexapea s) notwithstanding (in spite of)10. awuenanman ulumuilu u) to reach 50 per cent

cucmeM x) the main disadvantage of the11. awuznanmHH uuHo apeHe method of mining

ypanxnyynox n) sublevel12. xyndpsnmsil xon6oomoizoop ur) the shield method of mining13. eecsu xsdud ,t ra) open up a deposit14. opdutu xopcu1e xyynax o) steep seam

29. flapaax yeuile auuenaH ezyyndepuin xoocon saila6eene.

advantage disadvantage advantageous1 . As is known, the .. . of long continuous faces is that they permit

an almost 100 per cent of recovery of mineral.2. Hydraulic mining is practised extensively at a number of

collieries. lt is one of the ... methods of mining.3. As for the room-and-pillaf method one must say that this

method of mining is seldom practised in Russia because it has some...s.

221

4. One of these ...s is that the pillars between the rooms arepartly extracted.

. 3O. Yemeap ye per (d, deap), instead (of) (opoud, opondna) -meil uuinuen yecuie aHenu xsn pyy opttyyfl.

xoHoem, capd, mouud, uyypcnuil -opand, aurutafiaflmbtH

macaneaa-6a?aHam cucmeuurtu opoud

31. Ydn ye to be, to have-uiln yypee dsxa Hxaa pq eeyyn 6e pu il e o pqyyn.

onoH ymeb,e

1. The various methods of mining invorve production faces whichare either long (longwall) or short (shortwall) or room_and_pillar.

. 2. Until mining machines were developed, short facespredominated.3. The aim was to reduce the volume of development work by

using the longwall method,4. some disadvantages of shortwalr work are a considerable ross

of minerar which may reach and exceed 40 per cent, arid the difficurtyof ventuation

5. ln gassy mines each face with its development workings hasto be ventilated with its own air current.

6. Cutter-loaders.are being widely applied underground nowbecause these machines are the most'progressive means formechanizing coal winning

7. lt is necessary to study alr the factors which infruence thechoice of the mining method.

B' There are speciar methods of extracting seams which are crosetogether (c6nuxenuue).9. The shield method of mining has to be introduced in thickseams, dipping at an angle of not less than 55_600, witn regui;r

occurrence and hard coal.10. They have to introduce new mining equipment as soon aspossible.

32. Yeyilcesnuile unapxuilnex onoH apebte alxaaplteeyyn6epuite opqwn.1 . As the longwall method permits an almost 100 per cent recovery

of coal; all the seam is extracted and there is no coar left in the form ofpillars, except the shaft pillar.2. No fissu.res were found.

222

3. We do not use the room-and-pillar method on a wide scalebecause it is characterized by high losses of coal.

4. Nothing was said about speciar ways of extracting thick seams.5. ln manless faces no men operate the machines, you can see

nobody in such faces asall the processes are fully automated.6. A level is a horizontar road with no direct access to the surface.

33. Canan nuilnexeyi 1aiaaa tyincoe unepxuinx dapaaxnpuaHw mouu$onnb,e a,au?nax csdae 6 dsx 1apuumaapeepuiluxee caHaae 6amna.

on the contrary; to my mind; in my opinion; as far as t know;as is known; l'd. like to stress that; I'd like to say that; tet usconsider

1. we say that the method of mining is rationar if it guaranteesonly safety of the men and maximum outfiut of mineral.

2. lt is rather difficurt to define which method of mining (rongwailor shortwall) is more often used in Russia.

3' The shield method of mining is used where short faces areworked. lllis used in allthe coal-fields of Russia.

4. The problem of extracting thiik seams is not difficult. As arule, such seams are not extracted to full thickness.

5. ln applying hydrauric mining powerfur cutter-roaders win coarand transport it to the surface.

34. Cadee E-udx aeyynebte Heemeo. Tseexdee da paaxacyynmand xapuyn.

1' what does the method of mining minerar deposits under-groundinvolve?

2. What main requirements should mining methods satisfy?3. What types of production faces do the methods of mining

include?4, What can you say about their application in different coal_

producing countries?5. What methods of mining are practised in the Kuznetsk

coal-field?

35. Xaanman daxt yeuile awuznaH yypxaile yscan myxailzaadapaax meneEfle?eonui daaryt apu.

1. The Location of-the Mlne, lts Geotogical Conditions ffolds,faults, disturbances, depth, seams, thick, stoping, steep, inclinei) try

to explain why underground mining is used there.2. The Type of the Deport (tabular, bedded, vein).3. The Method of Mining (longwall, room-and-pillar).4. Mine Workings, Their Functions (vertical, horiTontal, inclined).5. Average Output (annual, daily).

36. Cadee B-uiln eapque, moa.tnonbre yHwux myyHd toyxatmyxail eayyn( 6Vua nn1

37. Cedeuilz yHwox Kapaeauduiln uyypcuuil cae ea3apmnemanmail xepxoH meMqar 6yilz npa.

Cadeude oineoxod waapdnaeamat yec:goaf - Hypanm, HypcaH opou eaiidouble-ended drum bearer - daexap 6apa6aum xou*ailu

cerqeB BMining Thick Seams

Longwall retreating is one of the primary methods of mining inmany coal mining areas. There is a high degree of mechanizattn,and mine safety is receiving an increasing amount of emphasis.

Thick seam coalmining is important in Russia. Many high_qualitycoal seams exceed 35,metres (12 feet) in thickness - thJnoimattyaccepted classification for a thick seam (although this varies in differenicountries). some of these thick seams are of key importance in majormining basins. seam thickness is the most significant factor whictr istaken into account in mining practice. The increasing strata movementwith increasing seam thickness requires not only specialized extractiontechniques, but also highly specialized ground control and supportmethods. This is certainly true of the coal basins where coal seamsare gassy and the majority of coal is liable to spontaneous combustion.Coalseams occur at a depth of between 350 and 710 metres (1,.l50and 2,330 feet).

Longwall retreating is the primary method of mining at thecollieries with more than g8 per cent of the total output. Appliiation ofa mining method with the coal face being advanced down the dip issteadily expanding; shortwall pillar extraction with power loaders isbeing successfully employed.

Coal faces and development headings are equipped withinstruments for automatic gas protection and centralized telemonitoring

224

of methane content. Data on gas conditions in deveropment headingswhich are particurarry dangerous from the viewpoint of methane content,and in all coal faces are transmitted to the mine dispatcher,s controrpanel. ln order to reduce gas content in mine workings, extensive useis- made of preliminary gas drainage of the coal

""ri,", gas drainage

of roofs to be caved and also of the goaf.The main trend in mine transport is towards high_capacity

automatic conveyer systems. ln underground workings iransport ofmen and materials is by high-capacity erectric rocomotives; in incrineroadways, by ropeways, floor-mounted haulage and upto_date hoistinginstallations.

The mining district is usually developed by mine shafts. Themining method is rongwarr retreating.arong the strike and down thedip. The mining area is divided into iwo blocks east and west. rn theeastern block, the panels are mined down the dip, in the western block,mining takes place along lhe strike. The faces are 200 metres longand operate along the strike of the seam. sandstone to.r" it","immediate' roof and floor of the seam. Each face is mining a 3.5_melre thick section of coar, and a 0.5 to 0.g meter thick pilar (6and) ofcoal is left between two paners to form the roof of the rower iace.. Each face is equipped with a double_ended drum shearer. The

drums are 1.8 metres in diameter and a 0.6_metre web of coal. Theleading drum cuts the top section of the face, and the trailing drumcuts the bottom section. water jets are fitted to the drums f6r dustsuppression. Coal passes along the face on the armoured faceconveyer to the crusher insta[ed at the main gate end of the conveyer,which reduces the size of the coar before ii i= d"riu"r"d to a beamstage loader in the main gate.

, The faces are operated on two production shifts and onemaintenance shift per day.

Each face is supported by shield supports.It should be stressed that speciar attention is paid to underground

methane drainage. The methane is pumped through pipes first-to thetail gate and then throrgh the mine gate io the upcast shafts and thento the surface, where rtis used for heiting. Two sensors for continuousrymonitoring the emission of CHo are sitirated in the top prn"f, one-iithe main gate, and the other in ttre tait gate. These are praced-2Ometres in front of the face. The contror room at the mine;s surfaceautomatically-moni[ors and records CHo emissions throughout the mine.

ln coalface and development oplrations, ,." i, ,iaJ" oi;,.,"*;i

forecasting of the liability to sudden outbursts, that is establishingdangerous and non-dangerous zones.

All coal faces are equipped with mechanized complexes,comprising power loaders. ln underground haulage roadways, use ismade of high-capacity belt and apron conveyers. coal is hoisted tothe surface through two skip shafts. Monorails are widely used onlevels for transport of materials and equipment to coal faces anddevelopment headings. some of production processes are automatic.

38. a) Cedee B-e xecea donaon ryeaa, x?csa 6ypmeo eapqueee.

6) Cadee B-uiln doeon uepmsil xeceooc eon yeufre anaa.Teeaed doeon mepmert xeceuixxee yudcex caHaaz eon yecgepHb H32me3.

39- flapaax acyydnure aeq xoneflq.1. Thick seam mining and problems connected wim their recovery.2. Mechanization used in mining thick seams.3. Underground methane drainage problems.

DISCUSSIONTa eeonoeu, yynilH a)Knbn manaap neKq coHcox eeeedceu

cypax 6uueuiu daeyy soxux xuqo3nuiz (xuueen 4_g-uile) cydannaa.Odoo ma yynilH ydndespnenmsil xon1oomod acyydnaap \yxend utaeq xononqoxed oponqox 5onouxmod 6onoe. yyuurt mynd: 1. yyntmyindeepnsnuilu epeuxuil cxeumed maHunqax, Z. cmamii ',nnOveruiew of the Mining lndustry"-uilu aeyyneue cydnax xepsemsil.Meu orcymuyyd eeonoeuq, yynHH ufiKeHep awuenaequilx xo6p5ynsem xyeaaedean 3oxuHo. edessp 6ynzuilu 3opuneo Ha cydnacatuMamepuanbtuxaa yudcsu dssp upssdyilu yin aKunfiaeaaHbt xypxemodopxoilnoxod opwuuo.

Cmamase oineoxod waapdnaeamail ye.to identify - mauuu usdexappraisal - VHsnaesusceptibility - ntedpsux

blending - xonux,6ypdyyncsn ydtqscreen - coopmnox (eondyy uyyp_

cuie), wuewuxconcealed - dand, xepceu dssp froth floatation _ xeecm Snomaqeapaaeyi core druttng - 6aeauam epemdneeecrusher - 5ymnyyp to delineate _ modopxodnoxconcentration - 6aaxyynanm leader - se3n ofleoe.l

scr.gF+iag - uuewux, onesedsx

226

feasibility - 5onomx

in sitn mining - uaccue daxaop)ae daxuu awuenax

processing - spdcudn auuenanm,xy6aapunanm

An Overview of the Mining lndustry(G eneral Characteristics)

According to the broadest definition, mining includes discovering,extracting and processing of all nonrenewable resources up to thepoint at which they are used for fabricating or for producing energy.This broad definition includes the energy minerals such as coal,petroleum and naturat.gas; refined or processed metals such as copper,steel and the ferroalloys; and nonminerals suph as diamonds,phosphate and potash. A much narrower definition of mining includesonly crude or nonprocessed mine products, such as mineral ores andcoal, and excludes petroleum and natural gas. We deal mainly withthe major metals from the exploration and mining stages to theprocessing stage from which they are normally marketed for use inmanufacturing.

The production of useful minerals involves several stages thatare generally canied on by large mining firms, although small miningoperations may engage in the initial stage. The first stage is explorationof areas identified by geological reports as possessing potential mineralresources. Modem exploration methods are quite sophisticated andinclude geological, geochemical and geophysical investigation; three-dimensional sampling by core drilling or other methods; laboratoryanalyses, including ore treatment, concentration, and recovery tests;and economic appraisal. The objective is to discover and evaluate anorebody that can be economically exploited.

Geochemical exploration is used to measure the chemicalpropertl€s of the area surrounding the deposit in order to delineateabnornalchemical pattems that may be related to potentially economicmineral deposits. Geophysical investigations employ electronicequipment that can detect cohtrasts in such physical froperties asspeciflc gravity, electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, seismicveloci$ and magnetic susceptibility. Where much of the bedrock isconcealed, telegeologic or remote sensing techniques measure variousgeologic properties from aircraft or satellites. Exploration is commonlycanied on by teams of specialists that include geologists, geochemisti

227

and geophysicists. There are different levels of exploration beginningwith regional geologic mapping of areas up to 50,000 square f.m EO,OObsquare miles) and ending with intensive investigations of orebodies bymeans of numerous drillings to obtain bulk samples which are thenmetallurgically tested to determine the dimensions and character ofthe orebody.

lf the results of exploration activities suggest that an economicaldeposit has been found, the second stage iiiotve" ;rs;r";;ir; ;;leconomic evaluations of the mining project. lt is on tne basis o:t ttrisstudy that companies decide whether to go ahead with a mining project;the study may also be reviewed by prospective lenders. rne tiasiuititystudy for a large mining project may be quite cosily, running to $25miflion or more in some case's. The total cost of exploration-and thefeasibility study for a targe mine may run to gS0 miliion o, *or". tii.uncertain whether a profitable mine will be constructed until all thestages have been compreted. ln the initial exploration stage, severalmillion dollars may be spent with less than a 10 per cent chance of a ,

successful outcome.The third stage is the construction of the mine, the metailurgical

plant, and infrastructure. There are two basic types of operatiois toextract mineral ores: open-pit or surface mining, and underground

imining. An open-pit mine is rargery a quarrying operation that handres r

a large volume of material. such mining involves drilling and blasting {the ore and hauling it out of the pit in large trucks wlth capacitiel iranging up to 200 tons, or in ore trains. The ore is hauled to crushers Iand then to the metallurgical plant. In underground mining, shafts are Idug into ore deposits bdlow the surface, from which oie is drilled, Iblasted and removed through underground passages to the surface. Ilron, bauxite and copper ores are extracted by means of open-pit Imining, while lead, zinc, silver and gold are largely extracted by Iunderground mining. There are also some underground copper mines. IEconomies of scate in open-pit mining permit the mining oi relatively Ilow-grade ores. As much as'100,00dtons of ore per day containins Iless than 1 per cent metal are extracted in the largll. op"n_pit Ioperations. Higher ore grades are necessary for underground'mining It" o"&"J't?JInt

advance in mining and processing of rowergrade Iores is in situ mining. In situ mining may be defined as the extrJction ilof metals from ores located within a mine (broken or fractured ore, Icaved material, slag heaps, etc.). These materials represent an

I::- I

enormous potential source of all types of metals.Large mines involve huge capitar ouflays running to a billion dollars

or more. The mining complexes usually include concentration of oresfor production of concentrates with 25 per cent or higher metal content.ln the case of copper, large mine complexes include plants for smeltingcopper or for producing copper metal by hydrometalluigical methods,but in the case of other metalssuch as gold, lead, zinc, tin and iron,metal is produced in sepanate plants which may or may not be ownedby the mining company. The degree of processing that usually takesplace at the mine differs widely among metals, but refining the productfor marketing to fabricators nearly always takes place in separate plantsthat refine the products of several miires.

