GeographyGeography

GeographyGeography

• PeninsulaPeninsula

• Apennine MountainsApennine Mountains

• Broad fertile plainsBroad fertile plains– Po River valleyPo River valley– The plain of LatiumThe plain of Latium– CampaniaCampania

• Tiber RiverTiber River

RomeRome

Greeks & EtruscansGreeks & Etruscans Greeks Greeks

est. colonies in Italy b/w 750 & 550 b.c.eest. colonies in Italy b/w 750 & 550 b.c.e Introduced cultivation of grapes & olivesIntroduced cultivation of grapes & olives Greek AlphabetGreek Alphabet Art, architecture, & literatureArt, architecture, & literature

Etruscans Etruscans 650 b.c.e. expanded into N.C. Italy, eventually 650 b.c.e. expanded into N.C. Italy, eventually

controlling Rome & most of Latiumcontrolling Rome & most of Latium Turned Rome Into a cityTurned Rome Into a city Romans adopted Etruscan dress & military Romans adopted Etruscan dress & military

organizationorganization

Greek Ampatheater Greek Ampatheater

Roman ColiseumRoman Coliseum

Pantheon Pantheon

Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of RomeRome

Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of RomeRome

Reign of RomulusReign of Romulus 753-716 BCE753-716 BCE

Numa PompiliusNuma Pompilius 715-674 BCE715-674 BCE

Tullius HostilliusTullius Hostillius 673-642 BCE673-642 BCE

Anchus MarciusAnchus Marcius 642-617 BCE642-617 BCE

Lucius Tarquinian Lucius Tarquinian PriscusPriscus

616-579 BCE616-579 BCE

Servius TulliusServius Tullius 578-535 BCE578-535 BCE

Lucius Tarquinius Lucius Tarquinius SuperbusSuperbus

535-510 BCE535-510 BCE

509 BCE 509 BCE Roman Revolt Roman Revolt Republic Republic Established!Established!

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

By 264 b.c.e. Romans had By 264 b.c.e. Romans had conquered nearly all of Italyconquered nearly all of Italy

Republic- Republic- a form of govt in a form of govt in which the leader is not a king which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the and certain citizens have the right to voteright to vote

Roman RepublicRoman Republic ConsulConsul Praetor Praetor SenateSenate

Social classesSocial classes

• PatriciansPatricians– wealthy landownerswealthy landowners

• PlebeiansPlebeians– merchants, craftspeople, small merchants, craftspeople, small

farmersfarmers

• Both paid taxes, owed military Both paid taxes, owed military service and could voteservice and could vote

• Only Patricians could be elected Only Patricians could be elected to gov’tto gov’t

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

Roman LawRoman Law

• 12 Tables12 Tables– Civil law only applied to Civil law only applied to

citizenscitizens

• Law of NationsLaw of Nations– Natural/universal law Natural/universal law – Established standards of Established standards of

justice to all ppl.justice to all ppl.

Struggle of the Orders Struggle of the Orders

A.A. Plebeians resented social Plebeians resented social restrictions-restrictions-

B.B. By 471 b.c.e Plebeians gained By 471 b.c.e Plebeians gained more social equality.more social equality.

C.C. By 287 b.c.e All male Roman By 287 b.c.e All male Roman citizens were supposedly equal citizens were supposedly equal under the law.under the law.

1.1. Council of the PlebsCouncil of the Plebs

2.2. Tribune of PlebsTribune of Plebs

3.3. By 4By 4thth century b.c.e marriage century b.c.e marriage was allowed b/w orderswas allowed b/w orders

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Punic Wars Punic Wars 264-146 b.c.e264-146 b.c.e

A.A. A series of wars to control the A series of wars to control the Mediterranean areaMediterranean area

1.1. Rome controlled ItalyRome controlled Italy

2.2. Carthage- great Phoenician Carthage- great Phoenician trading center- N. Coast of trading center- N. Coast of AfricaAfrica

A.A.Rome defeated CarthageRome defeated Carthage

B.B.Rome controlled Rome controlled Mediterranean AreaMediterranean Area

i.i. Carthage is Carthage is destroyed, salt poured destroyed, salt poured on fieldson fields

ii.ii. Shown as an example Shown as an example not to battle with not to battle with RomeRome

The 2The 2ndnd Punic War Punic War

A.A.Hannibal – Carthage Hannibal – Carthage General, Invaded ItalyGeneral, Invaded Italy1.1. Marched north crossing Marched north crossing

over the alpsover the alps

2.2. Closest Rome came to Closest Rome came to losing the warslosing the wars

3.3. Never made a decisive winNever made a decisive win

A.A.Scipio Africanus- Scipio Africanus- Roman GeneralRoman General1.1. Invaded CarthageInvaded Carthage

2.2. Forced Hannibal to turn Forced Hannibal to turn around and return to around and return to CarthageCarthage

HannibalHannibal’’s Routes RouteHannibalHannibal’’s Routes Route

Reform LeadersReform LeadersReform LeadersReform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius

Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer

Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.

• professional standing army.

