Geog 80 Topic 3_B

7/25/2019 Geog 80 Topic 3_B

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GEOG 80 – Transport Geography

Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Topi ! – Transportation "odes

#. # Di$ersity of "odes

%. &nter'odal Transportation

(. Passengers or )reight*

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+. #ir Transport

■ Context• Air routes are practically unlimited:

• North Atlantic.• Inside North America and Europe.

•Over the North Pacific.• Inside Asia.

• ultidimensional constraints:• !ite "a commercial plane needs a#out $%$&& meters of trac' for landin(

and ta'e off).

• Climate% fo( and aerial currents.

• Air activities are lin'ed to the tertiary and *uaternary sectors:• +inance and tourism that re*uire movements of people.

• Accommodatin( (ro,in( *uantities of hi(h value frei(ht.

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+. #ir Transport

■ Air !pace• !e(ment of the atmosphere that is under the -urisdiction of a

nation or under an international a(reement for its use.• ,o ma-or components:

• /and0#ased1 ta'eoffs and landin(s.• Air0#ased1 composed of air corridors.

• Air corridors can superimpose themselves to altitudes up to

22%3&& meters.• /imited to the use of predetermined corridors.

■ Air space use• Air space exclusively #elon(s to the country under it.• Access to the land and air0#ased components is dependent on

a(reements #et,een nations and airline companies.

• Air freedom ri(hts.

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#ir )reedo' Rights

)irst ,eond

o'e

(ountry #

(ountry %

Third

)ourth )ifth ,ith

,e$enth Eight /inth

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+. #ir Transport

■ 4evelopment of air transportation• echnical improvements:

• 5et en(ine considera#ly reduced distances% namely #ecause of (reater

speeds and improved ran(es.

• Almost every part of the ,orld can #e serviced in less than 26 hours.

• 7isin( affluence:• /in'ed ,ith income and economic output (ro,th.

• 4isposa#le income availa#le for leisure.

• International tourism and air transportation are mutually interdependent.

•

8lo#ali9ation:• rade net,or's esta#lished #y multinational corporations.• A#out 6& of the value of (lo#al manufactured exports.

• A#out 3& of the value of American overseas 0 non0NA+A 0 exports.

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"ain (o''erial Passenger #irraft 12!+-3004

#irraft 5ear of )irst

(o''erial,er$ie

,peed

67'hr9

"ai'u' Range

at )ull Payload67'9

,eating

(apaity

4ou(las 4C0$ ;<$3 $6= 3=$ $&

4ou(las 4C0> ;<3$ 333 3%?;& 32

@oein( >&>0;&& ;<3? ?<> =%?2& ;;&

@oein( >2>0;&& ;<=$ <;> 3%&&& <6

@oein( >6>0;&& ;<>& <&> <%&63 $?3

c4onnell 4ou(las 4C0;&

;<>; <&? >%6;3 2=&

Air#us A$&& ;<>6 ?6> $%62& 2=<

@oein( >=>02&& ;<?2 <36 3%?33 2;=

@oein( >6>06&& ;<?< <$< ;$%666 6;=

@oein( >>>02&&E7 ;<<3 <&3 ;$%62& $&3

Air#us A$6&03&& 2&&$ ??= ;3%?&& $;$

Air#us A$?& 2&&= <$& ;6%?&& 333

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, h a r : a h

Early &nterontinental #ir Routes 12!0s

D a 7 a r

T a n g i e r ( a s a ; l a n a

# g a d i r

/ a t a l

R i o d e J a n e i r o

% u e n o s # i r e s

, a n t i a g o

P u n t a # r e n a s

# l i a n t e

"arseilles<is;on

#=ores/e> 5or7

%ot>ood

Eyeries <ondon

Paris

% r i n d

i s i

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@hartou'Ju;a

/airo;i

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arare

Johannes;urg

(ape To>n

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G > a d

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7

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#'sterda'

&'perial #ir>ays #frian Route 612!!9

&'perial #ir>aysBuantas #ustralian Route 612!C9

#eropostale 612!09

Pan #'erian Transatlanti Route 612!29@<" #'sterda' – Ja7arta 612!+9

Toulouse

# 7 y a

;

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)light Ti'es ;y Piston and Jet Engines fro' (hiago

Piston Engine

Jet Engine

10 hours

1+ hours

30 hours3C hours

!0 hours C 0 h o

u r s

10 hours 1 +

h o u r

s 3 0 h

o u r s

3 C h o u r

s

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#$erage #irfare 6roundtrip9 ;et>een /e> 5or7 and

<ondon 12C4-300C

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Range fro' /e> 5or7 of Different "odern (o''erial

Jet Planes

% - D C

D - C 0 0

6 1 1 C 0 0

7 ' 9

% - D D D - 1 0 0 6 D C 0 0 7 '

9

# - ! 3 0 6 !

D 0 0 7 '

9

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?orld #ir Tra$el and ?orld #ir )reight (arried 12+0-3003

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+. #ir Transport

■ Airline companies• i(hly capital intensive se(ment of transport services.• /a#or intensive% ,ith limited room to lessen those la#or

re*uirements.

• Around <&& airlines operatin( ;;%=&& commercial aircrafts.• Avera(e num#er of 2&& seats per plane.• 4ominant share of the traffic is assumed #y lar(e passen(ers

and frei(ht carriers.

■ !trate(ic alliances• 5oint #oo'in( systems% exchan(e of shares% and a reor(ani9ation

of their services in order to minimi9e redundancy.• Increased mar'et dominance #ut also increased competition

#et,een ma-or mar'ets.

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?orlds 10 <argest Passengers #irlines 3000 6in 1000

passengers9

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?orlds 10 <argest )reight #irlines 3000 6in 1000 tons9

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"ar7et ,hare of ?orld #irline Traffi 300!

One>orld

American Airlines% @ritish Air,ays% Aer /in(us%Cathay Pacific% +innair% I#eria% /anChile%Buantas

,tarnited Airlines% /ufthansa% Air Canada% AirNe, Dealand% ANA% Asiana% Austrian% #mi#ritish midland% /O Polish Airlines%exicana% !A!% !in(apore% !panair% hai

Air,ays% ari(% ! Air,ays% A

,7yTea'

Air +rance% 4elta Airlines% Aeromexico%Alitalia% C!A C9ech Airlines% Forean Air%

North,est% Continental% F/

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+. #ir Transport

■ +lo,s• ;.6 #illion passen(ers traveled #y air transport "2&&&).• 2.? #illion departures and arrivals supported #y airports.• E*uivalent of 2$ of the (lo#al population.

• $& million tons of frei(ht ,ere transported.• Air traffic is (lo#ally hi(hly im#alanced:

• 4istri#ution of the population.

• ne*ual levels of development.

• Concentration of traffic in a limited num#er of hu#s.

• ?& of the (lo#al population lives in the Northern emisphere:• Air traffic is much denser north of the e*uator.

• North America and Europe accounted for >&.6 of all passen(er

movements in 2&&&.

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"aor #ir Traffi )lo>s %et>een Regions 3000 6F of &#T#

,heduled Passengers9

!+.+3!.3

1+.2

!.3

1.! 1.1

3.4

1.+

!.2

1.2

1.!1.8

1.1.

/orth #'eria

(entral #'eria

,outh #'eria #fria

Europe

"iddle East #sia

,outh>est Paifi

1.

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4. "odal (o'petition

■ Inte(rated transportation systems• 7e*uires maximum flexi#ility.• odal competition exists at various de(rees and ta'es several

dimensions.

• odes can compete or complement each other:• Cost% speed% accessi#ility% fre*uency% safety% comfort% etc.

• Intermodal transportation:• Opened many opportunities for complementarity.

• Intense competition over many modes in the transport chain.

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)our Tra$el Options ;et>een /e> 5or7 and %oston 300C

Mode Price (one way) Time

LimoLiner (luxury bus)

$69 4 hours

Acela (Amtraktrain)

$99 3 hours

Greyhound bus $30 4 hours

Air Shuttle $!" hour (#lus checkin)

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4. "odal (o'petition

■ hree dimensions of modal competition• odal usa(e:

• Comparative advanta(e of usin( a specific or a com#ination of modes.• 4istance remains one of the #asic determinant of modal usa(e.

• he #asic determinants of modal usa(e for passen(ers transportation.

• +or a similar distance% costs% speed and comfort can #e si(nificant factors.

• Infrastructure usa(e:• Competition resultin( from the presence of frei(ht and passen(er traffic

on the same itineraries lin'in( the same nodes.

•

ar'et area:• Competition #ein( experienced #et,een transport terminals for allocatin(

ne, space or capturin( ne, mar'ets.

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"odal (o'petition

A

BMode

12

3

A

BInfrastructure / Route

A

B

A

B

4 5

6

A

BMarket Area

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Passenger Transport ;y "ode Japan 12+0-1222

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% – &nter'odal Transportation

■ ;. Intermodalism■ 2. Containeri9ation■ $. odal Choice and Intermodal ransport Costs

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1. &nter'odalis'

■ Inte(rated transport systems• se of at least t,o different modes in a trip from ori(in to

destination throu(h an intermodal transport chain.• @rou(ht a#out in part #y technolo(y.•

echni*ues for transferrin( frei(ht from one mode to anotherhave facilitated intermodal transfers.

• he container has #een the ma-or development:• @ecomin( a privile(ed mode of shippin( for rail and maritime

transportation.