As is known, modem methods of processing are dense mediumseparation, jigging and froth floatation. Operations prior to coalpreparation include: blending, screening, crushing, dewatering andothers. The aim is to get clean coal for metallurgical plants, etc.

Since mines tend to be located far away from developed areas,infrastructure is often a substantial proportion of capital cost. lt isfrequently necessary to provide sources of power and water, as wellas highways, railroads and port facilities. ln addition the miningcompany may be responsible for constructing living quarters for workersand their families and for providing education and other public servicesrequired by the mining community.

PHASEI IPHASEII PHASE IIIAfter MiningBefore Mining I Uining

Drilling , BreakingSampling LoadingShaft Sir*lng or TransportingTunnelling UnloadingStrippingUnderground orSurfacd Construction

Size reductionScreeningClassificationDewateringThermal DryingLeaching

Ore toprocessing

To furtherprocessingor

consumerproducts

Prospecting:FindingProvingPlanningOpeningandDeveloping

Extracting:SurfaceUndergroundDredging

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SCOPE OF MINING ACTIVITIES

Xenenqyyneem doopx acyydnua opwnx 1ailna.1. Using the scheme above speak about the main divisions of

mining activities. What are they?2. What definition can you give to mining in general?3. You are a geologist. What can you say about the main

objectives of 1) exploration; 2) evaluation?4. What is the difference between exploration and evaluation?5. What else do you think "before mining activities include',?6. Now we come to mining. What are the main mining methods?

what factors should be taken into account in choosing this or thatmethod of mining?

7. What is the role of economic factors in choosing a method ofmining?

B. Do you know anyihing about in situ mining? When can it beused? What is the economic factor in using in situ mining?

9. Can you say a few words about processing?10. What does infrastructure involve?11. What conclusion can be drawn from what has been said?

Sum up opinions of the participants in the conference. )

Odoo xemneeqee coHeox xenenqyyfleeg sxen. AuxunmxYcbe.

As a matter of fact As far as I knowBroadly speaking But the fact isBut this is what I mean Coming back to the mainAs I have said problem (subject)I want to add I have nothing more to sayln conclusion let me say ln this brief survey (o6sop)Let me call your attention to The next point isThe discussion is due to Time limit will not permit us

begin (to finish) to continue the discussionTo sum up allthat has Well, the problem is

been said

230

UNIT 9Mining and Environment

A. ffypsrvrYn xauaapax yinr uepnilr spranr (TheAbsolute Participle Construction).

Csdse A. Open-cast Mining.6. ,Qypsn

1. Hufinusn eryyn6sp2.l.JJyyA 6yc yrrafrH qarufrx soxl4qon

Csdse E. Ore Mining.

B. Cedee B. Mining and the Environment.

A

AYPsM

Yn xauaapax yinr xaprfin aprarrr(The Absolute participle Construction)

Ydnm uepuilu spesnmudu cyfuerm ur eondyy eeyyn6epuinoeyynsryyHmert daex6aua.

Not knowing what to do, Eu ny xufrxss usdsnayilItelephoned the police. cepeudnsx pyy ymacdnaa.(=Because I didn't knowwhat to do, ...)

Xapuu ma Hap uuHxnox yxaaH - mexHulatdu uora rcenonffic ynxaMaapax yilnp nepuiH opaenmmoil maapandax 6onuo.

. Yn xaMaapax ydnm nspudu spesnmsd y?meap yeyil usp ye(xaana uspnsxutn murtu snean daxd meneenurt ye ,raprod}ie.Hep ye ua ylnm uspuiu euue 1ailpnax 1eeeed yinm nepsepunspxuilnsadcsn ydndnuilu cy1uexm 6ondoe. Ous epesnm uaeeyyn6epuiln yndcsx xscaoec f,Maem macnanaap mycaaapnaedaua.

Oil consists of a mixture He$mt HWpc ycmepeeqeecof hydrocarbons, some 6ypdsus, Tyyussc eaduaother compounds being myyxd sapuM eap needsnalso present. 6aildae.

23',1

Xspse yilnm nspudH epanm na eeyyn6spuilu sxeud 6aileanmyynude waflmeaaH, Uae rcMyy uexu,nuilu 1ailqatu xaecapcaHeeyyn1spssp opqyynHa.

Xspse yn xaMaapax yinm uspurtu ep*nm rc eeyyn1epudnmeeceend 5ailean myynuile mgeoxdge, xapuH, 6a, 6onou sspeexon6oo yemsil eeyyn6spssp opqyynHa.

Good results having been Cadn yp dyud xypcuuixssobtained, the researchers dapaa wuuxssvud myp-could continue the experiment. uunmaa ypanKnyynKfi.

At this mine the method 1us yypxartd ypm daeauaapof working is longwall, the autuenax cucmeuude xs-faces being rather long. poenox( 6aina. Tsesxdss

Mepeeqee Hb xaHeafimmailypm 6aildae.

Yn xauaapax epesnmuilu cy6aexm Hb MeH yemeap ye with-uiax3p3en3H3.

With Peter working inLondon, the houseseemed empty.

break [breik] v (broke [brouk],broken ['broukn]) Lloxux(ruyypc nMyy ayayynaeuile),

llumep lloudond aKunnacaHyttup eep ur6yp eszyilpues.

desepurte Hypaax, xeMx-nox, xyeanax, n xgMxne!|m,Hypaanm; break outxeMxnex, yxdac eapeax

c3AB141zH OMHOX IACrAJ]

1. flapaax yec 6onon uuilnuen yecude do.,poo 1-2 ydaayutu. ffapaa nt dyyndaxyilt4 yuutux moemooxbz xu.tel.

ta] - ex'tract, 'gravel, 'narrow, 'shallow, ,handle, ,latter

[o:] -'opencast, part, hard, car, ,over'cast, ,over,casting

[i:] - cheap, heap, need, reach

[n] - 'shovel, 'number, pump, dump

[ei]- 'basic, 'breaking, de'cade, waste, rail[ou] - open, load, un'load, 'process, whole, stone[au] - doubt, mount, power, 'in 'side, 'out,side

2. flapaax yec 6onox nudnmen yeurte dompoo 1-2 ydaa ynw.flapaa ua dyyndaryilq yHww,( medeeepee moemooxbz xuqee.

232

(xVdsp ruittyy tlynyynaeuiln);arcpeeqeaurte epeeceex;breakage n ceuduilnsnm,5ymnanm

drill [dril] n epeM,nep$opamop, epo*ruiluanx, epgM; v epemDex; car- epMu*H mepoe; mounted

KonoHK dsspxnep$opamop, 1aeauamepuuitu anx; drilling neperwdenm

dump [dnmp] n oeooneo(ayryymeuiln); nyypcnuilaeyynax, xeMpoaq; external- eadHbt oeooneo;'internal- dompox oeooneo; v aceax(oeoonzo dsop); 6yynaax,oeoollox, xeMpox(mepesnt4spuile); dumperxouryeq, eepee 6yyneaeu;dumping n xeMpenm"cynnenm, xeMpeeq ; syn tip

environment [in'vaiar(a)-nmantl n aaildan/opvuu

explode [iks'ploud] vmocngx, dsndgngx;explosion [iks'plougn] zmgcenese; explosive nmscpgx 6oduc; a mscnaeq

friable ['f:aiabl] a xeeceep,xsepoe, 6ympammaail, cyn,6ex 6yc (deeoep)

handle ['handlJ vwunnlYngx, xam aqaaflax,xYpeex, m3ae{rpn,x,MawuHbE xonoodox; nlapuyn, 6apux, xaeqwp;handling n eeenm, auuflm,uudsnm, rypeanm,m99e0pn9nm, uawuxmadilKUnnax

heap [hi:p] v oeoonox,Manmax; n uynyynaauduaeooneo, wopoo; sylr spoil -,waste -

hydraulicking [,hai'drr:likirl]n wuHeoHoep ondopnox,wuHesHm MexaHuKx{caHon5opnonm

load floud] v aqaanax, aqux,oeoonox; n aqaa, aqaanafl;loader n aqltx MawuH,oeoofiox, MawuH, uunx{YYfiexagueq, aqueq; cutter'loaderxomdailu, yynbw usedcsuMAWUH

lorry ['l:ri] n aqaaHH Mau)uH,maeqaH;syn track

mention ['menfn] v caHyynax,dypcax

overcasting ['ouvaka:stiry] nmapaax (vytryyaazuilz)

pump [pnmpJ n Haqooc;gravel- sncuuil Haqooc; sludge -wnaMuH Ha$ooc; v utaxax,waxax mYpax, waxilKzapeax

reclamation [,rekla'meiJn] rc?peegnm, xamaafim,.dsxneerauile aeax; - of landxsceuilu cepeaonm (uafitcnuH dapaa)

sidecasting ['saidko:stir1] neaduax oeooneo 6uil $oiiox

site -. [sait] n xocee, 6ailp;building flapuneammandail

slice [slais] n slicing n yeep HbManmax, yeep Hb onfioponox

strip [stripl v xopc xyynanmilHdKun xuilx, ondopnox,Usaepnex (taewe); qynwnae

, W xVdOude eapeax; n

23s,:,

cydan; stripper n yypxaduuu, moHoenon, 6aileyynarwx,Manmae.t, xopc xyynanmbw 6_aeax, 3aHeaa, ceKLl,oncKaeamop; stripping n un oemanbonoopnonm, yynbH un ilKun, washery [,wrJari] n Hyypcxaeuaac*H xyynanm yiiaeu,' iitui y"ddJr,

unit [Ju:nit] n aepeeam, yeaax qex

to attract smb's attention xeu useuuil aHxaapnba mamaxnot to mention ... myxail npuneyiessp

3. Yeyilcesx ymeamart yemeap ye de-meil yeutq op.tyytT.deformation, demagnetization, demobilization, Oewatering

4. ffapaax yec Hb yeuilu nmap ahmeurtn xscee flonoxuedaeaeapaap nt modopxoiln.dig - digger - digging load - unload - loader - loading _ unloadingstrip - stripper - stripping explode - explosion _ explosivewash - washing - washery depend - dependent - dependence _

consume - consumingindependence

explore - exploration - exploring -exploratory

friable - friability remove - removar - removable - removingdump - dumper - dumping produce - production _ productive _ product

- productivity - producer

5. ffapaax uuinMsn yecuile yHwut( opqwn,strip minesindependent mechanical unitsaccess to the deposithandling equipmentmine carsfriable groundoverburden removalan extracted arealow-grade depositsland reclamation

waste heapsexploratory workingsearth-moving equipmentcar drillsgravel and sludge pumpsremoval of waste rockore concentration plantstrends towards open-cast

operationssearching for minerals

6. ffapaax yeuiH ymebp MoHeon xoner dex soxux yeurtnffieyypbe mecmeil daitdnaap na modopxoiln.

horizontal slices; type of overburden; the whole productionprocess; the following basic parts; mineral excavation; various

234

mechanical handling equipment; specially equipped permanentstations; in harmony with environment

7. Csdse A-z yutu. A,utuem ManmManbtu opdue un apeaapawuenax yudceu ye ,uamHe Hepnil,( mexHofioeuilu nequa namoon.

c3A3B A. Open-cast Mining

Minerals at shallow depths are extracted by open-cast miningwhich is cheaperthan underground mining. Open-cast mining consistsin removing the overburden, and other strata that lie above mineral orfuel deposits to recover them.

Opencasts or open-pit mines are in fact quarries for getting coalor metalliferous minerals. ln the USA opencasts are called strip mines(strip pits).

All the surface excavations, waste heaps and equipnrent neededfor extracting mineral in the open form an independent mining unit. Anopencast is a long, wide and comparatively shallow working though itcan reach 200 m or even more in depth.

ri:::lNor*ed-oat ona

Fig. 9. Open-cast workingln opencasts the excavation is by horizontal slices corresponding

to the type of mineral or overburden in slice. ln Fig. 9 one can see thebenches (or slices). A bench is a thickness of rock or mineral which isseparately broken or excavated. Other open workings are calledtrenches, which are long, narrow, shallow exploratory workings.

The whole production process in opencasts can be divided intothe following basic stages: 1) preparing the site to be worked; 2) de-watering it and preventing inflows of water to the site; 3) providingaccess (entry) to the deposit by the necessary permanent investment;4) removal of overburden (stripping); 5) mineral excavation.

235

stripping the overbu.rden_and minerar production incrude breakingrock or mineral, transporting it and loading it.

Minerals can often b.e.dug direcfly by earth_moving equipment,while to break hard rocks it is necessary to use explosivls., Modern methods of working opencasts involve the use ofmechanical plants or hydraulicking. the basic units of a mechanicalplant are excavators, car driils or other mounted driils, and variousmechanical handling equlpment whereas the basic units ofhydraulicking are.monitors, pumps such as sludge pumps oi gr"r"tpump:. Hydraulicking can be used in soft or friable ground... Transport operations involve the removal of wasie rock or mineral,the latter being transported to coar washeries, ore concentration prants,to power stations, or to a railway station. waste rock is removed to aspoil heap or dump (tip) either outside the deposit or in an extracteoarea, these being cailed externar or internar dumps, r"sp"ctirJy.--

The transport used in opencasts are rair cais,-rarge toiriei anaconveyers. Sometimes the overburden is stripped aid dumped byexcavators without other transport, in overcasting or sidecastinq.

