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GEOG. PROJECTWOODLAND

GEOG. PROJECTGEOG. PROJECTWOODLANDWOODLAND

Chow Pui ChingKwok Lai YinTam Chui TingTsui Kwan YeeWong Lai YeeWu Ju Ying

Chow Pui ChingChow Pui ChingKwok Lai YinKwok Lai YinTam Chui TingTam Chui TingTsui Tsui Kwan Kwan YeeYeeWong Lai YeeWong Lai YeeWuWu Ju Ju YingYing

2Chuen Chuen Chuen LungLungLung

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Woodland 1

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Woodland 2Woodland 2

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woodland 2 woodland 1 above canopy layer%%%

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The description of the two woodlands and the The description of the two woodlands and the reasons for their differencesreasons for their differences

The humidity above canopy layer of woodland 1 and The humidity above canopy layer of woodland 1 and woodland 2 is lower than below shrub layer and woodland 2 is lower than below shrub layer and above shrub layer. above shrub layer.

The highest humidity above canopy layer of The highest humidity above canopy layer of woodland 1and 2 are 24.55% and the lowest are woodland 1and 2 are 24.55% and the lowest are 18%.18%.The humidity of woodland 1 is even, it is about The humidity of woodland 1 is even, it is about 30%.30%.The highest humidity of woodland 2 is 33%, but the The highest humidity of woodland 2 is 33%, but the lowest 1 is 26%.lowest 1 is 26%.

So the humidity of woodland 2 is higher than So the humidity of woodland 2 is higher than woodland 1. woodland 1.

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( interactions)When the wind speed increases, the relative humidity would decrease. When the wind speed increases, the amount of water molecules in the atmosphere will decrease. And the wind speed ofwoodland 1 is lower than woodland 2’s, so the humidity of woodland 1 is lower. When the light intensity increases, the relative humidity would decrease. When the high light intensity leads to a high evaporation rate, it will lower the relative humidity. And the light intensity of woodland 1 is higher than the light intensity in woodland 2, so the relative humidity of woodland 1 is lower thanthe relative humidity in woodland 2. When the temperature increases, the relative humidity would decrease (with the previous amount of water vapour) . High temperature also leads to high evaporation rate, it will lower the relative humidity. However, due to our measuring error, the temperature of woodland 1 is lower than the temperature in woodland 2, but the relative humidity of woodland 1 is higher than the relative humidity in woodland 2.

( interactions)When the wind speed increases, the relative humidity would When the wind speed increases, the relative humidity would decrease. When the wind speed increases, the amount of water decrease. When the wind speed increases, the amount of water molecules in the atmosphere will decrease. And the wind speed ofmolecules in the atmosphere will decrease. And the wind speed ofwoodland 1 is lower than woodland 2woodland 1 is lower than woodland 2’’s, so the humidity of s, so the humidity of woodland 1 is lower. woodland 1 is lower. When the light intensity increases, the relative humidity would When the light intensity increases, the relative humidity would decrease. When the high light intensity leads to a high decrease. When the high light intensity leads to a high evaporation rate, it will lower the relative humidity. And the levaporation rate, it will lower the relative humidity. And the light ight intensity of woodland 1 is higher than the light intensity in intensity of woodland 1 is higher than the light intensity in woodland 2, so the relative humidity of woodland 1 is lower thanwoodland 2, so the relative humidity of woodland 1 is lower thanthe relative humidity in woodland 2. the relative humidity in woodland 2. When the temperature increases, the relative humidity would When the temperature increases, the relative humidity would decrease (with the previous amount of waterdecrease (with the previous amount of water vapourvapour) . High ) . High temperature also leads to high evaporation rate, it will lower ttemperature also leads to high evaporation rate, it will lower the he relative humidity. However, due to our measuring error, the relative humidity. However, due to our measuring error, the temperature of woodland 1 is lower than the temperature in temperature of woodland 1 is lower than the temperature in woodland 2, but the relative humidity of woodland 1 is higher woodland 2, but the relative humidity of woodland 1 is higher than the relative humidity in woodland 2. than the relative humidity in woodland 2.