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&nter'odal Transport (hain

(o'position(onnetion

&nterhange

Deo'position

<oal Regional Distri;ution

/ational &nternational Distri;ution

Transport Ter'inal

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C0-)oot (ontainers Dou;lesta7ed on a Rail (ar

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"ulti'odal and &nter'odal Transportation

#(

D

)

E

%

"ulti'odal Point-to-Point /et>or7

#(

D

)

E

%

&nter'odal &ntegrated /et>or7

Rail

Road

Transship'ent

Transship'ent

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3. (ontaineri=ation

■ Container• /oad unit that can #e used #y several transport modes.• sa#le #y maritime% rail,ay and road modes.• +oremost expression on intermodal transportation.•

7ectan(ular shape that can easily #e handled.• 7eference si9e is the ,enty0foot E*uivalent nit "E).• he most common container is the 6& footer ";2 meters)

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3. (ontaineri=ation

■ Advanta(es of containers• !tandard transport product:

• Can #e manipulated any,here in the ,orld "I!O standard).• All se(ments of the industry have access to the standard.

• !peciali9ed ships% truc's and ,a(ons.

• +lexi#ility of usa(e:• ransport a ,ide variety of (oods ran(in(.

• 7a, materials% manufactured (oods% cars to fro9en products.

• /i*uids "oil and chemical products).

• Perisha#le food products "GreefersH1 3& of all refri(erated car(o).

• ana(ement:• ni*ue identification num#er and a si9e type code.

• ransport mana(ement no not in terms of loads% #ut in terms of unit.

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3. (ontaineri=ation

• Costs:• /o, transport costs%

• !peed:• ransshipment operations are minimal and rapid.

• Containerships are on avera(e $3 ";< 'nots versus ;6 'nots) faster

than re(ular frei(hter ships.

• arehousin(:• Its o,n ,arehouse.

• !impler and less expensive pac'a(in(.

• !tac'in( capacity on ships% trains "dou#lestac'in() and on the (round.

• !ecurity:• Contents of the container is un'no,n to shippers.

• Can only #e opened at the ori(in% at customs and at the destination.• !poila(e and losses "theft)% especially those of valued commodities% are

therefore reduced.

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First eneration !1"56#1"$%&

(on$erted Tan7er

'econd eneration !1"$%#1"(%&

(ellular (ontainership

)*ird eneration !1"(%#1"((&

Pana'a (lass

Fourt* eneration !1"((#2%%%&

Post Pana'a Plus

Fift* eneration !2%%%#+&

Post Pana'a

(on$erted (argo essel

)i$e Generations of (ontainerships

)E,-engt*

1!+ '

300 '

+00

800

31+ '1000 –

3+00

3+0 ' !000

320 ' C000

3+ –!0+ '

C000 –+000

!!+ '+000 –

8000

.raft

H 2 '

10 '

11-13 '

11-1! '

1!-1C '

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,ta7ed C0-)oot (ontainers

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30-)oot (ontainer on Tru7

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30-)oot Tan7 (ontainers

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C0 Reefer

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I@egger

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Cth Generation (ontainership

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3. (ontaineri=ation

■ 4isadvanta(es• Consumption of space.• Infrastructure costs:

• Container handlin( infrastructures% such as (iant cranes% ,arehousin(

facilities and inland road and rail access% represent important investments

for port authorities and load centers.

• !tac'in(.• ana(ement lo(istics:

• 7e*uires mana(ement and trac'in( of every container.

•

Empty travel.• Illicit trade:

• Common instrument used in the illicit trade of dru( and ,eapons% as ,ell

as for ille(al immi(ration.

• orries a#out the usa(e of containers for terrorism.

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!. "odal (hoie and &nter'odal Transport (osts

■ odal choice• 7elationship #et,een transport costs% distance and modal

choice:• 7oad transport is usually used for short distances "from 3&& to >3& 'm).• 7ail,ay transport for avera(e distances.

• aritime transport for lon( distances "a#out >3& 'm).

• Intermodalism:• he opportunity to com#ine modes.

• +ind a less costly alternative than an unimodal solution.

•

Efficiency of contemporary transport systems:• Capacity to route frei(ht.• Capacity to transship it.

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Distane

T r a n s p o r t o s t s

p e r u n i t Road

Rail Maritime

D1 D2

C1 C2

C3

Distane "odal (hoie and Transport (osts

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&nter'odal Transportation (ost )untion

C o s t s

Origin Destination

(o'position

(onnetion

(onnetion

&nterhange

Deo'positionC(T)

Transship'ent

C(cp)

C(cn)

C(I)

C(cn)

C(dc)<oal Regional Distri;ution (ost

/ational &nternational Distri;ution (ost

Geog 80 Topic 3_B

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