Geography - Population and Settlements

7/31/2019 Geography - Population and Settlements

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Birth rate: Number of live babies born per 1,000 people each year

Death rate: Number of deaths per 1,000 people each year

Natural increase: The rate at which the population naturally increases. Calculated using the

difference between the birth and death rates

Optimum population: The correct size population to be able to be sustained by the areas

resources without lowering anybodys quality of life

Migration: The movement of people from one region or country to another

Emigration: Is people (emigrants) leaving a region or country

Immigration: Is people (immigrants) entering a region of country

Urban growth: The expansion of towns and cities so that they cover more land, as well as

gaining larger populations

Mega-city: A city with over 10 million inhabitants

Millionaire city: A city with over 1 million inhabitants

Brownfield sites: Land which has been built on beforeDoughnut effect: When too many businesses move away from the CBD there is a danger of

leaving a dead heart in the city centre.

Carbon-neutral home: Homes where carbon emissions dont add to the net amount of

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere


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Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

High

fluctuating

Early

expanding

Late

expanding

Low

fluctuating

Decline

Birth rate

Death rate

Population


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Stage 1 (high fluctuating):

-A region before economic development

-Birth and death rates are high which results in a stable population

Stage 2 (early expanding):

-A region beginning to develop

-Death rates fall (due to better medicine etc.)

-Birth rates remain high

-Population increases

Stage 3 (late expanding):

-Death rates continue to fall

-Birth rates begin to fall (better education, contraception and family planning)

-The population continues to increase, but more slowly

Stage 4 (low fluctuating):

-Low birth and death rates due to a higher standard of living-Shows good education and more women in education (choose to have fewer, or no

children)

-The population remains stable

Stage 5 (decline):

-Death rates are slightly higher than birth rates

-Medicine keeps people alive longer which results in an ageing population-Fewer people in the reproductive age range, so birth rates fall


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Effects of

overpopulation in

rural areas

Not enough

schoolsNot enough land

Overgrazing and

over-cultivationInadequate health services

Lack of clean water and

sanitation

Food

shortages

Deforestation


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Effects of

overpopulation

in urban areas

Unemployment Overcrowding

Growth of shanty

towns

Traffic congestion

Overcrowded

schools

Inadequatehealth services

Problems of wastedisposal


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Lower birthrates

Better education for all

Migration to cities

Higher literacy rateLater age of

marriage

Improved health

care lowering infant

mortality rate

Betteremployment

prospects

Raising standards of

living

More women

in paid work

Family planning

information and

advice

Contraception more

widely available


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Reasons for ageing populations:

-Increasing life expectancy

-Low birth rates

Consequences of ageing populations:

-Growing market for leisure industries as older people spend money on holidays

-House prices in popular retirement places may rise

-The cost of supporting the elderly through state pensions increase

-A great demand on medical services and long-term nursing care

Solutions to ageing populations:

-Raising the age of retirement so old people work for longer and pensions are paid later

-Raising taxes on the working population to pay for care for the elderly

-Providing incentives to encourage people to have more children

-Encouraging immigration of young, skilled adults to fill the gaps in the labour market


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Push factors:

-Low wages so low standard of living

-Lack of job opportunities

-Poor quality of life

-Lack of amenities (e.g. hospitals and schools)

-Conflict (e.g. civil war)

-Natural hazards (e.g. drought or volcano)

Pull factors:

-High wages and improved standard of living

-Improved job opportunities

-Better amenities and services

-Improved quality of life

-Better environment, not natural hazards

-Freedom from oppression


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Pull factors:

-The hope of work and the chance to make money-Better schools

-Healthcare

-Entertainment

Push factors:

-Poverty

-Fewer jobs, except in farming-Fewer schools

-Less entertainment, especially for younger people


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Problems causedby urbanisation

Traffic congestion

Waste disposal

Overstretchedhealthcare services

Overcrowdedschools

Inadequate power

supplies

Not enoughhousing

Not enough jobs


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Self-help schemes:

People build a simple house and then, over time begin to improve upon it. This is only

possible if theyre confident that theyre not likely to be randomly thrown off. People thenneed to be given legal ownership of the land

City authorities may provides clean water, help with sanitation and waste collection, bus

operators may start bus services and health centres may be built. These are a few of the

ways in which areas that were previously dirty and illegal become better quality and legal.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs): Such as Oxfam and Save the Children encourage

people to help themselves through micro-credit schemes. This is where the companies

provide small grants or loans to poor people who would be rejected by the banks. NGOs

also provide advice and training. This training, together with the loan helps people to start

their own businesses (e.g. a market)


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Consequences of counter-urbanisation

Benefits:

-More people to support local shops

-Many old and derelict buildings are renovated-Opportunities for local businesses

-Younger people settle in villages, creating a more balanced population structure

Problems:

-House prices increase

-Green belt land may be built on-There are more cars which results in traffic and park problems

-Main roads into the city become congested as people commute to work

-Tensions may develop between the older residents and the newcomers


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Aims of a green belt:

-To prevent urban sprawl

-Prevent towns and cities merging into each other

-Protect the countryside

-Encourage development within the town, not around it


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Residential:

Land used for housing

Takes up the largest area Cities often have many different residential areas

Open space:

Land used for parks and playgrounds

Spread throughout the city

Derelict or unused land is open space and is often found in older, more central areas

Commercial:

Land used for shops, offices, banks and other businesses

The biggest concentration is in the central business district (CBD)

Green belt land


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The CBD is the heart of the city, there are many high-rise buildings occupied by shops,

offices, banks and other commercial functions. All these functions group together because

the CBD is the most accessible part of the city. As a result of this, the land is more valuable.Because of the high cost of rent in the CBD you dont find some land uses such as : housing,

industry and large areas of open space. The buildings are tall in order to maximise the

amount of space.

Pull factors:

Accessibility: its easy for customers and employees to reach the businesses

Many businesses benefit from locating near similar businesses (e.g. entertainment shops

and comparison shops)

Having a central address is prestigious and therefore attracts customers

Push factors:

Theres very little room for expansion

Land prices are high

Theres lots of traffic, noise and pollution

Local government planning restrictions can restrict development

Changes due to push and pull factors:

New buildings, pedestrianized areas and one-way streets, shopping malls, new types of

transport (e.g. trams), public open spaces and conversion of old buildings for a new use


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Detached houses

Semi-detached houses

Bungalows

Flats

There is such a variety of housing because different people need and can afford different

sorts of houses. Building styles have changed in the last 100 years.

Outer-city council estates

Theyre often built on greenfield sites. They usually have a mixture of high-rise and low-

rise houses together with a shopping centre, school and open space. In some cities these

are popular and successful but in some they have become rundown housing areas with

the residents feeling isolated from the central parts of the city


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This is where the town and countryside merge. It usually has both urban and rural land

uses.

Changes to the rural-urban fringe

The rural-urban fringe is often targeted for new developments (e.g. housing estates,

shopping malls, office parks or waste disposal facilities) since the land is often cheaper

and more readily available. Main roads and motorways can make this area more

accessible and greenfield sites are preferred by developers. Decision makers have the job

of balancing the need for new developments with sustainability.

Impact of new developments:

Countryside is lost as the town spreads outwards. This land could have been used for

recreation or farming

Traffic increases, causing more pollution and congestion

Inner city areas and brownfield sites remain undeveloped as its easier and cheaper

develop greenfield sites in the rural-urban fringe


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Ways to make cities more sustainable:

Build zero-carbon homes and offices

Use local food supplies instead of transporting food across the world Involve local people in decision making

Make sure people live closer to their work so they can walk or cycle

Improve public transport so people do not use cars so much

Use brownfield sites for new developments so derelict land is re-used

Reduce waste by re-using products such as bottles and plastic containers and recycle

glass, paper and textiles

Provide more open space and greenery to improve quality of life

Use renewable energy sources such as wind, water or solar power

Zero-carbon living

Roughly 25% of UKs carbon emissions come from homes. There are ways to reduce this:

Improving insulation and installing double glazing to reduce heat loss

Encourage people to be more careful with how much energy they use , for example by

switching to low-energy light bulbs, turning off standby switches and turning down

heating.


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Benefits of eco-towns:

The towns are planned to be sustainable

They will provide thousands of new houses, many of which will be affordable

They help tackle climate change by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases

Disadvantages:

They will be built of greenfield sites, using up valuable countryside and green belt

land

Not enough houses will be built to make a significant difference

They will generate more traffic which will generate more carbon emissions

How it all works:

Houses will be zero-carbon and generate their own energy from renewable sources (e.g.

solar or wind). The towns will have smart meters to track energy use, community heat

sources and charging points for electric cars. About 40% of the town will be parks,

playgrounds and gardens. There will be efficient public transport, cycle routes and

footpaths, and shops and a primary school within easy walk of every single home


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Hierarchy of shoppingcentres in a town One major shopping centre

in CBD

Several large

suburbancentres

Many neighbourhood

shopping centres


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Changes:

More people have more money to spend (disposable income)

Many more families have a car, giving them access to new shopping centres Electrical appliances such as freezers and microwave oven means people buy food for

several days or weeks in advance and no longer buy fresh food every day

More women work and have less time to shop every day than in the past

Geography - Population and Settlements

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