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TemperatureTemperature• Description of the temperature in woodland 1 and Description of the temperature in woodland 1 and

woodland 2 and and the reasons for their differences.woodland 2 and and the reasons for their differences.The temperature above the canopy layer in woodland 1 and The temperature above the canopy layer in woodland 1 and woodland 2 is the same. The highest temperature above the woodland 2 is the same. The highest temperature above the canopy layer is 35canopy layer is 35℃℃ and the lowest temperature is 24.5and the lowest temperature is 24.5℃℃..

The temperature above the shrub layer is equal to the The temperature above the shrub layer is equal to the temperature below the shrub layer. The highest temperature is temperature below the shrub layer. The highest temperature is 3030℃℃ and the lowest temperature is 23.5and the lowest temperature is 23.5℃℃..

The highest temperature above the shrub layer in woodland 1 isThe highest temperature above the shrub layer in woodland 1 is2525℃℃ and the lowest temperature is 22and the lowest temperature is 22℃℃..

The highest temperature below shrub layer in woodland 1 is The highest temperature below shrub layer in woodland 1 is 2626℃℃ and the lowest temperature is 21and the lowest temperature is 21℃℃..

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The temperature above the shrub layer in woodland 2 is higher The temperature above the shrub layer in woodland 2 is higher than the temperature in woodland 1.than the temperature in woodland 1.

The temperature below shrub layer in woodland 2 is higher The temperature below shrub layer in woodland 2 is higher than the temperature in woodland 1 too.than the temperature in woodland 1 too.

Among the temperature above the shrub layer , below shrub Among the temperature above the shrub layer , below shrub layer and above canopy layer , the temperature of the above layer and above canopy layer , the temperature of the above canopy layer is the highest in any woodlands due to the lack of canopy layer is the highest in any woodlands due to the lack of vegetation cover .Its temperature has a larger fluctuation rangevegetation cover .Its temperature has a larger fluctuation range ..

The overall temperature in woodland 2 is higher than the The overall temperature in woodland 2 is higher than the temperature in woodland 1 because of little vegetation cover whitemperature in woodland 1 because of little vegetation cover which ch leads to high light intensity.leads to high light intensity.

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InteractionInteractionThe temperature is higher in woodland 2 due to high light

intensity and little vegetation cover .

High temperature leads to high evaporation, transpiration or evapotranspiration causes low humidity.

High temperature causes low pressure. This is because when a parcel of air is heated,it expands and becomes less dense. It rises so the pressure falls to form low pressure .

Under hot climate, chemical weathering of rocks go on very rapidly, so it forms a deep layer of soil profile which is thicker than 3 m.

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Hot condition causes the litter to decay and Hot condition causes the litter to decay and decompose quickly and very little litter remains in decompose quickly and very little litter remains in the soil.the soil.Little litter and the quick absorption of nutrients Little litter and the quick absorption of nutrients by the plants cause little nutrients in the soil, so the by the plants cause little nutrients in the soil, so the soil is infertile.soil is infertile.The temperature in woodland 2 is higher. This The temperature in woodland 2 is higher. This means the wind speed in that area is low.means the wind speed in that area is low.

Woodland 2

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• Description of wind speed between the two woodlands and the reasons for their differences.Woodland 1 has the lowest wind speed at most of the time.Woodland 2 is in the middleAbove canopy layer has the highest wind speed.

Woodland 1= highest 1.4(m/s) lowest 0.1(m/s)Woodland 2= highest 1.4(m/s) lowest 0.2(m/s)

Wind speed is related to humidity, vegetation cover, slope and vegetation density.

In woodland 1lower wind speed because:-trees are tall and dense. This causes frictions when the wind blows

in , slowing the wind speed. -high vegetation density increases transpiration rate. The increase

of water vapour in the air would produce friction when the wind blows in, slowing the wind speed.

-the slope is more gentle reduces the wind speed.

