Statistical Analysis of Left-Censored Geochemical Data
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Statistical Analysis ofLeft-Censored Geochemical Data
Michael S. Tomlinson & Eric H. De Carlo
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Case Study – Ordnance Reef, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi
Oʻahu
Hawaiʻi
Maui
Kauaʻi
Molokaʻi
LānaʻiKahoʻolawe
Niʻihau
Ordnance Reef Pre- & Post-ROUMRS Investigations Diamond Head
HonoluluBarbersPoint
Kaʻena Point
Kahuku Point
MakapuʻuPoint
Kailua
Kāneʻohe
Māmala Bay
Waiʻanae
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What is the problem?
Disposed Military
Munitionsor DMM
(conventional)
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How extensive is the problem?
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What is theU.S. Army doing about it?
ROUMRS–Remotely Operated Underwater Munitions Recovery System
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Did DMM recovery improve conditions and how was this determined?
• Sediments & biota were sampled and analyzed for energetics & elements in 2009 (Pre-ROUMRS)
• Sediments & biota were again sampled and analyzed for energetics & elements in 2011-2013 (Post-ROUMRS)
• Statistical analyses were conducted to characterize & compare pre- & post-ROUMRS data and identify possible analyte sources
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This is what we are talking about today
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Lab sends data – now what?Note: It is highly unlikely a contract lab
would send data in this format
No Information!
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Nondetects (NDs) are real data!(the partial table below is a better format for geochemical data)
The “U” data qualifier inserted by data validator is redundant and unnecessarywith “ND” and ND provides NO information without the detection limit (DL)
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So what do you do with nondetects (NDs)
Ignore
0
½DL
DL
RL
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Read countless articles on statistics or…
buy this book which has an excellent compilation of these methods and an accompanying website:www.practicalstats.com
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Format your data for these methods
• There are several methods but we will talk about two:– Interval Censored• 0 – DL, DL – RL, & quantitative result(i.e., ≥ RL)
– Indicator Variable• < DL = 1• ≥ DL = 0
Don’t worry – examples on next slide
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Data Input Formats
(2 examples)
IC
IV
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Summary Statistics
•No NDs
•< 50% NDs
•< 50% NDs
•≥ 50% & < 80% NDs
•≥ 80% NDs
“Standard” statistics
Kaplan-Meier (K-M) statistics (IV) or
Turnbull interval-censored method (IC)
Regression on order statistics (ROS, IV)
Maximum and # & %NDs
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Summary Statistics Table (partial)
Statistical method used
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Censored boxplots-visualizing data distribution & comparing data
No peeking below red line!
CENSORED
Censored boxplots use variation of the indicator variable format
Analog of nonparametric Wilcoxon test (different data format)
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Possible sources of analytes? Try nonmetric multidimensional scalingAnd, notice how terrestrial elements cluster with control samples
Notice how DMM analytes cluster with DMM samples
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How strong is the relationship between the various post-ROUMRS analytes?
Correlation matrix (partial) using nonparametric Kendall’s τ; bold green = sig. + correlation & bold red = sig. - corr. at α = 0.05
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Conclusions• There are a number of statistical routines that can work with
left-censored data• Substitution (e.g., ½DL) is neither necessary nor
recommended• Even with left-censored data you can:– Calculate summary statistics– Visualize data distributions with boxplots– Compare datasets– Use exploratory methods to look for patterns– Calculate the strength of correlations
• There were some significant changes but they could not be attributed to ROUMRS
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What’s next?Hawaii Undersea Military Munitions Assessment
• South Oʻahu - chemical munitions (16,000 100-lb mustard bombs) dumped in >500-m deep water
• Arsenic containing chemical agent Lewisite dumped in deeper water west of Oʻahu
• Biological effects using multivariate statistics• Geostatistics to determine possible sources of arsenic