How do you think the How do you think the actions of Marius & Sulla actions of Marius & Sulla influenced the future of influenced the future of Rome?Rome?

Republic Begins Republic Begins to Declineto Decline

I. I. Collapse of the Roman Collapse of the Roman RepublicRepublic

1.1. Wide gap b/w the rich and poor Wide gap b/w the rich and poor led to a period of civil war.led to a period of civil war.

2.2. Generals recruited soldiers by Generals recruited soldiers by promising them landpromising them land

I.I. Loyalty of ppl was only to Loyalty of ppl was only to commander, not to the Republiccommander, not to the Republic

3.3. New leader emerged to bring New leader emerged to bring order backorder back

1.1. Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

II. 1II. 1stst Triumvirate Triumvirate59 b.c.e59 b.c.e

Caesar (General), Pompey Caesar (General), Pompey (General), & Crassus ($)(General), & Crassus ($)

A.A. Joined together to Run Rome, Joined together to Run Rome, chose three to eliminate a tie chose three to eliminate a tie decisiondecision

B.B. Officially they had no real Officially they had no real power, but the ppl followed the power, but the ppl followed the Triumvirate, not the senate.Triumvirate, not the senate.

III. Gallic WarsIII. Gallic WarsRome vs. Gauls (barbarian Tribe)Rome vs. Gauls (barbarian Tribe)

A.A. Caesar is the General of the Caesar is the General of the Roman Army, winning many Roman Army, winning many battles in Gaul (France)battles in Gaul (France)

B.B. Crassus was killed in battle Crassus was killed in battle (Syria)(Syria)

A.A. now only two of the Triumvirates now only two of the Triumvirates are alive.are alive.

B.B. Pompey- gets senate’s support Pompey- gets senate’s support

C.C. Told Caesar to return home w/o Told Caesar to return home w/o his army.his army.

PompeyPompeyPompeyPompey

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Julius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius Caesar

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!

IV. Caesar Defeats IV. Caesar Defeats PompeyPompey

A.A. Caesar defeated Pompey in Caesar defeated Pompey in Italy, Greece, & finally EgyptItaly, Greece, & finally Egypt

B.B. Caesar made dictator 47 b.c.eCaesar made dictator 47 b.c.eA.A. Dictator for life in 44 b.c.e.Dictator for life in 44 b.c.e.

C.C. ReformsReformsA.A. Increased SenateIncreased Senate

B.B. Land reformsLand reforms

C.C. Granted citizenship to Granted citizenship to supporterssupporters

Caesar & CleopatraCaesar & Cleopatra

A.A. Cleopatra – Ptolemy’s sisterCleopatra – Ptolemy’s sisterA.A. Caesar & Cleopatra become an Caesar & Cleopatra become an

itemitem

B.B. 48 b.c.e. Ptolemy is pulled 48 b.c.e. Ptolemy is pulled from the throne by Caesarfrom the throne by Caesar

A.A. Cleopatra is put on the throneCleopatra is put on the throne

Caesar becomes a Caesar becomes a threatthreat

A.A. Growing popularity and power Growing popularity and power

B.B. Senate fears he will be kingSenate fears he will be king

C.C. Caesar secretly makes a willCaesar secretly makes a will1.1. HE adopts his grandnephew- HE adopts his grandnephew-

Octavius, making him heirOctavius, making him heir

D.D. March 15March 15thth- Caesar is - Caesar is assassinated in the Senateassassinated in the Senate

1.1. Lead by Cassius & Brutus Lead by Cassius & Brutus

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate

Octavian Augustus Caesar’s nephew

Marc Antony Caesar’s Friend

Marcus Lepidus

22ndnd Triumvirate TriumvirateA.A. Antony marries CleopatraAntony marries Cleopatra

1.1. This makes Cleopatra & Antony This makes Cleopatra & Antony entitled to Caesars’ heir, instead entitled to Caesars’ heir, instead of Octaviusof Octavius

B.B. Octaviuis defeats Cleopatra & Octaviuis defeats Cleopatra & Antony during Civil WarAntony during Civil War

C.C. Octavius renamed AugustusOctavius renamed AugustusA.A. 11stst Emperor of Rome Emperor of Rome

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:RomeRome’’s First s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:RomeRome’’s First s First

EmperorEmperor

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

• Triumph of ChristianityTriumph of Christianity– PersecutionPersecution– Constantine and the Peace of Constantine and the Peace of

the Churchthe Church– Outlawing of polytheism 394 Outlawing of polytheism 394

c.e.c.e.

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantinople: Constantinople: ““The 2The 2ndnd RomeRome”” (Founded in 330) (Founded in 330)Constantinople: Constantinople: ““The 2The 2ndnd RomeRome”” (Founded in 330) (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Barbarian Invasions: Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c4c-5c

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:““The Scourge of GoThe Scourge of Go

dd ””

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:““The Scourge of GoThe Scourge of Go

dd ””

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman The Eastern Roman

EmpireEmpire

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of During the Reign of

JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Byzantine The Byzantine Emperor JustinianEmperor Justinian

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural

StyleStyle Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch