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SAOSAOPAULOPAULOPRESENTATION 3PRESENTATION 3

Location of Sao Paulo

Background & Location• Sao Paulo is the largest, fastest growing and most

important city in Brazil.

• It’s located in the South East (Brazil) and although not on the coast it has emerged as a major trading city with its links to the nearby port of Santos.

• Although inland (820m above sea level) Sao Paulo is where major transport routes converge.

• The city serves a rich agricultural hinterland, which is one of the world’s dominant coffee producing regions. There is also significant iron resources nearby.

The Growth of Sao Paulo• Founded in 1554, it remained a slow growing rural town until

the late 19th century (1800’s).

• Since then urbanisation has seen rapid growth in population.

• Between 1950 and 1980 the city grew to over 10 million – 3 million (28%) was due to natural increase, 7 million (72%) to migration.

• It is now the 6th largest city in the world with 19.9 million people within its metropolitan boundary.

Reasons for Growth• The initial reason for growth of this 19th century small

trading settlement was the expansion of coffee plantations west and north of the city. This caused rapid growth of the city, and connecting infrastructure, leading to it becoming the economic and state capital.

• Labour shortages in 1850 (abolition of slavery) led to large scale government sponsored migration.

• During the mid 20th century focus had turned to industry again sponsored by the government. Sao Paulo had developed modern infrastructure which attracted multi national investment e.g. steelworks, car manufacturing and petrochemical industries.

• Industry led to large scale rural-urban migration and high rates natural increase all resulting in an ‘Urban Explosion” aka rapid urbanisation.

• Migrants now arrive on average at 1000 people per day.

• Push factors: Natural disasters, widespread rural poverty and lack of opportunities.

• Pull factors: Employment, better education/medical/ recreational facilities, higher incomes, (the belief of a better world).

Population of Sao Paulo• Draw a line graph which shows the pop growth of Sao Paulo.

• Using the formula for calculating pop growth, calculate the percentage growth for the following time periods:

1940 - 1950 1950 - 1960 1960 – 1970 1970 – 1980

1980 - 1990

• Which decade had the highest rate of pop change?

Year Population1875190519201940195019601970198019902015

25 000 200 000 580 000 1 000 000 2 250 000 3 780 000 7 500 00012 590 00015 000 00021 500 000

FORMULAPop change = (Pop 2nd year – Pop 1st

year) / Pop 1st year x 100

SETTLEMENT CHANGE: PATTERN OF GROWTH & LAND USE IN SAO PAULO

What is the relationship between the transport arteries and industrial areas?Why do industrial areas agglomerate around main transport arteries?Shanty towns and favelas have developed around these highways too – why is that?Which settlement model fits this pattern of concentration of industry and lower income residents near highways?

Pattern of Growth

• Until the late 1960s growth was unplanned resulting in a chaotic and fragmented city structure.

• The city does conform to a general pattern of concentric zones. The CBD is in the centre, however unlike MEDC cities this is surrounded by high class housing becoming lower class with distance

• In LEDC’s the rich live close to the city centre and the poor live on the urban periphery in shanty towns on the less favourable land – an inverse Burgess model / Bid-rent model

• Industrial areas are located away from the city centre on the main transport routes due to the lack of space – shanties have grown around them.

Transport Infrastructure in Sao PauloThe development & convergence of highways/railways as transport arteries into Sao Paulo caused the emergence of a hoyts model of settlement. Concentric zoning has been disestablished, and rather we currently see sectors of land use and functions.

• Recent growth has seen initial attempts at town planning with the development of suburban CBD’s in the effort to eventually create a multiple nuclei conurbation.

Settlement Change

Refer back to your Sao Paulo land use maps:

Annotate (label in detail) the commercial & industrial land use map with:•A description of the pattern / location of industrial areas.•A description of the pattern / location of secondary commercial areas.•The main arterial highways•Evidence of the Hoyts Sector model•Evidence of the Multiple Nuclei model Annotate the Sao Paulo residential land use map with:•A description of the pattern of residential zones.•Evidence of an inverse Burgess model / Bid-rent model

This is a typical model showing land use in Brazilian cities (an inverse Burgess model / Bid – rent model) – also a typical pattern for LEDC cities.

Cut and paste this from your hand out.

WHAT WOULD BE SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ARISING

FROM RAPID URBANISATION IN SAO PAULO?

AND…WHY??

??? Question ???

Problems Arising from Rapid Urbanisation• Employment: Large scale unemployment, low wages and

exploitation of workers. Large service sector but of low order services e.g. shoe-shining, taxis, street trading (this is known as underemployment) led to wide scale poverty

• Housing: Severe shortage >>>> shanty towns (around 16% of the population live in the Favelas, and rising). Favelas are on marginal land susceptible to flooding.

• Services (sanitation, electricity & water): most of the houses are without services. Open sewers and water holes result in disease - drinking water often contaminated by sewerage >> cholera & dysentery. Rubbish is rarely collected. Drains inadequate during heavy rains >> flooding. Lack of electricity hinders industrial growth.

• Education & Medical Facilities: Growth of facilities have not kept pace with population growth. Shortage of teachers, doctors, nurses. Emergency services unreliable.

• Congestion and Pollution: Chaotic growth has led to terrible congestion on the roads and public transport. Air and water pollution are both serious problems e.g. 8000 tonnes of pollutants are released into the air each day.

• Massive Rural Depopulation: Deprives rural areas of young workers, Causes break-up of traditional extended family, Inability to escape poverty trap.

A city of contrasts

WHAT COULD BE DONE TO OVERCOME THE ISSUES

ASSOCIATED WITH RAPID / OVER URBANISATION???

??? Question ???

Attempts to Overcome Problems• Job Creation: Government incentives and grants to attract more

industry. Jobs mean money for the people to improve their standard of living. However most industries are Capital intensive not Labour intensive.

• Provision of housing and basic services: Since the 1960’s government housing project provide low cost housing with basic facilities. However 10 times more applicants than houses. The Cingapura Project – resettle 500,000 from favelas into low-rise blocks of flats.

• Multiple Nuclei Commercial Centres: Town planning to spread new development away from CBD. This will take pressure off CBD resources and reduce congestion.

• Decentralisation: Creation of dormitory towns from rural towns e.g. Santo Andre, Sao Bernardo & Diadema.

• Self – help scheme / upgrading…

CINGAPURA- “A NEW SINGAPORE’’• Urban renewal has been

underway since the 1960’s.• This has been modeled on low

cost gvt. housing developed in Singapore.

• These estates have all the basic amenities (water, electricity, sewerage) and have replaced the old multi-dwellings in the inner city.

• As with all self help schemes much of the work has been carried out by the residents. Existing favelas were cleared and building materials provided by the govt.

• Unfortunately many buildings were poorly built or unfinished.

The Future

The population of Sao Paulo will continue to grow and planning will become increasingly important if the economic status of the city and the quality of life of its inhabitants is to be maintained and enhanced. Planning for the future involves renovation and environmental recovery and preservation of various areas around the city.

1968• first planning strategy began • Redevelopment of the Central Area through late 1980’s• area pedestrianised• historic buildings renovated

Responses to urban change in Sao Paulo 1973 / 1974 – Metropolitan Planning and Administration System set up Projects to improve rubbish disposal, transportation and housing