Mineral is usuaily. untoaded at specialty eluipped p"*inuntstations. waste rock is dumped at various points wtrictl

"r" ,.nor"J u.the work develops.

. Summing up, mention should be made of the fact that lastdecades have seen a marked trend toward, op"n-"r"i;;;;;ti;;..Large.near-surface (though usuaily row-grade) deposits or"iinepossibility of achieving greater outputs. There can be litfle doubt thatthe cost per ton of ore mined by underground method. i. g;"Jryhigher than that for open-cast mining.

At the same time it is.necessary to say that arthough efforts aremade to develop mine sites in harmony with the environmJnt, extractionmethods produce some disturbances on the Earth's surrace wr,icnreduce its. economic varue. ln recent years Russia ano ott

"i "or;i;;;.have developed nationar programmes for environment r prot"siion.The aim of such programmes applicable to the mining i"irrtry ;i"control and protect natural resources and regulate rJclamation andlandscape restoration.

IACrA,'|8. Cedeuilu aeyynead ant eeyyn6sp Hb 3oxutlox( 1artaaae

aaa. oepuilHxee xapuynmbe cedo,a dex *apuumrip oiiii.-1. An dpencast is a long, shallow, narrow explor"tirry*oif.ing.

236

2. Explosives are used for excavating hard rocks.3. Monitors, different types of pumps and other handling

equipment are the basic units used in open-cast operations.4. Waste rock is always removed to a spoil heap outside the

deposit.5. Large near*surface, usually low-grade deposits are extracted

by the open-cast method.6. Open-cast mining has all the advantages of low-cost

production.

9. flapaax acyynmaHd xapuyn.1. What deposits can be extracted by the open-cast method?2. What is called an opencast?3. What is the difference between a trench and an opencast?4. ls the removal of overburden the first operation in open-cast

mining?5. ln what case is it necessary to use explosives to break mineral?6. ls hydraulicking used only in open-cast mining?7. What equipment is used in hydraulicking?8. What transport systems are used in opencasts?9. Where is waste rock dumped?'10. What is the main advantage of open-cast mining?

10. a) ffapaax yec 6onon nuilnwsn yeuiln MoHeon dyilt4uiledapyyu manb,H fiaeauaac on.1. to consume energy2. friable roof3. waste heap (spoil heap)4. sludge and gravel pumps5. automatic dumper6. mounted drill7. explosives8. overcasting9. slicing method10. not to mention .-.

a) aemomam xeMpenm6) npunaydessp (nuapuse rcMHu

myxail)e) xonoux daxa nep$opamope) awuenanm*H ye cucmeMd) uyy dssespe) Spuuttt Xy.t xopoensxx) oeooneo,s) snc, wnaMHH HaLloocu) mscpsx 6oducx) mapaax

6) flapaax yec 6onou uuilnman yeuiln aHenu dy\t4uiledapyya maflHH daeaaaac on.1. xscee (easap,6aitp) a) washery

237

2. eaduax oeoonzo 6ud 1oneox 6) overburden3. un apeaapx awuenanm, xyynanm a) site4. aepeeam (mexeepeux) r) sidecasting5. uyypc yaaaeq p) lorry ltruci)6. uynyynaeurte 1ypxcsu xepcuuil e) to attract smb's attentionxYYnanm x) landscape restoration7. tuuuesusspx on1opnonm s) unit8. aqaauu MauuH ra) stripping9. xsu nseuud auxaapnare mamax x) hydraulilking10. zaspan copzogfim

11 . Xaecaanm A-uu yin yesud moxupwnr,( xaecaanm 6-eec Hop yeuile coHeo.

A. E.1. to attract2. to dump3. to extract4. to offer5. to prepare6. to prevent7. to provideB. to remove9. to strip10. to use

a) tho possibility of (doing smth)6) overburdenB) waste rock at special pointsr) the site.q) the attentione) inflows of waterx) minerals) access (entry) to the depositn) waste rock to a spoil heapx) explosives

12. flapaax yeexd moxupwnx soxux modopxortnonmbzcoH20.trench underground mining open-cast m/lrtlng bench qasrry

1 . The extraction of coar or ors from the seam or vein without ihe

2. A long, wide, comparatively shallow working.3. A thickness of rock which is separatery broken and excavated.4. A long, narrow, comparatively shallow exploratory working.5. The extraction of minerars from the exposed area after ihe

removal of overburden.

13. a) Yn xauaapax yilnm xapurtx opqyyneb,e alxaap.teeyyndspuile opuyyn.

1. Mineral reserves suitable (moxupouxmoil) tor open-castmining in Russia are concentrated mosfly in the eastern areas, with

238

only.small per cent of them being found in the European part, incrudingthe Ural Mountains.

2. The discovery of such deposits as coal, shale, iron,manganese, salts, sulphur, etc. is facilitated by their considerabledimensions and relatively large aerial distribution, the detection ofconcealed (uyyqnaeduan) deposits being very much more difficurt.

3. The most widely used hydrauric method of mining invorves theuse of water jets (ymac), thb method being increasingry used bothunderground and in quarries.

4. The type of power which drives mining machines can be eithereleckicity or compressed air, most mining maihines being I electricallydriven.

5. Russian coals are of high quality, only 20 per cent being browncoal.

_ 6. Different kinds of exploraiory drilling are used, their choicedepending on the geological conditions of thl deposit.

7. The mine being gassy, flameproof equipment had to be used.B. Reliable communication being essentiar on the surface and

underground, automatic and remote control systems are widely used.

6) Yn xauaapa'x yilnm uepmed eayyn6epuile csdee A_aaconx( MoHzorroop opqyyn

14. Anznu xsneu dex mycnax utuxxude unepxuilngx apebraHxaapq eeyyndepuile opuyyn.

1. Large shovels are to be used in strip mines because they canhandle all types of mineral, including blocky material.

- 2' Draglines are normaily used for handring uneonsoridated andsofter material, but larger units can handle blasted rock. They may ormay not require waste haulage equipment.

3. Scrapers have good mobility. Their use should be limited tosoft and easily broken material for good production. -.

4. Bucket-wheel excavators must be widely used in open_castmining for stripping overbur.den and excavatiqj minerals.

5. Many factors have to be taken intq ebnsideration in designingvarious types of equipment which is,to be utilized for stri[pingoperations.

- 15. fl Yrtn ya na yilndeedex xeed 6yil oayyn*epuile cedoeA-aac onx eeyyn6spuhe opuyyn.

6) Cedae A-aac dapaax sydnuila xapeensx 6yil oeyyn1epuileon)K opqyyn: 1) zepyxdun; 2) yilnm nspuilx epeenm; 3)modopxodnoequiln yypee eyil4emeex 6yil unsuuumue; 4)xuilnuen eeyyn6sp

16. ffapaax yec 6onos nuilnusn yeuile a.iluenail(eeyyn6epuda optyyn.

mineral excavation; waste rock; strippiag the overburden;mechanical plants; hydraulicking; to include; to dump; transport-and.dumping bridge; friable and soft rocks

1. Xepc xyynanm, ondopnonmlH a)Kun ut dapaax ilKufinaeaaexaMapHa. Yyud: xoocoH qynyynae, awuem MafimManbtH yxanm,mo3eopnonm, 6yyneanm

2. Atuuem MarrmMan*H opdue un apeaap auuenax opuua yeuduapea Hb MexaHuR, eudpouexauuxuilu ispsecnuile auuanaHa.

3. fudpo mexauuxuilu xspeecnuile xeeceep, seeneu uynyynaeuilaawuenaxad xgpgenoHg.

4. Sxcxoeamopbz oeooneo 6uil 1oneoxod xspgensHg.5. ,Qompox oeoofieHe mooeop - oeoonebtH eyypuilH

mycnawKmailea ap 6uil 6oneouo.

17. Cedse A-euiln soxux eeyyn1epuile -awuenaqoeyyn6apuile dyycea.

1. ln opencasts the excavation is... .

2. Before mineral is extracted, the following operations shouldbe performed....

3. As for the handling equipment used, the basic units include ....4. Open-cast mining as compared with underground mining has

the following advantages ....

18. flapaax zafl ye, unepxudnnuile auuenau co}ee A-uuaewneb,e modopxortn.

to be extracted to includeto be called to be divided intoto be dug to involveto be removed to be stripped and dumpedto be unloaded to attract the attention of...to be higher than

240

19. flapaax acyynmand xapuynr auuem ManmManbz unapeaap ondopnox myxail moeq aps. (3ypae g-uue ys)

1. What does Fig. 9 show?2. ls it a quarry or a trench?3. What is the difference between the workings mentioned above?4. What minerals can be extracted by the open-cast method?5. What methods of excavation are used nowadays?6. What is a bench?7. Where is waste rock removed to?8. What types of dumps can be formed?9. What transport systems"can be used in opencasts?

20. Uune opdarc f,Map moxuondond saeaad un apeaapondopnox Hb ut vy .tyxan donoxatd apa, XapuyflmHHxaayudecnsnuile eapea.

IAYPOM

1. Hninuen eryyn6apXondoo ye and 6a, but xapuH, or 6yrcy, either ... or 6yroy ...

6yny, neither ... nor v ...,r, ua adun yypsamsd eayyn1epuie nszuuilnusn eeyyn1ep 6oneox xon6ouo.

The boy didn't want to study, Xyy cypaxtta xycseeyil ubut his father made him. oqee Hb myyuude an6adae

HuilnMsn eeyynGspm xaecapcaH eeyyn6sp Hb eoneeyyndepmsilees xon6oo toMyy xon6oo yauilu mycnauxmaileaapueedeua. (Xon6oo ye Hb eepee xaecapcaH eeyyn1spufin euwyyH6onno.)

iaecupru, ,susedsn (xon6oo ye that esx, whether 6yrcy, if whenmsegxsd, why aax, how esx usm) modopxoilnox (xon6oo t1e who,whose, which, that) 6afrqaru (1ae, 6gilp, nexqen, ulanmzaaH,daeaeapau espse)-msrt uuilnuen eeyyn1sp ux maapanddaa. llaeuilnxaacapcaH eeyyndspm after dapaa, before ypd, royutt ypd, whitemoeexsd, as soon as moeMgell, as -d, till/until msesxeyil 6onmon,since meecsH vegc ?sx Msm xon1oo ye xopoenoHo.

EailUan xaecapcaH eeyyn1spm where xaa, wherever xaaHa q

dailcau, wafimeaaHm eeyyn1epm because yqpaac, as yqup, srnce -aac, for yLtpaac esx Msm xonfioo yeuile xopoensHe. Hexu,enm

241

xaecapcaH oeyyn1opuile Unit B yeyynse.

2. UJWa 6yc yrex 4sx qarnfin 3oxuqyyrranrXaecapcau modopxodnox eeyyn1epuilu outqnoe na utyyd 6yc

yemlsil 6aildazmaa opuuHo.Ayyd 6yc yesud frpueq Hb epeenuilu yauile usueedsn

xaecpanmmad uuilnmsn eeyyn6spuin mycnaM)Kmadzaapunspxudnus. Uaeuile 3oxuL4yyflax dypsu Hb eon eeyyn1sp dsx yilnye Hb eHeepceH Uaem iaiean xaecapcaH eayynlspm doopxxsndspyydu ila a wu en au a.

1) Past lndefinite, Continuous opoHA present lndefinite,Continuous

2) Past Perfect opoH.q past lndefinite3) Future in the Past (would + rHsunurne) opong Future

Tyyusec eadua meneeuuil yeuile ymeaap rc (doopx xuweoeadunmeax ys) opyynax 6a xapuu 3aax meneeuui ye, daleap yeuiledapaax xsn6spssp opfiyynHa.

thattherethenbefore

opoHA thisopoHA hereopoHA nowopoHA ago

the day before opoHA yesterdaythe next day opoHA tomorrow

Xuutsae aHxaapanmail cy1na.

tlyyc yr(Direct Speech)

1. He said: "l alwayscome on time."

Tsp "6u flMaem qaemaaupdse" egx xoItg6.

2.Fhey said: "The newcombine will work well."

Tsd "Auus xou1ailu cailuilKunnax 6onHo" eilK xgnoe.

3. He said: "lwrote thereport yesterday."

Ulyye 6yc yr(lndirect Speech)

He said (that) he always came ontime.

Tsp "auaem qaemaa updoe,, eoxx3n3e.

They said (that) the new combinewould work well.

Tsd wuns xoudailuue cadu axun-nax 6onuo ?gK xgnoe.

He said he had written the reportthe day before.

242

Tsp,"6u euuedepitnmeoneo Tep unmesnes ypd edep 1uqcsu6uqceu" eox xonge. eilK xgfioe.

4. The mechanic said: ' The mechanic said that the pumps"The pumps worked well had worked well some months

some months ago.,, before."Hacoc xsdsx capan euue Hacoc xsdsu capau euue cailucailuaxunnax6ailcau', axunnaN1adcauesxuexauux

e?)K MeXaHuK x3n3A. xen38.

-Xspee wyyd ye Hb saxupax myuaax meneem *aiean mopoop

wyyd 6yc yeend modopxoil 6yc xsn6spm 6a1zaa eeyyn7spuin eoneuwyyumsil usadsus.

5. He said: "Do it for me." He asked to do it for him.Tsp "uadad ytlHuile xuilx eeaert, Tsp yynuile xuilx eeexutte xyffie.

ailK X3n3e.6. The secretary said: "please, The secretary asked to pass her.. pas._s me the paper." the paper.Hapufru duqeuilu dapea "4aacae Hapudu 1uqeuilu }apea qaac

dauxyynx eeHe yy" egx( xycee. dauxyynxaeq eeexuie xyffie.

A1;Wx eeyyn1sp dsx wyyd 6yc yeuile opuyynaxad mop Hb eaneeyyndspmsileee uudnug, Tsesxdse mlp Hb epeuxud acyydan laileanif , w h eth e r - u il u my cn au xon ad e a a p x ae ca p c a n e eyyn 6e ['6o i i o. i "i*mep Hb myceail acyynm 6ailean acyyx yeuilu mycnaM)KmadeaapxaecapcaH eeyyndep 6onno.. Tseoxdss Llae 3oxut4yynax dypuutie6apuumanna.7. He said: "Will you come He asked if (whether) I would

here tomorrow?', come there tne next Jay.Tsp "Ta Hap Mapeaaw end Tsp uamade Mapeaaw muiliutss

^ .u.psx yy" eoK acwe. ouux yy? ax( acyys.

8. He said: "where are you He asked me *hure i *u" going.going?"

Tsp "Ta Hap xaawaa se)K Tsp uamaile xaawaa nex 6adua1arteaa pm 6s?" eilK acyye. $ a)K acyye

9. She said: "You've annoyed She told me i,d annoyed him,him."

Tap "tlu uau1ilz 6yp fiailx cyyx Tsp,,,tu nauaila 6adx cyyx apea_apeaeyil 6oneonoo,'eilx eyil 1oneonoo eilK xgnsa.x9n9e.

10. He said: "!s it raining?,' He asked if it was raining.Tsp "6opoo opx 1ailua yy?', Tsp 6opoo opx *ailna yi esx

ailK acyy6. ' acyye.

c3!BXl4H OMHOX AACrM21. ffapaax yecuile dyyndaxyil4 ynw.

[n]-'shovel, pump, dump, re,sult, crush, re,cover[a] - ex'tract, 'rational, ,access, ,handle, ,dragline

[::] - haul,"haulage, ore, su,pport, force[ei] - same, rate,,cave, ,caving,

shape, ,safety

[ai]- pro'vide, size, site, ,highly, re,quire

[ou]- sfope, 'sloping, ,open, load, un,load22. flapaax yec

-6onon uufrnuen yeurta dompoo 1-2 ydaayuw. flapaa na dyyndaryrtq yHuux medeeep yeee moemooxbtexu.199.

backhoe ['bakhou] n epeoxxYps

blast [blo:st] n mscpsnm; vlEcn?x, Yn1ex, Yr133x;bfasting n moconeee,moconeegHuil axun,mocgnegeHuil xeuxnsnm

block _ out ['bl:k'aut] vopwdocue xgcoe- 1dnaoNmacnax,5aeauue macnax

clearing ['kliariq] n xopcurtemgewngx, xopcuuilmoneenenm

crush [krnfl v 6ymnax, Hypaax,Hypax

earth-mover ['a:0'mu:va] nea3ap yxax moHoenon; synexcavator

excavator ['ekskaveita] noKcKaeamop; bucket-wheel -pomopm oKcKaeamop; multi -bucket onoH ymeyypmeKcKaeamop; single - bucket- rce ymeyypm eKcKaaamop

grab [grab] n epeilgep,yxaeq; v eKcKaeamoldapyxl grabbin!epeuEepop auux,6apux

hoist [h:ist] n opeoxmexeopowt( (uawuu),?P?Y|P, ne6edxa; v opeox;hoisting yypxailx epeyyp

plough [plau] n xycLt yxaeLtpower shovel ['paua'Jnvl] n

MexaHuK XYp3, MexaHuKxYpsmsu sKgKaeamop

range [reindS] n modopxoilxfl3eaap daxt xsn1snssn

rate [reit] n HopM, xypO,meMn, xos$$uqueum,3ep9e, oemnon, copm,q.aoan! 3apuyynanm(ycnw)

remote - [ri'moutl aancnaedcau; tontrolaailu ydupdnaea

result [ri'znlt] u (in)dKunnyynax, yp dyumeil

Qon2ry (from) yydex, vp qseopnox Hyx; open stopingoyHo aonox un uopeou,oemed Hyx,

safety ['seifti] n atoyneyd 1.!ryt<aSe stopihgdKunnaeaa, arcyneVl xyeaapuncaH

-(xydpuun)ilKunnax apea cucmeMmou yxnaadac, HYx

stope [stoup] n Mopee4oe, su_pport [sa'p::t] v 6sxnex,myyw Mopeoqee, OeMHex, mynax, myneyyp; nqoeepnsneHuil uopee4ee; v myn.aac, dettusx, 1sxsnese;uopeeqeauile i4sespnsx, syn timbering; powered roofqynwnae, uyypcuile aeax; - _MexaHuK 1exsness; self.syn face; stoping advanclng powere_d roof -*geepneaeeuuil axun, - 3eeapulH MexaHux aexsness

23. a) Yemeap re-meE yiln yeuile opqwn.to reconstruct, to re-equip, to rebuild, to reassemble, to reihove,

to retool

6) flneacai yhn yeaoc yyccsH re yemeapmail yiln y*epxoocoH saile 6eene

1. After the Great'Patriotic War the people constructed and ...collieries, plants and factories.

2. They eqqipped and ... all the coilieries with hoisting andventilation machines.

3. Mining machines function in special conditions and under theseconditions it is difficult to assemble and ... them.

e) flapaax yzc Hb yeuiln ailueuiln eMap xocse 6onoxae yayyceeeq eneMeHmeep (daiaeap, yemeapaap) ut modopxoiln.slow - slowly occur - occurrenceexist - pre-existing form - deform - deformationsediment-sedimentary thick-thicknesssmall * smallervolcano - volcaniccommon - commonly

country rockrate of extraction

rapid - rapidlyimportant - importancesolidify - solidification - solidified

unsolidified

inclined and steep depositssite development

24. ffapaax xuilnman yeufre yHwu,( opqyyn.the recovery of valuable minerals the shape of the depositalong the strike and down the dip bedded deposits

245

development drillingprocessing (dressing) plantsearth-movers and power shovelsopen stopingshrinkage stopinglow-cost open-cast miningannual iron ore outputto ensure safetyto result in increasing output

overburden removalbackhoes and dump trucksloading, hauling and hoisting

of the rockblock cavingthe capacity of mining

entrerprisesto affect mining methodsto support mining workings

25. flneacau yeufrn ymeHe mgdnuil MoHeon yeuilunuyypmail mecmeil daddnaap ur modopxoiln.

metallic and non-metallic ore minerals; types of ore; thecontact of the deposit with the country rock; rationat methods ofopening up a deposit; minimum cost of production; rate ofextraction; potentiar ore body; generar georogical characteristicsof an ore body; mining methods to be appried; dragrines and earth-movers; blasting or separating portions of r_ock; millions of tons ofiron ore per each mining enterprise

26. Cedae B-z yuruux xydpuiln opdun awuenanmbtn yndcsucucmeuuile Hspne.

c3[38 6Ore Mining

As has already been said mining is a branch of industry whichdeals with the recovery of valuable minerals from the interioi of theEarth.

when minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit, theyare called ore deposits. Economic minerals are those which are ofeconomic importance and include both metallic (ore mineials) andnon-metallic minerals such as buitding materials (sand, stone, etc.1.

ln choosing the methods of working ore deposits one must tai<einto consideration the following main factors: 1) the shape of the deposit;2) the dimensions of the deposit in thickness, along the strike anddown the dlp; 3) the type of ore and the distribution of metal in the orebody.

The shape of the ore deposit affects the mining method. Besides,the contact of the deposit with the country rock is oigreat importance.

According to their angle of dip the deposits are divided into genfly

iil

lI

ltI

I

246

sloping (up to 250), inclined (25-450) and steep deposits (45-900). Thethickness of ore deposits also varies. They may be very thin (from0.7-0.8 m to 20 m) and extremely thick (more than 20 m).

One must say that a rational method of mining ensures thefollowing: 1) safety; 2) minimum cost of production; 3) minimum lossesof ore; 4) rate of extraction

ln metal mining as well as in mining bedded deposits preliminaryactivities (before mining) involve prospecting and exploration requiredto locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body.

After exploration hiis provided information on the shape and sizeof 6 deposit and its general geological characteristics, site developmentfor mining begins. Mine development depends largely upon the kindof ore body and the mining method to be applied. As a rule minedevelopment work involves development drilling; access roadconstruction; clearing and grubbing; adit, slope or shaft development;overburden remoiial, construction of facilities such as concentration(dress:ing, processing) plants, etc. The different type of equipmentrequired range from small, simple units such as backhoes and dumptrucks to earth-movers, draglines and power shovels.

Mining operations, begin_with excavation work (blasting orseparating portions of rock from the solid mass), loading, hauling andhoisting of the rock to the surface and supporting mine workings.

Generally speaking, the working of an ore deposit involvesopening up, development, blocking out and sloping operations, thebasic sloping niethods in use now being open sloping, room and pillarmining, shrinkage sloping, block caving and others.

After ores are mined or dredged, they are usually processed(crushed, concentrated or dried).

Extraction processes can be done by underground or open-castmining. The main trend has been toward low-cost open-cast mining.

AACTAJT27. Csdeuiln aeyynead ana eeyyn6ep ua nurtqex 6a(teaae

saa. Teesod xapuynmaa cedse dex dapuumaap 6amna.1. Ore deposits may be called economically workable natural

concentrations of minerals.2. lt is quite enough to take into consideration the shape of the

deposit for choosing its method of working.3. The thickness of ore deposits is a constant value.

247

1 1r " rule exploration provides information for mining.

5. Equipment of various types and capacities is readiry avairabrefor rock excavation and it incrudes power shovers, backhoe. orrgri;"",bucket wheel excavators, etc.'

.6. After mining or dredging ores are usually processed, crusheclor dried.

28. ffapaax acyynmaud xapuyn.1. What minerals do we usually call economic?2' ls the type of ore the onry factor which the engineer takes into

consideration in choosing the methods of working o16 oepositsi3. What does a rational method of mining guarantee?4. What does before mining activity include?5. What processes does development work involve?6. What basic sloping methods are in use now?7. What are the main methods of working bedded deposits?8. ls underground oropen-cast mining preferable now? Why?

. 9. Can you give a few examples oi ihe largest enterprLesproducing ores in the country?

29. flapaax yec 6onox uuilnuen yzuin MoHeon dyilUuile6apyyu manHH 6aeanaac on.1. block caving2. crushing and drying3. power shovel4. grabbing5. to range (from ... to)6. remote control7. shrinkage sloping8. waste heap9. cutter-loader10. overcasting and side-

casting1 1. stripping operations

a) uynyynaeuiu oeooneo6) yynuu un iltun, xepc xyynanme) 6noxuiln (daexapeam) moHoenone) 6ymnanm, xamaanmd) epemdeN aeux MauuH, yynbtH

xoudaiue) xsn6snssx (modopxoil xaseaapm)x) epedgepfip aquxs) aailn, ancbtH ydupdnaeau) xscseuuncoH cucmeMmsd yxdacx) uexauux xyps, sKcKaeamopn) oeoononm, eadnax oeooneo

YYc4x

30. Xoocou aile doopx yeceop 6oeno.a) load loader loading1. Mining machines which break out coar or rock from the face

and . . ' it on the face conveyer are cailed either cutter-...s or tunneilinf

248

maohines.2. According to the classification the mining machines are divided

into three main groups: for breaking rock, for ... and transporting andsetting supports.

6) cut cutter catting1. ...s are designed for cutting coal and other minerals, including

rock salt, potash, tuff, limestone, etc.2. The ... mechanism of a coal-cutter may be a disk or a chain.3. The cutter can ... minerals of varying ihickness.

3'1. A, E )Kaecaanmaac ymeaapaa oilp yeuilz coHeo.A. 1. tony E. a) spoilheap

2. stope 6) user3. waste heap a) excavator4. consumer r) truck5. dumping A) restrict6. earth-mover e) excavator7. surface mining x)tipB. limit s) open-cast mining (strip mining)9. power shovel u) roof timbering10. roof support r) face

32. flneacan yec Hb yeuiln ailueuilu sMap xocee 6onoxaemodo pxoilnx eeyynds pes o pqyyn.

1. There exist various types of electric drills which are in use inrocks of different hardness.

2. To increase drilling speed, modem drill bits {xowyy) arecovered with hard alloy (xailnw, xonatg.

3. Using electric rotative drills it is possible to drill holes intocoal and soft rock such as soft shales.

4. The Donbas cutter-loader wins and loads coal of low-to-medium hardness and anthracites in gently sloping seams under a

roof of average strength.5. Scraper conveyers can convey great loads per hour.6. As a measure of safety the shields protect face personnel

and equipment from falling rock.7. For the measurement of the pressure and speed of air there

are special barometers which measure the absolute pressure of air.L The drills for making holes have handles.

249

9. lt is rather difficurt to handre the equipment underground.

33-flapaax yemeap yecuile atauenax eeyynftsp dex xoocoueaile 6eene.instead of because of by means of due to according to

(in accordance with)1. The rapid and much, more accurate identification of new

reserves and the ability to establish their quality, faulting, folding, modeof occurrence, etc. have become possible ... tne retiauility-of newgeological information.

2. ln the mosf promising coar-producing areas the rair and roadtransport systems are used ... the complicated geological conditions.

3. Steelsupports are widely used now... timbeisupports.4. Wheelscrapers are earth-moving units which are pulled ... a

drawbar (mamax eox) on the tractor, and its digging is controlled bythe tractor.

5. Scrapers find wide apprication ... their high degree of mobirity,high production rates, and their limited requiremenls for auxiliarysupport equipment.

34. Xaanman daxt eeeedcsu yiln yeuile eaxux xsn*spm Hbxspeene.

to carry out, to continue, to work, to develop, to create, toapply, to plan, to pgrform, to calculate, to work out

'l .The mechanization and'automation of underground processes(xufredsx 6onuo) on the basis of a wider use of winning complexes,powered roof supports, remote and automatic control and other modernequipment.

2, For this very purpose different cutter_loaders, winningcomplexes, loaders, pumps, fans, equipment for setting supports, etc.(daileyynaedax 6ailna).

3' Now a wider use of conveyer betts for rever and incrinedworkings and other means of automation (meneeneedex lailua)

4. Ore deposits (1onoecpyynx Iailua) by the underground andopen-cast methods.

5. Automated systems of planning and control (xspsensedsx6adua) in the mining industry.

6. Automated systems of planning and control (mooqdoe)wages,efficiency and (xuilus) other engineering calculations.

250

35. ,Qapaax epuaHH xendepude auuenalr oeyynispeaopt yyn.

to take part in; to solve important problems; to keep in closetouch with; to make a contribution (to); to take into consideration(to take into account); to design; reliable winning complex

1. epdsu uuHx{uneooHuil uucmumym Hb yypxad, xaptepms(tHf,em xapunqaamail 6aildae.

2. SpdsmmsH uflKeHepyyd ua on1opnonmbtH uaildeapmailqoeqondop, xy.tupxee oKcKaeamop, dpaenain, ans 6ypudu Hacoc,epuuiln moHoefioltbtu mecnuile soxuoH 1ymssN 6ui 1oneoxodudsexmsil oponqdoe.

3. Tyynssc eadua msdessp ua opdttu eeonoeuiu uexu,nuileauxaapandaa aeq eadapeyy dsspx awuem ManmManbtHmosespnsnmuilu opuuu yeurtu apeamai xon6oomoil uyxan acyydnarcwuildespnedse.' 4. Opocan spdsumsd Hb awuem ManmManbz on1opnox apeata6onoecpyynaxad uyxan xyeb HsMop opyynrco

36, Csdae 6-uilu aeyyne*e dapaax mofloene"eaeoepH9ern23.

1. The importance of working economic nrinerals.2. The main factors to be considered in choosing the methods of

working ore deposits.3. Mine development work.4. Different types of equipment used in wor:king ore deposits.

37. Uyyd 6ycyeend ututut(yyn. Oeyyndepee dapaax yecaspsxna: He (she) said/askedftold themlwanted to know:

1. "l love you."2."1can swim."3. "l don't want to go."4. "We'll be late."5. "l didn't recognize you."6. "Where have you been?"7. "Did youlsee him yesterday?"8. "Was your operation successful?"9. "When does the train arrive?"10. "Who did lyou see there?"

251

38. $aeuilz 3oxuqwnax dypuude daemax auenuap opqyyn.1. Saeu eeonoeule wunxnsx yxaaHbt ua xyead modopxoilnoite

uadaac xycnfi.2. Tsp xauade auuem ManmMafiHH on1opnonman nMap yndcsu

ape'a msddseuie uadaac acyye.3. Tsp infrastructure eedse yzuilu yme*e msddseeyd esx uadaO

x3n3A.

4. tlpogeccop Auenud onymnyyO xepxoH auadapv, cypdaeuileuadad, 1udsud apue.

5. Tsp uadaac aHenuap nptx uaddae yy, eenee nadad nymoxuoe 4)K acyye.

6. Tsp uauaile sHg HoMHbt manaap ny eox 6odox 1ailua asax acyye.7. Tep ymacdax Mapeaaw upHo ae.B. fiapeanaeq 6aea xypand opnoqoecodstu cauanate

usemesxuie uadaac xycee.9. Tsp uauade dss) cypayynad opoxoocoo eMHe xaaHa alKunnax

dailcau 6s esx acyye., 10. Tep myseil pyy flilK oqux, 6unem xaaHaac aeaxbte nada}xSnN eeoa.

39. Cedee B-e yuuux myyud toyu myxail eeyymtt 6yile npa.

c3A3B BMining and the Environment

It should be stressed that effects of mining on the environmentare twofold: firstly, there are direct effects arising from mining as aphysical activity, which include disturbances of thL land surfaJe andaccumulation of waste. secondly, there are indirect destructive effectsresulting from treatment of mineral products, such as coal burning,ore processing, smelting and other metallurgical processes. Thesefrequently result in contamination of soil and ground water, pollutionof the atmosphere and an adverse effect on vegetation and wildlife.Mining, especially open-pit mining, deforms the surface of the landand creates a large amountof waste materials which contain hazardoussubstances that pollute water and soil. water from mining andconcentration operations may contaminate the subsoil and rivers intowhich it flows. Most serious of all are gases produced by smelting,which may not only contaminate the air in the region of the smelter,

252

but affect lakes acreation of acid ri

There is sconcerns the bacomplete coal eythrough refinirg aan end-use prodrtrain, truck (torryrlpipeline or conwtrduring loading rcause damage to

Accidents athe transport ofcameasures are irurair pollutants oomovement.

At the sanregreatly improveireclamation. lt is nas a method of cuand otherminer*redevelopment aintegrity, and ecolreclaimed land dqlocality. They nqyetc.

lri recent yeaadopted laws, rrenvironmentai prtlmining industy anprotect resourcesretraction. The pririndustry arises fuairpollutants frqn c

40.a)Cd&nlcaraae unepxudit,aa.

,6) tloopx 4

but affect lakes and vegetation hundreds of mites away through thecreation of acid rain.

There is one more point which affects the environment. ltconcerns the transport of coal representing one component of thecomplete coal cycle - from exploration and extraction of the fuel,through refining and processing storage and finally its conversion toan end-use product for consumers. Coal transportation is executed bytrain, truck (lorry), water (on rivers, canals, lakes, etc.) and slurrypipeline or conveyer belt. Environmental impacts of coal transport occurduring loading or unloading. For example, rail transport and truckscause damage to buildings, highways and other places.

Accidents are associaled with all forms of transport. Besides,the transport of coal in all its forms involves dust, even though Specialmeasures are increasingly taken. Emission of coal particulate and otherair pollutants occur during loading, unloading and during coalmovement.

At the same time, research and development have providedgreatly improved engineering and biological methods of landreclamation. lt is necessary'to say that land reclamation has emergedas a method of controllihg the negative after-effects of extracting coaland other minerals. Land?eclamation covers the problem of landscaperedevelopment and the restoration of its productivity, ecologicalintegrity, and economic and aesthetic value. The economic uses ofreclaimed land depend on natural and socioeconomic factors of thelocality. They may be orchards, meadows, parks, swimming pools,etc.

lri recent years many industrial countries have developed andadopted laws, national programmes and specific policies forenvironmental protection. The basis of most laws applicable to themining industry and its effect on land is to control land management,protect resources and regulate land reclamation and landscaperetra€fion. The principal impact of pollution regulations on the miningindustry arises from regulations on emissions of CO, and otherairpollutants from copper, lead and zinc smelters.

40. a) Cedae B-udn doeon uepmsil xoceeec myynuil yudcencaHaaa unspxudnx 6yil eeyyndepuile on. Xecee iypmes eapqueoa, ,i,

- 6) Aoopx f,puanbt mouu\onnbe awueflax Csdee B-uuu

253

a"wnebte moaq f,pb.The subject of the text is ...; The text deats with ...; lt ls

pointed out that...; lt should he stressed that...

41. Csdae B-d apean nH3HH acwnm mae*x xapuy eeexuilenaxdoecee xyc.

42. Cedee A, B-soc aecaH uedesnnee Heemeeil( dyeqe.Toeqnonaw cemeyynd 3opuynr moeq peSepam 6uu.

43. a)Ydaxeyil 6onoxGaea ryWbM myxai dapaaxearyanb,eyHu.

Cedeuilz oineoxod waapdnaeamail yec:implication - mamaK opyynax, xaMaapanappropriate - moxupox, aaxuxlegislation - xyynb mtoemoonxworkshop - ceKq, cewtHapissue - acyynm, acyydanagenda - x9n3nu,9x acyydan

Leaders from the jnternational mining, regulatory andenvironmental communities will meet in october to discuss the mostcrucial environmental issues facing the mining industry.

Sponsored by Mining Journal LTD and Mining World News, thefirst International conference on .Mining Environmental Managementwill focus on mining-oriented environmental legislation, the financialimplications, the available technological solutions and managementcontrol systems.

The three-day meeting wiil be held at R's conference Hall startingwith a reception on sunday evening. The event will comprise threeparts: a central conference, plus parallel workshop sessions and anexhibition.

The main conference will be broken into six harfday sessionswhich will contain only four or five papers in each session. These 20-minute papers willfocus on subjects which are appropriate for executivedebate. Each session willend wlth a 40-minute discussion on the topic.

The six session topics wiil be: The differing perspectives of ihemining industry/environmentalists and developed/developing countries;contrasting international regulations and standards; Minagementpractices and legal obligations; The role of government; Financial

impl,ications of a greener world.r-_ _+_ _*_l

r;IENITI{ nvironmentalf :/F7ll7ffi{f,Ifln

meet to discuss critical miningenvironmental issues

L-- --J --J

The two-hour Workshops will occur on the morning of each day,being scheduled for completion by the start of the main conferenceproceedings. Papers will be'20 minutes each (to include time forquestions after each presentation), with the workshops being dividedinto three sections; AirAffater lssues, Land lssues, and General lssues.The six papers in each workshop will be devoted to case studies andtechnical presentations. Consideration is also being given to posterDisplays of relevant technical work.

The Exhibition will offer equipment manufacturers and consultantsthe opportunity to present their products to the international industry.

Details of papers, speakers and exhibitors will be advised assoon as possible.

For further details please contract:Mining Journal Ltd,60 Worship Street, London, U.K.Telephone:.......Fax:.......

6) Eaea xyfand euap acyydan aeq xsnenqex, 6aea xypt btHaxund xeH oponqox,6aaa xypan f,Map eopuMmorte npa.

hldu 6aea xypnam aq xon1oednau xyeud ma Hap ay 6ondox6adna ee?

Tauat dodnoop muilu 6aea xypnun xononqex acyydand nmapunmesn apyyndan soxux ee?

Miners, environmentallsts ans regulators will

255

' 44. Ta 6aea xypan xuilx myxail 3apflanbE uturuKnex yxaaHbtcsmeyyrrlgc onff.yHtuue. Couupxox 6yil cedeeg c-oHeox(,unmeenuilnxse cedeuile 6uq.

Russian clean coal surnmitThe Russian Clean Coal Summit is going to be held in Moscow

from 19 to 23 May 199...The main topics of this meeting are:

v Geo-potitical probrems of coat prosuction and utilisation- place of coal in energy production balance

- coal as source of industry

- complex coal processV Modern technologies and ecological aspects of coal

process

- Efficient and Safe Underground coal Mining Based on the LatestAchievements in Geomechanics

- Coal preparation and handling

- Solid fuel combustion

- Emission control

- By-products from solid fuel utilisation

- Coking

- Gasificationv specialists training for industry of ecorogicaily crean coar

processing

- models of specialists

- ecological education of specialists

- systems of additionar education and improved quarification(permanent education)

- education in the field of ecological managementfl lnternational business co-operation (business

symposium)

- Participation of European industry in the deveropment ofRussian clean coal technology projects

- co-financing Russian projects by the worrd's first crass fundingsources

Tauat unmeenuile 6aea xypnatn xomenflopm opyynx$s.Taud- 6aea xypand oponqox ypunea oeqee. Hnmeonei'Orni"r"yy. Auxunm rycbe,

UNIT 10Economics and Mining

A. Cedee A. Some Concepts of Economics

6. Csdee 5. MineralMarkets

B. Cedse B. US Cool lndustry Today

Yauiln cyllnrcs (Crossword)

A

ceABuRH eMHex EACTAJI1. a) llapaax yauile dyyndaryilrq ynu.

[::] * more, to'ward, in'form, re'source, 'organize

[r] - wants, be'cause, cost, 'water, 'model

[a:] - 'service, con'cern, earth, al'ternative, re'fer

ttJI - 'mixture, choice, a'chieve, 'natural, which

[fl -'social,'crucial, e'fficiency, fi'nancial

tJanl - re' cession, ex' traction, - projection, pro' fessional,

,insti'tutioit,' national, ad' dition,,satis' faction

lwl -what, 'whether,with, which, while

6) tlapaax Yeuile dyyndaxyir.l ywwux dyydnaeue uamoemoo.

scarce [ske as], scarcity ['skeasiti], society [sa'saiati],require [ri'kwaia], resource [ri's::s], crucial ['kru:fial],environment [in'vaiaranmant], entrepreneur [,)ntrapra'na:],financial [fai' na nfal], justice [' dSnsti s], opportu nity [,: p a' tj u : n i ti]

2. flapaax yec 6onou nuilnuen yeuile dompoo 1-2 yuw.ffapaa ua dwnOaryilqyHwurr( msdeespuile moemooxbe xu'13s.

257

x3p3en3x, 3apL4yynax;

ability [a'biliti] n uadeap, .aadax

allocate ['alakeit] v 6ail-payynax, xyeaapunax, 3opuv_nax (to); alloca'tidn[,ala'keifn] n 1afipwyynanm,xyeaapunanm, 3apuynanm,caHXYYIKUnm

choice ttf:isl n coHeonm,wunSnm, uuDK aeax; tomake - coHeoK aeax, utuDKaeax (aaap H3z rouotz),coueonm xuilx

corrfront [kan'f rnnt] vOopxwoonmsd mynax

consume [kan'sju:m] v

unemploymentenable [in'eibl] v nMap HoetoMbe xutix, xoHeenex

OonoM)K toMyy opx oneoxenterprise ['entapraiz] n

oaueyynnaea, yilndaspnsnspxnsnm

entrepreneur [,rntrapra,-na:] n yilndeepnenopxneeq, ydndeepu ilu sssu

evaluate [i'valjueit] vYH?n?x, opmoe moemoox;evaluation n yH3neoo,yuule, itpmeuilimodopxoilnox

goods [gudz] n pl 6apaa,oapaa; consumerxgpsengoHuti 6apaa

pay [pei] n mon6ep, uanuHxenc; v (paid) monex(atrc.w, Hix3,+tJtcnlxuir z) ; -bac.k menox; - for menex;

tn xapunu,ax daucaudopyynax; out mefiox;payab_le [peiabl] a menexecmou, opnoeomod, aulue_mail; payment ['peimant]n men6ep; payout['pei'aut] n men1ep

scarce [skeas] d xaHeanm-eYu, xoMc; scarcity['skeasiti] n dymaedan,oymyy (o0; xoucdon,xoaop

secure [si'kjua] v xaMeaa_nax, bamaneaamad 6on_eox, x7H_ea\ daameax,arcyneyil 6aidnae xaHeax;security- [si'kjuariti] napyneyu 6aildan,uaildeapmail 1aildan,

consumer [kan'sju:ma] rrcpoenooHuil 6apaa;consumption n rcpoenoe,mexuurcuilu sapdan (moc,aeaap,-yyp _?ox uem); opquMxyuuuil sapdan

cost [k:st] n yHo, opmoe; pl3apoan, sap)an; ofproduction yilndeepnsnuilusapdan;-capital - Kanuman,

usueadsn aapdandemand [di'mo:nd] n waapd-n?ee, xYcelm, xzpse\ee,

gouuH saceuuH sponm; to betn great ux epsnmmsil6ailx,. waapdax; syn torequtre

de-posit [di'p:zit] n sd. endOeno3um; bank 5auxuttopnoeo

employ [im'plti] v xopeenox,awuenax; syn use, utilize,apply; oneox (axutr);employment n an6a, ax(tn,xep3en33, Auuenanm; or,

,ru

xaMeaananm, Samaneaa; Mgpegxun, xydandaa; l/securities YHgm Uaac xydandax (nnap nee K)Mbtz,

supply [sa'plai] n sdurtu x3H nezeumeil); offeaceuilu cauan; pl ueeq, 6opnyynax, conux; trade-offHeeq xYHc, Heeeop, n oyynm, coHeonm, wunsnm,HuunYYnsnm apuDKaa

trade [treid] n ypnan,

3. flapaax yec yecuilu ailueudu f,Map xscee 1onoxatemodopxohnx opqwn.allocate - allocation limit - limitation - limited - unlimitedact - active - activity able - abilitymix - mixture stable - stabilitysecure - security employ - employment - unemploymentvalue - valuable evaluate - evaluationscarce - scarcityconsider - consideration - considerable - inconsiderableproduce - producer * product - production - productive -productivityconsume - consumable - consumer -- consumption

4, ffaeaeap -ity-mofr'xep yauilu opqyyneb,e aHxaap.teeyyndepu{te optyyn.

1. Alleconomieslace scarcity, and all mustdecide howto allocatescarce resources and distribute goods and services, all face problemsof inflation, unemployment, and unsatisfactory rates of groMh.

2. The production abilityihows the maximum possible amountof specified goods or services that can be produced by a particulareconomy.

3. One of society's primary economic goals is price stabilitywhenthe overall level of prices for gdods and services remains relativelyconstant.

4. Financial security is one of socio-economic goals.

5. ffapaax nuilnusn yeuile yHwoK op.twn.scarce means of production scarcity of resourcesalternative use of resources economic activityopportunity costprice stabilityfinancial securityentrepreneurial abili$

four primary economic goalsfullemploymentoutput of goodsbank deposit

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individual consumerto make choiceto produce an output ofgoods and servicesto use resources efficientlyto be concerned with scarcity

standard of livingto examine and evaluate economicproblemsto include land, labour, capital andentrepreneurial ability

to operate on two levels - macroeconomics and microeconomics

6.4neacau yecuilu ymebz msdeeapuilH MoHeon yeuilunseyypmail mecmert daildnaap na modopxoiln.

limited resources; the problem of scarcity; three fundamentaleconomic questions; material well-being; alternative use ofresources; price stability; social and political environment; financialsecurity; extraction of minerals; passive resources; national output;bank deposit; inflation and recession; individual consumer.business firm; economic choices; standard of living; to organizeand coordinate economic activity; to produce goods and services;to examine and evaluate economic problems; to operate on twolevels; to use resources efficiently

7. Cedee A-e yuwux, myyH dax eduilx eaceuilu yndcsucucmeuuile Hapno.

ceAeB ASome Concepts of Economics

Economics is the allocation of the scarce means of productiontoward the satisfaction of human wants. The basic principle ofeconomics is scarcity, which means that we cannot'ever have all wewant of every goods and service. lt means that our demands for goodsand services are unlimited, while resources on earth arc limited. Withoutthe problem of scarcity, there would be no need for the subject ofeconomics.

Societies need a system to organize and coordinate economicactivities. Every economic system - whetherfree-market, government-controlled or mixed - must answer the three fundamental economicquestions:

1. What goods and services will be produced?2, How will they be produced?3. For whom will they be produced?

These are three principaltypes of economic systems, but moderneconomies are a mixture. Because scarcity doesl confront us, theanswers are crucial to our material well-being and to our social andpolitical environment.

Intheory, scarce resources can be allocated among alternativeusers without the employment of markets and prices. This is the so-called command economy or centrally directed economy in which thegovernment would decide what would be produced, how it would lieproduced, and for whom it would be produced.

ln free-market economies all decisions about resource allocationare made by households and businesses interacting in markets freeof any sort of government intervention. lndividuals in market economiespursue their own interests. But there are no completely free-marketeconomies, all real governments affect decisions about resourcesallocation in many ways and for many reasons.

All modem economies are mixed - intermediate between thecommand and free-market extrbmities. ln mixed economies, bothgovernment decision's and market forces affect the allocation ofresources.

It should be noted that there are four primary economic goalsthat a socie$ aims to achieve: efficiency, price stability, full employmentand growth. ln addition, there are socio-economic goals which includeenvironment protection, financial security, equity,2 justice and economicfreedom,

Economic resources are often referred to as "the means ofproduction" to produce an output of goods and services. These includeland, labour, capital and entrepreneurial ability.

Land. All natural resburces including fields, forests, mineraldeposits, the sea, water as well as the ground in which these resourcesare found. Land is used not only for the extraction of minerals but forfarming as well.

Labour. All human r€sources including manual, clerical,3technical, professional and manageriala labour.

Capital. The physical means of production including factories,office buildings, tools and equipment. Alternatively: financial capital.

Entrepreneurial ability. The entrepreneur sets up a business,risks Ms or her own money, gets or loses the profits.

We may consider land, labour and capital passive resourceswhich are combined by the entrepreneur to produce goods andservices. A successful undertaking is .rewarded by profit, an

261

unsuccessful one is penalized by loss.Economics operates on two levels, the macrolevel and the

microlevel.Macroeconomics deals with national output, employment, the

money supply, bank deposits, and government spending, and how wecan deal with inflation and recession.

Microeconomics operates on the level of the individual businessfirm, as well as that of the individual consumer.

And so what exactly is economics? Basically, economics is a setof tools that enables us to use our resources efficienfly. The end resultis the highest possible standard of living.

c3[Br4l4H TAt4n6AP1 Ydn ye to be-e damnax xsn6sp dsx ymeam yiln yessp

unspxuinsedcsu yilndnudH ymeue xyunsxsd xgpseneHs.Economics does face 3duilu 3acae Hb yHgxssp onoH qyxan

many important problems. acyydanmail myndae.

2 equity - wydapea dc3erical

- an1auu (clerk- an6au xaaeq esdse yeHgoc yyccgHmsudse ye)

a managerial - ydup1naeuH, saxupeaaHbt

flACrAJr8. Csdeuilx aayynead nuap eeyyn6sp uuil4sx daileaae saa.

Xapuynmaa csdee dex dapummaap 6amna.1. lt should be noted that the demands for goods and services

are limited.2. Every economic system must answer three fundamental

economic questions.3. Socio-economic goals include full employment and growth.4. As a rule, land, labour and capital are considered active

resources and are not mentioned in the text.5. The text gives some information on macroeconomics as well

as on microeconomics.6. lt is common to speak of only the three principal types of

economic systems - market, centrally-directed and mixed economies.7. All modern economies are free-market.8. Scarce resources can be allocated among users without

markets.

262

9. Ta eduiln 3aceuilu JapuM yudcan 3apqMHH myxail next4

coHcnoo. tlpo$eccop nexquiluxse meeceend orcymuatdynsemail f,punqaxbte xycsa. Tyynuil acyynmaud xapuyJt-Teeaxdee tn my opinion. I think.I suppose. ln fact. As is known3epse unspxuilnnuile auuena.

1.Why is scarcity considered to be the basic principle ofeconomics?

2. Canyou name the main types of economic systems and explainhow they differ?

3. Why are modem economies a mixture? /

4. What are the fundamental economic questions and what does

each of the questions mean?5. Can you remember the definition of economics? What is it?6. ls efficiency the only economic goal?7. What is meant by economic resources?B. You know that economics operates on two levels. What are

these levels called and what do they dealwith?9. What definitions can you give to?

'10. flapaax yeend moxupox modopxoilnonmb,e dapyyumanHH 6azanaac on.1. consumption a) Limited resources for production

relative to the wants for goods andservices.2 inration u

il,ff:,-91,,",":"Jiljf::"J:::."$i,potential buyers.

3. market c) The use of resources to meet currentneeds and desires.

4. :saving d) A general increase in the level of.pnces.

5. scarcity e) lncome that is not spent.

11. A cedeesc doopx syilncuile xeps?noceH oeyyndepuilzonx(opt yyn: 1) xudnusn eayyn6ep (xon6oo yemeil rcmyy xondooyeeyil mycaedaxyyxm, modopxoilfloet, 6ailttam); 2) yilnmuepuiln apeeflm; 3) ydndsedsx xee dox ydn ye-eeyyneryYH

12. Cedeeec ymeaapaa moxupax Yeeep uu eeyyndspuiledWcea.

263

1. Generally speaking, the most basic problem economics isconcerned with is .... lt means that..._

2. The three fundamentar economic questions every economicsystem must answer are ...

3. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the maintypes of economic systems. They are ....

4. lt should be stressed that there are four primary economicgoals that a society aims to achieve. They are ....,

5. Economic resources bre means of producing an output of goodsand services. They include ....

6. Economics operates on two levels, ... and ... .

7. ln free-market economies ail decisions about resourceallocation are made by ....

13. a) Cxeumeil mauunqax sduilu saceuiln cucmeu 1ypuilntuuidex Acmort eypeaH yndcen acyydnue UoHeonoop Hopne.

What Basic euestions Must Every Economic SystemResolve?

6) Aop dypadcan daildan 6yp uu edudn saceuilu eypaaHyudcsn acyydnan neeuile wuildsxuila uaapdax *ailxa. sabaan6ypeec eduiln eaceurtu nuap acyydan wuideedsx 6yile apt.

1.The Parliament debates how much money to ailocite toeducation programs and space projects.

2. Management at a major machine-buirding prant decides tomodernize technology.

3. The government debates the issue of increasing werfarepayments and programs.

:

i4

1

WHATto produce

The economic systemmust decide whatgoods and services to.produce with its land,labour, and capital.

HOWto produce

The economic systemmust deckle how toproduce each good orservice - determiningwhal mix of land,labour and capital touse ln production andwhat productionmethods to employ.

FOR WHOMto oroduce

The economic systemmust decide whichmembers of society willreceive how much ofthe goods and servicesproduced - the processof allocating income.

GOALS

PRINCIPALLY ECONOMIC GOALS

Full Emolovment

It is best to haveunemploymenl

level of not morethan 4% or 5olo.

considered full

Price Stability

It is desirable tohave the overalllevel of prices forgoods andservices remainrelatively cons-tant.

Growth

Economic growthcomes from anincrease in theproductioncapacity of the

Efficiency

Obtaining themaximumamount of out-put per unit ofinput helps inovercomingscarclty.

SOCIO - ECONOMIC GOAI-S

ttrntironmeniai-l lTfianaien [EnomiEl lFofroffil [6;od-c-lI protection llsecurityl leqritv lllustice llr,""oorl

14. a) Aoop ysyyncsH cxeumeil maHunL1ax( anueaaHuileMuilH xyp"xoep epMensdse edufrn 3aceuilH depeo+r30.pUflttt*;A&.:!iPrA.

6l floop dypadcan daildan 6yp nr cxeMd y3yynce*sopuimnH Hoed.tuensx?e. Toxuondon 6ypd nMap 3opuflmbrcapuzdax 6yile xan.

1.The Government announced plans to control price inflation.2. Labour unions are concerned about the increased use of robots

in manufacturing.3.Tne use of computers made the preparation of this study guide

easier.4. The U.S. has a higher standard of living today than 20 years

ago.

15. Cedee A-d maapandax 6yil edurtu aaceuilH yHdcaH Hopmouuiiouu x(aecaanmbte MoHeonmoil Hb dyilqyynx eapea.X(aecaan maa Haxflud Hxeo eapeacaH )Kazcaanmmail xapbqyyn twaflea. Anueaa HuileMurtH sdudn saceurtu cyypnudae yndcsu

265

3apquu, aduiu eaceuhn mo"monqoonu mopen, sdudu Jacae,xuilesu-eduilu taceuilu yudceu sopunmbl myxart apa. Tseexdeecedaa A-uitu udeexmsd yecuhe a-uuefla.

coEBtnlerr?Hox AAcrM16. a) flapaax yecuile dyyndaryrtq ynu.

[o.] - 'market, 'faster, Iarge, de.mand, re.qarded

- n u mf gL

i n e8[?ii jil f;.i, fl,??$' ;r.",1

o",' ",

r p r,ii' ili, rr, o,

,rr'"{,1, *o B,?:tiii'qr','instance''structural, ma'teriat,

{ru]- a'bout, now, a,mount, ,household, how,ever_ . [ou]- own, most, low, ,process, ,over,

know, ifolto*,only

614?q?rf yeu:t? yuututx dyydnaeb,z Hb moemoo.anatysts la.nalasisl, competitive [kim;petitiv],differentiate [,difa'renfieit], constitute i,f.rniai,.ir,ai,household ['haushoutd], imply [im,plai], pro""r" I,prorfi,sulfur ['salfa], sulfurdous [,snlfras], "rU"tantiui[sab'stanJal], nronopoly [ma'n:pati], pursue [pa,sju:]

e) ffapaax epdcuiln uspuhe ynwux medeeepuiln dyydnaaaemoemoo.

copper [,bpaJ,.lead [led], zinc [zi4k], nickel [,nikl],manganese [, ma4ga,ni:z], cobalt [,koubt: lt]

17. flapaax yac 6onon nuilnusn yeuhe dompoo l_2 daxunynw. ffapaa rc dyyndarydq yHuut( msoeespurt" ^o"^ooii,"xuqee.

266

assume [a'sju:m] v 6odox,soeweepox; assumption[a'snmpJanj n 6odon,30eWOepon

commit [ka'mit] v daaneax,umzYYnsx

commodity [ka'm:diti] nxopseneeHui sydn, 6apaasyr goods

tompete [kam'pi:t] vepcendex (wiih xoHusesumsil, for flMap HgetoMHaac 6onx, nMap HoenM Hbt moneo) ; competition[,k:mp_i'tiJn] n ypandaau,opcondooH, ypandaau;competitive _[ka m' petitiv] aepcendex 6yit, ipcendbxtadeap

confine [kan'fain] v (to)xflseaapnax, 6apummnax(attap uez nuoe)

conform [kan'fr:m] v xaMm [p-o:3isi'pei[anl n oponl4ax,

YYcax, yycax Fmsil to), xaMm oPonLPx3oewunqox (rytsl to), pursue [pa'sju:] v 1apummnaxseewunqex -mert b, -loxu: (;topwm, couupxotae);rlox (anap rusz nuarud) da- 1odnoao fleyynaxcax, aaxupaedax (dypsud).

18. Yiln yeHeec yycceH -er daeaeapmail uep yeuila opqwn.

derfrlete [di'pli:t] v Luaexax,dyyceax; depletion[di'pli:Jan] n utaexaedan,dyyceanm (ruee4uiln)

differentiate [,difa'renJieit] veneax, sneaedax, uneapax,aneapaedax, dypcse oopLtnox

emerge [i'ma:d5] v eapax,yycax (acyydat), emergence

[i'ma:d3ans) n aapq, zdptlupex

household ['haushould] rropxuilu ax axyil

imply [im'plai] v eopmeeaeyynax, _ m3e3xe3p,mecoefiox,6odox

income ['inktm] n opnoeo,opnoeo

participate [po:'tisipeit] voponqox (inl; syn to takepart (in); participation

to buy )

to consumeto sellto supplyto manufactureto tradeto explore

unacceptable increase in costundeveloped mineral deposit

buyerconsumersellersuppliermanufacturertraderexplorer

unchanged policyunknown resources

19. Yemeap -un-msil uuilnuen yeuile opqyyn.

267

20. ffapaax nuilnusn yeuile yHutu)x opqyyn.

scarce resources free-maricet economyresource allocation mixed economiesmarket participation of free competition

producers and consumers mineral commoditieithe possibility of price fixing nonfuel mineral resources

,

the emergence of international-' to interact in markdts : ,

mining companies the development of seabed mineralsto determine prices to be regarded as world marketsto be replaced by petroleum to determine the structure of any

products particular market

unlimited raw materialunreal project

to influence the productionof minerals

to exercise considerableinfluence of internationaltrade companies

unprotected environmentunloaded coal

to be confined to determining thenumber, size artd market positionof the buyers and sellers

to imply competition

21. flneacan yeuilx ymeb,e soxux MoHeon yeuilx uaaseyypmail mecmert daildnaap xa modopxoiln.

command economy; centrally-directed economy; resourceallocation; mixed economies; minera! market; several stages ofproduction; various types of petroleum products; internationaltrade; oil-exportf ng countries; the structur.e of any particular market;structural a4alysis; communication and competition betweenproducers and consumers; geographic conditions; the sum of allfactors; market position; economically efficient price; price fixing;industrial minerals; business cyele; technological advances; toplay the central role; to pursue one's own interests; to effect resourcesallocation

22. Cedse E-e ynuux, spdcuiln zax ssonurtn rydandaa nuapoxtrytoemoil daildeuilz apt.Tuilu saxeeenufrn 6ymsqHb royeaapmodopxoilnoeddoe, dsnxufr x rydandaand nmap spdec eonnodoeae?

268

c3E3B 5Mineral Markets

Market is a pface wherQ..buyers and sellers of a given commoditymeet to determine price. Mineral markets are material goods markets,and many are regarded as world markets.

Strictly speaking, markets for any particular mineral exist atseveral stages of production and for several levels of quality. Thepetroleum market, for example, is divided into:

- a market for light petroleuma market for heavy petroleum'-

- a market for low-sulfur petroleum, etc.The importance of various types of products in international trade,

however, varies continuously. Now that the oil-exporting countries areincreasingly building up their own processing facilities, for instance,crude oil is less important in international trade and is being replacedby petroleum products.

Supply and demand determine the structure of any particularlnarket. A structural analysis must thus consider the number,geographic distribution, and market participation of producers andconsumers as well as the communications and competition betweenthem. The production of minerals is influenced by geologic conditionsand therefore market analysis needs to be conducted by mineraleconomists with good geologic inside knowledge.

The form of market is defined by, the extent of free competition.It constitutes the sum of all factors influencing competition and hencepricing. Empirical investigations on market structure are usuallyconfined to determining the number, size and market position of thebuyers and sellers. li is assumed that a large numbei of producersand consumers implies competition resulting in an economically efficientprice: a small number, imperfect competition, where the price can beinfluence.d; and one single producer or consumer, the absence ofcompetition and the posgibility of price fixing.

Worldtrade in mineralcommodities is dominated by petroleum,natural gas, coal, metals'and some industrial minerals. There is, also,a substantial amount of trade in copper, lead and zinc concentrates.

World markets for minerals are generally quite competitive andmost metal prices are subject to a high degree of fluctuation over thebusiness rycle.

As for nonfuel mineral resources it should be stressed that over

269

the past half-century continuous exploration aided by technologicaladvances has increased reserves of most nonfuel minerals faster thanthey have been depleted. Besides, the development of seabed mineralscould provide large supplies of copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt andother minerals for many generations to come. lnternational trade innonfuel minerals is important to hold down raw material costs inindustrial countries.

23. ffapaax acyynmaud xapuyn.1. What is a market? What is a mineral market?2. What is more profitable to sell: crude oil or oil products? Why?3. What determines the structure of any market?4. What is the role of structural analysis?5. Who is responsible for conducting mineral analysis?6. What is the role of competition in free-market economies?7. What is worid trade in mineral commodities dominated by?8. What do you know about nonfuel resources and seabed min-

erals and their role in internationaltrade?9. Do you know what industrial minerals are?10. Do we have large reserves of nonfuel minerals?11. Why is international trade in nonfuel minerals important?

24. a) ffapaax ye 6onou nudnusn yeuilu MoHeon dyilquileHepfl?:marketcommoditiesbuyersellermineral maiketsstages of productionlevels of qualitylighUheavy/low-sulfur .

petroleumoil-exporting countriesprocessing facilitiescrude oil

trade in copper, lead, etc.competitive marketsprices are subject to fluctuationnonfuel mineral resourcestechnological advancesreserves are depletedseabed minerals

270

petroleum productssupply and demandgeographic distribution of

producers and consumers

(free) competitiongeologic conditions

. mineral economistsempirical investigations

' economicallyefficientpricepricingprice fixingnatural gas

to hold down raw material costs for many generations to come

6) Csdee A-d cgdea E dex eOufrn saceuilx uep momuiioeHEM,

e) Csdeuilnxss duqusn opuyyneate xuil.

- 25.ffapaax Hep moruiioxu modopxoilnonmue syyH manHHdaeauaac on.1. Spending money on projects a) lmport

that will generate goods andservices for future consumption.

2. The existence of people who b)Centrafly-directed economywant to work, but are unableto find a job.

3. Goods and services sold toanother country.

4. The use of labour, equipment,materials and energy toproduce goods and services.

5. An arrangement between twoor more countries.

6. Goods and services boughtfrom another country.

7. A market economy with pri-vate and public sectors ofeconomic enterprises.

B. An economic system in which g) Unemploymentthe basic questions of whathow and for whom to produeeare resolved primarily by h) Exportgovernmental authority.

9. An economic system in whichresources are allocated by supply i) productionand demand mainly withoutgovernment regulation of markets.

26. a) Csdee E-e ys. Teeeed doopx menoenoeeenuilny ux m u il e cede u [ttt aewne a m ail n u il qyyn x 6a il pnyyn.

1 . A characteristic feature of a market and especiariy of a minerar

c) Mixed economy

d) lnvestment

e) Common market

f) Free-market economy

271

market.2. The function of structural analysis of markets.

'3. The problem of siting mineral resources in free-marketeconomy.

4. World trade in minerals (fuels, nonfuels, seabed minerals).5. Competition in free-market economy.

6) Tenaenoeoo 6antox udeexmgil yecuile autuenil,(csdseE dsx epcduilu sax eeenuilu myxart aeyynebz Ho?mee.

27. a) ffoopx cxeumoil maHunqilK eduilu saceurtncucmeuuiln eypeaH yndcan mopnuile aHilu, MoHeonoop HepnilKmedzesp myc 1ypufiH aewflabe moeq f,pb.

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS?

6) ffapaa na damaneaa nt eduiln saceuilx auap cucmeudxaMaapaxue modopxoiln.

1. Pfices function to allocate resources when buyers and sellersinteract.

. 2. Basic economic decisions depend on authority direction andtradition.

3. Production is controlled by the government.4. A system in which resources are allocated by supply and

MARKETECONOMIES

are economicsystems in

which the basicquestions ol

what, how andfor whom toproduce areresolved by _

buyers andsellers interac-ting in markets.

CENTRALLY-DIRECTED

ECONOMIES

are economicsystems in whichthe basic ques-

tions of what,how and for

whom to produceare resolved. primarily by

governmenlalauthority.

MIXEDECONOMIES

are economicsystems in whichthe basic ques-

tions of what, howand for whom to

produce are resol-ved by a mixtureof market forceswith governmentdirection and/or

custom andtradition.

TRADITIONALECONOMIES

are economicsystems in which

the basic questionsof what, how andfor whom to pro-

duce are resolvedprimarily by custom

and tradition.

demand. Buyers and sellers interact.5. A system where production through the economy is coordinated

by the authority.6. A system in which the basic questions of what, how and for

whom to produce are decided by market forces and governmgnt.

28.3ax sgenuiH edu{tu Jacae eo*( ,oye xeflex ee? eedee

29. a) Adam Cuumuilu sdudn saceuiln oHon*emodopxoilncou cedeuile moflb 1iqite awuenaneyil ynw.

6) Adam Cuumuilu edudn eaceuilu ouonae modopxoilncoucsdeuili xeceuilu durtMen opuyyneae xuil.

Cedeuile oilneoxod waapdnaeamail yeccoincidenee daexu,angospel yxyyneagenesis yycensolely seexoH, onqeottguess maaeap, mecoenenrival epcenddeeopulence en6oe don6se, 1aflnaebedrock .), - yudcsu 3apquM

Today, most people have a hard time understanding whateconomists are talking about, but everyone knows what an economistis - a specialist in a recOgnized branch of academic knowledge. Atthe beginning of the nineteenth century the term was nothing like asspecific. ln England it was applied to anyone who approached problemsby putting every argument and doctrine on whatever subject to thetest of facts.

It was no coincidence that England gave birth to the first industrialrevolution and what has since become known as the classical schoolof economics at the same time. The three most important gospels ofthis school are Adam"smith's Wealth of Nations (published in 1776),

David Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817),and James Mill's Political Economy (1821).

Of these books, the most important is that by Adam Smith. lt isthe first great classic of economic theory and one of the first known

273

attempts to describe economic life as a whole.The genesis of rhe l4/ealth of Nationsexacfly mirrors the industrial

revolution. Adam smith was bom in 1723, and was a student atGlasgow University in scofland from 173T to 1740. Between 1764and 1766 smith toured Europe. while in France smith met Voltaireand was greatly influenced by a group of philosophers. on his returnfrom France, Adam Smith sat down to write his great book.

The first key question the,book addresses is what is wealth?Real wealth is measured by the availability of consumable qoods. andthe labour, which produces them. An increase in wealth equars anincrease in goods, and plenty means cheap goods. Anything thatrestricts the availability of goods reduces a nation's wealth. Nalionalwealth can only increase as trade does between and within nations.For trade to grow you need a market and how the market works is thecore of Smith's book.

what makes markets such important creators of wearth is thatthey encourage the division of labour and specialisation.

An effective market economy - and the civilised society that itsupports - depends on a network of co-operation that is neitherplanned nor directed by a political power. The operation of marketforces, like the division of labour, brings great benefits to society andraises the standard of living, but this benefit cannot be planned. Buyersand sellers in a market are motivated almost solely by self-inteiest,but serve the public interest without having intended it. lf the seller isthe sole producer of a popular product, he wiil push its price up ashigh as the market will bear. But a high price will attract rivai producers.once their goods are available in the market, the price will naturallyfall. Thus the market is a self-regurating mechanism guided not uy,government, but by what Smith called ,,the invisible hand,.

one of the bedrocks of smith's phirosophy is that no governmentor group of men is wise enough to do a better job at managing tradethan a market which reflects the guesses and knowledge o? m][ions.smith didn't believe that governments would ever allow trade to becompletely free and he wrote that the interests of national defence arealways "more important than opulence". under the final heading smithwas thinking of infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, canils andharbours which are expensive and often unprofitable to uuiu but leadto an increase in trade and hence of national wealth.

smith's achievement was immense: the science smith discoveredwas called the modern economy.

274

30. Acyynmue HeMx xaMm cypanllaeqaacaa xapuynaxbexYc.

1.What _ you_ about Adam Smith and David Ricardo?(soy, know)

2. When Adam Smith ? (be born)3. What university Adam Smith to? (go)4. What Adam Smith _ between 1764 and 17$6? (do)5. Who(m) Adam Smith while in France? (meet)

6. Who he _ by? (influence)7. What _ he _ down to write on his return from France?

(sit)8. What fall title Adam Smith _ to his book? (givel9. When

-

it

-?

(publish)10. What _ the key question of this book? (6e)

31- Adau Cuumuilu auadpan, yiln axunnaeaaHH myxailepb.

on his return from - to his book? (give)

32. Cadee B-e dompoo yuutux AHY-btH Hyypc ondopnodazyilndeepm dymquilx oopqnenm xuilx waapdnaea saaaadeapcHbe MoHeonoop npb.

Cedeufre oinzoxod waapdnaeamail ye:capital-intensive xopeHee ux waapddae

. to respond xapuyqax, myceaxuncertaiaty uaddeapzyil, umesneyilexternalities eadaadyp awue, cailu man :

costs - aapdan, aapdan lcompetency 6ypeu spx ;utilitles nuilmuilu xepeenesuu(t daileylnnaea

five sud. quensn

law xyynbloan - , 3oonto hamper caad xuilx, cadaa 6onoxto encourage - ypaMuyynaxto assure damaneaaxyynax

275

c3[38 BUS Coal lndustry Today

. New competition from internationar sources and more strictenvironmental regurations are the reasons the coar industry is racinga major restructuring. This competition means that bost lncreas""cannot be passed through automaticaily. rt means pressure on utiritiesto reduce power costs. rt means unionised companies must becomemore capital-intensive to reduce labour costs that are out of control. ltmeans pushing cost reductions through the entire suppry chain: frompower generation, to coal transportation, to coal production. Thispressure of competition started in the early 1gg0s and has affected allaspects of the supply chain.

