GEOG 240Topic 8 - Resource Development & Environment in Asia

Francis YeeCamosun College

Outline

I. Natural ResourcesII. Energy DevelopmentIII. Environmental FutureIV. Resource and Industrial

Development in Japan

A What are Natural Resources?“bio-physical environment which

humans value & benefit from”

What are the natural resources available for these villagers?

Village on the Mekong River in Myanmar (Photo by F. Yee, 2005)

Reserves

•the portion of resources that are geologically identified, technological feasible, economic viable, and socially acceptable.

B. Characteristics: Types of Resources

•Renewable Resource – can regenerate after being used (up to its sustainable limit) e.g. forestry, fishery

•Non-renewable Resource – no longer available after it’s depleted, e.g. minerals

Grassland in Tibet (photo by F. Yee, 2006)

Grasslands: a renewable or

non-renewable resource?

2. Ownership and sustainability

Ownership – private, public, or communal

Carrying capacity - sustain # of people per unit of land varied according to resource endowment and technology

Sustainability - pessimistic Vs. optimistic views on the sustainability of resources

3. . Resource Endowment in Asia•Population density: 1.5 times > global

average•Fresh water availability: lowest amongst

all regions•Per capita biologically productive area:

60% of global average•Per Capita arable land: 80% of global

average•Energy Resource: small global share

4. Rising Consumption of Materials

•60% of world total and grew at 6% p.a. (1% p.a. in the rest of the world)

•Materials included biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, industrial and construction minerals

II. Energy – production & consumptionA. Types of Energy SourcesB. ReservesC. ProductionD. Consumption

A. Types of Energy Sources

Energy Sources

Non-renewable Renewable

Fossil Fuels Nuclear

Solid

Liquid

Gaseous

Wind Solar Hydro Geothermal

B. Energy Reserves in Asia Pacific – small share of world reserves

1.4 1.4

1314.8

1.13.7

1

7.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Oil Gas Coal Hydro

% o

f W

orld

Res

erve

s

Fossil Fuels

% Share of World Energy Reserves in Asia Pacific, 2005

SE Asia

E Asia

Source: UNESCAP 2008.

Oil Reserves: small world share (China & SE Asia dominated)

16.3

4.3 4.23.3

1.10.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

China Indonesia Malaysia Viet Nam Brunei Thailand

# of

bill

ion

barr

els

Countries

Oil Reserves in Asia Pacific, 2005

Source: UNESCAP 2008.

Coal Reserves (122 billion tons): China has the lion’s share

114.5

5.0 1.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.10.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

Co

al (

Billio

n to

ns)

Countries

Coal Reserves in Asia Pacific 2005

Source: UNESCAP 2008.

C. Primary Energy Production: <1/4 of world

Rest of World77%

E Asia17%

SE Asia5%

World Engergy Production, 2008 (Total=12.4 billion tons of oil equivalent)

Source: UNESCAP 2011

2. Energy Production Growth in Asia: higher than world average

E Asia SE Asia World Mongolia China Myanmar0

20

40

60

80

100

120

76

38

24

103

88

50

Energy Production Growth in Asia 2000-2008

Region/Country

Pro

du

cti

on

Gro

wth

Rate

s (%

)

Source: UNESCAP 2011

3. Primary Energy Production by Fuel Types – large share in solid fuels but low in liquid or gaseous fuels as compared to the world average

Primary Energy Production by Fuels in Asia-Pacific & World, 2005

68

4

1012

6

-

30

4

27

31

7

0-

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Solid(Commercial)

Electricity Gaseous Liquid Solid (Non-comm.)

Biogas

Fuel Types

% o

f T

ota

l

Asia Pacific

World

Source: UNESCAP 2008

4. Energy Types in Sub-Regions: dominated by solid fuels in E. Asia but more diversified in SE Asia

Primary Energy Production in East Asia 2005 (Total =1.9 million kiloton of oil equivalent)

Solid (Commercial)80%

Electricity5%

Gaseous3%

Liquid 9%

Solid (Non-comm.)3%

Source: UNESCAP 2008.

Primary Energy Production by Fuels in SE Asia, 2005 (Total = 0.6 million kiloton oil equivalent)

Solid (Commercial)24%

Electricity1%

Gaseous35%

Liquid 21%

Solid (Non-comm.)19%

Source: UNESCAP 2008

5. Nuclear energy – 112 nuclear reactors (+37 in construction) in Asia-Pacific producing 1/5 of world production

Rest of World; 341

Japan; 54

China; 11

S. Korea; 20

Taiwan; 6

Nuclear Reactors in E & SE Asia 2011 (20% of world total)

Source: World Nuclear Association

D. Energy Consumption in Asia: small share of world

E Asia15%

S E Asia3%

Rest of World82%

Global Share of Energy Con-sumption, 2008

Source: UNESCAP 2011

2. Per Capita Energy Consumption: ¼ of the level in core countries

North America

E Asia SE Asia World Japan China Cambodia0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000 7539

1873

911

1824

3918

1593

378

Per Capita Energy Comsumption in Asia, 2008

Regions/Countries

Kg.

of

Oil

equ

ivale

nt

Source: unescap 2011

3. Energy Consumption Growth Rate: higher than world average

World E Asia S E Asia Japan China Cambodia

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1.4

5.2

2.4

-0.6

8

2.1

Per Capita Energy Consumption Growth Rates , 2000-2008

Regions/Countries

Aver

age

Annu

al G

row

th R

ate

(%)

Source: UNESCAP 2011

China’s Energy & Economy:

•growth rates of energy use now outruns economic growth

5. Self-Sufficiency: large variations in Asia with both energy surplus (produced more than consumed) and energy deficient (consumed more than produced) countries

Japan S. Korea China Brunei Malaysia Indonesia

(500)

(400)

(300)

(200)

(100)

-

100

200

(419)

(195) (185)

17 18

147

Energy Trade Balance in Selected Asian Countries 2008

CountriesEn

erg

y S

urp

lus/

Defi

cit

(m

illi

on

to

ns

of

oil

eq

uiv

ale

nt)

Source: UNESCAP 2011.

III. Environmental Future

A. Resource DepletionB. Ecological FootprintC. Pollution and Climate ChangeD. Energy PolicyE. Public Awareness

A. Resource Depletion: short life span for fossil fuels

12 14

41 4235

63

49

26

147

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

# of

Yea

rs o

f Res

erve

Oil Gas Coal

Fossil Fuels

Years of Reserves (Ratio of Reserves to Production), 2005

E Asia

SE Asia

World

Source: UNESCAP

B. Per Capita Ecological Footprints (human’s impact on the environment) and Biological Capacity (the extent the environment can sustain human activities): Asia as a whole is already living beyond its limits.

Ecological Footrprints

Biological Capacity

Deficits/Surpluses

World 2.2 2 -0.2

Asia 1.5 1.0 -0.5

Japan 4.2 1 -2.2

China 1.6 1 -0.6

Indonesia 1 1 0

Mongolia 2.5 10.5 8

C. Pollution and Climate Change rapid growth of pollutants and greenhouse gases due to growth of population, industrial expansion, and increase in automobiles

Increasing use of private automobiles led to rapid rise of pollutants in Beijing and other major cities in Asia (photo by F. Yee, 2007)

4. GHG Mitigating Strategies

•China: -40% to -45% of 2005 emissions•Indonesia: -26% of emissions by 2020

(peatland management, reduced deforestation and degradation)

•South Korea: -30% of GHG emissions by 2020

•Singapore: -16% of GHG emissions by 2020 (mitigation and energy efficiency measures)

(UNESCAP)

E. Energy Policy: capital investment and technological improvement•Increase energy efficiency •Increase in the use of alternative and

renewable energy•Renewable energy targets:

▫China: 15% of primary energy by 2020▫Japan: 3% of total energy consumption by 2010▫S. Korea: 5% of total primary energy by 2011

F. Public Awareness

•initiated in various Asian countries

IV. A. Resource Development in Japan• Limited Resources: Very limited reserves in fossil

fuel except coal• Import dependency: highly dependent on imports

with >80% of energy imported• Fossil Fuel Imports: world’s largest importer of

gas, 2nd largest importer of coal, and 3rd largest importer of oil

• Energy consumption: a diversification plan to shift its heavy reliance on oil (>2/3 of its electricity ) since the 1970s

• Nuclear energy: rapid expansion after oil crisis and provided about 30% of electricity in 2010 and expected to increase to 40% by 2017

Energy Consumption Structure in Japan: continued to be dominated by fossil fuels but a gradual shift towards the use of nuclear energy while renewable energy7 are also encouraged

Coal25%

Oil57%

Gas1%

Hydro4%

Nuclear13%

Geothermal0%

Japan's Energy Structure in 20008-09 (total=425,168 ktoe)

Source: Institute of Energy Eco-nomics , Japan, 2009

Electricity Production in Japan: increasing emphasis on nuclear as a major source of generating electricity

Coal27%

Gas27%

Nuclear27%

Oil9%

Hydro7%

Others3%

Electricity Produciton in Japan, 2010 (Total = 1080 bil-lion kwh)

Source: World Nuclear Asso-ciation, 2012

Nuclear Energy Crisis

•safety Vs. energy security

Post-2011 Energy Policies

•All 50 nuclear powers were shut down •An immediate shift towards heavily on

the use of gas and oil for electricity generation

•Energy and Environment Council in Sep 2012 recommended the phase out of nuclear power by 2040, reactors will be allowed to restart but subject to 40 year operating limit

Japan’s Power Sources –

•a shift from nuclear (30%) to gas and oil (90%) after 2011 earthquake

Rapid Industrialization in Japan Recovery and Rebuilding (1950s): industrial

development supported by American infusion of capital

Oil crisis impact (1970s): slowed down industrial production as Japan imported 70% of its energy, hydro and nuclear powers were favoured while coal mining was subsidized

Industrial restructuring: decline of heavy industries (steel, chemicals) and diversified to light industries such as electronics began

Deindustrialization in Japan

• Hollowed out: increasing Japanese FDI abroad in the late 1980s, relocating automobile production to core countries and labour intensive assembly plants in peripheral countries to reduce costs of production

• Automobile production: rapid growth in the 1970s-1990s but relocation of production facilities since late 1980s; e.g. production of Toyota in Japan dropped from 62% in 2002 to 40%

A Japanese industrial corporation in Batam, Indonesia (Photo by F. Yee, 2007)

High-tech Industry and Technopolis•High tech Industry: production of

knowledge intensive industries such as microelectronics, semiconductors, integrated circuits are emphasized

•Technopolis: a plan to develop 26 technopolis to foster integrated network of cities to conduct research and development throughout Japan , e.g. Kansai Science City (including five cities and three town sin the Kyoto-Osaka-Nara prefectures)