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•• Woodland 2:Woodland 2:1. sometimes have a lower wind speed because: 2. trees are not that tall and dense, so less friction is

produced when wind blows in. Wind blows in more smoothly.

3. the slope is steeper in woodland 24.4. Above canopy layer of the two woodlands:Above canopy layer of the two woodlands:5. no vegetation cover. 6. low relative humidity7. so wind is not slowed down by friction8. wind speed can be increased

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woodland 2 woodland 1( above)

woodland 1( below) above canopy layer

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•• Light intensityLight intensity (lux per unit):Woodland 1 is in the middle (its above shrub layer is higher than its

below shrub layer )Woodland 2 has the lowest light intensity(its above shrub layer is

higher than its below shrub layer)The above canopy layer has the the highest light intensity

Woodland 1-the direction of sunlight favours woodland 1

-Gentle slope helps to receive more sunlight

-the effect of the direction of sun and gentle gradient of slopeis greater than the effect of dense vegetation cover

-when facing East or West, more sunlight could be received

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Woodland 2

1. The direction of sunlight disfavours woodland 2

2. Its slope is steep, reduces the surface area of receiving sunlight

3. The effect of the direction of sunlight and its steep gradient of slope is greater than the effect of dense vegetation cover.

4. when facing North or West South, less sunlight could be received

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The characteristics of SoilThe characteristics of Soil

Woodland 1 Woodland2

Ph 4.9 4.75Soil moisture

( % )10.1 12

Soil organic matters ( % )

14.45 9.87

Ammonia copper (ppm)

3.8 35.275

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Woodland 1 Woodland 2

Colour Blank, brown, green , yellow Dark brown

Smell Coffee /

Composition 68.75% 23.2%

Degree of decomposition 68.75% 23.2%No of animals 1 None

litter

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Soil in woodland 1 and woodland 2 have similar sodium contentTheir pH are similar (woodland 1: pH 4.75, woodland 2: pH 4.9). Their pH value are quite lowThis implies that they have a low sodium content.

Heated soillitterlitterlitter

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Soil moisture:• The temperature, humidity, wind speed and light

intensity and vegetation cover

• In woodland 1 is slightly higher than that in woodland 2

• Woodland 1: 12%, woodland 2: 10.1%).

• Woodland 2 may sometimes have a higher humidity, it can be also has a lower humidity (fluctuating between 33% and 26%

• In woodland 1, its humidity is even and stable most of the time (30%).

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effect:The wind speed in woodland 1 is the lowest at most of the time and the temperature in woodland 1 is slightly lower than that in woodland 2.

The relative humidity, temperature and wind speed affect the evaporation rate. --woodland 2 has a higher temperature, higher wind speed and lower relative humidity in micro-climate which favour evaporation. The increase of evaporation rate causes low soil moisture content in woodland 2.

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Soil moisture:• The temperature, humidity, wind speed, light

intensity and vegetation cover affect the soil moisture content.

• In woodland 1 is slightly higher than that in woodland 2

• woodland 1--- 12% woodland 2--- 10.1%.

• woodland 2 may sometimes have a higher relative humidity, it can be also has a lower relative humidity (fluctuating between 33% and 26%)

• In woodland 1, its relative humidity is even and stable most of the time (30%).

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conclusion• From the above discussion, we could conclude that soil, vegetation

and climate are inter-related. Climate could affect the species and density of vegetation while the density of vegetation cover could form a micro-climate. Climate could also affect the formation and quality of soil.

• Weathering and soil formation could also be affected by vegetation while the quality of soil could also affect the quality and species of vegetation grown.

From the woodland 1 and woodland 2 we have studied, the differences of these two woodlands in species, height of vegetation, the density of vegetation cover, the properties of soil and micro-climate are due to their differences in soil, vegetation and micro-climate. It seems the statement above haven’t explained anything but if we understand soil, vegetation and climate are inter-related, we could know that soil, vegetation and climate are affecting one another and that means the “cause” can also be the “reason” of another “cause”.