geochemical analysis powerpoint
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BILL MCFARLANDMENTOR: SCOTT BRAME
CLEMSON EEES GEOLOGY RESEARCHFOREST MAPPING
Geochemical Analysis of Sloped Site between Outcrops of
Amphibolite and Mica Schist
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Site Information Clemson Experimental Forest
Outcrops are scarce
Heavily forested
Moderate Slope
Bottom of slope: Amphibolite
- Soil pH≈7.5
Top of Slope: Mica Schist
- Soil pH≈ 5.5
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Objectives
Characterize soil transitions between amphibolite and mica schist outcrops with no outcrops in between
Analyze borehole samples using hand methods and X- Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Assess whether geochemical and XRD analysis are reliable indicators of lithology for mapping
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Core Sample Collection
AMS Soil Core Sampler Kit with Hammer Attachment
Collected cores on linear transect Challenges
Compaction Parent material
http://www.forestry-suppliers.com/product_pages/Products.asp?mi=31181
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pH Analysis
pH was determined using colorimetric technique
pH of borehole samples were taken Technique
3-5 inches deep Surface effects reagents
Challenges Colorimeter chart not precise Removing organic/ surface material
http://pecosales.com/product_pages/view_catalog_page.asp?id=3068
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X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Technique used to study atomic spacing and crystal structures
Bragg’s law nλ= 2dsinθ
Sensitivity Software measurements Sample preparation
Preparation Grind Sieve to powder- 53 micros Properly prepare slides http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/nanolab/F_center/index.html
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Bragg’s Law
William Lawrence & William Henry Bragg Nobel Prize in Physics
nλ= 2dsinθ d=d-spacing λ= wavelength of beam n= integer θ= incident angle
Each mineral has own unique signature d-spacing allows identification Reference patterns
XRD & PDXL basis PDXL based on Bragg’s Law with knowledge of crystal
structure
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XRD & PDXL Usage
Initial XRD settings θ=5-90° y-axis= d-spacing intensity x-axis= 2θ
• PDXL Settings• Settings management• Composition
identification• Element filtering• d-spacing intensities• Analytical justification
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Sampling Arrangement
Am
MS
1
2
3
4
5
67
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Transition Zone
Transition Zone Boreholes 3-4
Color Characterization Sudden change in soil color
pH Analysis Substantial change in pH
Hand Sample Comparison Weathering and minerals
XRD & PDXL Analysis Strontium and hydroxamic acid
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Manual Soil Analysis
Munsell color system characterization Color identification Hue: lightness Chroma: color purity
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pH Analysis
Amphibolite: pH≈7.5 Fe2+ ions
Mica Schist: pH≈5.5 Aluminum silicate Garnetiferous
Ionic influences Microorganisms Weathering
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BM3_1-2 Bm4_3-4
Transition Zone: Hand Sample Comparison
AmphiboliteQuartz
Mica schist MuscoviteQuartz
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BM3: 1-2 ft. BM4: 3-4 ft.
XRD Results for BM4
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Strontium Hydroxamic Acid
Alkaline Earth MetalExtreme Reactivity
with oxygen and waterIntermediate to acidic
pHStrontium binds to soil
particles by cation exchange
Organic compound dissolved from strontium
Known for chelation ability Fe3+, Mg2+, Al3+
PDXL Analysis of BM4
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BM5: 0-1 ft Bm6: 0-1 ft
XRD Results from BM5
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Conclusions
Transition zone identified between borehole sites 3-4 from hand sample and XRD analysis
Analysis of XRD signatures that is not a reliable method of outcrop transition because of inability to collect unweathered soil samples
At this site, the best method of lithology changes was from hand sample analysis
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Special Thanks
Clemson University EEES Geology ResearchProf. Scott BrameVictoria Sellers
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Questions?