It should be noted that there are four fundamentar reasons forthe restructuring and consolidation of the coal industry. The first is theneed to reduce costs. combining companies can create greaterefficiency by removing artificialharries and eliminating duplicatiin. ir,,"market-place demands rower costs. Technorogicar idvances enabrethe industry to achieve lower costs.

The second reason fo.r restructuring is the, need for highercapitalization.to respond to changing consr"rmption patterns.

The third reason for restructuring the coar industry is theuncertainty surrounding the coar and erectricity generating industries.These uncertainties encompass grobar

-crimate

"[ung" ,naexternalities. But they also include expectations on electricity iemandgrowth and naturalgas price trends.

The fourth reason is the recognition that industries must focuson their core competencies to remain competitive.

So the request for lower costs changed consumption patterns,uncertainty in future regulation and the return to core'competenciesare the driving factors behind the ongoing industry restructuring. ihedrive for efficiency is of utmost importanCe.

The US coal industry is no,ronger an 'isrand'. rt competes withcoal internationally and competes with other fuels, such as naturalgas.

The drive to improve. efficiency within the coar and erectricity-generating industries has been. slowed by government actions andorganizations that have other perspectives.hor exampre, inenicientunproductive mines remain in the"coal industry if the owners of thesemines recognize that they cannot survive in a competitive environment.

276

They try to hide behind government protection, such as subsidizedlow-cost loans.

Union leaders insist on work rules, established in a previous era,that now hamper productivity improvements.

Thus, inefficient producers, labour leaders and governmentregulators have become the "friction" that can stop forward progressuntil natural competitive forces overcome the friction and reinstateprogress.

The principal concern of US energy policy is no longer fo assurea low-cost, stable supply of energy but rather to achieve the objectiveof limiting greenhouse gas emissions regardless of cost. SO, emissionswill come down overtime as older plants are repowered.

The nation's current national energy policy discourages the useof coal for electricity generation while encouraging the use of otherenergy sources, such as natural gas.

33. a) Cadesec eduiln eaceuilx myceail nep mouuiioz 6u,tuxaeq msdeoepurtu uoneon xapuynmbe oe.

6) Csdeu(tu daeyy apeau epexxurt, myceail acypm soxueut<medeespss 6ycad orcymnyyddaa maeax xapuynmbtH 3o6scsxufra yxen.

e) Cedeuitxxes duquen optyyneae xuil.

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35. Cmamtsnt, qefleem opqwnebz xuil. Tseexdoa cedeuilrudsexmait yec 6onou doopx yecuile a,uuefla.

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to exceedreservesto sufficeto be of interestmutuslly profitableto conduct (a policy)safetyconversion

nMaP rce toMHb,

daxux donoecpyynax (nyypcuile) -at the expenceloflprocessing .

277

daaxyynax $a6puxepcendex uadeap

dressing plantcompetitiveness

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I

I

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P R I c I T R A D E R

S A G o o D s A L E

c o N S U M P T o N

A D B U S N E s S V

R D S T R B U T E

c E c o N o M c S S

I M o N E Y A M H E T

T A R G E T R P o c M

Y N A D D E K o I U E

P D E F I N E R c R N

D E P o S I T T E E T

279

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283

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286

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287

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288

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289

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291

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6aiAnurrnspxuinxs(Hep yrrcocWcHo ; i

-fulfulf useful awurfav

293

A) tlaHapryrrTSMAernSHS(nop , yrHoocwcHe)

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294

aHffIU X3n3Htr Hr4fiTn3r C

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1 2 3

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Xen6epoe eopqnox

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Ne@ssaryunnocessaryxepsrrei, xsperryfi

295

ceper rrra Yfin yr I mbered-unttmberedxap[yqyyncaH-xapryqyynaarylto load-unload-aqux,6vvnrax

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Gonductor-non-conductor.Qauxcyynarv(qa xunraanur)-yn gam4yynbrn(qaxunraaHur)Cokino-non-cokino

296

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2 3

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I foresee - ypbAqhnxI vanex

297

out- [aut]

over- [ouva]

semi-

under- [nda]

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298

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to ask to be askinq to have asked to have been askino1 2 3 4

PRESENT

I askH" 'lShe lasksIrJw" 'lYou I askTheyJDoes he ask...?

Do you ask...?

I am askingHe 'tSne !, isIt J askingwe 'lYou l, areTheyJ ssPpnls he asking?Yes, he is.Are you askingiYes. I am-

I have askedHelShe I hasIt J askedWe ')You l,h"r"They J 3s1e6Has he asked?Yes, he has.Hare you asked?No, I haven't.

I bave been askingHerSne l,has been askingItJWelYou I have beenTheyJ s511nn

Has she been asking?Yes, she has.Have they been asking?No- thev haven't.

He/she doesnot (doesn't)ask

He/she is not(isn't) asking

He/she hasn'tasked

He/she hasn't beenasking

You do not(don't) ask

wB aren'taskino

We haven'tasked

They haven't beenaskinq

PAST

[" ] ""*"0She I

ItJWerYou !, askedTheyJDid he ask?Yes, he did.

t\He f*".She I askingft)WerYou l, wereTheyJ askingWas he asking?Were theyaskino?

L. 'l

sne lnaoIt I askedWelYou ,/

TheyHad he asked?

t\HelSne I rrao ueenIt I askingWelYou,/TheyHad she been asking?

He didn't ask He hadn't asked She hadn't,been asking

r! .i.tr.: i;i :I ITI IPtr

I ]shall/willWe J ask

I 1 shall/willWe J have asked

I I shall/willhaveWeJ been askino

299

2 3 4He\She I

It I willYou I astThav J

Hershe I

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HelShe I

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He\She I

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Shall I ask?Will vou ask?

Shall I beaskino?

Shall I haveasked?

Shall I have beenaskino?

I shall/will not(shan't/won't)He will not(won't) ask

I shan'Uwon'lbe askingHe won't beaskinq

I shan'Uwon'thave askedHe won't hareasked

I shan'Uwon't havebeen askingShe won't have beenaskino

FUTURE-IN.THE-PAST

He/ rshe IwouldYou lasrThevJ

l/we would/should ask

l/we would/ should beaskingHe/ rshe I woulaYou lueThevj askino

l/we would/should haveaskedHe/ rshe I wouloYou lh"u.TheyJ asked

l/we would/shouldhave been asking

HeisheYouThey

would havebeen asking

Would/ShouldI ask?Would he askl

Would/ShouldI be asking?

Would he behave askino?

Would/ShouldI have asked?Would he haveaskino?

Would/Should lhavebeen asking?Would she havebeen asked?

He wouldn'task

He wouldn't behave askinq

He wouldn'tasked

She wouldn't havebeen askinq

Yr4nAsrR3X X3BYycex Hb: 3oxltx qarAaxb to be+ yHAcoH

yitn yruila ll xen6ep (yfinr xep ll)

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am, is, are, being+lll yin yrrfrn lllf,axu xsn6en

have/has been +yfin yrufin lllgaxuxsn6so

I am invitedHe (she, it)is invitedWe (you, they )are invited

I am being invitedHe (she, it) isbeing invitedWe (you, they) arebeing invited

I have bedn invitedHe (she, it) has beeninvitedWe (you, they)have been invited

300

PASTlndefinite Continuous Perfect

*ua, 11vsps + yilnyrufin lllgaxu

xsn6so

was, were being +

yiln yruiln lllAaxu.xen6ep

had been + yiln yrnfiulll Aaxu xsn6ep

I (he, she, it)was invitedWe (you, they)were invited

I (he, she, it) wasbeing invitedWe (you, they)were beino invited

I (he, she, it) had beeninvitedWe (you, they) hadbeen invited

FUTURElndefinite Continuous Perfect

will(shall) be, will[sj+ yftn yrufiHlllhaxu xsn6ep

3oxux xsn6eptafin

opoHA Future lnde-

finite-r xeperneue

shall(will)have been +yiln yrrfix lll gaxuxen6ep

r (we) wl|l (snau)be invitedHe (she, it, you,thev) will be invited

I (we) will (shall) havebeen invitesHe (she, it, You, theY)will have been invited

301

NH syc yfin vrnnu xArcAAJ.rrHAcoH yrra

be,becomebeginbendbindbreakbringbuildburnbuycatchchoosecleavecome

becamebeganbentboundbrokebroughtbuiltburntboughtcaughtchoseclove (cleft)camecoslcutdealtdugdiddrew

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kept

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drunkdriven

eatenfallenfoughtfoundforgottenfrozengot.givengonegroundgrownhung (hanged)hadheardheld

kept

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Opunn ........................... 3Unit 1. Mining Education in Russia

'A. AVpeu1. Yfin yr to be "6afrx" to have "6afix"........... ........... 52. XyypHex eryyn6spnin 6yreq ............ .................... I3. 3urufiu ogoo 6a oHrepceH qarAaxb yfin yruiH finrafl.............84. Epeuxurri 5arycrail acyyJrr .............9Cedee A. The First Mining School in Russia ........ 15

E. lypsrvt3aarnax acyynr ..,.......... 21

Csdee 6. Mining and Geological Higher Education in Russia.. 24

B. Cegee B. ................. ........29

Unit 2. Mining Education AbroadA. ffypeu

1. Yin yrriH yHAcoH xenOepyyg..,. ........................... 322. Perfect 6ynrufiH qaryyg ...................... .................. 33

Cedee A. Mining Education in Great Britain ......... 38

5. ffypeuTycnax yfrn yryyg 6a regreepuiH pyiqen ................ 42Cedea 6. Mining Education in Great Britain (continued) ............ 47

B. Csdca 8................... ........ 55Xenenqyynsr. Opoc 6on xnnufiH qaHaA Aaxb yyn yypxafiH

6onoacponuH acyy+an .......^.............. 57

Unit 3. Outstanding Russian Scientists in Geology and MiningA. ffypsu

1. Yprenxrncsu qar (Continuous Tenses) .:........,.......................... 612. Yftngergex xee (The Passive Voice)........... .......... 63

Csdse A. A.P. Terpigorev (1873-19591 ................,........................ 67

6. fiypenrTooHur Hep .....................74

Csdse 5. A.P. Karpinsky (1847-1936) .......................................... 78

6ara xypan. Yyn yypxafiH axun Aaxb rapaurafi epAoMrsA..... ...... 87

Yrnix cynxee (Crossword) ................. 88

Unit 4. The Earih's Crust and Useful MineralsA. Eypeu

1. 3oxroux there + be................. ...... 90

310

6. flypsu1. YfinAerAex xsrirafir xopernox oHqnor 6a oplyynax apra............ 104

2. Toouur toneeHufi yr many, much, few, little ...........,............'...... 106

Cedse 5. Weathering of Rocks ......... 109'Csd9sB]TheEarth]sCrust.'...''.'.....'.'..;...

Yrrin cynxee (Crossword) .'.........'..... 118

Unit 5. Rocks of Earth's GrustA. ffypsu

gxrepeex qarraftx y[nr uspulx yyper (Participle ll) ',."....... '...:,... 12O

Csdse A. lgneous Rocks ................,............:..i..............................-. 124

E. frvpeui.'tao,rae, yr 6a gaiaap yruIH xapuqyynarrblH 33p0r.....'....... 110

2.flainearynafixeryyn6apA3x6ailp..............................:.... 1?1

3. ly-tsfi pafieap .............'...................' 132

Ceds6 5. Metamorphic Rocks........... ...........-......'-..'. 136

B. Csdge 8................... ........ 144

Unit 6. Sources ol EnergyA. frYpsu

fepyH4ufi (The Gerund) ...,..................Cfise A. Fossll Fuels

5. AvpsnOgoo qaruin yfinr rsp (The Present Participle) .................'.' :..'....CsdeE 6. Coal and lts Classification................

A. Aypsu1. Yfinr rcp, repyxgxfix yypnrfix xapbqyynanr (Aaeranr)2. hx$nxnrna (The lnfinitive); rylxtt* eryynEop Asx YYFr...'......

2. Teneenrfi yr sorrle, any, no roflreepufin YYcMol ....................... v r

Cedse A. Sedimentary Rocks 96

Cedse A. Prospeeting -.-..*:.---.....,.

148152

158163

175176179

311

Cedsa A. General lnforrnation on Mining ....................20/6. fiypsu

1. Yfin yr to be, to have-uiri onoH yvpcr ................. 2132, Yryricrsx eryyn6ep .......................... 214

'Csdge 5. Methods of Working Bedded Deposits underground .... Z1lB. Cs1ee 8. Mining Thick Seams . ......... 224

Yynuru on6opnox yingesprafiH acyygnurn ryxafi xenenqyynsr .....226Unit 9. Mining and EnvironrnentA.'flypeu

Yn xan,taapax yfrnr neprfiH opronr (1'he AbsoluteParticiple Construction) .................... .. 231

Cedse A. Open-cast Mining .................... 2356. flyper,r

1. Hrinuen eryyn6ep .........................2412.WyyA 6yc yreH gex qanaiu 3oxuqyynanr ...._........242Csdee 6 Ore Mining .................;........246

B. Csdsa 8. Mining and the Environment ................... ZS26ara xypan .... 254

Unit 10. Economics and Mining .......257A. Csdse A. Some Concepts on Economics............................-........ 26C6. Cedee 5. Mineral Markets........ ...........269A Csdse A. US Goal lndustry Today ..................................................216

Yrufix cynxee (Crossword) ................. 2lgXABCPA,ITAera oyEH roBe Klpc':.... ...... 2g0Yr yycax apryyg........... ........ Zg1YilnyruituxyBtannblHToBqooflcoHxycHerr ................299flypuufiu 6yc yfin yrufiH xarcaanr..........................._1.......................... 302Yrcufru saarq ............ .. ........ 304YrufiH cynxeeauil xapuy ..... 308

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312

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